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Journal articles on the topic "Personnel management Australia Case studies"
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Mannocci, Alice, Ornella di Bella, Domenico Barbato, Fulvio Castellani, Giuseppe La Torre, Maria De Giusti, and Angela Del Cimmuto. "Assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare personnel regarding biomedical waste management: a systematic review of available tools." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 7 (May 8, 2020): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20922590.
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Biomedical waste (BMW) management is an important commitment of hospitals both in terms of the possible infectious risk and from the financial point of view. Monitoring the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of healthcare professionals on this topic represents a source of information on BMW management. The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review to identify the reliable and valid tools able to assess the KAP of professionals in healthcare centers to manage BMW. Two databases (PubMed and Scopus) were searched on 10 May 2018 for cross-sectional studies with tools on BWM management, including original research studies from peer-reviewed journals, case studies, and review studies. Information on validation and reliability were collected. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for cross-sectional studies. Fifty-three articles were included, of which 19 presented a questionnaire on BMW for healthcare workers. Nine proposed a validated questionnaire: four reported Cronbach’s alpha, which ranged from 0.62 to 0.86. Results further emphasize the prevalence of Asian studies facing the problem of assessing KAP about BMW management using specific tools. Overall, 14 questionnaires were designed in Asia, two in Africa, one in America, one in Australia, and one questionnaire was elaborated in Europe, in Spain. This systematic review highlighted the need of creation of validated and methodologically high-quality questionnaires. Therefore, there is the need of new cross-sectional studies to investigate these problems, improving generalization, and facilitating international comparison of research findings.
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Kamall Khan, Yasmin, Jati Kasuma, and Azrin Ali. "The Challenges of Small and Medium Businesses in Managing Human Capital towards SMEs Performance – A Qualitative Study." Asian Journal of Business and Accounting 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 311–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ajba.vol15no1.10.
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Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: Currently, machinery is replacing most human capital to save cost, but the value of human capital that contributes to the performance of SMEs is invaluable. SMEs were used to explain the connection between human capital and SMEs performance in South Australia. Design/Methodology/Approach: Five case studies on SMEs in South Australia were used in this study. The analysis of qualitative data entailed data coding, within-case analysis, and cross-case analysis. Research findings: The cross-case analysis result is unsurprising considering that all five firms depend on their employees to work and keep the firm in operation. The cross-case analysis results are mixed in respect to the connection between human capital and the several types of performance measurement. The results, therefore, need to be interpreted with caution. SMEs perform solely through the skills, experience, and knowledge of their employees. This distinction occurs when the knowledge and information that employees gain are focused directly on the employee’s initiative, decision-making and critical thinking skills. Investment in human capital should be done carefully based on the limited resources of SMEs. Theoretical contribution/Originality: Most research has shown the link between human capital and firm performance. However, the degree to which investment in human capital contributes to the type of performance is yet to be explored based on qualitative data especially regarding SMEs in South Australia. Practitioner/policy implication: The sustainable development goal (SDG) entails a steady improvement in people’s well-being in a good environment. Thus, decisions about investment in human capital and the use of temporary workers should be taken jointly by personnel managers, in accordance with the size of the firm. If this holistic view is ignored, a full understanding of the impact of human capital on the firm’s performance will be obscured. On the other hand, a common feature that large and small firms share is an incompatibility between human capital and temporary employment. Research limitation/implications: The main limitation of this study was the sample of the study that comprised solely of South Australia SMEs. Thus, this study outcome may not be generalisable to the whole Australia as a country. Further investigation across different states would expand knowledge of the complicated patterns of HC. Keywords: Human capital, SME, Productivity, Profitability, South Australia JEL Classification: M12
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Chee, Amanda Hwa Ling, Edelina Melisa, and Xin Dong. "Case Studies: Application of Oil Spill Response Good Practice Guides for Inland and Near-shore Operations." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2017254. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000254.
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Following key oil spill incidents in the Gulf of Mexico and Australia, the industry initiated a three-year Joint Industry Project to develop guidelines for oil spill preparedness and response management. These documents are commonly known as the Oil Spill Response JIP (OSR-JIP) Good Practice Guides. As the OSR-JIP originated from lessons learnt from offshore incidents, it is only natural that the industry would apply it with the same type of operation, hence the tendency to limit the practical application for inland or near-shore facilities. This paper presents two examples where the OSR-JIP guides are applied at downstream operations located inland and near-shore. The first study is on a refinery located near-shore with an operational jetty and a single buoy mooring. We started with a comprehensive review of their operations and updated their oil spill risk assessment profile in line with the framework described in the OSR-JIP Tiered Preparedness and Response. This process provided a reflection of their current capability and identified the gaps for further improvement. Following this, we proceeded to update the contingency plan using the OSR-JIP Contingency Planning to ensure that the risks identified are adequately mitigated with training of personnel and equipment selection. This exercise supported in improving the readiness of the facility to respond to oil spill incidents in future. The second study involves a terminal located inland that supplies refined products through a pipeline that leads towards a jetty on the coast. We developed several area specific tactical response plans that cover risks from their above-ground pipelines and at the jetty where loading and offloading of the products to tankers are conducted. To accurately define the suitable response technique, we started the planning process with an oil spill risk assessment following OSR-JIP Risk Assessment. The tactical response plans were then developed with reference to several other OSR-JIP guides such as OSR-JIP Inland Response and NEBA. The resulting plans describe health and safety concerns, identification of sensitive receptors, response techniques, location and quantity of resources, logistical requirements and timings and waste management. Based on these case studies, we demonstrated that the OSR-JIP guides can certainly be applied for inland and near-shore facilities and have a more far wider application for the whole oil and gas industry rather than be limited to offshore operations.
