Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Perspective économique et environnementale'
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Chiambretto, Anne-Sarah. "Approches volontaires et régulation environnementale : une perspective normative." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2012.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays on the specific incentive structure that underlies regulation contexts in which the agents generating an environmental externality self-regulate in order to preempt the enforcement of a mandatory policy by a regulatory agency. The three essays take a normative perspective, i.e. investigate the way the regulatory agency may induce efficient proactive behavior by the mean of purposely designed threat and announcement effects. Such mechanisms fall under the common denomination of 'collective voluntary-threat policies' (CVTP). The three essays' results focus on the threat, formalized as a unit tax that is said to be implemented by the regulator if the environmental target is not reached voluntarily : first in a two-stage and static emission game (first essay) ; then in a differential extraction game (second essay) ; finally in a general participation game to the CVTP (third essay). In each framework, the tax is considered as endogenous, and thereby, the CVTP being studied as part of the Incentive-Based Regulatory Approaches
Mamo, Tesfayesus. "Planification stratégique, tactique et opérationnelle intégrée de la biomasse basée sur la canne à sucre vers les chaînes d'approvisionnement en biocarburants : une approche hybride d'optimisation et de subsitution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP040.
Full textIn recent years, research has focused heavily on the production of biofuel from biomass due to its potential as a renewable energy source, its high potential to replace the high cost of fossil fuels, and the environmental concerns associated with its excessive consumption. However, to effectively provide a biofuel product that can compete in the market, the establishment of resilient supply chain planning is important. Therefore, supply chain planning that considers a holistic approach is essential to improving the efficiency of the biofuel supply chain.In the literature, biofuel supply chain planning has been done hierarchically at the strategic (long-term decisions: supply network design), tactical (medium-term decisions: management of network design), and operational (short-term decisions: routing) levels by developing distinct models. The problem with the hierarchical method is that using solutions from one level may result in inconsistent or infeasible solutions. This is because each lower planning level (tactical and operational) includes variations that are not accountable at higher planning levels (strategic). However, integrating the three decision levels frequently leads to large mixed-integer linear or non-linear problems that require enormous computational effort to solve. Thus, a method that can overcome the computational problem is required. Therefore, the main goal of this dissertation is to accurately integrate the different decision levels and study the impact of the decision across these scales by maximizing the economic benefits and minimizing the environmental impacts across the biofuel supply chain.This work addresses a holistic approach to supply chain optimization by integrating the three decision levels (strategic, tactical, and operational). Firstly, an optimization model that integrates strategic and tactical decisions is developed in the first stage, and a vehicle routing problem is developed as an operational model in the second stage. To optimally solve the optimization model with the operational model, a novel sequential iterative approach is designed. The optimization model is mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) that maximizes the NPV of the bioethanol supply chain, while the operational model is a vehicle routing problem (VRP) that minimizes the transportation cost. Secondly, an effort is made to incorporate environmental perspectives into the integrated strategic and tactical plan of the biomass-to-biofuel supply chain, coupled with the operational plan. This is achieved by incorporating an environmental objective that quantifies the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the supply chain. The environmental performance of the biofuel supply chain is assessed using a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the system and converted into monetary value by adopting an eco-cost approach. The developed approach is applied to optimize the biofuel supply chain in Ethiopia's biofuel sector, overcome the computational complexity associated with solving the underlying large-scale mixed integer linear problem, and provide a better representation of supply chain reality. The result of this research highlights the contribution of the operational level in enhancing the quality, coherence, and relevance of the results, as well as their impact on the strategic and tactical levels
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Hassan, Mahmoud. "Fiscalité environnementale, dette publique et croissance économique : une analyse macroéconomique." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0015/document.
Full textEnvironmental policies, especially those using fiscal instruments, have become more and more important in a large number of countries over the last three decades. All OECD countries have introduced environmentally related taxes, and a growing number of them are carrying out a so-called "green" reform of their taxation. The use of the tax as an instrument for environmental policy has sparked wide debate among researchers on its impacts on economic growth, but without reaching consensus on the nature of these effects. Some find a negative effect; while others show a positive impact. Two points raised our attention on this subject. First, the empirical studies that verify the validity of these results are very rare. Second, the majority of theoretical models that have studied the effect of environmental taxation on economic growth assume that the government finances its expenditures solely through taxes and that the state budget is balanced each period, thus avoiding any burden associated to repayment of public debt. Therefore, this thesis aims firstly to explore empirically the nature of the relationship between environmental taxation and economic growth, and whether this relationship is sensitive to the level of other variables in the economy. We examine then the channels through which this tax can affect economic growth, and whether the existence and level of public debt can modify this effect
Ambomo, Marcel. "Commerce, environnement et développement en Afrique francophone : réalités et perspectives." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4007.
Full textBase development only on economic growth, was a trend in Africa. Henceforth, this approach is questioned, since the consecration of sustainable development at Rio Summit. Consequently, development issue of African countries is studied, by redefining actual balance between trade, environment and development. Indeed, we can take up a bet on trade as development tool in Africa. However, his success depends on withdraw of trade barriers and the protection of environment. We seize here, the opportunity to re-examine the sustainable concept, which appears, for good, as a civilization vision. At what scale? Universality seems on this context attractive. But it's risky, because it could ignore local situation. In this field, we can think globally, but act locally. This concept allows sui generis sustainable development models, with the purpose to avoid a unique environmental view
Baumann, Emilie. "Modèles d'évaluation des performances économique, environnementale et sociale dans les chaînes logistiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679706.
Full textHoang, Tung. "Tronçons autoroutiers : une méthodologie de modélisation environnementale et économique pour différents scénarios." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2115.
Full textBaumann, Emilie. "Modèles d’évaluation des performances économique, environnementale et sociale dans les chaînes logistiques." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0037/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a framework for assessing economic, environmental and social performances in supply chains. We propose a characterization model for "global" performance, integrating the three performances related to sustainable development (economic, environmental and social) in supply chains. This model allows us to analyze the impacts of management practices in supply chains on a set of sustainability fields, materialized by the Global Performance Matrix of Supply Chain (MPGCL). An analytical model is used to evaluate these impacts in aggregate form by a triplet. Three instantiations of MPGCL are carried out: academic, industrial and empirical. A multicriteria decision-making approach for selecting practices to implement (CAMPLID) is proposed. Its application to MPGCL instances allows a ranking of supply chains best practices, based on the simultaneous improvement of the economic, environmental and social performances. A more specific study in a simulation of the supply practices (individual/shared supply, different rules replenishment) impacts on sustainability fields complete this work
Pech, Sophath. "Les aspects énergétiques de l'économie du Cambodge : bilan et perspectives : Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences économiques." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0031.
