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Puangpen, Intaraprawat Steffensen Margaret S. "Metadiscourse in native English speakers' and ESL students' persuasive essays." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1988. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p8818713.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1988.Title from title page screen, viewed September 7, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Margaret S. Steffensen (chair), Irene T. Brosnahan, Larry D. Kennedy, Maurice A. Scharton, Janet M. Youga. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-190) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Buco, Stefani. "The video essay as a persuasive genre: A qualitative genre analysis with a focus on evaluative and persuasive linguistic features." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159814.
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So called ‘video essays’ on films and cinema have gained substantial popularity on the video sharing internet site YouTube in the past years. This essay explores this relatively recent type of video production from the perspective of genre analysis in order to investigate whether a pattern of form, content and style can be identified, which would suggest the emergence of a new genre. Previous research has investigated a similar genre, the film review, by identifying its pervasive or obligatory moves or stages (Taboada, 2011; de Jong & Burgers, 2013). However, video essays seem to be a rather subjective form of communication, with a clear persuasive purpose. For this reason, linguistic elements expressing evaluation, assessment, feelings and opinions are analyzed in the following under the umbrella term for evaluative language use, that is Appraisal (White, 2015). Five video essays from different creators were chosen for the present analysis, which is focused on situational, structural, and Appraisal elements. The analysis shows that there indeed are similarities between the video essays, pertaining both to their situational context and structure, and their use of evaluative language. Several overall pervasive moves were found, which suggests that the essays follow a specific structural pattern. The evaluative language indicates an intention of persuading the viewer.
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Cahyono, Bambang Yudi. "Rhetorical strategies in the English and Indonesian persuasive essays of Indonesian university students." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/MQ47744.pdf.
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Ostinelli, Massimiliano. "Persuasive imaginations: three essays on the role of mental imagery in product evaluation." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86826.
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Mental imagery—the process by which sensory information is represented in working memory (Macinnis and Price 1987)—plays an important, yet not fully understood role in persuasion. In three essays, this dissertation contributes to the study of mental imagery as a means of persuasion.Essay I investigates how the effectiveness of imagery-evoking messages can be enhanced through priming procedures. Two studies suggest that performing a task that elicits mental imagery (e.g., reading imagery-evoking product descriptions), as opposed to an abstract one (e.g., reading product ratings), may activate an imagery mindset that increases the persuasiveness of subsequently presented imagery-evoking advertisements. Two additional studies provide evidence that this effect is moderated by one's ability to imagine (i.e., dispositional imagery vividness) and the presence of imagery instructions.
Essay II studies the persuasiveness of self-related imaginations (e.g., imagining oneself on vacations) by distinguishing between being focus—when people focus on the dispositional characteristics of their future selves (e.g., abilities, traits, social roles)—and experiencing focus—when people focus on the subjective experience of their future selves (e.g., thoughts, feelings, sensations, emotions). Three studies suggest that self-images in an experiencing focus are more persuasive when visualized through a first-person perspective (i.e., imagining through the eyes of one's future self) than a third-person perspective (i.e., imagining through the eyes of an observer), whereas the opposite holds for self-images in a being focus.
Essay III focuses on the relation between imagination and beliefs, and proposes that imagery-evoking messages may induce implicit beliefs that are independent from the credibility of the message's source. In line with this prediction, two studies provide evidence that i) when no information about the source credibility is provided, imagery-evoking product claims are considered more believable than abstract ones, and ii) imagination may induce beliefs even when processing resources are constrained. Three additional studies show that attitudes generated by imagery-evoking messages may be more resistant than those induced by abstract ones, and that their resistance may be attenuated when the discrediting cue is provided before rather than after the message.
L'imagerie mentale, soit le processus par lequel l'information sensorielle est représentée dans la mémoire de travail (Macinnis et Price 1987), joue un rôle important en persuasion, même s'il n'est pas encore pleinement compris. En trois essais, cette dissertation contribue à l'étude de l'imagerie mentale comme moyen de persuasion.
L'essai I étudie comment l'efficacité de messages évoquant une imagerie peut être renforcée à l'aide de procédures d'amorçage. Deux études suggères que le fait d'effectuer une tâche qui élicite une image mentale (ex.: lire une description de produit qui évoque une imagerie), contrairement à une tâche abstraite (ex.: lire des évaluations d'un produit), peut activer un état d'esprit qui augmente l'effet persuasif de publicités subséquentes qui évoquent une imagerie. Deux études additionnelles fournissent des preuves que cet effet est modéré par l'habilité à imaginer (c.-à.-d. la vivacité des images dispositionnelles) et la présence de directives pour l'imagerie.
L'essai II étudie l'effet persuasif de s'imaginer soi-même (ex.: s'imaginer en vacances) en distinguant entre le fait d'être centré sur l'être, soit quand les gens se concentrent sur les caractéristiques dispositionnelles de leurs soi futurs (ex.: habiletés, traits, rôles sociaux), et le fait d'être centré sur l'expérientiel, soit quand les gens se concentrent sur l'expérience subjective de leurs soi futurs (ex.: pensées, sentiments, sensations, émotions). Trois études suggèrent que les images de soi centrées sur l'expérientiel sont plus persuasives lorsque visualisées sous une perspective à la première personne (c.-à.-d. d'imaginer à travers les yeux de son soi futur) que d'une perspective à la troisième personne (c.-à.-d. d'imaginer à travers les yeux d'un observateur), alors que l'opposé vaut pour les images de soi centrées sur l'être.