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Jordan, Glenn. "SAFETY IN THE OFFSHORE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY: THE NEW REGIME." APPEA Journal 34, no. 2 (1994): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93085.
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Following the recommendations of the UK Cullen and COSOP reports, a new regulatory and operational safety regime is being introduced across Australian territorial waters for the offshore petroleum industry. This paper details the concepts behind the new regime including the development and implementation strategies employed to introduce it and the implications to industry and government instrumentalities. The recognition that safety in the work place is an outcome of managerial commitment and a function of work system control is resulting in legislative reforms that will reduce the focus on physical compliance, in favour of a goal-setting legislative approach that places emphasis on systems of managing safety at the work place. By focussing upon ends rather than means, objective based regulation requires organisations to manage the design, construction and operation of facilities to reduce risk to a 'reasonably practicable level*. The details of the management arrangements and risk assessment studies once submitted in a 'safety case' and acknowledged by the regulator, form a co-regulatory guidance document that sets both the standards to be achieved and the mechanism for achieving them. Auditing of the operator against an accepted safety case will occur on a regular basis. Driven by measurement of an operator's safety performance, selected systems will be targeted and audited against the safety case by a team of auditors composed of both government inspectors and operator personnel. Performance measures will be both proactive and reactive in nature and include among other measures, results obtained through the newly created national data base for incidents and accidents. Preparation and assessment of safety cases provides regulators and operators alike with difficulties. Consistency of assessment and objective determination that acceptable minimum standards have been met provide a challenge to government agencies and to the petroleum industry. Recognition of the nature of this challenge has led to the adoption of Quality Management principles among government utilities. A key feature of the Quality Management System will be the introduction of systems that drive change through cyclic updates of the safety case assessment procedures.The safety case concept institutionalises a dialogue between regulator and operator that will facilitate the preparation, submission and assessment of the safety case. This initiative provides for a staged submission process to correspond to the development phase of the facility. It is considered that this methodology will ensure minimal delays in assessment and provide certainty in the business planning process. The new safety case regime provides for a greater level of employee participation both in the preparation of safety cases and the maintenance of safety at the work place. Transparency of approach by both operators and regulators will be needed if public and workforce confidence are to be maintained. Co-operation and continual improvement will hopefully be the hall mark of the Australian safety case regime.
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Rein, Tony. "Case studies II — Australia." Computer Law & Security Review 6, no. 6 (March 1991): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(91)90180-4.
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Carter, Jennifer L., and Greg J. E. Hill. "Critiquing environmental management in indigenous Australia: two case studies." Area 39, no. 1 (March 2007): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00716.x.
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Porter, Joanne E., Nareeda Miller, Anita Giannis, and Nicole Coombs. "Family Presence During Resuscitation (FPDR): Observational case studies of emergency personnel in Victoria, Australia." International Emergency Nursing 33 (July 2017): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2016.12.002.
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Bawa Mohamed, Muhajir, Gerald Bates, Brenda Johnson, Michael Morse, and Waheedha Basheer. "Single Centre Retrospective Analysis of Super-Urgent Laboratory Blood Testing System in Massively Transfused Patients." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1461.1461.
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Abstract Background Massive transfusion (MT) has been defined as transfusion of ≥10 red blood cell units in 24 hours or half the blood volume (≥5 units) in 4 hours. Launceston General Hospital is a 330 bed hospital in regional Australia and we developed critical bleeding - massive transfusion protocol in accordance with the National Blood Authority (Australia) patient blood management guidelines. In 2012 we developed a system by which blood samples on all the MT patients are flagged as 'super-urgent', and our lab staff will perform assays for full blood counts, coagulation profile, crossmatch and biochemistry immediately and communicate to the clinicians, providing a rapid turnaround time. We sourced a dedicated blue specimen bag for MT for easy identification of blood specimens (both hand delivered and via Lamson tube) by the lab staff. We postulate that this system is both practical and achievable in hospitals dealing with MT and has the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce wastage of blood components, when compared to empirical use. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis on the data collected for patients who underwent MT for 4 years between January 2012 and December 2015. All the patients who had critical blood loss requiring ≥10 units of packed red cells within a 24 hour period or ≥5 units within a 4 hour period were included in our study. The clinical and lab parameters were collected from the MT data entry sheets. Full blood counts (FBC) were performed by Sysmex XE-5000 and coagulation assays on the plasma (PT, aPTT and fibrinogen) by Sysmex CS2100i analyser. The turnaround time (TAT) from specimen reception at the lab to authorization of results for each of the super-urgent episodes sent in blue specimen bags (FBC and coagulation assays) were extracted from the laboratory information system. Clotted and hemolysed specimens were excluded. Data on blood components transfused and clinical outcomes across different clinical settings were reviewed. Statistical analyses were performed with Graph-Pad Prism software (Version 6.01, San Diego, CA). Results A total number of 127 MT episodes in 125 patients were included in the study. The median age was 63 years (range: 20-89) with 73 males (58%) and 52 females (42%). Table1 presents the details of blood component management. For the 127 MT episodes, there were a total of 265 super-urgent FBC and 285 super-urgent coagulation assays. We observed that median TAT for super-urgent tests were significantly lower than the median of average TAT calculated for urgent tests performed in the lab on the same days of MT for both FBC (10 minutes [IQR: 6-16] vs 31 minutes [IQR: 27-36], P<0.0001) and coagulation assays (25 minutes [IQR: 20-33] vs 45 minutes [IQR: 39-49], P<0.0001). Of the 127 MT episodes, a total of 115 patients were alive at 24 hours (90.5% survival) and 101 patients at 30 days (79.5% survival). Table-2 presents the survival data for different categories. Conclusion Many current MT protocols are based on empirical therapy to maintain the ratio of packed red cells to FFP and packed red cells to platelets. Short TAT and rapid communication of lab results to the clinicians during MT episodes will provide real-time estimation of the coagulation system and aid in more appropriate usage of blood components when compared to empirical administration. In our cohort of MT patients, we were able to achieve shorter TAT for super-urgent than urgent FBC and coagulation assays. Point-of-care (POC) hemostasis testing devices are currently used in MT settings; however their main limitations are accuracy, testing performed by non-lab-trained personnel and quality assurance. Hence lab FBC and coagulation tests with rapid TAT can provide better directed information for management of MT. We also observed that mortality rates in our cohort were lower than seen in comparable studies. Based on our retrospective analysis, we postulate that rapid TAT of lab results contributed to the low mortality rates by assisting our clinicians in the rational management of blood components and avoidance of under-treatment or over-treatment. This is a pilot study which will form the basis for prospective randomised studies to fully evaluate the true utility of the system. We believe this pragmatic solution will contribute to improved patient outcomes and optimise the appropriate use of precious resources in the setting of critical bleeding massive transfusion. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Mathers, A. J., and S. Savva. "EFFECTIVE SAFETY CASE DEVELOPMENT." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02050.