Full textMonnerat, Mélie. "L'acajou aux Fidji : un arbre au coeur des préoccupations environnementale, sociopolitique et économique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25378/25378.pdf.
Full textFrom the mid 1990s to the beginning of the twenty-first century, big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) plantations have become a major economic and sociopolitical consideration in Fiji. Although they are of interest principally because of their economic value, this paper argues that environmental and sociopolitical aspects of the plantations must be taken into account. The first part considers the international scale illustrating that big-leaf mahogany is the most commercially important timber species in the Neotropic zone and is facing global overexploitation. This reality contributes to the advantageous position of planted Fiji mahogany. This much said, Fiji as an island state presents a number of distinctive parameters, notably a limited land surface and fragile ecosystems. The second part of this study elaborates on the history and management of Fiji mahogany in order to take into account their specific parameters. The third part will discuss the place mahogany plantations occupy in Fiji’s economic and sociocultural configuration. Through a geocultural approach, the study focuses on the distinctive population dynamic in Fiji where ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians have cohabited for about four generations in a complex situation, notably with regard to indigenous land tenure, productive versus subsistence agriculture, rural versus urban societies and a colonial regime. The study concludes that an interdisciplinary and multi-scale approach clarifies the complex situation in which the Fiji mahogany plantations are being developed.
Zaghdoud, Oussama. "Croissance économique et qualité environnementale : études empiriques dans le cas de la Tunisie." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010069.
Full textMadjigoto, Robert. "Évolution socio-économique et environnementale de la région pétrolière du Logone Oriental (Tchad)." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010527.
Full textLe, Gloux Fanny. "Analyse économique des paiements pour services environnementaux, entre label et mesure agro-environnementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSARE063.
Full textThis PhD thesis applies empirical and theoretical microeconomic approaches to analyse the efficiency of payments for environmental services in the agricultural sector. I assess levers to promote their adoption by farmers at different scales. I show empirically that targeting part of the income support of the Common Agricultural Policy towards increased funding of agri-environmental and climate measures and support for organic farming promotes participation in these schemes. My main contribution is to show that a sponsorship bonus in payments for environmental services is promising to encourage the participation of a critical mass of farmers when ecological threshold effects exist. The results of this thesis also suggest that result-based payments,in the form of a collective bonus or a payment proportional to an environmental indicator, are effective on the condition that the level of payment is sufficiently attractive. With a theoretical approach, I focus on the demand side and propose a tool, the health label, to increase consumers' willingness to pay in the particular case where the joint production technology of environmental services is complementary to the improvement of the intrinsic health quality of the agricultural commodity. I contribute to the literature by showing that consumers' health concerns can efficiently finance environmental services and complement agri-environmental policies
Moritz, Marcel. "Les communes et la publicité commerciale extérieure : pour une valorisation environnementale et économique de l'espace public." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32039.
Full textAt the dawn of celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of a law which is its vault key, the law for external commercials accumulates a series of paradoxes, especially when it comes to a "local authority" approach. While public opinion is getting more and more sensitive to environmental protection, this imperative finds it difficult to assert itself. Certainly, writings make it possible to create local rules for commercials and give a large variety of repressive measures, but none of these possibilities is convincing. Unable to meet the requirements of environmental protection, the positive law doesn’t make it possible for local authorities to have an effective economical use either. Does it mean that combining an environmental and an economical development is an unachievable goal ? With a critical study of the applicable clauses and some reform proposals, we’ll try to prove the opposite
Godin, David. "Analyse environnementale et économique du cycle de vie d'un système d'épuration des eaux usées." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23528.
Full textDans le cadre de ce mémoire, les méthodologies de l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) et de l’analyse du cycle de coûts (ACC) sont appliquées à un système d’épuration des eaux usées municipales (STEP) afin de réaliser une évaluation intégrée du profil environnemental et économique du système. Suite à la revue de la littérature des ACVs portant sur des STEPs, des limitations ont été décelées en ce qui a trait à la définition de la fonction du système lors de la première étape de la réalisation de l’ACV. Les limitations dénotées ont mené au développement d’une méthodologie reposant sur le concept de bénéfice environnemental net (BEN) afin d’y pallier. La mise en application du concept de BEN requiert de réaliser des ACVs afin d’évaluer les impacts environnementaux potentiels évités et induits par l’épuration des eaux. Les impacts évités correspondent alors à la différence d’impacts potentiels entre un scénario hypothétique de rejet des eaux usées brutes et un scénario de rejet des eaux usées épurées par la STEP. Les impacts induits correspondent aux impacts générés par le cycle de vie du système d’épuration. Il est à noter que la présentation du concept de BEN ainsi que son application à une l’étude de cas font l’objet d’une publication (Godin et coll., 2012). Les méthodologies du BEN et de l’ACC sont appliquées à l’étude de cas d’un système d’épuration constitué d’étangs aérés facultatifs. Des inventaires des charges des polluants de l’affluent et de l’effluent de la STEP sont compilés afin d’évaluer les impacts potentiels évités en considérant les charges en matières organiques, en nutriments et en métaux lourds ainsi qu’en estimant les émissions potentielles de gaz à effet de serre des rejets directs de matière organique et d’azote au milieu récepteur. Les inventaires de caractérisation des impacts du cycle de vie du système incluent la phase de construction, l’opération ainsi que l’évaluation des impacts induits par une disposition des boues par épandage sur sol agricole et sur sol forestier. L’ACVI réalisée en ayant recours à la méthode ReCiPe et en mettant de l’avant le concept de BEN permet de constater le compromis environnemental fourni par le système d’épuration. L’évaluation comparée de l’ACC et de l’ACV du cycle de vie du système permet d’évaluer la contribution relative des différents éléments du cycle de vie sous les aspects environnementaux et économiques. La comparaison des variantes de disposition des boues permet, quant à elle, de comparer les effets sur les catégories d’impacts potentiels liées à la toxicité du choix du milieu récepteur des boues. L’application de la méthodologie du BEN lors de la réalisation d’ACV portant sur des STEPs permet de définir plus clairement la fonction principale de la STEP et permet d’éviter de considérer la STEP comme une source majeure de pollution. Elle fait de plus ressortir le manque de suivi des eaux usées en ce qui a trait à l’affluent ainsi qu’aux micropolluants.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies are applied to a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in order to conduct an integrated environmental and economic assessment of the system. A Literature review showed that the system function definition has received little attention despite its great importance in past LCA studies applied to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This has led to some limitations in the interpretation of LCA results. A new methodology to perform LCA on WWTPs is proposed to avoid those limitations. It is based on net environmental benefit (NEB) evaluation and requires assessing the potential impact of releasing wastewater without and with treatment besides assessing the impact of the WWTP’s life cycle. Interested readers can find a presentation of the NEB methodology and its application to a case study of a small municipal WWTP consisting of facultative aerated lagoons in Godin et al., (2012). This thesis presents the life cycle inventories (LCI) conducted to perform the LCAs required to estimate the NEB and also shows the inventory and results of the LCC performed on the case study. LCIs include wastewater characterization (i.e. organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen and heavy metals load), potential greenhouse gas emissions, WWTP construction and operation inventories including sludge removal and disposal. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was conducted using the ReCiPe impact assessment method. LCIA and LCC results allow comparing the relative contribution to environmental potential impacts and economic cost of the life cycle steps of the WWTP. The NEB allows showing the environmental trade-offs between avoided impact due to wastewater treatment and induced impact by the WWTP’s life cycle.
