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1

Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association, 2013.

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2

Costa, Paul T., and Thomas A. Widiger, eds. Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10140-000.

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3

McCrae, Robert R., and Jüri Allik, eds. The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0763-5.

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4

Costa, Paul T., and Thomas A. Widiger, eds. Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10423-000.

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5

Widiger, Thomas A., and Paul T. Costa, eds. Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (3rd ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13939-000.

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6

Trull, Timothy J. Structured interview for the Five-Factor Model of Personality (SIFFM): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1997.

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7

T, Costa Paul, ed. Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.

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8

Paunonen, Sampo V. NPQ manual: Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (NPQ) and Five-Factor Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (FF-NPQ). Port Huron, MI (511 Fort St., Suite 435, Port Huron): Sigma Assessment Systems, 2004.

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9

Smith, Debra J. A five factor model of grief: A q-methodological study. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2001.

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10

Costa, Paul T. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, Fla. (P.O. Box 998, Odessa 33556): Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992.

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11

Costa, Paul T. NEO PI/FFI manual supplement for use with the NEO Personality Inventory and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Odessa, Fla. (P.O. Box 998, Odessa 33556): Psychological Assessment Resources, 1989.

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12

The revised NEO Personality Inventory: Clinical and research applications. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.

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13

McCrae, Robert R. NEO inventories for the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3), NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R): Professional manual. Lutz, FL: PAR, 2010.

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14

Widiger, Thomas A., Whitney L. Gore, Cristina Crego, Stephanie L. Rojas, and Joshua R. Oltmanns. Five Factor Model and Personality Disorder. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.4.

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The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the relationship of the Five Factor Model (FFM) to personality disorder. The FFM has traditionally been viewed as a dimensional model of normal personality structure. However, it should probably be viewed as a dimensional model of general personality structure, including maladaptive as well as adaptive personality traits. Discussed herein is the empirical support for the coverage of personality disorders within the FFM; the ability of the FFM to explain the convergence and divergence among personality disorder scales; the relationship of the FFM to the DSM-5 dimensional trait model; the empirical support for maladaptivity within both poles of each FFM domain (focusing in particular on agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness); and the development of scales for the assessment of maladaptive variants of the FFM.
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15

McCrae, Robert R., and Juri Allik. Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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16

Allen, Timothy A., and Colin G. DeYoung. Personality Neuroscience and the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.26.

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Personality psychology seeks both to understand how individuals differ from one another in behavior, motivation, emotion, and cognition and to explain the causes of those differences. The goal of personality neuroscience is to identify the underlying sources of personality traits in neurobiological systems. This chapter reviews neuroscience research on the traits of the Five Factor Model (the Big Five: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness/Intellect, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness). The review emphasizes the importance of theoretically informed neuroscience by framing results in light of a theory of the psychological functions underlying each of the Big Five. The chapter additionally reviews the various neuroscientific methods available for personality research and highlights pitfalls and best practices in personality neuroscience.
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17

T, Costa Paul, and Widiger Thomas A, eds. Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1994.

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18

Paul T., Jr. Costa (Editor) and Thomas A. Widiger (Editor), eds. Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. 2nd ed. American Psychological Association (APA), 2002.

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19

Valentine, Cecilia. Five-Factor Model: Recent Developments and Clinical Applications. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2016.

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20

The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives. New York: Guilford Press, 1996.

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21

The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical Perspectives. The Guilford Press, 1996.

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22

Jesus & Personality Theory: Exploring the Five-Factor Model. InterVarsity Press, 1999.

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23

Wright, Aidan G. C. Factor Analytic Support for the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.20.

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The Five Factor Model (FFM) has risen to prominence over the past 50 years, and currently represents the most widely used structural model of personality attributes. By definition, the FFM is built upon a foundation of factor-analytic techniques. This chapter is divided into three parts. In the first, a methodological primer is provided for those who may be less familiar with factor analytic techniques. Second, the FFM and factor analysis are understood through a historical review, along with updated exemplars of contemporary techniques and applications to personality. Finally, several new directions in factor analytic research of the FFM are reviewed, including its application to psychiatric disorders.
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24

Simms, Leonard, Trevor F. Williams, and Ericka Nus Simms. Assessment of the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.28.