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Esso Australia Pty Ltd, in Victoria, Australia has recently been involved in the preparation of over 20 safety cases to meet both offshore (Victoria and Western Australia) [Petroleum {Submerged Lands} Act] and onshore [Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act] regulatory requirements.This paper focusses on the development of the onshore safety cases for both Longford and Long Island Point plants to meet the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety (Major Hazard Facilities) Regulations 2000. Both plants have been granted a five-year unconditional licence to operate.The objectives of the safety case development were to ensure that Esso:addressed major hazard facilities regulatory requirements; maximised benefit from the process, and to maximise benefit from existing work; was consistent with site approach to risk assessment/ safety culture; involved appropriate workforce from all areas— operations, maintenance and technical support; enhanced the effective knowledge and understanding of the workforce; and developed a communication tool to enable ease of understanding by site personnel.Esso’s approach of using qualitative risk assessment techniques (familiar to many site personnel) enabled the process to use tools that provided ease of involvement for the non-technical or safety specialists. This paper will explain this approach in greater detail, demonstrating how this successfully met the stringent requirements of the regulations whilst providing Hazard Register documentation readily understood by the key customer— our site workforce.The hazard register clearly identifies the relevant hazards and their controls, as well as highlighting the linkages to the safety management system and documented performance standards. A comprehensive training program provides all personnel working at site with an overview of the safety case, and the necessary skills and knowledge to be able to use the safety case and hazard register to its maximum advantage. The safety case resource booklet (similar to our offshore approach) is an integral part of the training program, and provides an ongoing reference source for trainees. It continues to receive recognition by both regulators and industry.
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Rad, Alexander. "Risk management–control system interplay: case studies of two banks." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 12, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 522–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-08-2014-0042.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks, specifically investigating the managerial intentions underlying the design of management control systems. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on 31 interviews with personnel of two banks in a European country. Findings The main finding is that belief systems drive the interplay between risk management and control systems in the studied banks. In several instances, belief systems and boundary systems were operating complementarily. Cross-case analyses of the two banks demonstrate that risk management (i.e. the Basel II Accord) replaced established operating procedures for loan origination and portfolio monitoring at the first bank, whereas senior managers suppressed Basel II to maintain established loan origination and portfolio monitoring procedures at the second one. Originality/value This is one of very few studies investigating the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Personnel management Australia Case studies"
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Hoffmann, Terrence Martin, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Using competencies in human resource management: case studies in Australian companies." Deakin University, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050815.114903.
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This study investigated the use of competencies for human resource management in seven Australian companies. Despite advocacy for the use of competencies by Government Committees and Task Forces (For example Carmichael (1992), Mayer, (1992) and Karpin, 1995), and the existence of competency standards for eighty per cent of the Australian workforce, the competency approach has not been widely adopted. A review of the literature indicated that the term competency had several meanings with different implications for its use depending on the meaning. The study looked at how individuals have defined the term and applied the approach to human resource management practices.
Interviews were conducted with Human Resource and Training managers, and operative staff in companies using competencies. How they defined the term, described the rationale for using competencies, and applied competencies to selection, training, performance appraisal and remuneration were determined. Case studies were written for each company to describe their particular application of competencies.
Competencies were found to be defined in several ways by those interviewed. Some advantages of using competencies in human resource management applications were found. The amount of work involved in introducing the competency approach was described as a reason why competencies have not been more widely adopted.
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Clabaugh, Cecil A. "Downsizing : an analysis of organisational strategies and human resource management outcomes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1070.