Ricci, Olivia. "Capture et stockage géologique du CO2 à partir de biomasse : quelles perspectives économiques ?" Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0506/document.
Full textIn a context of unbridled growth of global energy demand and environmental pressure in the fight againstglobal warming, this thesis studies one of the proposed technologies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions: carbon capture and geological storage (CCS). We therefore consider the application of thistechnology to the production of bioenergies (BCCS) because this technology allows purifying theatmosphere while providing a clean energy alternative to fossil fuels. The first part of this work analyzesthe economic and environmental potential of BCCS. First, an economic and environmental assessment ofBCCS in the bioethanol production in France is conducted. Then, using the bottom-up optimization modelTIAM-FR, we study the global and regional potential of this technology in the electricity sector. Finally,the economic incentives that need to be provided to ensure BCCS deployment are highlighted. In thesecond part, a general equilibrium model is used to evaluate environmental policies. We construct thetheoretical model by introducing the CCS and BCCS as well as a wide range of economic instruments.The model is then calibrated to compare the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments at a globallevel and at a French level
Ricci, Olivia. "Capture et stockage géologique du CO2 à partir de biomasse : quelles perspectives économiques ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0506.
Full textIn a context of unbridled growth of global energy demand and environmental pressure in the fight againstglobal warming, this thesis studies one of the proposed technologies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions: carbon capture and geological storage (CCS). We therefore consider the application of thistechnology to the production of bioenergies (BCCS) because this technology allows purifying theatmosphere while providing a clean energy alternative to fossil fuels. The first part of this work analyzesthe economic and environmental potential of BCCS. First, an economic and environmental assessment ofBCCS in the bioethanol production in France is conducted. Then, using the bottom-up optimization modelTIAM-FR, we study the global and regional potential of this technology in the electricity sector. Finally,the economic incentives that need to be provided to ensure BCCS deployment are highlighted. In thesecond part, a general equilibrium model is used to evaluate environmental policies. We construct thetheoretical model by introducing the CCS and BCCS as well as a wide range of economic instruments.The model is then calibrated to compare the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments at a globallevel and at a French level
Youssef, Nicolas. "Mise en place d’une brique géopolymère pour la construction durable : études géotechnique, environnementale et économique." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0005.
Full textAfter the economic crisis in 2008, construction activity in France grew rapidly. The increase in demand for building materials was accompanied by an increase in the quantities of construction waste and emitted CO2. In 2018, CO2 emissions from human activities reached a world historic level of 37.1 billion tons. This encourages the development of building materials that meet the changing needs of today's and tomorrow's society. Geopolymers, prepared by alkaline activation, present an opportunity to produce new, more efficient and environment-friendly materials in the construction sector. On the other hand, industrialization and robotization are emerging in the construction sector, with many benefits such as increased productivity, reduced waste, cost and arduous work, as well as improved quality and safety.This doctoral thesis is being conducted to address these scientific challenges and issues. These are divided into three research directions: the development of new geopolymer brick formulations, the integration of geopolymer materials into the industrialization and robotization of construction processes, and finally the environmental and economic assessment of the new automated manufacturing system
Brossollet, Cécile. "Spécialisation et représentation économique du ménage : une perspective dynamique et stratégique." Paris, EHESS, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990EHES0001.
Full textMartinod, Restrepo Ronald Mauricio. "Politiques d’exploitation et de maintenance intégrées pour l’optimisation économique, sociétale et environnementale des systèmes de transports urbains interconnectés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0069.
Full textUrban public transport systems influence the infrastructure of urban areas and the lives of their inhabitants while directly stimulating the economy. Intelligent urban public transport systems help to improve the quality of life and the environment in cities. The rapid development of urban transport solutions has led to a large number of operators entering the market, thus preventing a global optimum. These discrete optimisations, without any articulation between transport operators, avoid the identification of a global optimum. As a result, the inefficient operation of urban public transport systems does not necessarily reduce the environmental cost. To address these challenges, this thesis proposes a methodology associated with mathematical models developing optimisation approaches for multimodal public transport networks, for achieving the best service policy while minimising operation costs in order to satisfy the principle of sustainability, frequently expressed in urban development goals
Yosofi, Mazyar. "Méthodologie de caractérisation prédictive des procédés de fabrication additive avec une approche technique, économique et environnementale." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0034/document.
