Journal articles on the topic 'Personal valence'
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Mayer, I. "Bond order and valence indices: A personal account." Journal of Computational Chemistry 28, no. 1 (2006): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20494.
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Maiorescu, Roxana D. "Personal public relations and celebrity scandals." Journal of Communication Management 21, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-02-2017-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between personal public relations practices, which trigger parasocial relationships between celebrities and their followers, and initial reactions to celebrity crises. For this purpose, the study analyzed Johnny Depp’s (JD’s) communication practices over a period of 15 years and assessed online perceptions of responsibility attribution and message valence in the aftermath of JD’s 2016 divorce and accusations of domestic violence. Design/methodology/approach The study employed the case study methodology and analyzed two data sets. First, a frequency analysis was conducted to determine the most prevalent cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 2011) present in JD’s interviews (n=116). Second, several χ2 tests were run on an additional sample of analysis (n=1,044) which comprised reactions on Twitter in the aftermath of the crisis. The study tested whether there was a relationship between culture, responsibility attribution, and message valence. Findings The results indicate a relationship between the dimension of long-term/short-term orientation and message valence, indulgence/restraint and responsibility attribution and finally, male dominance and message valence. These results suggest that, to a certain degree, the reactions to the crisis analyzed mirrored the celebrity’s public relations practices. Namely, cross-culturally initial responsibility attribution and message valence were influenced by the degree to which the celebrity’s values carried more weight in a culture than in others. Research limitations/implications The study only considered tweets that were written in English and stemmed from profiles that identified the location of the users. Furthermore, this analysis took a case study approach and assessed JD’s public relations practices. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize the results and their implications especially in circumstances in which celebrities do want to promote an image that deviates from their real identity so as to hide certain less appealing aspects of their lives. Nonetheless, the study represents a step forward toward the transition from marketing celebrities to promoting them transparently and around their personal values. Practical implications Currently, the entertainment industry is dominated by a marketing approach that commodifies celebrities to the extent to which their promotion deviates significantly from their personal values. As a result of this deviation, the approach makes it difficult to appropriately address crises since the latter constitute unexpected events. In addition, the marketing approach has been shown to further erode a celebrity’s well-being and lead to self-destructive behaviors. Conversely, a personal public relations approach allows practitioners to anticipate reactions to crises and respond adequately, therefore reducing further reputational damage. In addition, personal public relations practices trigger parasocial relationships between a celebrity and their followers by focusing on the transparent promotion of a celebrity, and therefore address concerns that celebrities raised in the past with regard to their objectification. Social implications Personal public relations practices shed light on the reality behind stardom and the promotion of personal values may be inspirational for celebrity followers. While marketing celebrities exposes publics to the glamorous life at Hollywood, personal public relations sheds light on the factors that triggered it, among which commitment, hard work, and/or dedication. Originality/value Currently, there is a paucity of studies that shed light on personal public relations and parasocial relationships in international contexts. In addition, the strategic communication literature with regard to celebrity crises lacks studies that analyze the publics’ reactions to crises. The present study aimed to fill these gaps.
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Wang, Jiaming, and Pin-Chao Liao. "Re-Thinking the Mediating Role of Emotional Valence and Arousal between Personal Factors and Occupational Safety Attention Levels." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115511.
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Emotions strongly affect occupational safety attention and public health; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the mediation mechanisms of emotional valence and arousal on safety attention using real time data. In all, 70 Chinese workers performed 8400 trials of hazard recognition tasks according to a pre-designed experiment. Their emotional and safety attention levels were recorded based on their facial expressions and eye movements, and the mediating mechanics of emotional valence and arousal were examined through a hierarchical regression. The study results show that: (1) emotional valence and arousal significantly and positively affect safety attention; (2) risk tolerance and personality significantly affect emotional valence and arousal but do not significantly affect safety attention; and (3) emotional valence and arousal significantly mediate safety attention levels and personal factors. From a theoretical viewpoint, this study corroborates the mediating role of emotion on occupational safety attention and personal factors by highlighting valence and arousal. Practically, managers can develop more specific training methods tailored to the results that pertain to workers’ higher emotional resilience for better occupational safety performance and health.
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Feather, N. T. "Values, valences, and course enrollment: Testing the role of personal values within an expectancy^valence framework." Journal of Educational Psychology 80, no. 3 (1988): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.381.