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We review the current state of the science with respect to the assessment of the Five Factor Model (FFM), a robust structural model of personality that emerged from two distinct traditions: The lexical and questionnaire traditions. The lexical tradition is predicated on the hypothesis that important individual differences in personality are encoded as single words in language. This bottom-up tradition has suggested that five broad factors account for much of the personality variation observed among individuals: Extraversion (or Surgency), Agreeableness, Conscientiousness (or Dependability), Neuroticism (vs. Emotional Stability), and Openness to Experience (or Intellect/Culture). The questionnaire tradition emphasizes the measurement of similar constructs, largely through top-down development of measures. We examine the strengths and limitations associated with existing measures of the FFM and related models, focusing on measures rooted in the lexical and questionnaire traditions. We also consider maladaptive FFM measures and conclude by analyzing important issues in the FFM assessment literature.
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25

Graziano, William G., and Renée M. Tobin. Agreeableness and the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.17.

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Agreeableness is a summary label for individual differences in the motivation to maintain positive relations with others. Agreeableness is one of the major dimensions in the Big Five structural model of personality. It is also a major domain in the Five Factor Model of personality. This chapter provides an overview of the considerable body of research concerning the conceptualization, assessment, and etiology of Agreeableness with a focus on its six facets. It concludes with a discussion of alternative theoretical explanations for Agreeableness. In particular, an opponent process model that involves two competing motive systems is applied to the processes underlying Agreeableness.
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26

Siebert, Scott E., and David S. DeGeest. The Five Factor Model of Personality in Business and Industry. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.1.

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Personality traits have played a central role in industrial/organizational psychology, human resource management, and organizational behavior, the key fields in the application of psychology to business and industry. In the early years, excessive optimism led scholars to unrealistic expectations about the value of personality traits at work. This was followed by a period of profound pessimism regarding the value of personality as an explanatory variable when the unrealistic expectations were inevitably disappointed. More recently, advances in theory and methodology have led scholars to re-examine the role of personality with more realistic expectations. The Five Factor Model (FFM) has predominated as an integrative personality structure for conceptualizing and researching the relationship of personality to workplace outcomes. Five specific domains of research are considered herein: personnel selection; employee motivation, attitudes, and behavior; leadership; teams; and entrepreneurship. The chapter ends with open questions for future research in this domain.
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27

Allik, Jüri, and Anu Realo. Universal and Specific in the Five Factor Model of Personality. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.23.

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Personality psychologists—perhaps even more than in some other disciplines—are deeply interested in what is common to personality descriptions in all cultures and societies. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the potential universality of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of general personality structure. The chapter begins with a discussion of what is meant, or should be meant, by a universal. Discussed then is the empirical support, as well as the conceptual and empirical difficulty, in establishing universality in personality structure, for the FFM as well as other dimensional models. The chapter then considers different levels of analysis (including cultural and intraindividual analyses), higher-order invariants (including sex differences, age differences, and differences in perspective), and whether mean levels are universal. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the basis for personality universals, as well as addressing the common challenges to universality.
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28

Mullins-Sweatt, Stephanie, Douglas B. Samuel, and Ashley Helle. Clinical Utility of the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.7.

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The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the clinical utility of the Five Factor Model (FFM). This chapter will consider the clinical application of the FFM for treatment in general, but its primary focus will be on the clinical utility of an FFM of personality disorders. Discussed herein will be the three fundamental components of clinical utility: ease of usage, communication, and treatment planning. Empirical research concerning the clinical utility of the FFM also will be considered in terms of the three components. Finally, research and examination of clincians’ perspectives of the utilty of categorical and dimensional models of personality will be discussed.
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29

Job Satisfaction and Personality: The Utility of the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Storming Media, 1999.

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30

(Editor), Robert R. McCrae, and Juri Allik (Editor), eds. The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures (International and Cultural Psychology). Springer, 2002.

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31

de Raad, Boele, and Boris Mlačić. The Lexical Foundation of the Big Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.12.

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A dictionary is the tangible repository of the common stock of words, although dictionaries comprise at best 10% of the full lexicon. Part of the lexicon is made up of the words used to describe what people do and what people are like. The psycholexical approach to personality focuses on this subset of words and on its exploitation, or what can be said to be the glossary of personality. This chapter is concerned with the history of the psycholexical approach to personality description, from ancient history to the more recent efforts, albeit focusing in particular on its modern history. Psycholexical taxonomies from around the world will be considered, as well as taxonomies based on nouns, verbs, adverbs, and their combinations. Ongoing controversies, difficulties, and disputes regarding alternative psycholexical personality structures will be considered, as well as recommendations for future research.
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32

Widiger, Thomas A., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.001.0001.