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The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between loss and retention of key employees in downsizing organisations and organisational performance. The purpose of this was to develop an understanding of the organisational performance that results when downsizing organisations are unable to retain their key workers. The secondary objective of the research was to examine the factors that make up a downsizing organisation's employee selection process in order to determine how these factors affect loss and retention of key workers. The research was guided by a theoretical framework developed by Kozlowski et al (1993) and Thornhill and Saunders (1998) and utilised a multi-method research approach suggested by Creswell (1994) and Eisenhardt (1989). The contextual issues in downsizing employee selection were examined through analysis of seven Western Australian case study organisations. The case studies, through structured interviews and secondary data, provided insight into the complexity of the employee selection process, enabled a rich contextual base which aided in understanding the downsizing process, informed the development of a survey instrument, and provided for triangulation of the data. Each organisation was analysed as a unique site. Cross-site analysis techniques, based on pattern analysis, provided a better understanding of the selection process (Miles and Huberman, 1984). The downsizing process for each organisation was mapped as a process model in order to compare the employee selection process across the organisations. The survey sampling frame was based on the Kompass Australia (1999) data set, which included around 26,000 organisations. A random sample of the data set resulted in selection of 1860 Australian organisations for survey. The firms constituted a wide cross-section of Australian private and public sector organisations and varied in size as well as type of company. Some 422 organisations responded to the survey for a response rate of 23%. Firms provided demographic information as well as data on the process used for employee selection, whether or not the firm lost key employees and managers, use of redundancy packages, use of selection strategies, and organisational performance subsequent to the downsizing. Factor analysis was used to develop a simplified classification system for organisational performance. This resulted in a reduction of the performance variables to two categories: employee performance and financial performance. The two factors of organisational performance were then used for cluster analysis in order to classify the organisations according to the two performance dimensions. The results of this stage of the analysis suggested that the best fit for modelling the groupings of performance was based on a three-cluster solution. It was discovered that most of the organisations, 52%, exhibited declines in both employee and financial performance. Additionally only 33% of the organisations improved both financial and employee performance, and some 15% of the organisations improved financial performance despite declines in employee performance. The three groups of organisations were then examined for differences in loss and retention of key managers and employees. Using chi-square tests, it was discovered that 66% of the organisations that suffered declines in both financial and employee performance lost key employees during the downsizing process and that only 32% of those organisations that improved both financial and employee performance lost key managers. The results were statistically significant and supported the premise that loss and retention of key managers and key employees is closely associated with organisational performance in downsizing firms. The effects of the employee selection process on loss and retention of key managers and employees were next examined. It was discovered that larger organisations tended to lose a disproportionate level of both key managers and key employees, that the greater the proportion of staff that were shed the greater the probability of loss of key managers and employees, and that certain types of industries, such as mining companies, insurance and financial institutions, and utilities, demonstrated a high proportion of loss of key managers. The factors influencing loss of key managers included transfers to lower paying jobs as a downsizing alternative to cost reduction, the use of delayering as a downsizing target, and use of across-the-board staff .cuts to achieve cost reduction. Strategies that resulted in retention of key managers included the use of a competitive selection process that utilised selection criteria such as skills and experience. Key employees were lost to organisations that transferred workers to lower paying jobs, reduced the number of working hours, downsized as a result of merger or takeover, downsized in order to achieve economic turnaround as the primary goal, close specific work sites, and used voluntary redundancy as the primary downsizing strategy. It is argued that these results have significant implications for human resource management theory and practice, suggesting that employees must be valued as strategic assets not only in periods of expansion, but during organisational contraction.
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Johnston, Louise C. "The relevance of strategic human resource management (SHRM) for the growing small business." University of Western Australia. Graduate School of Management, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0111.
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[Truncated abstract] The commercial developments of the late 20th and early 21st centuries have come to signify profound and far-reaching change in the way that goods and services are designed, produced, marketed and delivered to customers in the world's international and domestic markets. In order to respond to a more intensively competitive trading environment that demands ever-increasing levels of product quality, customer service, organisational efficiency and business performance, the management of business entities has undergone fundamental alteration in form and content. It is within this context that two traditionally disparate business disciplines have emerged to play an important role in the new economic commercial order, that of small business management and that of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). Historically eclipsed by the large and powerful mass-producing corporations, the small business sector has been more recently viewed as playing an increasingly prominent part in the creation of national and regional prosperity within the developed countries. The unprecedented interest in smaller firms and the desire to see them fulfill their economic and social potential have resulted in legislative reform and widespread initiatives by governments and other institutions designed to support and protect the smaller operators in their commercial endeavours. Similarly, in the post-industrial knowledge economy people have risen in prominence over other organisational resources as a key source of competitive commercial advantage. The role of intellectual capital in securing business success has fuelled the development of management technology and methods designed to enhance the contribution of human resources to business performance. Heralded by many as the defining managerial approach for enterprises that wish to build sustainable competitive advantage in the markets of today and the future, SHRM has come to the fore as a means to re-evaluate the importance of human contribution to business outcomes and guide management practice in leveraging the latent potential of a company's human assets. ... In general, the management of business strategy was found to possess low levels of structure and formality, effectively merging into the collective activities associated with owning and operating a small business. Similarly, when compared with the key elements of a strategic human resource management framework constructed specifically for this study, the data indicated that the strategic management of people is prevalent in smaller firms but that this again represents only partial adoption of normative models as commonly promoted for the larger business management context. It was concluded that the theoretical principles and concepts of SHRM demonstrate relevance for small companies on account of the status of the contemporary external commercial environment in which they must compete as well as the range of managerial benefits associated with strategic methodology and practice. However, currently there exist no suitable models of practice with supporting guidelines that respond to the unique contextual and operational needs and experiences typical of smaller firm owner-managers.
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Dennis, Simone J. "Sensual extensions : joy, pain and music-making in a police band." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd4115.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 210-226. Based on 18 months ethnographic fieldwork about the ways in which members of the South Australian Police Band make music. Studies their disconnection from the body of the community, acheived via an embodiment of emotional disconnection; the power of the Department to appropriate a particular order of emotion for the purposes of power; and, the misrecognition of the appropriation of emotion by members of the public who are open to the Department's emotional domination. The context material describes the reasons for the existence of the police band in the police view, while the core material of the thesis is concerned with describing what it is that police band members do, and what they do most of all is, in their own words, experience something that they call "the feel".
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Low, J. R. "Centralization and decentralization in personnel management : a case study of organizational change." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376469.