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Perugini, Marco, Marcello Gallucci, Fabio Presaghi, and Anna Paola Ercolani. "The personal norm of reciprocity." European Journal of Personality 17, no. 4 (July 2003): 251–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.474.
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Reciprocity is here considered as an internalized social norm, and a questionnaire to measure individual differences in the internalized norm of reciprocity is presented. The questionnaire, Personal Norm of Reciprocity (PNR), measures three aspects of reciprocity: positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, and beliefs in reciprocity. The PNR has been developed and tested in two cultures, British and Italian, for a total of 951 participants. A cross‐cultural study provides evidence of good psychometric properties and generalizability of the PNR. Data provide evidence for criterion validity and show that positive and negative reciprocators behave in different ways as a function of the valence (positive or negative) of the other's past behaviour, the type of feasible reaction (reward versus punishment), and the fairness of their reaction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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L. Hagans, Greg J. Neimeyer, C. Rob, Chad. "THE EFFECT OF ELICITATION METHODS ON PERSONAL CONSTRUCT DIFFERENTIATION AND VALENCE." Journal of Constructivist Psychology 13, no. 2 (April 2000): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/107205300265937.
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Campbell, Rosie, Philip Cowley, Nick Vivyan, and Markus Wagner. "Legislator Dissent as a Valence Signal." British Journal of Political Science 49, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000223.
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Existing research suggests that voters tend to respond positively to legislator independence due to two types of mechanism. First, dissent has an indirect effect, increasing a legislator’s media coverage and personal recognition among constituents (profile effects). Secondly, constituents react positively to dissent when this signals that the legislator has matching political or representational preferences (conditional evaluation). This article presents a third effect: dissent acts as a valence signal of integrity and trustworthiness. Consistent with the valence signalling mechanism, it uses new observational and experimental evidence to show that British voters have a strong and largely unconditional preference for legislators who dissent. The findings pose a dilemma for political systems that rely on strong and cohesive parties.
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Simon, Bernd, and Claudia Hastedt. "Self-aspects as social categories: the role of personal importance and valence." European Journal of Social Psychology 29, no. 4 (June 1999): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199906)29:4<479::aid-ejsp939>3.0.co;2-m.
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Lee, Min Seop, Yun Kyu Lee, Dong Sung Pae, Myo Taeg Lim, Dong Won Kim, and Tae Koo Kang. "Fast Emotion Recognition Based on Single Pulse PPG Signal with Convolutional Neural Network." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 3355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163355.
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Physiological signals contain considerable information regarding emotions. This paper investigated the ability of photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals to recognize emotion, adopting a two-dimensional emotion model based on valence and arousal to represent human feelings. The main purpose was to recognize short term emotion using a single PPG signal pulse. We used a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) to extract PPG signal features to classify the valence and arousal. We split the PPG signal into a single 1.1 s pulse and normalized it for input to the neural network based on the personal maximum and minimum values. We chose the dataset for emotion analysis using physiological (DEAP) signals for the experiment and tested the 1D CNN as a binary classification (high or low valence and arousal), achieving the short-term emotion recognition of 1.1 s with 75.3% and 76.2% valence and arousal accuracies, respectively, on the DEAP data.
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Kuzmičová, Anežka, and Katalin Bálint. "Personal Relevance in Story Reading." Poetics Today 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-7558066.
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Although personal relevance is key to sustaining an audience’s interest in any given narrative, it has received little systematic attention in scholarship to date. Across centuries and media, adaptations have been used extensively to bring temporally or geographically distant narratives “closer” to the recipient under the assumption that their impact will increase. In this article, we review experimental and other empirical evidence on narrative processing in order to unravel which types of personal relevance are more likely to be impactful than others, which types of impact (e.g., aesthetic, therapeutic, persuasive) they have been found to generate, and where their power becomes excessive or outright detrimental to reader experience. Together, the evidence suggests that narratives are read through the lens of the reader’s self-schema independently of genre, although certain groups of readers, especially in certain situations, may experience personal relevance and related effects more strongly than others. The literature further suggests that large-scale similarities between reader and character (e.g., gender) may not per se be enough for relevance effects to arise and that emotional valence has a role to play in the process alongside thematic saliency.
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Haj, Mohamad EL, and Philippe Allain. "Self-defining Memories and their Contribution to the Sense of Self in Alzheimer’s Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 17, no. 6 (October 7, 2020): 508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205017666200807184942.