Full textThe United Nations aims to modernize industries in order to make them sustainable and more environmentally friendly by 2030. In order to meet these expectation, it is necessary to put in place ways of improving production processes from an environmental point of view. This approach requires a detailed knowledge of the incoming and outgoing flows during the manufacturing of a product. However, this is not the case for additive manufacturing processes where the environmental impacts generated during this stage are still unknown. For that, a quantitative evaluation of the flows involved during the manufaturing of parts is necessary in order to improve the knowledge of the environmental performance of a process. The work of this thesis focuses on the development of methodology for additive manufacturing processes in order to predict information on the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of a product during the design stage of a part. The methodology developped is increasingly interested in all the sources of consumption as well as all the stages necessary for the manufacturing of a mechanical part.This manuscript is divided into six chapters that can present the general context of the study, the state of the art, the methodology developped, a application of the methodology to additive manufacturing processes and the computer tool developed during this thesis. The last chapter is devoted to the conclusion on the contributions of this work and provides research perspectives
Demol, Rémi. "Production d'hydrogène issu de gazéification de biomasse : modélisation, analyse technico-économique et environnementale de solutions innovantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0322.
Full textMinimizing the impacts caused by climate change imply the replacement of fossil fuels low greenhouse gas emitting energies. The hydrogen energy vector is forecasted to contribute to decarbonizing a part of industry and the uses of transport and mobility. Yet hydrogen is produced nowadays almost exclusively from fossil fuels and is dedicated to industrial applications.This work focuses on the production of hydrogen from a renewable resource, wood chips a by-product of the forest industry. Due to the nature of the fuel considered, small plant units are chosen (a limited supply area, short-distance transport of the resource). Pyrogasification processes transform this combustible into a synthesis gas (CO, H₂, CH₄, CO₂) under the effect of heat input (pyrolysis) or an oxidizing agent (gasification) consisting of oxygen and water vapor.To evaluate the relevance of these pyrogasification processes, they are studied and modeled with Aspen Plus®. Particular attention is put on the synthesis gas cleaning process. This syngas contains tars which should be reduced for the ultimate use of the gas. For this purpose, a partial oxidation unit is envisaged and modeled from a detailed radical kinetic mechanism. The purified gas can then be enriched in H₂ with Catalytic Reforming and Water Gas Shift reactors. The separation of the hydrogen produced is another crucial step and conventional technologies are not always suited to the gas produced. When a single technology cannot achieve the separation, a hybrid process combining membrane and adsorption technologies is adopted. The heat produced by the process is recovered in a heating network.In order to evaluate the relevance of these options, both from a financial and sustainable development point of view, a techno-economic analysis is carried out as well as a life cycle analysis. These processes clearly offer a virtuous alternative for the production of different vectors: hydrogen, heat and even bio-char. But under current market conditions, these industries are unable to reach financial equilibrium without public support
Ndegue, Fongue Moïse Kouakou. "Efficience technique et efficience environnementale en agriculture." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28398/28398.pdf.
Full textDinca, Cristian-Florian. "Evaluation environnementale et technico-économique du cycle de vie de la combustion du gaz naturel et propositions d'améliorations techniques." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0102/these.pdf.
Full textThis thesis report is structured in three parts. The first part consists to analyze the environmental impacts of natural gas life cycle, from extraction until utilization in order to produce electrical and thermal energy. The main purpose of this part is to identify the strong and the weak points for each stage of natural gas life cycle to improve the global environmental impact. Also, the main pollutants produced can be identified for each stage of natural gas and stages which have the most significant environmental impact. In the second part, seven scenarios of electrical and thermal energy production from natural gas are compared according to technical, economical and environmental criteria : six cogeneration scenarios (1- a bleeder condensation steam turbine; 2- a back pressure steam turbine; 3- a gas turbine with heat recovery and without post combustion; 4- a gas turbine with heat recovery and post combustion; 5- a thermal engine with heat recovery and without post combustion; 6- a combined cycle power plant) and one scenario for separated production of electricity and thermal energy. We identified the most compatible energetically solution with the Sustainable Development principle, in the Romanian context, according to our technical, economical and environmental criteria, by using a multicriteria method and a program made with the help of DELPHI software. At the end, in the third part it was studied two methods to reduce NOx emissions in the natural gas combustion stage. The first method consists in the reduction of NOx emissions using flue gas recirculation. The second method uses ammonia injection in different points of the furnace in order to reduce the NOx emissions. In both methods the reduction of NOx emissions was experimentally accentuated and quantified
Ben, Arbia Abir. "La conscience environnementale, sociale et économique comme vecteur motivationnel au comportement responsable des consommateurs collaboratifs et des simplistes volontaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILD020.
Full textThis thesis examines the role of environmental, social, and economic consciousness as a motivating factor in the adoption of responsible behaviors by collaborative consumers and voluntary simplifiers. The current postmodern context, characterized by a growing concern for social and environmental issues, presents a unique opportunity to study the transition towards socially responsible behaviors. This research contributes to understanding how consciousness of socially responsible consumption can motivate consumers to adopt responsible behaviors. These results provide valuable insights for various stakeholders advocating for sustainable and socially responsible consumption
Capel, Chloé. "Sijilmassa et le Tafilalt (VIIIe-XIVe siècles) : éclairages sur l'histoire environnementale, économique et urbaine d'une ville médiévale des marges sahariennes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H098.
Full textStudying medieval Sijilmasa (Morocco) through archaeological data, and not just from textual sources, is a paradigm shift that has not, to date, been done in sufficient depth. Perceiving this Saharan oasis city through intrinsic data, rather than only through the perception of outside travelers, geographers and chroniclers, allows a significant reopening of questioning about this caravan crossroads in southern Morocco. This thesis proposes, through the exploitation of unpublished excavation archives of the Moroccan-American Project at Sijilmasa (MAPS) and data from new archaeological surveys conducted in the Tafilalt region of Sijilmasa, to reread the history of the Saharan city relying on two main research areas: environmental history of the city and urban history of the archaeological site. Proceeding by successive steps and considering the disparate nature of the documentary corpus, this research is fully the beneficiary of the Moroccan-American team upon which it is totally dependent, all while being able to add to the conclusions of the previous program. It reveals major economic, ecological, demographic and social dynamics to explain the city’s emergence, decline, and transformation, as well as the prominence that it acquired, throughout medieval times, in the history of African trade
Dahmani, Manel. "Analyse 4E (Energétique, Exergétique, Environnementale et Economique) de systèmes de valorisation énergétique de biomasses." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1165/document.
