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Journal articles on the topic 'Personality disorders'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Camilleri, Roberta. "Personality disorders." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 7 (July 2018): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018769685.

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Personality disorders are complex to both identify and manage. All humans have a unique personality. Personality is what distinguishes us from each other and shapes our thoughts, emotions and behaviour. Personality disorders may be diagnosed when behaviour differs from expected norms, and abnormal traits in behaviour are persistent, pervasive and problematic. This article will provide an overview of the classification of personality disorders and the factors that contribute to their development. It will then consider dissocial personality disorder, the personality disorder encountered most often by GPs, in more detail. Finally, the benefits of countertransference are considered in an overview of the interaction between GPs and patients with a personality disorder.

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2

Sass, H., and K. Jünemann. "Affective disorders, personality and personality disorders." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108 (September 4, 2003): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.8.x.

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3

Huang, Leyao. "Cluster B Personality Disorder, Treatment, Comorbidity and Stigma." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 7, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/7/2022912.

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Schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are examples of unusual or eccentrictraits shared by Cluster A. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders all fall under the category of cluster B personality disorders. Cluster B personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and performance personality disorder, will be the focus of this paper. The problems encountered in treating the disorders are investigated by comparing the similarities and co-morbidity of Cluster B personality disorders in parallel. Highlighted how people with personality disorders can be stigmatized in their lives and therapy. Elaborated on the negative impact of stigma on treating Cluster B personality disorder and how to counteract stigma. Through discussing this kind of personality disorders, we can put forward a scientific basis for how to prevent personality disorders in the future.

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4

Karamuctafalioĝlu, K. O., and N. Karamuctafalioğlu. "DYSTHYMIC DISORDER AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 518B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-01010.

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5

Versonnen, F., and S. Tuinier. "From personality disorders towards personality development disorders." European Psychiatry 23 (April 2008): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.727.

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6

López-Ibor, J. J. "Personality disorders are disorders of the personality." European Neuropsychopharmacology 6 (September 1996): S4–1—S4–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(96)83171-3.

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7

Widiger, Thomas A., and Paul T. Costa. "Personality and personality disorders." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103, no. 1 (1994): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.103.1.78.

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8

Putri, Angela Azalia Trisna, Nyoman Widhyalestari Parwatha, I. Putu Belly Sutrisna, and I. Gusti Rai Putra Wiguna. "Parenting models, spirituality and personality disorders in adolescence." International journal of health & medical sciences 7, no. 2 (June 6, 2024): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v7n2.2279.

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Recently, many patients have been diagnosed with personality disorders. Personality disorders are often the underlying factor of other mental disorders. Personality disorders can coexist with other mental disorders, leading to worse outcomes. Personality disorders occur due to multifactorial factors, and one of them that is considered to play a role is parenting style and spirituality.This article contains a literature review from various literatures to analyze parenting styles, spirituality and personality disorders.Authoritative parenting develops high self-esteem, social competence, adaptive coping mechanisms, and healthy personality traits, so that the risk of developing Personality Disorder is low. Authoritarian parenting has a risk of developing PD that features rigidity, obedience, inflexible behavior patterns, and aggression such as Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Children who are raised permissively have a higher risk of being impulsive and emotionally unstable, such as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Neglected parenting triggers emotional detachment, schizoid and antisocial personality disorders. Spirituality has a significant impact on mental health, as a protective factor against personality disorders. Religion and spirituality improve mental health by strengthening religious coping, support, belief. Parenting styles, spirituality and personality disorders is complex and varied.

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9

Kaelber, Charles T., and Jack D. Maser. "Reassessing Personality Disorder Constructs: Challenges of Personality Disorders Assessment." Journal of Personality Disorders 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.279.

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10

Guttman, Herta A. "Book Review: Personality Disorders: Major Theories of Personality Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 8 (July 2006): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100813.

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11

Sharp, Carla. "Personality Disorders." New England Journal of Medicine 387, no. 10 (September 8, 2022): 916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra2120164.

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12

Reich, James. "Personality Disorders." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 14, no. 4 (December 1987): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)01041-1.

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13

Wright, Matthew, and Alyssa Carbajal. "Personality disorders." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 34, no. 10 (October 2021): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000791516.70522.f8.