L'essai III se concentre sur la relation entre l'imagination et les croyances, et propose que les messages évoqués par le moyen de l'imagerie induisent des croyances implicites qui sont indépendantes de la crédibilité de la source du message. En lien avec cette prédiction, deux études fournissent des preuves que i) lorsque aucune information au sujet de la crédibilité de la source est fournie, les allégations de produits qui évoquent une imagerie sont considérées comme étant plus crédibles que celles qui sont abstraites, et ii) l'imagination peut induire des croyances même quand les ressources de traitement sont limitées. Trois études additionnelles démontrent que les attitudes générées par des messages évoquant une imagerie peuvent être plus résistantes que celles induites par des messages abstraits, et que leur résistance peut être atténuée quand un signal de discrédit est fournit avant plutôt que après le message.
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Rachlin, Clifford. "I have something to say using art to teach the writing of persuasive essays." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1457320.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed November 5, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-168).
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Midgette, Ekaterina. "The effects of comprehensive text structure strategy instruction on students' ability to revise persuasive essays." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 279 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1397899531&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lee, Sook Hee. "The use of interpersonal resources in argumentative/persuasive essays by East-Asian ESL and Australian tertiary students." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1285.
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Abstract This thesis explores the use of the interpersonal resources of English in argumentative/persuasive essays (APEs) constructed by undergraduate international students from East-Asian regions (EAS), in particular, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and also by Australian-born English speakers (ABS). High-graded essays (HGEs) were compared with the low-graded essays (LGEs) in order to identify the relationship between their deployment of interpersonal features and the academic grades given by markers. In addition, the essays constructed by the EAS writers were compared with those written by ABS writers. A major complaint of academic staff about ESL Asian students concerns their lack of analytical, critical voice and formality in their arguments. The linguistic evidence for this explored in this thesis is based mainly on interpersonal systems of interaction and evaluation recently developed within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Iedema et al., 1994; Iedema, 1995, 2003, 2004; Martin, 2000a, 2003c; White, 1998, 2004; Martin and Rose, 2003; Macken-Horarik and Martin, 2003; Martin and White, 2005). Within interaction, the thesis draws on work dealing with the metaphorical realisations of commands in a bureaucratic administration context. Evaluation is based on appraisal theory, which is concerned with the linguistic inflection of the subjective attitudes of writers, and also their evaluative expressions and intersubjective positioning. In order to explore the use of interpersonal resources from a perspective of writer and reader interaction, this study incorporates a social interactive model derived from ‘Interaction in writing’ alongside Bakhtin’s (1981, 1986) dialogic literacy. Under this broad interdisciplinary approach, the interpersonal aspects in APEs are examined from three main perspectives: Interactive (schematic structures), Interactional (the metaphorical realisation of commands), and InterPERSONAL meanings (the three main appraisal systems: ATTITUDE, ENGAGEMENT, and GRADUATION). The sample comprised six overseas students and six Australian-born native English speakers. They were all participants in the English for Academic Purposes class in the Modern Language Program offered by a regional university in southern New South Wales. These students were required to write APEs as a part of their course. Discourse analysis was applied to the essays at the genre, discourse semantic and the lexico-grammatical levels. Interviews were undertaken with markers to identify the relationship between text analysis results and markers’ comments on the essays and the grades. The results indicated that students’ use of interpersonal resources is a good indicator for judging quality of APEs. The analysis reveals significant differences in the extent to which HGEs are interactive by showing awareness of audience in argument structure, and making interactional choices focusing on command and interPERSONAL choices of appraisal systems. These differences are reflected in the use both of strategies of involvement by being interactional, and strategies displaying distance by being formal. The differences are also reflected in the presentation of personal opinions by being evaluative and of intersubjective claims supported by evidence. While there were no significant differences between the EAS and ABS writers in terms of the argument structure, ABS texts are more interactional, having a high degree of authority and conviction characterised by a formal tone. ABS writers also display a stronger voice through frequent exploitation of GRADUATION resources of appraisal. Overall, it can be said that while EAS students display problems with raising their own voices in argument, ABS students display problems in supporting persuasion. Educational implications for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) writing curriculum design include the desirability of enhancing a context-sensitive approach in writing, raising audience awareness of language teachers in relation to the interpersonal use of English, and promoting the dialogic nature of argument by reconciling individual creativity with social voices and community conventions.
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Lee, Sook Hee. "The use of interpersonal resources in argumentative/persuasive essays by East-Asian ESL and Australian tertiary students." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1285.