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Aims: Unlike autobiographical memory (i.e., memory for personal information) in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), little is known about Self-Defining Memories (SDM) (i.e., memories of highly significant personal events) in AD. Methods: The characteristics of self-defining memories in AD were evaluated by analyzing their specificity, emotional valence, and integration, as well as their centrality and contribution to self-continuity. Results demonstrated fewer specific SDM in AD participants than in controls. Results: No significant differences were observed between AD participants and controls regarding the production of positive or integrated SDM. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between AD participants and controls regarding the rating of the centrality of SDM and their contribution to self-continuity. These results demonstrate that, although AD participants produce fewer specific SDM than controls, both populations have similar levels of emotional valence, integration, centrality, and selfcontinuity of these memories. Conclusion: It is concluded that patients with AD, at least those in the mild stages of the disease, can build on significant personal events and experiences (i.e., SDM) to reflect on how these events have changed the way they see themselves.
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Rescigno, Martina, Matteo Spezialetti, and Silvia Rossi. "Personalized models for facial emotion recognition through transfer learning." Multimedia Tools and Applications 79, no. 47-48 (August 13, 2020): 35811–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09405-4.
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AbstractEmotions represent a key aspect of human life and behavior. In recent years, automatic recognition of emotions has become an important component in the fields of affective computing and human-machine interaction. Among many physiological and kinematic signals that could be used to recognize emotions, acquiring facial expression images is one of the most natural and inexpensive approaches. The creation of a generalized, inter-subject, model for emotion recognition from facial expression is still a challenge, due to anatomical, cultural and environmental differences. On the other hand, using traditional machine learning approaches to create a subject-customized, personal, model would require a large dataset of labelled samples. For these reasons, in this work, we propose the use of transfer learning to produce subject-specific models for extracting the emotional content of facial images in the valence/arousal dimensions. Transfer learning allows us to reuse the knowledge assimilated from a large multi-subject dataset by a deep-convolutional neural network and employ the feature extraction capability in the single subject scenario. In this way, it is possible to reduce the amount of labelled data necessary to train a personalized model, with respect to relying just on subjective data. Our results suggest that generalized transferred knowledge, in conjunction with a small amount of personal data, is sufficient to obtain high recognition performances and improvement with respect to both a generalized model and personal models. For both valence and arousal dimensions, quite good performances were obtained (RMSE = 0.09 and RMSE = 0.1 for valence and arousal, respectively). Overall results suggested that both the transferred knowledge and the personal data helped in achieving this improvement, even though they alternated in providing the main contribution. Moreover, in this task, we observed that the benefits of transferring knowledge are so remarkable that no specific active or passive sampling techniques are needed for selecting images to be labelled.
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Pine, Charles J., and Alfred Jacobs. "Effect of Valence and Structure of Feedback on Reception in Personal Growth Groups." Psychological Reports 62, no. 2 (April 1988): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.2.631.
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60 college students participated in a one-time personal growth group experience. Subjects were assigned to one of eight groups. Groups participated in three exercises to promote interpersonal contact. Feedback sessions followed for all groups. Two groups generated and exchanged positive feedback and two groups generated and exchanged negative feedback among group members. Lists of statements (positive or negative) were used as feedback in the other four groups. Major factors were valence, structure, and replication Positive feedback was more credible, desirable, and influential than negative feedback as rated by recipients and donors. Exchanging positive information appears more easily achieved in short-term groups than is negative information, and apparently whether information is invented or selected from lists is not crucial. Group cohesiveness and personality change apparently ate not differentially influenced by main variables. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research.