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Le, Thi Kieu Huong. "Performing Arts Management in a Climate of Adjustment: Case Studies from Vietnam and Australia." School of Policy and Practice, Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1115.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)This thesis investigates performing arts administration and management in the current economic and social environment in Vietnam and Australia within a context of globalisation. A comparative study of two major arts organisations in both Vietnam and Australia was carried out to investigate the following: why and how performing arts organisations are adapting to the changing environment; how arts leaders are adapting to changes; and whether arts managers need specific arts management training. The suitability of pertinent training packages and tertiary arts management courses from an Australian perspective are examined to determine whether these could be adapted for arts administration training in Vietnam. A qualitative case study approach was employed, using judgemental sampling. Two case studies were in Vietnam (the Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra and the Hanoi Youth Theatre), and two in Australia (the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Melbourne Theatre Company). Some arts administrators involved with managing these performing arts organisations were interviewed in-depth, and relevant documents, regulations and policies in the arts field were also analysed to lay a foundation for comprehending the operation and management of performing arts organisations in both countries, at a time of change. Findings indicate that globalisation and particularly economic changes are major pressures that are pushing arts organisations to adapt. Furthermore, in the context of the knowledge economy, credentials have become increasingly important for arts leaders to obtain their positions, while in order to be successful in their positions, practical experience, innovation and an entrepreneurial mindset proved to be even more essential. It is suggested that some pertinent arts management training courses in Australia could, if adapted, contribute to enhancing arts management and the entertainment industry in Vietnam, as well as providing mutual benefit to both Vietnam and Australia.
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Mellahi, Kamel. "Personnel management in the less developed countries : the case of the automobile industry in Algeria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260579.
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Skinner, Denise Olwyn. "Barriers to the evaluation of human resource management initiatives : three public sector case studies." n.p, 2000. http://library7.open.ac.uk/abstracts/page.php?thesisid=92.
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Sun, Liyun. "Multilevel linkages between HR practices and firm performanace : evidence from the hotel industry in China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/606.
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Dorjgurhem, Batbold. "Regional biodiversity management strategy : case study on the Flinders Ranges." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AS/09asd699.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 107-117. This thesis examines the rationale for managing biological diversity on a regional basis and develops recommendations for the use of two computational methods in biodiversity management planning by conducting a case study in the Flinders Ranges, centred on the Yellow-footed Rock Wallaby (abstract)
Books on the topic "Personnel management Australia Case studies"
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Esamah, Willie. Personnel management: A Nigerian case studies approach. Lagos: HAL Publications, 1985.
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Gilmour, Peter. Operations management in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire, 1991.
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F, Glueck William, and Ivancevich John M, eds. Foundations of personnel/human resource management. 3rd ed. Plano, Tex: Business Publications, 1986.
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Ivancevich, John M. Foundations of personnel: Human resource management. 4th ed. Homewood, IL: BPI/Irwin, 1989.
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Ontario. Ministry of Skills Development. Human resource planning: Three case studies. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Skills Development, 1986.
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Ivancevich, John M. Human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2013.
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Ivancevich, John M. Human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2013.
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A, Youngblood Stuart, ed. Case problems in personnel and human resource management. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1986.
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Groenewald, Horst. Fallstudien zum Personal-Management. Stuttgart: C.E. Poeschel, 1988.
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Human resource management: Seventh edition. Beijing: Ji xie gong ye chu ban she, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Personnel management Australia Case studies"
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Hudson, Simon. "Australia." In International Case Studies on Tourism Destination Management and COVID-19, 21–28. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003310624-4.
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Sparrow, Leigh A. "Potato Nutrient Management in Tasmania, Australia." In Sustainable Potato Production: Global Case Studies, 295–308. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4104-1_17.
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White, David, Drew Collins, and Mark Howden. "Drought in Australia: Prediction, Monitoring, Management, and Policy." In Drought Assessment, Management, and Planning: Theory and Case Studies, 213–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3224-8_12.
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Lindenmayer, David. "Ecological History has Present and Future Ecological Consequences - Case Studies from Australia." In Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management, 273–80. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118329726.ch19.
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Saha, Swapan, Ziad Zarika, and Payam Zekavat. "Scaffold and Crane Work Health Safety Failure Incidents and Case Studies in Australia." In Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 2239–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8892-1_157.
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Holzbecher, Ekkehard, Ahmed Hadidi, Nicolette Volp, Jeroen de Koning, Humaid Al Badi, Ayisha Al Khatri, and Ahmed Al Barwani. "Advanced Tools for Flood Management: An Early Warning System for Arid and Semiarid Regions." In Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports, 209–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_7.
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AbstractTechnologies concerning integrated water resources management, in general, and flood management, in particular, have recently undergone rapid developments. New smart technologies have been implemented in every relevant sector and include hydrological sensors, remote sensing, sensor networks, data integration, hydrodynamic simulation and visualization, decision support and early warning systems as well as the dissemination of information to decision-makers and the public. After providing a rough review of current developments, we demonstrate the operation of an advanced system with a special focus on an early warning system. Two case studies are covered in this chapter: one specific urban case located in the city of Parrametta in Australia in an area that shows similar flood characteristics to those found in arid or semiarid regions and one case regarding the countrywide Flash Flood Guidance System in Oman (OmanFFGS).
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Jackson, Aaron P. "Small Militaries and Operational Art: A Strange but Beneficial Pairing." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_117-1.