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Abstract This thesis explores the use of the interpersonal resources of English in argumentative/persuasive essays (APEs) constructed by undergraduate international students from East-Asian regions (EAS), in particular, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and also by Australian-born English speakers (ABS). High-graded essays (HGEs) were compared with the low-graded essays (LGEs) in order to identify the relationship between their deployment of interpersonal features and the academic grades given by markers. In addition, the essays constructed by the EAS writers were compared with those written by ABS writers. A major complaint of academic staff about ESL Asian students concerns their lack of analytical, critical voice and formality in their arguments. The linguistic evidence for this explored in this thesis is based mainly on interpersonal systems of interaction and evaluation recently developed within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Iedema et al., 1994; Iedema, 1995, 2003, 2004; Martin, 2000a, 2003c; White, 1998, 2004; Martin and Rose, 2003; Macken-Horarik and Martin, 2003; Martin and White, 2005). Within interaction, the thesis draws on work dealing with the metaphorical realisations of commands in a bureaucratic administration context. Evaluation is based on appraisal theory, which is concerned with the linguistic inflection of the subjective attitudes of writers, and also their evaluative expressions and intersubjective positioning. In order to explore the use of interpersonal resources from a perspective of writer and reader interaction, this study incorporates a social interactive model derived from ‘Interaction in writing’ alongside Bakhtin’s (1981, 1986) dialogic literacy. Under this broad interdisciplinary approach, the interpersonal aspects in APEs are examined from three main perspectives: Interactive (schematic structures), Interactional (the metaphorical realisation of commands), and InterPERSONAL meanings (the three main appraisal systems: ATTITUDE, ENGAGEMENT, and GRADUATION). The sample comprised six overseas students and six Australian-born native English speakers. They were all participants in the English for Academic Purposes class in the Modern Language Program offered by a regional university in southern New South Wales. These students were required to write APEs as a part of their course. Discourse analysis was applied to the essays at the genre, discourse semantic and the lexico-grammatical levels. Interviews were undertaken with markers to identify the relationship between text analysis results and markers’ comments on the essays and the grades. The results indicated that students’ use of interpersonal resources is a good indicator for judging quality of APEs. The analysis reveals significant differences in the extent to which HGEs are interactive by showing awareness of audience in argument structure, and making interactional choices focusing on command and interPERSONAL choices of appraisal systems. These differences are reflected in the use both of strategies of involvement by being interactional, and strategies displaying distance by being formal. The differences are also reflected in the presentation of personal opinions by being evaluative and of intersubjective claims supported by evidence. While there were no significant differences between the EAS and ABS writers in terms of the argument structure, ABS texts are more interactional, having a high degree of authority and conviction characterised by a formal tone. ABS writers also display a stronger voice through frequent exploitation of GRADUATION resources of appraisal. Overall, it can be said that while EAS students display problems with raising their own voices in argument, ABS students display problems in supporting persuasion. Educational implications for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) writing curriculum design include the desirability of enhancing a context-sensitive approach in writing, raising audience awareness of language teachers in relation to the interpersonal use of English, and promoting the dialogic nature of argument by reconciling individual creativity with social voices and community conventions.
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Henkel, Christopher [Verfasser]. "Green IS and Pro-Environmental Behavior : Essays on the Impact of Persuasive Information Systems on Individual and Organizational Behavioral Change / Christopher Henkel." Berlin : epubli, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206456396/34.
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Shen, Li. "Third foot or fifth wheel a comparison of figurative language in Chinese and English persuasive essays written by Mandarin-speaking advanced EFL students /." access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 1996. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9701510.
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Khantadze, Davit. "Essays on Bayesian persuasion." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/104204/.
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Chapter 1 reviews the literature about the bayesian persuasion. It first describes two main approaches to bayesian persuasion: concavification approach and information design approach. Next I consider some extensions to the basic model of bayesian persuasion, like competition between different senders, privately informed receiver and dynamic bayesian persuasion. Some other contributions reviewed include costly bayesian persuasion and bayesian persuasion when receiver’s optimal action is only a function of an expected state. Chapter 2 deals with two-dimensional bayesian persuasion. In this chapter I investigate a model when the receiver has to make two decisions. I am interested in optimal signal structures for the sender. I describe the upper bound of sender’s payoff in terms of his payoff when only marginal distributions of two dimensions are known. Completely characterise optimal simultaneous and sequential signal structures, when each dimension has binary states. This approach extends concavification approach to bigger state space, than explored in previous contributions to bayesian persuasion. Finally I characterise optimal sequential signal structure when there are three states for each dimension. In chapter 3 I investigate together with my co-author the effect of absence of common knowledge on the outcomes of coordination games in a laboratory experiment. In our experiment, around 76% of the subjects have chosen the payoff-dominant equilibrium strategy despite the absence of common knowledge. However, 9% of the players had first-order beliefs that lead to coordination failure and another 9% exhibited coordination failure due to higher-order beliefs.
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Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of Feminine Persuasion: Art and Essays on Sexuality." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5719.
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Montes, sanchez Alfonso. "Essays in Bayesian Games." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX096.