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Binn, Andrea. "Effects of valence on selecting and memorizing spatial information from road maps." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-29-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Movements in unfamiliar environments require navigational tasks, which can be supported by selecting and memorizing spatial information from maps. However, this process of information extraction from maps is initiated and surrounded by a personal, emotional context. Since emotion and cognition are interlaced aspects and the visual search for information acquisition is influenced by mood and memory (Kruijne &amp; Meeter, 2015; Storbeck &amp; Clore, 2005), this research aims at determining the effects of valence on selecting and memorizing spatial information from road maps (e.g. google maps). Thereby it shall be evaluated, if common cartographic practices of visual appearance, e.g. saliency or hierarchy of objects, or the represented information itself, are in accordance with a users` need or notion of space under different emotional contexts.</p><p>Since subjective emotional contexts occur in a huge variety with low predictability and in various dimensions, this research uses a mental pre-activation of possible emotional contexts via audio-visual priming of positive and negative valence (Mayr, S., Buchner, A., 2007) before a memory task with road maps. The subsequent memory task aims at understanding “higher cognitive functions such as comprehension” (Borkin et al., 2016), by determining which information users acquire from road maps of unfamiliar space under different emotional contexts, and why they choose this information. The qualitative studies investigate on insights into the selection, learning, and recall of spatial information while being under different types of valence, such as either in an induced, acute, extrinsic stressful situation (negative valence) or in a more relaxed state (positive valence). Further they address on object selection strategies applied in the two group conditions, and on the participants' associations of object and location (Postma et al., 2004). Moreover, this research aims to contribute to a better understanding of how the emotional context affects object-location memory.</p><p>The results suggest that valence has an impact on the selection, learning, and recall of spatial information from road maps of unknown spaces while being under different emotional contexts. Judgements on spatial strategy, object selection and visual search strategy were affected stronger by the negative than positive arousal. Negative valence (stress) promotes strategic object selection strategies, higher memory retrieval and more accurate object-location memory, as well as a faster memory implementation of visually represented content. Positive valence promotes the development of personal associations of object and location. Findings show, that common cartographic practices (e.g. saliency, represented information) are just partly in accordance with what users select and memorize under emotional contexts.</p>
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Eng, Bennie, and Cheryl Burke Jarvis. "Consumers and their celebrity brands: how personal narratives set the stage for attachment." Journal of Product & Brand Management 29, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-02-2019-2275.
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Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate how consumer attachment to celebrity brands is driven by perceived narratives about the celebrity’s persona, which triggers communal (i.e. altruistic) relationship norms. The research investigates the differential role of narratives about celebrities’ personal vs professional lives in creating attachment and identifies and tests moderating effects of narrative characteristics including perceived source of fame, valence and authenticity. Design/methodology/approach Three online experiments tested the proposed direct, meditating and moderating relationships. Data was analyzed using mediation analysis and multiple ANOVAs. Findings The results suggest relationship norms that are more altruistic in nature fully mediate the relationship between narrative type and brand attachment. Additionally, personal narratives produce stronger attachment than professional narratives; the celebrity’s source of fame moderates narrative type and attachment; and on-brand narratives elicit higher attachment than off-brand narratives, even when these narratives are negative. Practical implications The authors offer recommendations for how marketers can shape celebrity brand narratives to build stronger consumer attachment. Notably, personal (vs professional) narratives are critical in building attachment, especially for celebrity brands that are perceived to have achieved their fame. Both positive and negative personal narratives can strengthen attachment for achieved celebrity brands, but only if they are on-brand with consumer expectations. Originality/value This research is an introductory examination of the fundamental theoretical process by which celebrity brand relationships develop from brand persona narratives and how characteristics of those narratives influence consumer-brand attachment.
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Baleva, M. V. "Intergroup Perception of Men and Women with Different Levels of Negative Traits." Social Psychology and Society 11, no. 2 (2020): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110208.
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Objectives. The study of male and female intergroup perception in terms of categorization by personal similarity and attractive / repulsive personal traits. Background. Today, the question of the basic factor in the attitudes formation remains highly relevant. Two of the strongest “competitors” claim to this role — homophilia and prosocial traits. Knowing the specific gravity of factors forming the relationship to the Other can help in the developing of effective forecasts for psychological compatibility and impression effects. Study design. A quasi-experimental design was used. Indicators of objective and subjective personal similarity of respondents with the object of perception (in consideration of gender) were regarded as independent variables. The relation to the object (including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components) was measured as a dependent variable. Participants. 414 students 18—24 years old, 86 male and 328 female. Measurements. Short Dark Triad; Attitude Scale. Stimulus material — video interview with a young man or young woman. Results. The effect of depolarization of the “good” and “bad” objects of the opposite sex was revealed for respondents with a high level of Dark Triad. This regularity is determined by gender specificity, and also “works” differently in the case of different Dark Triad traits and attitude components. Subjective awareness of similarities with the “bad” object leads to the most radical revision of his personal valence. Conclusions. Personal valence of the perceived object plays the key role in attitudes towards the Other. The factor of homophilia plays the secondary role, but in the case of inter-sexual perception it can lead to leveling and even inversion of the “good” and “bad” Other assessments.