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AbstractThis chapter examines why and how small militaries have adopted operational art despite not possessing large enough forces to apply the concept in the manner it was originally intended. First, it establishes context by summarizing three large military operational art traditions – the German, Soviet, and American traditions. Second, it examines why small militaries have adopted the concept, positing that it is due to a mixture of interoperability and cultural reasons. While there are many potential ways to define “small militaries,” they are defined here as either comprising less than 100,000 personnel, or as fielding land combat forces of one division or less in size. By either definition, these militaries are smaller in scale than those required to apply operational art as conceptualized within the three large military traditions summarized. Third, three case studies examine how small militaries have adapted and applied the concept: those of Australia; Canada; and the Nordic and Baltic countries. Despite facing different strategic situations, the way these militaries have applied operational art has been very similar. All have taken a functional approach, which de-links operational art from its original emphasis on scale. These militaries have used this modified concept to enable them to operate more effectively alongside their larger allies, America in particular.
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Aide, Michael, Indi Braden, and Christine Aide. "Integrating Ecological Site Descriptions with Soil Morphology to Optimize Forest Management: Three Missouri Case Studies." In Environmental Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97251.
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Academics and University Extension personnel have experience with soil mapping and providing soil suitability interpretations; however, a more efficient information conveyance to land custodians is desired to support informative land management applications. In the USA each state, in concert with the United States Department of Agriculture, has embarked on developing an online format linking soil survey with ecological site descriptions to provide information for forest and rangeland management to encourage soil protection - health and optimizing ecological services on individual land parcels. In this Missouri-based manuscript, we discuss three cases where soils and their associated ecological site descriptions provide land custodians information concerning their logical reference state vegetation community and detail land management decisions that transform the reference vegetation community to a different vegetation community. With each case, landscapes and their associated vegetations communities are potentially partitioned by soil, physiography, hydrology, and other attributes.
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Dale, Allan, Sarah Ryan, and Kathleen Broderick. "Natural Resource Management as a Form of Multi-level Governance: The Impact of Reform in Queensland and Tasmania." In Multi-level Governance: Conceptual challenges and case studies from Australia, 327–59. ANU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/mg.11.2017.14.
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Praveen, Roopa, Dilip Aher, and Nilesh Anute. "The Hindustan Bank Ltd." In Indian Business Case Studies Volume V, 63–72. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869418.003.0009.
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Abstract The Hindustan Bank case is particularly interesting in the way the narration talks about the management personnel needing to be multi—talented, it’s not just about to know finance and banking rights, its more so about people management, IT skills, marketing, and other domains. It not enough to just be aware of your core specializations. To be successful in the banking industry no matter at what level one should be aware of how to lead a team, how to improve product success, know how best to complete your task, upgrade skills and become tech savvy. This case is beneficial not only for the finance student but also for students from other specializations.
Conference papers on the topic "Personnel management Australia Case studies"
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Sheil, Henry, and Peter Young. "Challenging the Need for Dual Gas Production Flowline Systems Using Emerging Hydrate Remediation Intervention Technology." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49191.
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Gas production flowlines are presenting flow assurance challenges in hydrate management resulting from low ambient seawater temperatures in an increasing number of deepwater developments. During operation the equilibrium hydrate temperature of the produced fluid may be above the minimum seabed temperature, and hence there is a risk of hydrate blockage in the subsea system should the hydrate inhibition system fail. The continuous injection of MEG, with little or no insulation of the subsea system, is a common hydrate mitigation strategy for a gas production system. If insufficient inhibitor is injected there is a risk of hydrates forming and potential blockage of the pipeline in parts of the field. The industry-preferred approach for hydrate blockage remediation is Dual Sided Depressurisation (DSD). The objective is to depressurise the flowline to below hydrate onset conditions, allowing hydrate dissociation and safely disposing of the gas inventory. This is typically performed by one of two methods; installation of a dual flowline system for facility based depressurisation (with CAPEX implications); or a Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) can be connected to an appropriate point upstream of the blockage to allow simultaneous depressurisation at the MODU and the facility (with OPEX implications). It is recognised that either method incurs significant costs. Typically the cost and time uncertainties of bringing in a MODU to solve these production stoppages is unattractive. Consequently subsea gas developments have often incurred the increased CAPEX of providing dual flowlines to permit DSD from the facility. An optimisation of the MODU-based intervention method is the subject of this paper. The feasibility of using a “lightweight” intervention vessel (for example an Offshore Support Vessel) in place of the MODU to depressurise the flowline is discussed. This paper discusses hydrate remediation difficulties and case studies; presents emerging hydrate remediation methods and briefly introduces vessel requirements. In discussing this optimisation, this paper also presents an introduction to hydrate remediation theory, some practical challenges, case studies and vessel requirements. The study concluded: • Significant CAPEX reductions may be achieved by adopting the outlined strategy; namely avoiding dual flowline infrastructure, and ensuring a reduced response time and day rate for any hydrate remediation operations to be performed. • For this strategy to be adopted cost effectively, pre-engineering, along with suitable contractual arrangements, are required to make the necessary equipment and personnel resources readily available should a hydrate blockage occur. For assets in remote locations, e.g. Australia, making the resources available is a significant challenge. • Flowline system access for depressurisation may be achieved by two methods; via the subsea Christmas tree or via suitably located fluid injection/vent access point(s).
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Stirzel, Martin. "IMMERSIVE TEACHING IN INTERCULTURAL NEGOTIATIONS FOR SALES PERSONNEL IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES – THE CASE OF GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE DISTRIBUTOR APPOINTMENT." In 14th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2022.1987.
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Helu, Moneer, and Brian Weiss. "The Current State of Sensing, Health Management, and Control for Small-to-Medium-Sized Manufacturers." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8783.