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Cette thèse de doctorat propose une série d'essais sur les jeux bayésiens. Il concentre son attention sur le rôle de l'information dans les résultats de ces jeux, depuis les stratégies et l'équilibre jusqu'aux implications pour le bien-être. D'une manière générale, les jeux bayésiens sont des situations stratégiques dans lesquelles il existe des informations incomplètes par rapport à un état pertinent lors de la détermination des paiements. Les joueurs ont une croyance a priori sur le paramètre inconnu, et ils reçoivent des informations sur l'état avant de choisir leurs actions. Les joueurs sont appelés Bayesian car ils mettent à jour leurs informations en utilisant la règle de Bayes. Traditionnellement, les informations reçues par les joueurs sont supposées exogènes et correctement comprises. Cette thèse de doctorat explore les implications et les conséquences de l'abandon de ces hypothèses.Les trois principaux chapitres de cette thèse abordent deux questions différentes liées à l'information. D'une part, on ne suppose plus que les joueurs reçoivent des informations données de manière exogène sur l'état inconnu, mais qu'ils doivent les collecter tout en engageant un coût. Cette hypothèse est à l'origine des contributions et des résultats des chapitres 3 et 4. Par contre, au chapitre 5, il n'est plus supposé que les informations distribuées entre les acteurs sont bien comprises. Autrement dit, je considère que les joueurs reçoivent des biais et des informations corrélées et qu'ils n'en sont pas pleinement conscientsThis PhD dissertation provides a series of essays in Bayesian games. It centers its attention on the role of information in the outcomes of such games, from strategies and equilibrium to welfare implications. Broadly speaking, Bayesian games are strategic situations in which there is incomplete information regarding a payoff relevant state. Players have a prior belief about the unknown parameter, and they receive information about the state before choosing their actions. Players are called Bayesian because they update their information using Bayes rule. Traditionally, the information players receive is assumed to be exogenous and correctly understood. This PhD dissertation explores the implications and consequences of giving up these assumptions.The three core chapters of this thesis tackle two different issues related to information. On the one hand, it is no longer assumed that players receive exogenously given information about the unknown state, but that they have to gather it while incurring a cost. This assumption drives the contributions and results of chapters 3 and 4. On the other hand, in chapter 5 it is no longer assumed that information distributed among the players is well understood. That is, I consider that players receive bias and correlated information and that they are not fully aware of it
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Bridet, Luc. "Essays on the Economics of Information." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10063.
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Le chapitre 1 étudie les efforts de persuasion d’un receveur par une partie informée et montre que l’équilibre est caractérisé par un excès de dépenses de persuasion et un délai excessif avant la prise de décision. Un régulateur, même non informé, peut mettre en place une taxation pigouvienne pour améliorer l’efficacité du processus de persuasion sans pour autant compromettre la qualité de la décision finale. Le chapitre 2, co-écrit avec Margaret Leighton, étudie empiriquement le processus de spécialisation des étudiants américains à l’aide de la base de données Baccalaureate and Beyond. En utilisant les résultats semestriels, nous construisons une mesure individuelle de la date de spécialisation. Recoupée avec les observations de carrières professionnelles, cette observation nous permet d’estimer structurellement le degré de transférabilité des compétences, les coûts de réorientation professionnelle et particulièrement le bénéfice informationnel lie à l’option de retarder la spécialisation. Les paramètres estimés indiquent qu’une politique non-anticipée de spécialisation forcée en première année aurait un coût comparable à une baisse de revenus de 1.5%. Le chapitre 3, co-écrit avec Peter Schwardmann, étudie l’interaction entre le marché des prêts aux entrepreneurs et la propension de ces derniers à évaluer leurs projets de façon objective. Nous montrons qu’en présence de frictions informationnelles, les entrepreneurs marqués par une tendance comportementale à surestimer la qualité de leurs projets bénéficient de leurs préférences non-standard, a l’oppose des mécanismes activés par la concurrence de type néoclassique. Nous montrons également que les croyances des entrepreneurs sont soumises à un certain type de discipline : tant que la part relative des aspirations dans l’utilité des agents reste limitée, les contrats offerts à l’équilibre du marché des prêts donnent aux entrepreneurs une incitation à percevoir de façon réaliste leurs chances de succèsChapter 1 models persuasion by an informed party and show that laissez-faire leads to excessive persuasion expenditures and delays decisions. An uninformed regulator can use pigouvian taxation to reduce the delay in decision-making and the amount of persuasion expenditures incurred by advocates, with no corresponding decrease in the quality of decisions eventually taken. Chapter 2, joint with Margaret Leighton, is an empirical study of individual learning and specialisation decision by American college students. We use detailed transcript information in the Baccalaureate and Beyond dataset to construct and explain the timing of specialisation decided by each student. By relating its cross-sectional variation to later job market outcomes, we quantify skill transferability, the cost of career changes and most importantly, the informational benefits of a delayed specialisation. We then use these structural estimates to compare the current college system to one which imposes specialization at college entry. Overall, expected earnings fall by 1.5%. Chapter 3, joint with Peter Schwardmann, studies how the marketplace for financial loans interacts with entrepreneurs' cognition. We show that in a market for project financing dominated by informational frictions, market outcomes reward a particular behavioural deviation from standard preferences: a tendency towards optimistic self-deception. This result stands in stark contrast to those obtained under neoclassical competition. We also show that entrepreneurs' beliefs are subject to some market discipline: as long as anticipatory concerns are limited, entrepreneurs are induced to appraise their projects realistically
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Van, Geyte Els. "Persuasion in higher education : a comparative investigation of argumentational strategies in student and expert opinion essays." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8636/.