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Fernández-Castro, Jordi, Joaquim T. Limonero, Tatiana Rovira, and Samanta Albaina. "Unrealistic Optimism and Perceived Control: Role of Personal Competence." Psychological Reports 91, no. 2 (October 2002): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.431.
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This work analyzed the effects of unrealistic optimism in the interaction between the emotional valence of future events, the perception of control over these events, and the person with whom one compares oneself. It was hypothesized that, if the person of comparison is judged as very competent, a pessimistic bias should be produced. Likelihood of four different types of events (positive and controllable, positive and uncontrollable, negative and controllable, and negative and uncontrollable) were rated by 133 university students (22 men and 111 women) for themselves, for an average student, for their best friend, and for a bright friend. A pessimistic bias was observed on the relative likelihood of the events when the comparison was made between oneself and a competent and bright friend, when events were perceived as controllable, especially positive ones. Not enough is known, however, to provide meaningful interpretation at present; that must await further data and theoretical development.
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Sakka, Laura S., and Suvi Saarikallio. "Spontaneous Music-Evoked Autobiographical Memories in Individuals Experiencing Depression." Music & Science 3 (January 1, 2020): 205920432096057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204320960575.
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Listening to music often triggers strong memories of events from our past, which influence how we affectively experience music listening and can therefore contribute to music’s therapeutic capacity. The aim of this study was to examine the valence and content of spontaneous music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) in listeners with self-reported depression, who typically demonstrate negatively biased autobiographical memory. Eighteen depressed and 21 controls participated in a music-listening experiment where they listened to a personalized music stimulus, described their memories, and thereafter rated the valence of these memories and of their induced affect. Participants’ ratings were statistically analysed, while the memory content was analysed with the use of a computerized text-analysis method and with a qualitative thematic analysis. Quantitative ratings of valence revealed a significant difference between groups: half of the depressed, compared to none of the controls, recalled a negative memory, and these were experienced with negative induced affect. The qualitative thematic analysis of the memory descriptions revealed that both depressed and control participants’ memories could be categorized into three first-level themes: (1) personal, (2) relationships, and (3) activities. Depressed participants’ negative memories were mainly located in the ‘relationships’ theme and included memories about loss and dysfunctional relationships, such as bullying, and in the ‘personal’ theme, including memories of mental health struggles and coping with music. Approximately a third of depressed participants recalled positive memories, and these were either related to loving family relationships or to activities. Limitations concerning the small sample size and implications regarding the function of music listening for depressed individuals are discussed.
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Wood, Chantelle, and Megan Freeth. "Students’ Stereotypes of Autism." Journal of Educational Issues 2, no. 2 (October 18, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v2i2.9975.
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<p>This research aimed to ascertain the contents (Study 1) and valence (Study 2) of the stereotype associated with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) in university students. Study 1 used a free-response methodology where participants listed the characteristics that they thought society associates with individuals with ASC. This study revealed that the stereotypic traits most frequently reported by students without personal experience of ASC were poor social skills, being introverted and withdrawn, poor communication and difficult personality or behaviour. Study 2 had participants rate the valence of the 10 most frequently mentioned stereotypic traits identified in Study 1, along with additional traits frequently used to describe disabled and non-disabled people. This study found that eight of the ten most frequently listed stereotypic traits from Study 1 were seen as negative, and were rated significantly more negatively than traits used to describe non-disabled people. The knowledge of the contents and valence of the stereotype of ASC gained from this research can be used to tackle negative aspects of this stereotype.</p>
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Bi, Nicky Chang, Ruonan Zhang, and Louisa Ha. "Does valence of product review matter?" Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing 13, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrim-04-2018-0049.
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Purpose As YouTubers began to create videos about their personal experience of using products, these video testimonials have become a powerful form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). This study aims to investigate the mediating role of self-effect and third-person effect in the relationships between eWOM seeking and passing along YouTube product review videos (video-based eWOM – vWOM) as a specific form of eWOM. Design/methodology/approach The paper used a survey to interview a total of 282 respondents at a public university in the Midwest USA with about 18,000 students. Findings The results show that perceived third-person effect leads to sharing more positive vWOM, while perceived self-effect results in a high likelihood of passing along negative vWOM. The general eWOM consumption does not have a direct effect on the sharing of vWOM. In addition, the YouTube sharing habit contributes to sharing vWOM regardless of valence. Practical implications The results provide marketers’ insights on how to utilize the social media such as YouTube to improve the visibility of promotional brand messages. Sharing of positive vWOM is due to perceived third-person effect (presumed influence), but sharing negative vWOM is due to perceived self-effect. It also suggests marketers take immediate remedial measures to avoid spreading of negative reviews to other users because if viewers are persuaded to think it could happen to themselves as well, they will spread the video. Originality/value The paper has theoretical implications. It contributes to the third-person effect and presumed influence literature by exploring its role in spreading the word for products. It also fills the gap in effects of eWOM literature by examining the mediating role of the valence of video-based eWOM in the spread of eWOM.