Full textThe fossil fuels depletion and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions encourage the search for new energy sources that are renewable and less polluting. Thanks to its abundance, biomass appears as an interesting sector of replacement of fossil fuels. The objective of this work is to perform a 4E analysis (Energy, Exergy, Environmental and Economic) of an electricity production system via the gasification of palm waste. Palm watse constitutes one of the most abundant vegetable wealth in Tunisia and which today, remain very little exploited. A fixed bed gasifier coupled to an internal combustion engine is considered to produce330 kW of electricity. The Cold Gas Efficiency of the process is 58.58%. The results show that the energy and exergy yields of the system are 22.6% and 19.22%, respectively. The environmental performance of the system is evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The economic evaluation is carried out in order to evaluate the cost of electricity production by the gasification plant. The results give a cost of 3.88 ct€ for 1kWh
Bentata, Pierre. "La combinaison de réglementation et de responsabilité civile environnementale : manifestations et efficacité dans le droit français." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1118.
Full textMost developed countries use a mix of public regulation and civil liability to cope with environmental risks and damages. Though, a vast majority of economic scholars tend to favour a regime of pure regulation in the domain of environmental accidents, arguing that liability cannot provide incentives for polluters and potential injurers to take socially desirable care. Our dissertation aims to answer this paradox between legal reality and economic theory. In the first part of our study, we develop an operational approach of the concept of externality based on the concrete characteristics that represent an impediment to individual cooperation and thus to the application of property rights. This method allows us to compare the efficiency of public regulation and civil liability and to reach a clear-cut conclusion: in the most complex situations, neither regulation nor liability is able to encourage socially desirable care and to ensure complete compensation for victims at the same time. In these situations, joint use of both legal instruments might be superior to regulation or liability alone because it enables each instrument to overcome the inefficiencies of the other, through interactions and informational transfers occurring between judges and regulators. In the second part, we test our theory in the French case. To observe the existence of institutional interactions between judges and regulators, we create a unique dataset gathering the whole litigations on environmental accidents from cases adjudicated by the Court of Cassation since 1956. Our econometric results show that joint use of regulation and liability emerged to promote economic efficiency of the legal system
Court, Victor. "Énergie, EROI et croissance économique dans une perspective de long terme." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100109/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis investigates the role of energy in long-term economic growth. Chapter 1 focuses on the description of the four main hard facts of economic growth: transition from stagnation to sustained growth, Great Divergence, interdependence of energy consumption and technological change, and hierarchized-nested adaptive cycles dynamics. Then, the role of different deep-rooted causes of growth (biogeography, culture, institutions, and contingency) are studied. Chapter 2 reviews modern growth theories that focus on proximate causes such as technological change and the accumulation of physical and human capital. Unified Growth Theory (UGT) is also analyzed in this chapter. Chapter 3 presents the fundamental laws of thermodynamics and associated concepts such as exergy and entropy. It is shown that only useful exergy consumption can be considered as the fundamental cause of economic growth. Chapter 4 presents the concept of energy-return-on-investment (EROI). It is shown that maximum EROIs have already been reached at global scale for oil and gas (but not coal), so that future conventional productions will have declining EROIs. Chapter 5 shows that the higher metal requirements of renewable technologies could be potentially detrimental to the energy transition. Chapter 6 shows how the net energy constraint materializes in the short-run through energy expenditure, which is the fraction of economic output diverted to obtain energy. Chapter 7 builds a bridge between the endogenous economic growth theory and the biophysical perspective. Research started in this thesis will need further work in order to develop an UGT respecting the biophysical constraints of the real world
Fontana, Francesca. "Seuils et densités dans les perspectives de régénération urbaine au tournant du XXIè siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAG034.
Full textAt the beginning of the 21st century, many new challenges have been proposed to the cities in the realms of ecology, economy and sociology. Several western metropolis aim at becoming nowadays a template for a sustainable, smart and fair development, particularly in the “after Kyoto” world. In recent international consultations on the future of cities (e.g. Grand Paris in 2007, followed by Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Big Moscow 2050 etc.) politicians, economists and urban experts discussed together the relationship between regeneration and urban forms. In particular the practices of recycling, rescue and repair became central themes. In order to contain urban expansion, sprawl and lack of identity, the consultations re‐propose the concepts of concentration and intensification of urban areas, of vegetal and artificial density, of mixing and of functional hybridization. These are undeniable qualities of a sustainable city, but unfortunately deprived of real repercussions at the proper human scale. At present, while new inter‐municipal groups redraw their urban limits and envisage to renovate their identity around common goals, our research claims the need to understand and master different degrees of possible modifications on the already established urban fabric. In order for architecture to play a role in situations that are already in progress, reversibility and flexibility become two operational and complementary concepts. Architecture must become capable of integrating in time mutating perspectives and accepting its own transformation and evolution
Morin, Philippe. "Analyse économique et environnementale de la valorisation énergétique d'effluents à forte charge organique dans le contexte d'une municipalité." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1524.
Full textCouix, Quentin. "Ressources naturelles, thermodynamique et théorie économique de la production : une perspective historique et méthodologique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E010.
Full textThis thesis examines the methodological questions raised by the consideration of the physical dimension of the economic process in economic theory. For this purpose, it is mainly interested in the thermodynamic conception of the economy, developed in particular by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Robert Ayres. More precisely, this thesis studies how the thermodynamic conception of economics is embodied in two formal representations of production – the neo-thermodynamic theory and the flow-fund theory – and how these approaches compare with the neoclassical theory of resources. To understand the methodological issues associated with these various theories, the thesis emphasizes questions related to modeling and interdisciplinarity. It shows that the neoclassical theory of resources and the neo-thermodynamic theory share the same conception of modeling, which results in the use of aggregate production functions. However, this representation of production turns out to be inadequate to account for the physical dimension of production, both conceptually and empirically. The flow-fund theory, on the contrary, constitutes a radical methodological break with regard to the aggregate production function. It is more capable of understanding the physical dimension of production from a conceptual point of view, but suffers from a lack of application. Overall, the thesis shows that the methodological issues linked to modeling should receive more attention when it comes to accounting for the physical dimension of the economic process
Boubaker, Wided. "Eco-innovation, Performance environnementale et impact économique sur les entreprises : étude de cas des groupes Papetiers présents en France." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0048/document.