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14

Mazer, Angela K., Brisa Burgos D. Macedo, and Mário Francisco Juruena. "Personality disorders." Medicina (Ribeirao Preto. Online) 50, supl1. (February 4, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v50isupl1.p85-97.

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Os Transtornos da personalidade são padrões psicológicos de difícil diagnóstico que exigem uma avaliação criteriosa por parte do profissional da saúde mental. A relação médico-paciente também se configura como fator de extrema importância para o manejo destes quadros. Dentro deste contexto, é imprescindível orientar os alunos das áreas de graduação em saúde sobre a existência de tal categoria de transtornos. O presente artigo consiste em uma revisão descritiva, que busca elucidar a definição de transtornos da personalidade; além de discorrer sobre aspectos históricos, nosológicos e epidemiológicos. Nesta publicação ainda serão revisadas as particularidades referentes ao diagnóstico, as comorbidades, ao curso e tratamento destes transtornos. O enfoque maior será no manejo de indivíduos com transtorno da personalidade borderline, dada a maior procura destes por unidades de atendimento psiquiátrico

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15

Amiel, Cressida. "Personality Disorders." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 3, no. 4 (March 19, 2010): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inp228.

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16

Bateman, Anthony w. "Personality disorders." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (April 1993): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199304000-00007.

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17

Kellner, Robert. "Personality Disorders." Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 46, no. 1-2 (1986): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000287962.

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18

Benjamin, Lorna Smith, and Christie P. Karpiak. "Personality disorders." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 38, no. 4 (2001): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.487.

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19

Tyrer, Peter. "Personality disorders." Medicine 32, no. 7 (July 2004): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.32.7.26.36675.

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20

Pull, Charles B., and Aleksandar Janca. "Personality disorders." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 31, no. 1 (January 2018): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000384.

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21

Newlin, Elizabeth, and Benjamin Weinstein. "Personality Disorders." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 21 (June 2015): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.con.0000466668.02477.0c.

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22

MacManus, Deirdre, and Tom Fahy. "Personality disorders." Medicine 36, no. 8 (August 2008): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2008.06.001.

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Fahy, Tom. "Personality disorders." Medicine 40, no. 11 (November 2012): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.009.

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24

Devens, Maria. "Personality Disorders." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 34, no. 3 (September 2007): 623–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.008.

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25

Miller, Michael Craig. "PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Medical Clinics of North America 85, no. 3 (May 2001): 819–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70342-4.

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26

Stotland, Nada L. "Personality disorders." Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 4, no. 2 (March 1997): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1068-607x(96)00067-4.

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27

Moran, Paul, and Marianne Hayward. "Personality disorders." Psychiatry 6, no. 9 (September 2007): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.06.001.

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RIZEANU, STELIANA. "PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology 6, no. 4 (November 15, 2015): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15303/rjeap.2015.v6i4a6.

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McIntyre, J. A., and M. A. Moral. "Personality disorders." Drugs of the Future 32, no. 8 (2007): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2007.032.08.1125026.

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30

Oldham, John M. "Personality Disorders." JAMA 272, no. 22 (December 14, 1994): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520220064032.

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31

Oldham, John M. "Personality Disorders." Focus 3, no. 3 (July 2005): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/foc.3.3.372.

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32

Klembovskaya, E., and G. Fastovtsov. "Clinical Content of Schizotypal Personality Disorder." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71387-2.

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Background and aim:«Schizotypal personality disorder» occupies a special position in the classification of mental disorders. It is not enough investigated, what kind of disorders they are like, their characteristics are, and how they differ from schizoid personality disorder and continuous sluggish schizophrenia. with the aim to define the clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder 58 patients were examined.Results:•Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to deficit states, observed at schizophrenia, clinically limited to personality sphere, without the signs of flow of endogenous process and psychotic disorders.•Schizotypal personality disorder on the clinical content reminds schizoid, but insignificant ideatory disorders are typical. Dymamic of psychopathy - disposition to decompensation - is never observed.•Schizotypal personality disorder can be diagnosed as latent schizophrenia, because the clinical picture is similar. the special value acquires a dynamic aspect typical of the endogenous process.•High quality remission of schizophrenia limited of specific personality changes, as a variant of «acquired psychopathy» can be considered as clinically identical to «schizotypal personality disorder».Conclusion:A content of Schizotypal personality disorder includes a group of disorders of schizophrenia spectrum, different originally, from shizofreniform personality disorders without the signs of dynamics to the different states of development of schizophrenia - initial (latent schizophrenia), and final (high quality remission of schizophrenia as practical completion of schizophrenia process with the formation of certain features of personality). It can explain the special place of «Schizotypal personality disorder» in the classification of psychic disorders.