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Cipresso, Pietro, Daniela Villani, Claudia Repetto, Lucia Bosone, Anna Balgera, Maurizio Mauri, Marco Villamira, Alessandro Antonietti, and Giuseppe Riva. "Computational Psychometrics in Communication and Implications in Decision Making." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/985032.
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Recent investigations emphasized the role of communication features on behavioral trust and reciprocity in economic decision making but no studies have been focused on the effect of communication on affective states in such a context. Thanks to advanced methods of computational psychometrics, in this study, affective states were deeply examined using simultaneous and synchronized recordings of gazes and psychophysiological signals in 28 female students during an investment game. Results showed that participants experienced different affective states according to the type of communication (personal versus impersonal). In particular, participants involved in personal communication felt more relaxed than participants involved in impersonal communication. Moreover, personal communication influenced reciprocity and participants’ perceptions about trust and reciprocity. Findings were interpreted in the light of the Arousal/Valence Model and self-disclosure process.
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Janssen, Steve M. J., and Jaap M. J. Murre. "Reminiscence Bump in Autobiographical Memory: Unexplained by Novelty, Emotionality, Valence, or Importance of Personal Events." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 61, no. 12 (December 2008): 1847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701774242.
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Iniesta-Bonillo, M. Angeles, Raquel Sánchez-Fernandez, and Amparo Cervera-Taulet. "Online value creation in small service businesses: the importance of experience valence and personal values." Service Industries Journal 32, no. 15 (November 2012): 2445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2012.677833.
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Fioretti, Chiara, Debora Pascuzzi, and Andrea Smorti. "The Role of the Listener on the Emotional Valence of Personal Memories in Emerging Adulthood." Journal of Adult Development 24, no. 4 (May 18, 2017): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10804-017-9263-z.
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Shaik, Sason. "A personal story on a renaissance in valence bond theory: A theory coming of age!" Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 1116 (September 2017): 2–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2017.02.011.
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Christophe, Virginie, and Michel Hansenne. "Negative valence effect in affective forecasting: The unique impact of the valence among dispositional and contextual factors for certain life events." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 17, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.1945.
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Decades of research on affective forecasting have shown a persistent intensity bias—a strong tendency by which people overestimate their future hedonic response for positive events and underestimate it for negatives one. While previous research has provided answers on the isolated impact of various individual or contextual factors, this study is original in that it brings them together to determine which ones most influence the inaccuracy of affective forecasting. Participants were asked to predict their emotional satisfaction for a personal life event, the course (positive or negative) and date of which were already known. First, the results support previous research by showing that affective predictions are highly associated with people’s affective experience. Moreover, multiple regression showed that among the individual and contextual factors previously reported to be in relation with affective forecasting inaccuracy, only the valence of the event could explain inaccuracy of forecasting. According to a growing body of literature, these findings point out a tendency to underestimate the intensity of the affect predicted both for negative and positive, with a stronger underestimation for negative events: the negative valence effect.
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Cameron, Glen T., and Jian Yang. "Effect of Support and Personal Distance on the Definition of Key Publics for the Issue of AIDS." Journalism Quarterly 68, no. 4 (December 1991): 620–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909106800402.
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Situational theory predicts that those with a high problem recognition, high involvement and low constraint recognition will be active information seekers. A telephone survey of 493 individuals in a Southwestern city finds knowledge of AIDS is high among all groups and, as hypothesized, distinguishing audiences according to personal and impersonal levels of problem recognition, involvement and constraint recognition provides a useful extension of James Grunig's situational theory. The addition of valence of support as a predictor is also found to enhance the use of the situational variables in identifying target audiences for communication campaigns.
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Moran, J. M., C. N. Macrae, T. F. Heatherton, C. L. Wyland, and W. M. Kelley. "Neuroanatomical Evidence for Distinct Cognitive and Affective Components of Self." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 9 (September 2006): 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1586.