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The development of digital technologies for manufacturing has been challenged by the difficulty of navigating the breadth of new technologies available to industry. This difficulty is compounded by technologies developed without a good understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the manufacturing environment, especially within small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper describes industrial case studies conducted to identify the needs, priorities, and constraints of manufacturing SMEs in the areas of performance measurement, condition monitoring, diagnosis, and prognosis. These case studies focused on contract and original equipment manufacturers with less than 500 employees from several industrial sectors. Solution and equipment providers and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) centers were also included. Each case study involved discussions with key shop-floor personnel as well as site visits with some participants. The case studies highlight SME’s strong need for access to appropriate data to better understand and plan manufacturing operations. They also help define industrially-relevant use cases in several areas of manufacturing operations, including scheduling support, maintenance planning, resource budgeting, and workforce augmentation.
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Cleveland, Anthony, and Edwin Humphries. "Effective Management of Gas Compressor Station Design Projects." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-460.
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Downsizing and reduction in permanent engineering and design staff in gas transmission companies raises problems in coping with peak work loads, finding specialist expertise, and managing major projects. The solution being adopted by more and more organizations to deal with these issues is to call in a consultant. Consultants can provide the personnel and expertise to carry out this work with the added benefit that once completed there would be no in-house layoffs or redundancy expenses involved. Effective use of the consultant however, demands close attention to a number of things if waste of time and money is to be avoided. The paper considers the issues involved in the key selection of, and working with, a Consultant, and the key elements in the successful completion of the project. The importance of good communication and team work is stressed and the consequences of failure are discussed in case studies.
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Senaratne, S., and S. Rai. "Sustainable challenges and strategies for managing stakeholders in megaprojects: Review of cases from Australia." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.64.
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Megaprojects are an essential part in social, economic, and environmental developments and they attract a consortium of stakeholders ranging from governments, communities, international consumers, and suppliers. Hence, stakeholder management in these projects contributes significantly to projects’ success and sustainability. The research project, on which this paper is based on, aims to identify key challenges and propose suitable strategies to manage stakeholders in megaprojects for better sustainability outcomes. In achieving this aim, the research re-viewed key concepts related to project stakeholder management in megaprojects, explored sustainable challenges and analysed appropriate stakeholder management strategies through a secondary review of two major case studies of megaprojects in Sydney, Australia. The key findings discovered that the main factors influencing stakeholders were related to social, economic and environmental impacts of the project and, the need for managing them through proactive stakeholder management strategies. The implications of this research guide project managers on managing stakeholders on megaprojects and inform on possible challenges and solutions to achieve sustainable outcomes. Further research could extend and replicate on other case studies in different contexts and project types.
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Sunder Raj, Komandur S. "Maximizing Power Generating Asset Value Through Performance Management." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98233.
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Power plant owners have been monitoring the performance of their power plant processes, equipment and instrumentation for several years. In recent years, however, they have been increasingly confronted with several challenges in maximizing the value of their generating plant assets. The challenges include: deregulation, increased competition, aging of power plant equipment, inadequate instrumentation, aging workforce, lack of experienced/qualified personnel and tools to effectively monitor the operation, performance and condition of plant processes and equipment. These constraints have adversely impacted the capacity, availability and reliability and efficiency of the generating plant asset as well as the total cost of ownership and return on investment. On a positive note, however, technological innovations and tools such as the advent of the Internet, web-based and wireless technologies, advanced software applications and tools, automation, smart sensors and instruments with diagnostic capabilities, are all now making it possible for power plant owners to do more with less. Using case studies, this paper discusses various initiatives and technological advances that are being utilized to maximize power generating asset value through performance management.
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Liner, Barry, and Christopher Stacklin. "Driving Water and Wastewater Utilities to More Sustainable Energy Management." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98310.
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The Water Environment Federation (WEF) and industry leaders have identified the need for an energy roadmap to guide utilities of all sizes down the road to overall sustainable energy management through increased renewable energy production and energy conservation. This roadmap leverages a framework developed by the electric power sector. Known as the The Smart Grid Maturity Model (SGMM), the framework moved the industry toward “Smart Grid” technology. The basis of the Energy Roadmap originated at a workshop of water and power industry leaders convened by WEF in North Carolina in March 2012. Case studies were analyzed from successful utilities in Austria, Holland, Australia, and the United States. High level, strategic best practices were identified and organized into topic areas, which define the level of progression (enable, integrate and optimize) towards achieving energy sustainability. As a living document, the roadmap is always under review by dedicated groups within the industry. A number of utilities worldwide have already taken the leap and begun this transformation towards resource recovery and many more are peering over the edge. The WEF Energy Roadmap is intended to guide utilities of all sizes as they progress toward becoming treatment plants of the future. While it is not practical for all wastewater treatment plants to become energy positive or neutral, all can take steps towards increasing energy sustainability. A key component of the WEF Energy Roadmap is collaboration between water/wastewater utilities and electric utilities. This paper focuses on lessons learned and case studies about energy and water utilities working together to address energy-water nexus challenges. This paper examines perspectives both from energy use at water sector facilities and water use at energy sector facilities.
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Edge, David, Michael Pope, Konstantin Puskarskij, Helio Santos, Henry Pinkstone, and Phil McKenzie. "Successful First Implementation of MPD Technology Offshore Australia: Regulatory, Technical and Operational Lessons Learned." In IADC/SPE Managed Pressure Drilling & Underbalanced Operations Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206390-ms.