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33

Kim, Young Ran, and Young-ho Lee. "The Dimensional Conceptualization of Personality Disorders: Personality Organization, Personality Functioning, and Personality Disorders." Journal of Personality Disorders 38, no. 2 (April 2024): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2024.38.2.105.

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Over the past several decades, significant criticism of the categorical classification system for personality disorders has highlighted the need to transition to a dimensional classification system. This study reviewed key issues involved in the potential conversion of the diagnostic system of personality disorders from a categorical to a dimensional model. The result suggests that Kernberg's concept of personality organization can be used to indicate the overall severity of personality pathology.

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Cotta, C., G. Jesus, V. Vila Nova, and C. Moreira. "Boderline versus personality." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2361.

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IntroductionLatest classifications led to an inflamed debate urging for change or validation in the way personality disorders are classified. The placement in psychiatric classifications of several personality disorders, particularly Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), is also a matter of discussion.Objectives and aimsThe present work aims to question BPDs place in classification alongside with other personality disorders, rather than focusing on the algorithms used to classify it. The authors review updated literature on core features of the disorder collected from online scientific databases.ResultsStudies reveal that the stability of the diagnosis of BPD over the longer term is less than what standard general definitions of personality disorders would appear to require. It is a chronic and debilitating syndrome with severe functional and psychosocial impairment that remain relevant when comparing to other personality disorders. Additionally, these measures show further declines over time in spite of improvement in psychopathology, in contrast to what happens with other personality disorders. Several misconceptions may have led to the placement of BPD on former axis II, namely being a direct consequence of trauma and merely explained by environmental factors. However, recent research on heritability shows the contrary and several neurobiological markers suggest it has got a nature of its own.ConclusionBPD is probably the most studied and validated personality disorder and has substantially greater empirical basis, clinical significance and public health implications, being both enduring and distinct from other personality disorders. We suggest the placement of BPD as major psychiatric disorder in classifications.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Treasure, J. "For Personality Disorders." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S12—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.55.

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The number of diagnostic categories of eating disorders have increased over time. The term transdiagnostic has been commonly used for eating disorders as in general they share problematic eating patterns and variations in weight. However, there are also extreme differences, for instance in the realm of personality style. One example of contrasts is the polygenic correlation with ADHD which is positive in binge eating disorders and absent in anorexia nervosa. This is concordant with the clinical presentation whereby AN is associated with compulsive, rigid perfectionistic features consistent with an obsessive-compulsive personality style whereas BED is associated with impulsivity. ARFID and AN have features that overlap with characteristics of autistic spectrum disorders. Nevertheless, traits of neuroticism are shared across eating disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Another contrast is in the exposure to adversity in childhood. People with binge eating disorder have many forms of childhood adversity including the ramifications of weight stigma and this leaves an imprint on personality development. Thus, there is no one size that fits all in terms of the unfolding links between personality and eating disorders. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Stern, Julian, Michael Murphy, and Christopher Bass. "Personality Disorders in Patients with Somatisation Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (December 1993): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.6.785.

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Twenty-five women with somatisation disorder (SD) were compared with matched patient controls for the presence of personality disorders. Personality was assessed with the Personality Assessment Schedule (PAS). Interviewers were unaware of the patients' diagnoses. All controls had DSM–III–R axis I diagnoses of depressive or anxiety disorders. The prevalence of personality disorders among patients with somatisation disorder was 72% compared with 36% among controls. Certain personality disorders, including passive–dependent, histrionic, and sensitive–aggressive, occurred significantly more often in the SD patients than controls.

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Akiskal, H. S. "Personality in Anxiety Disorders." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 3, S2 (1988): 161s—166s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00002182.