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In order to succeed in Higher Education, students need to be able to argue effectively in writing. This thesis focuses on the argumentational skills of international students as manifested in short essays, similar to the written English proficiency tests for university admission. The study compared these essays to opinion pieces produced by expert academic writers. First, insights from the field of rhetoric were used to compare how the writers argued. An analytical tool was designed to deconstruct arguments into their essential parts to determine the number and distribution of these components in the texts. The results from this analysis then informed an investigation into selected types of cohesive markers and their role in managing writer-reader dialogues. The study found differences in both the argumentational and linguistic strategies used by the writers to persuade their readers, especially with regard to the integration of other voices. The thesis discusses implications for the teaching of argument in the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) curriculum and beyond, and advocates a more rhetorical approach. Recommendations include the use of a new generative model of argument in the classroom and the use of the analytical tool for further research across different argumentational genres and academic disciplines.
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Redlicki, Bartosz Andrzej. "Essays in information economics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277513.
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This thesis consists of three essays in the field of information economics. The first essay studies manipulation of information by partisan media. The recent increase in partisan media has generated interest in what drives media outlets to become more partisan. I develop a model to study the role of diffusion of information by word of mouth. In the model, a media outlet designs an information policy, which specifies the level of partisan slant in the outlet’s news reports. The news spread via a communication chain in a population of agents with heterogeneous preferences. The slant has an impact on whether the agents find the news credible and on their incentives to pass the news to others. The analysis elucidates how partisanship of media can be driven by political polarisation of the public and by the tendency of people to interact with people with similar political views. The second essay, co-authored by Jakub Redlicki, investigates falsification of scientific evidence by interest groups. We analyse a game between a biased sender (an interest group) and a decision maker (a policy maker) where the former can falsify scientific evidence at a cost. The sender observes scientific evidence and knows that it will also be observed by the decision maker unless he falsifies it. If he falsifies, then there is a chance that the decision maker observes the falsified evidence rather than the true scientific evidence. First, we investigate the decision maker’s incentives to privately acquire independent evidence, which not only provides additional information to her but can also strengthen or weaken the sender’s falsification effort. Second, we analyse the decision maker’s incentives to acquire information from the sender. The third essay analyses competition between interest groups for access to a policy maker. I study a model of lobbying in which two privately-informed experts (e.g., interest groups) with opposite goals compete for the opportunity to communicate with a policy maker. The main objective is to analyse the benefits which competition for access brings to the policy maker as opposed to hiring an expert in advance. I show that competition for access is advantageous in that it provides the policy maker with some information about the expert who did not gain access and gives the experts an incentive to invest in their communication skills. On the other hand, hiring an expert in advance allows the policy maker to use a monetary reward to incentivise the expert to invest more in his communication skills.
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Berman, Robert. "Transfer of writing skills between languages : L1 versus L2 teaching of persuasive essay writing to intermediate-level Icelandic EFL students." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306878.
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Vosooghi, Sareh. "Three essays on information and transboundary problems in environmental and resource economics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22867.
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The thesis contains three chapters on environmental and natural resource economics and focuses on situations where agents receive private or public information. The first chapter analyses the problem of transboundary fisheries, where harvesting countries behave non-cooperatively. In addition to biological uncertainty, countries may face strategic uncertainty. A country that receives negative assessments about the current level of the fish stock, may become “pessimistic” about the assessment of the other harvesting country, which can ignite “panic-based” overfishing. In such a coordination problem, multiplicity of equilibria is a generic characteristic of the solution. Both strategic uncertainty and equilibrium selection, relatively, have been given less attention in the theoretical literature of common-property natural resources. In this model, in the limit as the harvesting countries observe more and more precise information, rationality ensures the unique “global game” equilibrium, a la Carlsson and van Damme (1993). The improved predictive power of the model helps a potential intergovernmental manager of the stock understand the threshold behaviour of harvesting countries. The global game threshold coincides with the risk-dominance threshold of a precise information model, as if there was no strategic uncertainty, and implies that the countries select the corresponding risk-dominant action for any level of assessment of the stock. Gaining from the risk-dominance equivalence, I derive policy suggestions for the overfishing cost and the property rights in common-property fisheries. The second chapter develops a theoretical framework to examine the role of public information in dynamic self-enforcing international environmental agreements (IEAs) on climate change. The countries choose self-enforcing emission abatement strategies in an infinite-horizon repeated game. In a stochastic model, where the social cost of greenhouse gasses (GHG) is a random variable, a central authority, as an information sender, can control release of information about the unknown state to the countries. In the literature on stochastic IEAs, it is shown that comparison of different scenarios of learning by the countries, depends on ex-ante difference of true social cost of GHG from the prior belief of countries. Here, I try to understand, in a signalling game between the informed sender and the countries, whether the no-learning or imperfect-learning scenarios, can be an equilibrium outcome. It is shown that the equilibrium strategy of the sender, who is constrained to a specific randomisation device and tries to induce an incentive-compatible abatement level which is Pareto superior, leads to full learning of social cost of GHG of symmetric and asymmetric countries. Finally, in the third chapter, I again examine a setting, where a central authority, as an information sender, conducts research on the true social cost of climate change, and releases information to the countries. However, in this chapter, instead of restricting the sender to a specific signalling structure, the sender, who has commitment power, by designing an information mechanism (a set of signals and a probability distribution over them), maximises his payoff, which depends on the mitigation action of countries and the social cost of green-house gases(GHG). The countries, given the information policy (the probability distribution over signals) and the public signal, update their beliefs about the social cost of GHG and take a mitigation action. I derive the optimal information mechanism from the general set of public information mechanisms, in coalition formation games. I show that the coalition size, as a function of beliefs, is an endogenous variable, induced by the information sender. If the sender maximises the expected payoff of either of non-signatories or signatories of the climate treaty, then full revelation is the optimal information policy, while if the sender attempts to reduce the global level of GHG, then optimal information policy leads to imperfect disclosure of the social cost. Furthermore, given any of the specifications of the sender’s payoff, the optimal information policy leads to the socially optimal mitigation and membership outcomes.