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Abstract This paper details the successful first implementation of closed-loop Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) technology offshore Australia, on a 6th generation semi-submersible rig. The paper covers the process of achieving safety case acceptance to implement MPD technology from the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA), the government regulatory authority. The paper describes the project concept design phase, including a Drill Well on Simulator (DWOS) exercise, which was completed to confirm MPD techniques would mitigate problems experienced on conventionally drilled offset wells. The MPD risk assessments completed included HAZID / BOWTIE / HAZOP / FEA studies which were included in the safety case formal safety assessment that was submitted to NOPSEMA. In parallel the Well Operations Management Plan was submitted, detailing the planned MPD methodology. The detailed Well Engineering scope including the MPD Programme, Operational and Contingency Procedures and Commissioning Process was developed to form a Joint Operations Manual. Four levels of project specific MPD training were developed, reviewed, accepted and monitored by NOPSEMA, including classroom based and rig site practical training. Post MPD system installation in Singapore, the System Integrity Testing was successfully completed offshore Australia. Lastly the paper details MPD operations on the first well including the effective use of MPD well control, dynamic MPD FIT, LOT and Pore Pressure testing and establishing the high formation temperature effects on drilling mud density. The closed-loop MPD system allowed the riser deployed sections to be drilled using a statically underbalanced mud system and confirmed the improved capability and flexibility in terms of detection and controllability during mud loss events.
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Gobert, Patrick, Pierre-Henri Ponchon, Stefan Fallstro¨m, and Joseph Boucau. "An Innovative Process for Segmenting of Guide Tubes." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59029.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe an innovative process for segmenting PWR Guide Tubes (GT’s) and the service (training and execution) that can be performed successfully and safely. Over time, some utilities are replacing control rod GT’s and store them in temporary disposal facilities. Due to lack of space, as the case for the BCOT (EDF – France / Tricastin), it is sometimes needed to cut and condition them in waste packages for final disposal and waste treatment. Based on its experience, Westinghouse has recently developed a complete solution for cutting and consolidating GT’s. One of the challenges related to such equipment is to consider two routes for the waste management: one for the activated segments and another for the less activated segments. Depending on the regulation and of the storage acceptance criteria’s, the length of the segments has been defined to minimize the volume of highly activated waste and therefore develop a process which is adapted to the size of containers specified by the customer. A model with five cutting operations and generating six segments has been chosen. In order to minimize risks and ensure safety for personnel and facilities, radiological studies were performed for various configurations. All cutting techniques previously used by Westinghouse in similar applications have been evaluated. Underwater mechanical cutting with a band saw has been selected.
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Cipollaro, Antonio, and Laurent Sallus. "Approach for the Analysis of a Shutdown Scenario in the Framework of the Validation of Severe Accident Management Guidelines in Belgium." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75457.
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During last four years, in the framework of the periodic safety review of the Belgian Nuclear Power Plants, the Severe Accident Management Guidelines implemented in Belgium have been involved in a series of detailed validation exercises as suggested by the Westinghouse Owner Group SAMG Scenario Templates. The purpose of this task is essentially to evaluate the severe accident management capabilities of the units and to ensure that personnel in the utility’s emergency response organization (crisis team and eventually the control room staff for certain type of accidents) are trained with the use of the above mentioned guidelines. The supporting calculations to the validation exercises have been performed by Tractebel Engineering by means of the MELCOR 1.8.5 code, which is developed under the sponsorship of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). Most of the implemented scenarios and related validation exercises account for full power operating states and are based on previous PSA studies. These included Station Black-Out accidents (SBO), Small Break Loss of Coolant Accidents (SBLOCA), Large Break Loss of Coolant Accidents (LBLOCA), and Interface System Loss of Coolant Accidents (ISLOCA), possibly including additional losses of available emergency safeguards features (ECCS, containment sprays, fan coolers, chemical and volumetric control system). In order to cover the entire spectrum of possible scenarios, it has been judged necessary to consider also a type of accident not originated at nominal power but initiated while the plant is in shutdown conditions. The specific Plant Operating State characterizing this scenario has been defined by a mid-loop operation with the reactor pressure vessel head still in place, and including the opening of the pressurizer manhole, the installation of the nozzle dams in all steam generators, the isolation of the reactor building, and the operation of the Residual Heat Removal system. The initiating event of this accident is the loss of the Residual Heat Removal system one day after the normal reactor shutdown. A point demanding a special attention is the fact the entry criterion to redirect towards the opening of the SAMG (based on core exit temperature measurement in full power states) does not straightforward apply in this case and an alternative criterion is necessary. In particular this paper presents the approach and results obtained accounting for the proposed criterion based on the launch of the internal emergency plan and on the timing for the crisis team to be operational and take the decision.
Reports on the topic "Personnel management Australia Case studies"
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Bonomo, Marco, Claudio R. Frischtak, and Paulo Ribeiro. Public Investment and Fiscal Crisis in Brazil: Finding Culprits and Solutions. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003199.
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We investigate the relation between existing fiscal rules and investments in the context of a fiscal crisis in Brazil. We analyze existing fiscal rules at national and subnational levels, their enforcement, and proposed alternatives. Using narrative analysis, case studies, interviews, empirical estimation, and model simulations, we conclude that public investment is not closely related to fiscal rules in Brazil but is mainly determined by fiscal conditions both at national and subnational (state) levels. It is the steady increase of personnel expenditures in real terms that underlies the fiscal deterioration of the last decade, despite the existence of fiscal rules devised to prevent it. We argue that a constitutional rule limiting subnationals personnel expenditures to 50 percent of net revenues, triggering adjustment measures when reaching 47.5 percent, would be an effective instrument for subnational fiscal management, opening fiscal space for increasing investments. At the national level, despite the existence of several fiscal rules, the only effective fiscal anchor is the primary expenditure ceiling introduced in 2016, which has successfully curbed expenditures, including those of the judiciary and legislature.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility: Case Study Interview Guides. Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/tracer/27.
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This document contains the guiding questions used by the Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility (GTF) in its case studies. The purpose of the GTF is to enable the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) to assess the long term development contributions and public diplomacy outcomes of Australia’s investment in Australia Awards. The GTF is designed to provide a strong evidence base to inform DFAT’s management of the Australia Awards.