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SummaryPatients with anxiety disorders are often described as anancastic, high in neuroticism, dependent and avoidant. These personalities overlap with those of nonbipolar depressives – in whom these disorders are less pronounced. Yet many indices of social adjustment appear less disturbed in anxiety disorders. Review of recent data front systematic investigations supports the thesis that the personality attributes observed in anxiety disorders represent either formes frustes expressions or postmorbid complications of these disorders.Thus, neuroticism is best viewed as subclinically expressed neurosis. Likewise, anancastic traits are not easily separable from generalized anxiety disorder; the same can be said about avoidant personality and social phobia. Avoidance appears to be an inherent psychobiologic defense which is mobilized by anxiogenic situations. Dependency, which may reflect upbringing with an anxious parent, is further accentuated by handicaps imposed by the anxiety disorder.

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38

Kendell, R. E. "The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 2 (February 2002): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.2.110.

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BackgroundProposals by the UK Government for preventive detention of people with ‘dangerous severe personality disorders' highlight the unresolved issue of whether personality disorders should be regarded as mental illnesses.AimsTo clarify the issue by examining the concepts of psychopathy and personality disorder, the attitudes of contemporary British psychiatrists to personality disorders, and the meaning of the terms ‘mental illness'and ‘mental disorder’.MethodThe literature on personality disorder is assessed in the context of four contrasting concepts of illness or disease.ResultsWhichever of the four concepts or definitions is chosen, it is impossible to conclude with confidence that personality disorders are, or are not, mental illnesses; there are ambiguities in the definitions and basic information about personality disorders is lacking.ConclusionsThe historical reasons for regarding personality disorders as fundamentally different from mental illnesses are being undermined by both clinical and genetic evidence. Effective treatments for personality disorders would probably have a decisive influence on psychiatrists' attitudes.

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Benjet, Corina, Guilherme Borges, and Maria Elena Medina-Mora. "DSM-IV personality disorders in Mexico: results from a general population survey." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300009.

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OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the first population estimates of prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in the Mexican population. METHOD: Personality disorders screening questions from the International Personality Disorder Examination were administered to a representative sample of the Mexican urban adult population (n = 2,362) as part of the Mexican National Comorbidity Survey, validated with clinical evaluations conducted in the United States. A multiple imputation method was then implemented to estimate prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in the Mexican sample. RESULTS: Multiple imputation method prevalence estimates were 4.6% Cluster A, 1.6% Cluster B, 2.4% Cluster C, and 6.1% any personality disorder. All personality disorders clusters were significantly comorbid with DSM-IV Axis I disorders. One in every five persons with an Axis I disorder in Mexico is likely to have a comorbid personality disorder, and almost half of those with a personality disorder are likely to have an Axis I disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Modest associations of personality disorders with impairment and strong associations with treatment utilization were largely accounted for by Axis I comorbidity suggesting that the public health significance of personality disorders lies in their comorbidity with, and perhaps effects upon, Axis I disorders rather than their direct effects on functioning and help seeking.

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Baer, Lee, and Michael A. Jenike. "Personality Disorders in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15, no. 4 (December 1992): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30210-7.

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41

Khemakhem, R., W. Homri, D. Karoui, M. Mezghani, L. Mouelhi, N. Bram, I. Ben Romdhane, and R. Labbane. "Mutual influence between mood disorders and personality disorders." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.506.

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IntroductionSeveral studies have explored the vulnerability to mood disorders that constitute some personality traits.AimsTo study the potential relationship between mood disorders and personality disorders.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that personality disorders can be related to severe mood disorders.MethodsThis was a retrospective study including the period from January 2000 till September 2015 and related to patients in whom the diagnosis of mood disorder and personality one were retained according to the criteria of the DSM-IV TR while the sociodemographic and clinical were collected by a pre-established railing.ResultsWe included 28 patients (15 ♂, 13 ♀). The average age was 38 years. Eighteen (64.3%) patients (7 ♂, 11 ♀) are unemployed. Fifteen patients (10 ♂, 5 ♀) were schooled until secondary level. Seventeen patients (60.7%) were married. The bipolar I disorder (BD I) was most frequently founded (50%), followed by the major depressive disorder in 25% (n = 7) then by the bipolar II disorder in 21.4% (n = 6). A case of dysthymia was also noted. Half of the personality disorders were the borderline type, followed by the histrionic type in 28.6% (n = 8) then by the antisocial in 17.9% (n = 5) and finally one patient presented a paranoiac personality. The antisocial personality was significantly associated with the BD I (P = 0.011) and half of the patients with a pathological personality, presented a depressive symptomatology.ConclusionThe personality disruption is a factor of severity of the thymic disorders. Consequences on the management of patients and their response to treatments remain available.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Koch, Jessa, Taylor Modesitt, Melissa Palmer, Sarah Ward, Bobbie Martin, Robby Wyatt, and Christopher Thomas. "Review of pharmacologic treatment in cluster A personality disorders." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.03.75.