Full textThis thesis seeks to demonstrate that improved Environmental Performance (EP), through the implementation of eco-innovative initiatives , positively influences Financial Performance ( FP) of a company. As basic hypothesis, we chose that of Porter ( 1991), which emphasizes the benefits of implementing environmental strategies respecting the principle of sustainable development. This hypothesis is totally opposed to the neoclassical vision that considers the costs of environmental protection as additional and excessive costs that may hamper the company's economic development. To validate our research hypothesis , we chose to test econometrically , through the method of linear regression, the relationship between EP and FP choosing as EP indicators, environmental investments and expenses (IE), the percentage of certified fiber (CF) and the "Sustainable Value"Environment indexes, relative to each of the environmental resources. These indexes are calculated using the approach "Sustainable Value" destined to evaluate the corporate sustainability and who represents an application of reasoning of classical financial analysis to environmental resources. We chose to conduct this study in a static and dynamic perspectives in order to assess the effects of EP on FP in a short and a medium term, through the evaluation of both the current effect and the one and two years delayed effect of the EP in FP. The results thus released from the econometric study provided a validation of our main research hypothesis , stating that a good EP influence positively the FP and the profitability of the Company.We note that the environmental initiatives are profitable since the first year of their implementation, except that the intensity of this profit varies according to the nature of Eco-innovation (Eco-innovation product, Eco-innovation process) and according to the characteristics of each company
Bentata, Pierre. "La combinaison de réglementation et de responsabilité civile environnementale : manifestations et efficacité dans le droit français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1118.
Full textMost developed countries use a mix of public regulation and civil liability to cope with environmental risks and damages. Though, a vast majority of economic scholars tend to favour a regime of pure regulation in the domain of environmental accidents, arguing that liability cannot provide incentives for polluters and potential injurers to take socially desirable care. Our dissertation aims to answer this paradox between legal reality and economic theory. In the first part of our study, we develop an operational approach of the concept of externality based on the concrete characteristics that represent an impediment to individual cooperation and thus to the application of property rights. This method allows us to compare the efficiency of public regulation and civil liability and to reach a clear-cut conclusion: in the most complex situations, neither regulation nor liability is able to encourage socially desirable care and to ensure complete compensation for victims at the same time. In these situations, joint use of both legal instruments might be superior to regulation or liability alone because it enables each instrument to overcome the inefficiencies of the other, through interactions and informational transfers occurring between judges and regulators. In the second part, we test our theory in the French case. To observe the existence of institutional interactions between judges and regulators, we create a unique dataset gathering the whole litigations on environmental accidents from cases adjudicated by the Court of Cassation since 1956. Our econometric results show that joint use of regulation and liability emerged to promote economic efficiency of the legal system
Dahmani, Manel. "Analyse 4E (Energétique, Exergétique, Environnementale et Economique) de systèmes de valorisation énergétique de biomasses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1165.
Full textThe fossil fuels depletion and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions encourage the search for new energy sources that are renewable and less polluting. Thanks to its abundance, biomass appears as an interesting sector of replacement of fossil fuels. The objective of this work is to perform a 4E analysis (Energy, Exergy, Environmental and Economic) of an electricity production system via the gasification of palm waste. Palm watse constitutes one of the most abundant vegetable wealth in Tunisia and which today, remain very little exploited. A fixed bed gasifier coupled to an internal combustion engine is considered to produce330 kW of electricity. The Cold Gas Efficiency of the process is 58.58%. The results show that the energy and exergy yields of the system are 22.6% and 19.22%, respectively. The environmental performance of the system is evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The economic evaluation is carried out in order to evaluate the cost of electricity production by the gasification plant. The results give a cost of 3.88 ct€ for 1kWh
Ngnikam, Emmanuel. "Evaluation environnementale et économique de systèmes de gestion des déchets solides municipaux : Analyse du cas de Yaoundé au Cameroun." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0032.
Full textThe evaluation of environmental and economic impact of urban waste management systems is the objective of this work. The case of Yaoundé is analyzed in this report. Four systems of management have been undertaken as basis for the analyses. System 1 is the traditional collection and landfill disposal. While system 2 the biogas produced in the landfill is recuperated to produce electricity. In systems 3 and 4, in addition to the collection, we have introduced a centralized composting or biogas plant before the landfill disposal of refuse. Live Cycle Assessment (LCA), has proven more adapted to evaluate these four systems. The stages which have been studied are: the collection the transportation, the processing, the transportation of compost on a 70 distance km the landfill disposal of refuse. The analysis of the different outputs has allowed counting six impact class allocated by the waste management systems studied. These impact classes constitute the environmental criteria taking into account the multicriteria analysis of the four systems. Thus, at the environmental level, system 2 is released as the most effective. The economic analysis of the four systems is based on two criteria: investment costs and management costs. Here also, system 2 appears to be the most" economic, contrarily to system 3 and 4 that necessitate 5 to 10 times more investment for their realization and a management cost 2 to 3 times higher. System 2 is released as the most effective at the environmental and economic level in the context of Yaoundé. Therefore, traditional collection, landfill disposal and biogas recuperation to produce electricity is preferable
Boubaker, Wided. "Eco-innovation, Performance environnementale et impact économique sur les entreprises : étude de cas des groupes Papetiers présents en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0048.
Full textThis thesis seeks to demonstrate that improved Environmental Performance (EP), through the implementation of eco-innovative initiatives , positively influences Financial Performance ( FP) of a company. As basic hypothesis, we chose that of Porter ( 1991), which emphasizes the benefits of implementing environmental strategies respecting the principle of sustainable development. This hypothesis is totally opposed to the neoclassical vision that considers the costs of environmental protection as additional and excessive costs that may hamper the company's economic development. To validate our research hypothesis , we chose to test econometrically , through the method of linear regression, the relationship between EP and FP choosing as EP indicators, environmental investments and expenses (IE), the percentage of certified fiber (CF) and the "Sustainable Value"Environment indexes, relative to each of the environmental resources. These indexes are calculated using the approach "Sustainable Value" destined to evaluate the corporate sustainability and who represents an application of reasoning of classical financial analysis to environmental resources. We chose to conduct this study in a static and dynamic perspectives in order to assess the effects of EP on FP in a short and a medium term, through the evaluation of both the current effect and the one and two years delayed effect of the EP in FP. The results thus released from the econometric study provided a validation of our main research hypothesis , stating that a good EP influence positively the FP and the profitability of the Company.We note that the environmental initiatives are profitable since the first year of their implementation, except that the intensity of this profit varies according to the nature of Eco-innovation (Eco-innovation product, Eco-innovation process) and according to the characteristics of each company
Diallo, Bano Nadhèl. "Gestion environnementale au Fouta-Djallon : entre savoirs locaux et interventions de développement (République de Guinée)." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30012.