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Wangenheim, Jonas von. "Essays in Information Economics." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19349.
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Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei unabhängigen Artikeln in dem Forschungsfeld der Informationsökonomik. Ein wiederkehrendes Motiv in allen drei Artikeln ist die ambivalente Rolle von privater Information. In Kontrast zur klassischen Entscheidungstheorie, in der mehr Informationen Individuen niemals schlechter stellt, analysiere ich drei verschiedene Umgebungen, in denen mehr Konsumenteninformation die Konsumentenrente verringern kann.This dissertation comprises three independent chapters in the field of information economics. The recurrent theme of all three chapters is the ambiguous role of information: While in standard decision theory additional information enables individuals to weakly increase utility through making better choices, I analyze three di erent environments in which more information to consumers may actually be detrimental to consumer utility.
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Fine, Falcy Sandrine. "Les processus d'influence publicitaire : un essai de modélisation intégrant implication vis à vis de la publicité, caractéristiques psychologiques et publicitaires." Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21014.
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Cette these a pour ambition de mieux comprendre les processus d'influence d'une publicite sur l'attitude d'un individu vis-a-vis de la marque, objet de la dite publicite, en poursuivant trois objectif:- confirmer et affiner dans un contexte francais la nature des differents elements mediateurs du changement d'attitude, donnant naissance a ce que la litterature nomme <>-demontrer et caracteriser la variabilite de ces routes en fonction d'un certain nombre de parametres lies au type de publicite (a tendance informative ou plutot emotionnelle) et a la psychologie de lindividu; - eclaircir le role intermediaire joue par l'implication publicitaire, distinguant ses trois grandes familles d'antecedents (publicite, individu et contexte d'exposition), statuant sur la nature d'etat du concept et mettant en exergue ses consequences sur la route de persuasion empruntee. En termes de methodologie, ce travail se caracterise par la volonte de retranscrire autant que faire se peut la realite d'une situation d'exposition a une publicite, ce qui se traduit concretement par: - la mise en place d'une collecte de donnees en collaboration avec une societe de pretests publicitaires gfk,- des precautions particulieres dans la creation et la validation des echelles de mesure utilisees, et enfin, - le recours a des profils psychologiques ou d'implication publicitaire, constitues au moyen de typologies a posteriori a partir de plusieurs variables considerees simultanement et donc plus a meme de restituer la diversite de la realite. Les resultats obtenus repondent aux ob jectifs initiaux de cette recherche, validant un grand nombre d'hypothese emises sur le plan conceptuel et permettent in fine de tracer, pour l'avenir des voies d'investigations precises, envisageant, par exemple, d'appliquer ce travail a d'autres produits et publicites ou d'integrer sur le terrain des concepts restes jusqu'a present a une niveau uniquement theorique, comme la notion tres vaste, mais prometteuse, de motivationThis thesis aims to achieve a better understanding of the influence of advertising on the attitude of an individual with regard to the brand featured in the advertissement by:- confirming and improving the nature of various mediatory elements with regard to changing attitudes in a french context, giving rise to what litterature calls <>, - revealing and characterizing the variability of these roads according to a certain number of parameters connected with the type of advertisement (wether informative or emotional) and the psychology of the individual, - clarifying the intermediary role played by advertising involvement,identifying its three main previous families (advertisement, individual and display context), pronouncing judgement with regard to the type of concept and stating its effects on the road of persuasion used. In terms of methodology, this work is characterized by the desire to recreate as perfectly as possible the reality of exposure to an advertisement, which, in practical terms,means: - data collection in collaboration with a gfk advertising pretest company,- special precautions in the creation and validation of measurement scales used, - use of psychological or advertising involvement profiles, made up using typologies gained from simultaneously considered variables, thus enabling a better imitation of the diversity of reality. The results obtained meet the initial objectives of this research, validating a large number of hypotheses drawn on the concept level, and allow clear investigation methods to be drawn up for the future, considering for example the application of this work to other products and advertising or integrating in practice ideas that have so far only been theoretical, such as the idea of motivation, which is vast but holds promise
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Akinyemi, Alexis. "Vers un modèle d’élaboration de la dissonance cognitive : changement des attitudes selon un continuum de choix perçu." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100003.