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The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is arguably the predominant model of general personality structure. There is a considerable body of research supporting its construct validity and practical application. There have been a few books specifically concerning the FFM, but to date there has not yet been a text that brings together in one location all that is known about the FFM. The book begins with an overview chapter on the FFM, followed by in-depth discussions regarding the nature, etiology, importance, and mechanisms of each of the FFM domains. The vast body of research concerning the construct-validity support for the FFM is then provided, including its robustness, factor analytic support, childhood antecedents, cross-language presence, cross-species presence, behavior and molecular genetics, and brain structure and function. The text then provides considerable discussion of the importance and application of the FFM across diverse social concerns, including personality assessment, business and industry, health psychology, marital-family therapy, adult psychopathology, child psychopathology, and clinical utility. There is no comparable text with this much information concerning the validity and utility of the FFM. The text concludes with a final overview chapter.
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33

Jarnecke, Amber M., and Susan C. South. Behavior and Molecular Genetics of the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.25.

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Behavior and molecular genetics informs knowledge of the etiology, structure, and development of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Behavior genetics uses quantitative modeling to parse the relative influence of nature and nurture on phenotypes that vary within the population. Behavior genetics research on the FFM has demonstrated that each domain has a heritability (proportion of variation due to genetic influences) of 40–50%. Molecular genetic methods attempt to identify specific genetic mechanisms associated with personality variation. To date, findings from molecular genetics are tentative, with significant results failing to replicate and accounting for only a small percentage of the variance. However, newer techniques hold promise for finding the “missing heritability” of FFM and related personality domains. This chapter presents an overview of commonly used behavior and molecular genetic techniques, reviews the work that has been done on the FFM domains and facets, and offers a perspective for future directions.
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34

(Editor), Robert R. McCrae, and Juri Allik (Editor), eds. The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures (International and Cultural Psychology). Springer, 2002.

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35

De Fruyt, Filip, Barbara De Clercq, and Marleen De Bolle. The Five Factor Model of Personality and Consequential Outcomes in Childhood and Adolescence. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.6.

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The validity of the Five Factor Model (FFM) to describe personality differences in childhood and adolescence is well established. Personality differences can be reliably assessed in children and adolescents, and available research converges on the validity of the FFM as the predominant model to provide a comprehensive and manageable account of these notable differences. In addition, there is strong agreement that personality traits in childhood/adolescence are related to a broad range of short- and long-term consequential outcomes, underscoring their utility in research and assessment. The aims of the present chapter are threefold: first, to review FFM measures developed for children and adolescents; second, to discuss parallels and dissimilarities obtained with adults; and finally to summarize the significance and validity of the model in gaining an understanding of a broad series of outcomes, including interpersonal relationships, psychopathology, health and well-being, learning and learning outcomes, and long-term outcomes manifested in adulthood.
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36

Poole, Susan Janette. Cross-cultural generalizability of personality types and their relationship to the five-factor model. 1998.

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37

Chiaburu, Dan S., In-Sue Oh, and Sophia V. Marinova. Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Current Research and Future Directions. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.13.

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For over a quarter of a century, organizational scholars have sought to understand the ways in which employees contribute to organizational success through their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Concurrently, personality traits have provided an important lens for illuminating what motivates such discretionary efforts. Our first purpose is to provide a state-of-the art, theoretically grounded review of the literature linking five-factor model (FFM) of personality traits to OCB. Second, we strive to clarify both our criterion construct (OCB) and our predictor space in order to facilitate the integration of past research and pave the way for future research. For our criterion space, we focus on three prominent types of OCB: directed toward individuals (OCB-I), toward the organization (OCB-O), and toward change (OCB-CH). For our predictor space, we examine FFM personality traits and FFM-based dark-side personality traits. Third, we offer new fruitful directions for future research. We conclude with three key themes for future research.
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38

Weiss, Alexander, and Marieke Gartner. Animal Personality. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.24.

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Animal personality has been studied for decades, and a recent renaissance in the field has revealed links to health and life outcomes that echo those found in humans. Some of this research is tied to the Five Factor Model—the predominant model of human personality—which informs animal personality research as well, and allows for comparative work that points to evolutionary pathways that delineate phylogenetic continuity. From personality facets and traits to factors, this work has implications for human and nonhuman animal genetics, life history strategies, survival, and well-being, as well as development and social relationships. Working together, scientists from a variety of fields who study personality can hope to puzzle out causality, use personality as a tool for health, and simply define personality, across species, and therefore evolutionary time.
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39

Church, Marcia Katigbak. Investigation and measurement of personality structure in a non-Western culture: Relating indigenous Philippine dimensions to the Big Five model. 1993.

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40

Martin, Jeffrey J. Personality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0025.