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Abstract Introduction: A personality disorder is a pervasive and enduring pattern of behaviors that impacts an individual's social, occupational, and overall functioning. Specifically, the cluster A personality disorders include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Patients with cluster A personality disorders tend to be isolative and avoid relationships. The quality of life may also be reduced in these individuals, which provokes the question of how to treat patients with these personality disorders. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature for pharmacologic treatments for the cluster A personality disorders. Methods: A Medline/PubMed and Ovid search was conducted to identify literature on the psychopharmacology of paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. There were no exclusions in terms of time frame from article publication or country of publication, in order to provide a comprehensive analysis; however, only articles that contained information on the cluster A disorders were included. Results: Minimal evidence regarding pharmacotherapy in paranoid and schizoid personality disorders was found. Literature was available for pharmacologic treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. Studies evaluating the use of olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, fluoxetine, and thiothixene did yield beneficial results; however, treatment with such agents should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Discussion: Most of the literature analyzed in this review presented theoretical ideas of what may constitute the neurobiologic factors of personality and what treatments may address these aspects. Further research is needed to evaluate specific pharmacologic treatment in the cluster A personality disorders. At this time, treatment with pharmacologic agents is based on theory rather than evidence.

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Banerjee, Penny J. M., Simon Gibbon, and Nick Huband. "Assessment of personality disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15, no. 5 (September 2009): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005389.

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SummaryIn 2003 the Department of Health, in conjunction with the National Institute for Mental Health in England, outlined the government's plan for the provision of mental health services for people with a diagnosis of personality disorder. This emphasised the need for practitioners to have skills in identifying, assessing and treating these disorders. It is important that personality disorders are properly assessed as they are common conditions that have a significant impact on an individual's functioning in all areas of life. Individuals with personality disorder are more vulnerable to other psychiatric disorders, and personality disorders can complicate recovery from severe mental illness. This article reviews the classification of personality disorder and some common assessment instruments. It also offers a structure for the assessment of personality disorder.

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Ozkan, Mustafa, and Abdurrahman Altindag. "Comorbid personality disorders in subjects with panic disorder: do personality disorders increase clinical severity?" Comprehensive Psychiatry 46, no. 1 (January 2005): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.015.

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Park, Emma C., Glenn Waller, and Kenneth Gannon. "Early Improvement in Eating Attitudes during Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Eating Disorders: The Impact of Personality Disorder Cognitions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812001117.

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Background: The personality disorders are commonly comorbid with the eating disorders. Personality disorder pathology is often suggested to impair the treatment of axis 1 disorders, including the eating disorders. Aims: This study examined whether personality disorder cognitions reduce the impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for eating disorders, in terms of treatment dropout and change in eating disorder attitudes in the early stages of treatment. Method: Participants were individuals with a diagnosed eating disorder, presenting for individual outpatient CBT. They completed measures of personality disorder cognitions and eating disorder attitudes at sessions one and six of CBT. Drop-out rates prior to session six were recorded. Results: CBT had a relatively rapid onset of action, with a significant reduction in eating disorder attitudes over the first six sessions. Eating disorder attitudes were most strongly associated with cognitions related to anxiety-based personality disorders (avoidant, obsessive-compulsive and dependent). Individuals who dropped out of treatment prematurely had significantly higher levels of dependent personality disorder cognitions than those who remained in treatment. For those who remained in treatment, higher levels of avoidant, histrionic and borderline personality disorder cognitions were associated with a greater change in global eating disorder attitudes. Conclusions: CBT's action and retention of patients might be improved by consideration of such personality disorder cognitions when formulating and treating the eating disorders.