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Cette thèse traite de l’étude du changement d’attitude dans un contexte de dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957), et plus précisément dans le cadre du paradigme de l’essai contre-attitudinal (Brehm & Cohen, 1962). L’objectif de ce travail est triple. Premièrement, nous opérons une remise en question de l’induction de choix des paradigmes de dissonance, en utilisant, au sein de nos expérimentations, la perception de choix des participants comme variable continue permettant de prédire le changement d’attitude. Notre second objectif est de mobiliser, dans le cadre de la dissonance, des variables issues du modèle des probabilités d’élaboration (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) liées au changement d’attitude. Ces variables permettent notamment de recueillir les pensées positives et négatives (i.e., l’élaboration) que les participants produisent vis-à-vis d’un argumentaire. Nous émettons ainsi l’hypothèse que la rédaction d’un essai contre attitudinal sous perception élevée de choix entraînera conjointement de l’élaboration et du changement d’attitude chez les participants. Le dernier objectif de cette thèse est de tester l’impact de variables, autres que le choix perçu, permettant d’augmenter l’élaboration des participants. Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressés à la résistance de l’attitude initiale, ainsi qu’au délai de réflexion, afin d’étudier leurs effets sur le changement d’attitudeThis thesis covers the study of attitude change in the area of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), and more precisely in the context of the counter-attitudinal advocacy paradigm (Brehm & Cohen, 1962). The aim of this work is triple. First, we challenge the induction of choice adopted within dissonance paradigms using, in our studies, perception of choice as a discrete variable suitable to predict attitude change. Our second goal is to borrow - for a use into dissonance paradigms - variables implied in attitude change within the elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) than can be used in order to gather the positive and negative thoughts (i.e., elaboration) that participants can produce regarding to an advocacy. We thus hypothesize that a counter-attitudinal advocacy will, under high perceived-choice, lead participants to produce elaboration and attitude change. Our last goal is to assess the impact of other variables than perceived choice that can have an impact on participants’ elaboration. Therefore, we took interest in attitude resistance and reflection delays in order to observe their effect on attitude change
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Ternynck, Élise. "Le juge du contrat de travail et la preuve électronique : essai sur l’incidence des technologies de l’Information et de la communication sur le contentieux prud’homal." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20015/document.
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Le contentieux prud'homal est le point d'entrée le plus significatif pour observer la réception judiciaire de la preuve électronique. Le pragmatisme et la lexibilité de la juridiction prud'homale offre un terrain d'étude propice à la confrontation axiologique des TIC et du droit du travail et à l'étude pratique des conséquences de l'insertion d'une telle preuve dans l'argumentation des plaideurs. La présente étude s’attache à démontrer qu’à l’invocation d’une preuve électronique, lejuge du contrat de travail offre une réponse mitigée. Il adopte en effet, un comportement paradoxal : d’un côté ; il fait preuve d’audace et prend part à la reconnaissance de la preuve électronique lors de la phase d’administration de la preuve, d’un autre côté, il adopte une position de défiance et la rendinopérante. Le bilan de la recherche est proche de la désillusion : le crédit alloué à la preuve électronique n’est pas à la hauteur de son utilité processuelle, elle mérite une approche plus ambitieuse et doit faire l’objet d’une réflexion générale et approfondieProcedure in labour contentious matters is the most significant place to observe the judicial reception of e-proof. Pragmatism and flexibility of the elected industrial tribunal offers a field of study which is suitable to observe the axiological confrontation between ICT and labour law and to observe the practicalconsequences of the inclusion of such proof in the litigants’ argumentation. This research endeavours to demonstrate that the use of e-proof receives a mixed appreciation from the Judge of the contract of employment. Indeed, he adopts a paradoxical behaviour: on the one hand, he shows boldness and takes part in the recognition of the e-proof during the phase of producing evidence; but on the other hand, he seems to be reluctant to make use of it in an effective manner. The result of this study is disappointing when considering the credibility given to e-proof is not equal to its procedural utility; it deserves to be the subjectof a more ambitious approach and of a general and more in-depth reflexion
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Haddad, Hocine. "Comment décide-t-on d'encourager la conformité à une norme sociale ? : Essai de modélisation et application dans le domaine de la prévention routière." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05A003.
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Querubini, Edson. "Escrita instruída e Licença nos Ensaios de Montaigne." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-29062016-113702/.
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Procura-se nesse estudo ler os Ensaios de Montaigne, menos em sua dimensão de descrição verdadeira dos casos que são abordados e dos arrazoados que são produzidos, e mais em sua dimensão de produção de efeitos verossímeis e persuasivos; atentos, pois, à intenção de um escritor em fazer crer (fidem facere) mais que em dizer a verdade. Assim, o propósito é o de relacionar o discurso deste autor com uma atividade plenamente ciente dos meios e instrumentos técnicos de produção da persuasão. Não se descarta a questão da veracidade do autorretrato, mas, entende-se que esta consiste em um dos elementos fundamentais por cuja construção verossímil prima o esforço do Ensaísta. Busca-se, pois mostrar que o que o livro nos dá a ler são as múltiplas operações do espírito que integram a maneira de uma persona construída nos convencer de sua coincidência espontânea, veraz e bem sucedida com seu autor.This thesis investigates Montaignes Essays and the persuasive and verisimilar rhetorical effects that they manage to achieve, rather than consider them as true descriptions of the matters they discuss and the statements they entail. Thus, close attention is paid to Montaignes intention to create belief (fidem facere) rather than to state the truth. Accordingly, this thesis sets out to identify this authors discourse as one that is fully aware of the technical instruments of rhetorical persuasion. Likewise, the veracity of the authors self-portrayal is not ignored, but it is understood as one of the fundamental elements at which the essayists efforts to produce verisimilitude predominate. Therefore, this research intends to show that what one reads in Montaignes Essays are the multiple operations of a mind that compose the manner of a persona that was built to persuade the reader that it coincides spontaneously, truthfully and successfully with the author.