Full textVallee, Jean-François. "La nécessité d'une mise en cohérence d'un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial." Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0006.
Full textIs the hypothesis of a more balanced global governance for the sustainable development ofboth trade and environment plausible?Are the institutions devoted to environmental protection really efficient?Are they not too scattered to be effective? Don’t they lack some kind of coherence?Can institutions in charge of trade development enforce environmental rules? Do they havethe means to do so?In an ultra-free market context the phenomenon of deregulation seems to favor thedevelopment of economic and financial activity at the expense of a strengthening ofenvironmental measures.It seems necessary to consider reconciling the rules of free trade-based international trade lawand the vital requirements of environmental protection law within the scope of sustainabledevelopment.Should then one contemplate creating a new specialized international body in charge ofgoverning the global environment? Or on the contrary, should one strengthen an alreadyexisting organization by granting it a dual competency , responsible for working out a newinternational sustainable development law by enacting a set of unified and coherent trade andenvironmental rules; ( A kind of international sustainable development law).The transformation of the multilateral system, the strengthening and the greening of itsstructures appear as possible solutions to handle both environmental concerns andcommercial requirements.This ambitious challenge of a fairer, more balanced global governance probably provides anopportunity to see how necessary it is to combine environmental law and international tradelaw; this coherence in global environmental and economic law seems possible
Leandri, Marc. "Soutenabilité environnementale et préservation des capacités : le cas de la capacité d'assimilation des écosystèmes dans l'analyse économique de la pollution optimale." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005230.
Full textArès, François. "Le partage des pouvoirs en environnement : une analyse économique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29482.
Full textJ’explore les implications d’une structure fédérale sur l’allocation des pouvoirs et la fixation des politiques environnementales entre diverses juridictions. Pour ce faire, j’applique le modèle d’agence commune développé par Bernheim et Whinston (1886) à l’élaboration d’une politique environnementale dans une fédération centralisée. Je donne la possibilité au gouvernement central de choisir les taxes sur les émissions qui s’appliquent sur son territoire, mais également d’effectuer des transferts monétaires entre les gouvernements. À partir de ce modèle, je détermine si les allocations d’équilibre qui résultent de ce processus peuvent être optimales et, le cas échéant, sous quelles conditions elles peuvent l’être. Puis, je propose une statique comparative afin d’éclairer le lecteur sur les mécanismes par lesquels la politique fédérale s’ajuste à des variations exogènes des paramètres étudiés. Un résultat du modèle est que la possibilité de modifier les transferts interrégionaux incite le gouvernement fédéral à taxer davantage les externalités environnementales. Je propose en deuxième lieu un modèle général d’allocation des pouvoirs au sein d’une fédération à l’aide, notamment, d’un jeu d’agence à choix discret. Je distingue la situation où les pouvoirs initiaux sont alloués au gouvernement fédéral de celle où les pouvoirs seraient plutôt réservés aux gouvernements locaux. Un résultat de ce modèle est que si les pouvoirs sont initialement réservés au gouvernement fédéral, celui-ci n’est jamais incité à accorder ces pouvoirs aux gouvernements infranationaux, indépendamment du type de polluant visé.
Sutterlin, Olivier. "L'évaluation monétaire des nuisances : éléments de réflexion au carrefour des raisonnements juridiques et économiques en matière environnementale." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05D009.
Full textThe monetary valuation of environmental injuries caused by human activities is a major. Preoccupation since the ecological movement sprang up, in the 1960's. Every ecological disaster revives the interest in this issue. Economists have developped some new methods in order to estimate environmental injuries in monetary terms. Though the validity and reliability of those methods are principally questionned, the controversy is more deeply rooted in the legal approach of environmental injuries. When called upon, the traditional Tort Law's mechanisms proved to be insufficient and their evolution was required. Generally speaking, the development of environmental economics interrogates the efficiency and adaptability of Environmental Law. A continuous cross-disciplinary dialogue is more and more needed so as to adopt common, meticulous, harmonized and understandable valution methods. Nevertheless, if the legal basic notions and general principles may enrich at the contact of economics, the limits of this process shall be analyzed
Balan, Ovidiu Mihai. "Evaluation technico-économique et environnementale du stockage par méthane des énergies renouvelables, dans les conditions spécifiques de la Roumanie et dans un cas générique européen." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0064/document.
Full textIn the energy transition context, large scale energy storage technologies are considered as one of the options that can facilitate a high penetration of renewable energy sources. The Thesis focuses on evaluating the implementation of Power-to-Gas in the Romanian energy market that recorded a significant growth in the share of renewables and will potentially face the related issues. After establishing a general approach, the two technical pathways of Power-to-Gas, Hydrogen and SNG, are technically sized and economically evaluated from an investor’s point of view in two temporal scenarios (2015 and 2030), in order to assess the current economic feasibility and the required price premiums that have to be put in place in order to reach a positive business case. Results indicate that high capacity factors are needed to compensate for the high capital costs, but even in this situation price premiums are required for economic feasibility, 68.1 Euro/MWh for the Hydrogen pathway and 112 Euro/MWh for Power-to-Gas SNG. The balancing market is also investigated as a high-value market in the French context, with results indicating a 4% improvement in NPV, but also highlighting the limitations of the proposed analysis framework. A significant benefit in terms of GWP impact and fossil energy use has been identified in. the basic life cycle assessment of multiple Power-to-Gas scenarios that also revealed the importance of the source of electricity used for hydrogen compression
Vallee, Jean-François. "La nécessité d'une mise en cohérence d'un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0006.