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Agbayewa, M. Oluwafemi. "Occurrence and Effects of Personality Disorders in Depression: Are They the Same in the Old and Young?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 4 (May 1996): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100406.

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Objectives: To determine the frequency and effects of personality disorders on episodes of depression in elderly and young inpatients. Personality disorders are common and may affect the prognosis of Axis I disorders. Methods: Clinical records of 89 elderly inpatients and a matched comparison group of 119 young inpatients were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to the DSM-III-R criteria. The frequency of personality disorder diagnoses in the 2 groups was determined. Within each group, severity, functioning, and treatment were compared between those with and without personality disorders. Results: Personality disorders were diagnosed more frequently in the young (40.3%) than in the elderly (27%). Both rates were similar to previous reports. Cluster C disorders were the most common personality disorders found in the elderly, compared to cluster B disorders in the young. Personality disorder in the young was associated with longer episodes of depression (P = 0.035) and poorer family relations (P < 0.001); whereas in the elderly, personality disorder was associated with more severe episodes (P = 0.014). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the frequency and effects of personality disorders on the depressed patient may differ according to age.

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Chioqueta, Andrea P., and Tore C. Stiles. "Assessing Suicide Risk in Cluster C Personality Disorders." Crisis 25, no. 3 (May 2004): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.3.128.

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Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess suicide risk in psychiatric outpatients with specific cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive). A sample of 142 psychiatric outpatients was used for the study. The sample was composed of 87 outpatients meeting diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder and 53 psychiatric outpatients meeting criteria for an axis I disorder only. The results showed that dependent, but not avoidant or obsessive-compulsive, personality disorders, as well as the clusters A and B personality disorders, were significantly associated with suicide attempts. This association remained significant after controlling for both a lifetime depressive disorder and severity of depression for the cluster A and the cluster B personality disorders, but not for dependent personality disorder. The results underline the importance of assessing suicide risk in patients with cluster A and cluster B personality disorders, while the assessment of suicide risk in patients with cluster C personality disorders seems to be irrelevant as long as assessment of a comorbid depressive disorder is appropriately conducted.

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Moran, Paul, Carolyn Coffey, Anthony Mann, John B. Carlin, and George C. Patton. "Personality and substance use disorders in young adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 188, no. 4 (April 2006): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.4.374.

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BackgroundThere have been no studies of the co-occurrence of personality and substance use disorders in young community-dwelling adults.AimsTo examine the association between DSM–IV personality disorders and substance use disorders in a large representative sample of young community-dwelling participants.MethodYoung Australian adults (n=1520, mean age=24.1 years) were interviewed to determine the prevalence of substance use disorders; 1145 also had an assessment for personality disorder.ResultsThe prevalence of personality disorder was 18.6% (95% CI 16.5–20.7). Personality disorder was associated with indices of social disadvantage and the likely presence of common mental disorders. Independent associations were found between cluster B personality disorders and substance use disorders. There was little evidence for strong confounding or mediating effects of these associations.ConclusionsIn young adults, there are independent associations between cluster B personality disorders and substance use disorders.

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Deary, Ian J., Alistair Peter, Elizabeth Austin, and Gavin Gibson. "Personality traits and personality disorders." British Journal of Psychology 89, no. 4 (November 1998): 647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02708.x.

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Samuels, Jack, William W. Eaton, O. Joseph Bienvenu, Clayton H. Brown, Paul T. Costa, and Gerald Nestadt. "Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 06 (June 2002): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.6.536.

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Background Knowledge of the prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in the community is important for identifying treatment needs and for provision of psychiatric services. Aims To estimate the prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample and to identify demographic subgroups with especially high prevalence. Method Clinical psychologists used the International Personality Disorder Examination to assess DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders in a sample of 742 subjects, ages 34–94 years, residing in Baltimore, Maryland. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between demographic characteristics and DSM - IV personality disorder clusters. Results The estimated overall prevalence of DSM - IV personality disorders was 9%. Cluster A disorders were most prevalent in men who had never married. Cluster B disorders were most prevalent in young men without a high school degree, and cluster C disorders in high school graduates who had never married. Conclusions Approximately 9% of this community sample has a DSM-IV personality disorder. Personality disorders are over-represented in certain demographic subgroups of the community

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