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Sabil, Mariem. "L’autorité renforcée des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement : essai sur la nature, la place et la fonction de la procédure de non-conformité." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30106.
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Les accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement sont généralement caractérisés par leur autorité normative atténuée en raison des difficultés pour les États de garantir leur application effective et efficace. La procédure de non-conformité, expérimentée pour la première fois par le Protocole de Montréal sur les substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone et étendue depuis, tente d’apporter des solutions appropriées aux particularismes de cette branche du droit international public. L’étude de son développement, de son évolution et de sa sophistication à travers sa nature, sa place et sa fonction permet ainsi de déterminer si cette technique exécutive contribue au renforcement de l’autorité des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnementMultilateral agreements on the environment are generally characterized by their normative authority diminished because of the difficulties for states to ensure their effective implementation and efficiency. The non-compliance procedure, for the first time experienced by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and extended since then, attempts to provide appropriate solutions to the peculiarities of this branch of public international law.The study of its development, its evolution and sophistication through its nature, its place and function and to determine whether this technique helps to strengthen executive authority of multilateral environmental agreements
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Ravindran, Dilip Raghavan. "Essays in Information and Behavioral Economics." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-n65x-c938.
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This dissertation studies problems in individual and collective decision making. Chapter 1 examines how information providers may compete to influence the actions of one or many decision makers. This chapter studies a Bayesian Persuasion game with multiple senders who have access to conditionally independent experiments (and possibly others). Senders have zero-sum preferences over what information is revealed. The main results characterize when any set of states can be pooled in equilibrium and, as a consequence, when the state is (fully) revealed in every equilibrium. The state must be fully revealed in every equilibrium if and only if sender utility functions satisfy a ‘global nonlinearity’ condition. In the binary-state case, the state is fully revealed in every equilibrium if and only if some sender has nontrivial preferences. Our main takeaway is that ‘most’ zero-sum sender preferences result in full revelation. We discuss a number of extensions and variations.
Chapter 2 studies Liquid Democracy (LD), a voting system which combines aspects of direct democracy (DD) and representative democracy (RD) and is becoming more widely used for collective decision making. In LD, for every decision each voter is endowed with a vote and can cast it themselves or delegate it to another voter. We study information aggregation under LD in a common-interest jury voting game with heterogenously well-informed voters. There is an incentive for a voter i to delegate to someone better informed; but delegation has a cost: if i delegates her vote, she can no longer express her own private information by voting. Delegation trades off empowering better information and making use of more information. Under some conditions, efficiency requires the number of votes held by each nondelegator to optimally reflect how well informed they are. Under efficiency LD improves welfare over DD and RD, especially in medium-sized committees. However LD also admits inefficient equilibria characterized by a small number of voters holding a large share of votes. Such equilibria can do worse than DD and can fail to aggregate information asymptotically. We discuss the implications of our results for implementing LD.
For many years, psychologists have discussed the possibility of choice overload: large choice sets can be detrimental to a chooser’s wellbeing. The existence of such a phenomenon would have profound impact on both the positive and normative study of economic decision making, yet recent meta studies have reported mixed evidence. In Chapter 3, we argue that existing tests of choice overload - as measured by an increased probability of choosing a default option - are likely to be significantly under powered because ceteris parabus we should expect the default alternative to be chosen less often in larger choice sets. We propose a more powerful test based on richer data and characterization theorems for the Random Utility Model. These new approaches come with significant econometric challenges, which we show how to address. We apply the resulting tests to an exploratory data set of choices over lotteries.
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Portillo, Natalie. "Opinion Writing of Native Spanish and Native English Speakers in College Developmental Education Courses." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-r4e6-ba32.
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The aim of this study is to examine argumentative writing produced by students of differing language backgrounds and skill level to inform future instructional approaches and program design. An archival corpus of opinion essays written by native Spanish speaking students and native English speaking students enrolled in community college developmental education courses was utilized.
The essays consisted of one to two paragraphs expressing an opinion on a controversial topic. In the study, the essays were assessed for the overall persuasiveness of the text, the use of academic words, the incorporation of connectives as a measure of lexical cohesion, the use of argumentative structural elements, and the inclusion of functional elements within the text produced. The relationship between native language and six structural and lexical features were examined utilizing a one-way Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA).
After controlling for paragraph length and reading ability, results indicated that native Spanish speaking students produced more standpoint structural elements than English speaking students. None of the other dependent variables were significant. A Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was employed to explore the variability in the persuasiveness of the opinion writing. Utilizing this mode of analysis, it was revealed that overall persuasiveness in the students’ opinion writing was mainly a function of higher word counts, a higher percentage of academic words, more standpoint structural elements, and being a native English speaking student. Finally, pedagogical implications are discussed.
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Glick, Allen A. "A multi-functional essay prompt for state mandated assessments using example from the T.A.K.S. as model." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10106/1711.
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