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Personality is typically thought to be stable and possess consistency over time and across situations. Personality is also referred to as individual differences or distinctiveness. The study of personality has a long history in psychology, and after a lull in sport psychology research on personality, it has become more prevalent in research with able-bodied athletes and athletes with disabilities. This chapter discusses the history of personality research in sport psychology. The most common personality model, the Big Five factors, used in research today is explained and the five factors defined. Researchers have also examined personality-trait-like individual differences (PTLID) such as grit, hardiness, resilience, sensation seeking, and perfectionism. The chapter addresses how an acquired disability has the potential to change certain facets of personality while other personality factors can help athletes cope with an acquired disability and maintain their mental health.
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41

Costa, Paul T., and Robert McCrae. The NEO Inventories as Instruments of Psychological Theory. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.10.

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This chapter reviews the contribution of the NEO Inventories and the Five Factor Model to progress in personality psychology since Loevinger’s 1957 essay. Personality structure is now viewed as a complex hierarchy of continuously distributed attributes; the content of this hierarchy consists of traits and their manifestations as needs, habits, and so on. The chapter also introduces the duality principle, according to which personality measures must be understood as both collections of characteristic adaptations and proxy measures of basic tendencies. Finally, the chapter considers the status of Five Factor Theory, a general theory of personality intended to account for research findings stimulated by the discovery and assessment of the Five Factor Model.
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42

Kern, Margaret L., and Howard S. Friedman. Health Psychology. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.2.

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As research on personality and health has moved to developing multitrait, multioutcome models, the five factor approach has shown excellent utility for understanding health, including physical and mental health, longevity, cognitive function, social competence, and productivity. Drawing on a growing arsenal of advanced statistical techniques, studies are testing complex models to explain how personality influences health. Health behaviors, social situations, physiological changes, and various indirect and moderating factors are important pathways connecting personality and health, and reciprocally influence one another. Future personality research will benefit from interdisciplinary approaches, including integrative data analyses of archival data, big data analyses, neuroscientific approaches, and lifespan epidemiology. Bringing together different types of data, innovative methods, and well-specified theories offers the potential to understand the personality–health model in ways never before imagined. Identifying pathways and key factors in turn will inform effective intervention to help more people live healthier, more productive lives.
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43

Hendriks, A. A. J., and W. K. B. Hofstee. Five Factor Personality Inventory: Handleiding. Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, 2012.

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44

Widiger, Thomas A. Introduction. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.9.

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This book concerns the Five Factor Model (FFM) of general personality structure. It brings together much of the research literature on the FFM and demonstrates its potential applications across a wide range of disciplines and concerns. The book is organized into four sections: the first section explores the FFM and its domains, the second focuses on matters and issues concerning the construct validity of the FFM, the third discusses applications of the FFM to a variety of social and clinical issues, and the fourth summarizes the book’s interesting points and considers potential implications. Topics range from Neuroticism and Extraversion to Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. The book also considers the universality of the FFM, the factor analytic support, childhood temperament and personality, animal personality, behavior and molecular genetics, personality neuroscience, personality disorders, adult psychopathology, and child psychopathology.
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45

The Five-factor model: Issues and applications. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992.

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46

McCrae, Robert R., and Costa Paul T. Jr. Personality in Adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory Perspective. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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47

Baer, John. Creativity. Edited by Angela O'Donnell. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.12.

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This article reviews research and theory dealing with the psychology of creativity. It begins with a discussion of the most influential and widely known theory of creativity, which is based on the structure of the intellect model. It then considers four aspects of divergent thinking that are frequently mentioned in the literature, along with two models for classifying creativity: the “four P” model and the four C model. The article describes other theories of creativity, including the chance configuration theory, the propulsion model, and the five-factor theory of personality. Finally, it examines other important issues in creativity research, such as mental illness, gender differences, birth order, and IQ. It also looks at some of the approaches used in the assessment of creativity, including the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the consensual assessment technique. Finally, it explores the issue of teaching creativity.
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48

Wilt, Joshua, and William Revelle. Extraversion. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.15.

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This chapter provides a review of extraversion, defined as a dimension of personality reflecting individual differences in the tendencies to experience and exhibit positive affect, assertive behavior, decisive thinking, and desires for social attention. Extraversion is one of five basic tendencies in the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. In the FFM, basic tendencies are conceptualized as including the following characteristics. They are organized hierarchically, based in biology, develop over time according to intrinsic maturation principles, are manifested in characteristic adaptations (i.e., are expressed in affective, behavioral, and cognitive tendencies), influence one’s objective biography, are reflected in the self-concept, and have both adaptive and maladaptive variants. This chapter is organized around the theory and research on extraversion relevant to each of the aforementioned characteristics.
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49

The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model. Oxford University Press, 2017.

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50

Costa, Paul T., and Robert R. McCrae. The Five-Factor Model and the NEO Inventories. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366877.013.0016.

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