Full textIs the hypothesis of a more balanced global governance for the sustainable development ofboth trade and environment plausible?Are the institutions devoted to environmental protection really efficient?Are they not too scattered to be effective? Don’t they lack some kind of coherence?Can institutions in charge of trade development enforce environmental rules? Do they havethe means to do so?In an ultra-free market context the phenomenon of deregulation seems to favor thedevelopment of economic and financial activity at the expense of a strengthening ofenvironmental measures.It seems necessary to consider reconciling the rules of free trade-based international trade lawand the vital requirements of environmental protection law within the scope of sustainabledevelopment.Should then one contemplate creating a new specialized international body in charge ofgoverning the global environment? Or on the contrary, should one strengthen an alreadyexisting organization by granting it a dual competency , responsible for working out a newinternational sustainable development law by enacting a set of unified and coherent trade andenvironmental rules; ( A kind of international sustainable development law).The transformation of the multilateral system, the strengthening and the greening of itsstructures appear as possible solutions to handle both environmental concerns andcommercial requirements.This ambitious challenge of a fairer, more balanced global governance probably provides anopportunity to see how necessary it is to combine environmental law and international tradelaw; this coherence in global environmental and economic law seems possible
Kocergin, Sofija. "Internet à la recherche d'un modèle socio-économique : Portail : une perspective viable ?" Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA131025.
Full textThe present thesis examines the components of an original socio-economic organizational model specific to the Internet which is represented through portals. The study considers various attempts at Internet services market structuring in the time period between 1993 and 2004. The core assumption is that a socio-economic model of the Internet is based on the concept of the one-stop service-provider. The crucial function of the Internet, namely that of intermediator, is carried out either by "metamediators" operating in an integrated and proprietary environment based on access and guidance resources or by "inframediators" specializing in mediation resources. The prescriber function, aggregating content and service providers function, concentration of revenues function, access function, as well as trusted third-party function are developed individually by these two categories of market players. In either case, a specific socio-economic organization emerges
Fontana, Francesca. "Seuils et densités dans les perspectives de régénération urbaine au tournant du XXIè siècle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAG034.
Full textAt the beginning of the 21st century, many new challenges have been proposed to the cities in the realms of ecology, economy and sociology. Several western metropolis aim at becoming nowadays a template for a sustainable, smart and fair development, particularly in the “after Kyoto” world. In recent international consultations on the future of cities (e.g. Grand Paris in 2007, followed by Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Big Moscow 2050 etc.) politicians, economists and urban experts discussed together the relationship between regeneration and urban forms. In particular the practices of recycling, rescue and repair became central themes. In order to contain urban expansion, sprawl and lack of identity, the consultations re‐propose the concepts of concentration and intensification of urban areas, of vegetal and artificial density, of mixing and of functional hybridization. These are undeniable qualities of a sustainable city, but unfortunately deprived of real repercussions at the proper human scale. At present, while new inter‐municipal groups redraw their urban limits and envisage to renovate their identity around common goals, our research claims the need to understand and master different degrees of possible modifications on the already established urban fabric. In order for architecture to play a role in situations that are already in progress, reversibility and flexibility become two operational and complementary concepts. Architecture must become capable of integrating in time mutating perspectives and accepting its own transformation and evolution
Beaudout, Éric. "Réflexion sur l'existence d'un mode de pensée spécifique en éducation et formation relatives à l'environnement : perspective écoformatrice." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083599.
Full textThis thesis draws the conclusion that the environmental states are constantly deteriorated. At the same time, the knowledge of environmental issues has steadily spread, and measures to address them have been multiplied. On this basis, the purpose of this theoretical work focuses on the foundations of the Environmental Education and Training. It led to the development of a conceptualization of the training and awareness process, then the existence of a specific way of thought. By adding the tri-polar theory proposed by Gaston Pineau the dialectical relationship between life and death and their vivifying and deadly dimensions, formative effects of our relationships with our surroundings were considered through various levels: non-consciousness, unconsciousness, preconsciousness, consciousness and deconsciousness. These formative effects can be observed by the specific psychic activities occurrences, founding a specific way of thought with a paradigmatological and globological value. It refers neither to the mythological, magical, religious way of thought, nor to the empirical, rational, scientific one. It depends on an Arkhe-Mind (Morin) which can be observed through events including tendencies : productive reification of a false consciousness ;projections - identifications related to natural things, symbolic coagulations between words, images and objects ; and characteristics : the language has not yet dissociated in itself, the indication and the evocation, the prosaic and the poetic: Image and word are both signs, symbols and things and the subjective and the objective are not yet dissociated, representations merge with the represented objects. Concerning the afterthought, its characteristics come from that: semantical intemperance, belief by the similar and identification by analogy, the belief in metamorphosis, what is in a state-born before the separation between the real and the imaginary
Beaussier, Thomas. "Évaluation économique et environnementale du développement régional d’une filière en interaction multi-secteur et multi-échelle : le cas de la filière forêt-bois du Grand Est." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0138.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to develop a method for quantitative assessments of the economic and environmental performance of regional development strategies, applied to the forestry sector in the region Grand Est. To this end, we adopt an approach based on the coupling of modelling tools from economics and environmental sciences. In chapter 1, we analyse couplings between 5 economic models and 3 environmental assessment tools from the existing literature. A dedicated criteria grid allows to compare their relevance to provide integrative assessments at the meso scale. Couplings between equilibrium models on the one hand, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the other hand, best meet the defined objectives. Chapter 2 details the methodological framework of the coupling between a partial equilibrium model of the French forest sector and LCA. The homogenisation of material flows between the two models makes it possible to produce economic and environmental indicators with a coherent perimeter, the ratio of which provides two eco-efficiency indicators. The first combines the economic surplus of the forest-based sector with its potential environmental impacts (Partial Eco-Efficiency, PEE); the second adds the environmental impacts avoided by substitution between wood-energy and fossil fuels, compared to a reference scenario (Full Eco-Efficiency, FEE). In Chapter 3, we use this framework to analyse different wood energy oriented bio-economy development strategies at the national level and at the regional level in the region Grand Est. For this purpose, we compare the FEE of scenarios constructed by combinations of different policies: subsidising wood energy demand, local supply, forest protection, energy crisis. Strategies integrating a stimulation of wood energy demand are the most eco-efficient, at regional and national level. This is based in particular on the benefits of avoided impacts through the substitution of wood energy for fossil fuels. The combination of the subsidy with protection measures and/or local procurement slightly increases or decreases its eco-efficiency depending on the scale of implementation. In addition, we have identified other factors determining most the eco-efficiency of a policy, such as the characteristics of the forest resource, the importance of the local wood sector, and the characteristics of neighbouring regions
Meurier, Virginie. "Autosuffisance céréalière et sécurité alimentaire en Inde : une mise ne perspective historique." Grenoble 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE21006.
Full text