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This study examines whether the cognitive and affective components of self-reflection can be dissociated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using a simple paradigm in which subjects judged the personal relevance of personality characteristics that were either favorable (e.g., “honest”) or unfavorable (e.g., “lazy”, we found that distinct neural circuits in adjacent regions of the prefrontal cortex subserve cognitive and emotional aspects of self-reflection. The medial prefrontal cortex responded only to material that was self-descriptive, and this did not differ as a function of the valence of the trait. When material was judged to be self-relevant, the valence of the material was resolved in an adjacent region of ventral anterior cingulate. The nature of self is one of the most enduring questions in science, and researchers are now beginning to be able to decompose the neural operations that give rise to a unitary sense of self.
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Grabowski, Adam, and Philip Broemer. "I am so glad that we parted! Am I? On attitude representation, counterfactual thinking, and experienced regret." Polish Psychological Bulletin 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0018.
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Abstract Two studies examined how different linguistic forms affect the way in which people access memories of former close relationships that are irrevocably over. Remembering former relationships can activate either positive or negative attitudes. Whether people feel sorrow that bygones are in fact bygones depends on attitudinal valence, but also on the linguistic form in which people express their attitudes. More abstract linguistic forms prevent people from retrieving specific and detailed memories, and thus prompt them to generating more counterfactual thoughts and to experience stronger regret. In contrast, more concrete linguistic forms lead people to remember their personal past more vividly and accurately, and this subjective impression can forestall counterfactual thinking. Study 2 further shows that people are more prone to generate counterfactual thoughts when they focus on the final stage of their relationships rather than the beginning even when the valence of recalled attitudes and objective time are controlled.
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Ross, Michael, and Anne E. Wilson. "It feels like yesterday: Self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82, no. 5 (2002): 792–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.792.
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Pine, Charles J., and Alfred Jacobs. "The acceptability of behavioral and emotional feedback depending upon valence and structure in personal growth groups." Journal of Clinical Psychology 47, no. 1 (January 1991): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199101)47:1<115::aid-jclp2270470120>3.0.co;2-i.
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Lu, Chieh, and Ching Wan. "Cultural Self-Awareness as Awareness of Culture’s Influence on the Self: Implications for Cultural Identification and Well-Being." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 6 (January 23, 2018): 823–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217752117.
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Cultural self-awareness refers to the awareness of how culture has influenced the self. This research investigated how such awareness might be related to cultural identification and well-being. In Study 1, we developed a scale measure that differentiated individuals’ awareness of how culture has influenced them (cultural self-awareness) and how their own personality and personal experiences have influenced them (personal self-awareness). Factor analysis and item analysis showed a two-factor model with acceptable scale reliability. Study 2 showed that cultural self-awareness positively predicted well-being through higher cultural identification, whereas personal self-awareness positively predicted well-being through higher behavioral authenticity. Study 3 manipulated the valence of individuals’ cultural experience. The indirect effect of cultural self-awareness on well-being was stronger when cultural experience was positive (vs. negative). Study 4 provided a specific cultural context for the well-being measures and replicated the findings of Studies 2 and 3. Implications on the link between culture and self were discussed.
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Glachet, Ophélie, and Mohamad El Haj. "Emotional and Phenomenological Properties of Odor-Evoked Autobiographical Memories in Alzheimer’s Disease." Brain Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060135.
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Autobiographical memory, which contains all personal memories relative to our identity, has been found to be impaired in Alzheimer’ Disease (AD). Recent research has demonstrated that odor may serve as a powerful cue for the recovery of autobiographical memories in AD. Building on this research, we investigated emotional characteristics (arousal and valence) and subjective reliving of odor-evoked autobiographical memories in AD. We also investigated the relationship between these characteristics and depression. To this end, we invited participants with mild AD and controls to retrieve autobiographical memories after odor exposure or without odor. Results showed higher arousal, subjective reliving and more positive memories after odor exposure compared with the odor-free condition, these differences being observed only in AD participants. We also found that emotion (arousal and valence) and subjective reliving triggered by odor were associated with depressive symptoms in AD. These findings demonstrate that odor may be a useful cue to trigger more detailed, vivid and positive events in AD.
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Eidelman, Scott, and Paul J. Silvia. "Self-focus and stereotyping of the self." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 13, no. 2 (March 2010): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430209353631.
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A study tested the effects of mirror-induced self-focus on participants tendency to self-stereotype. Americans high and low in identification with their nationality rated themselves and the group “Americans on traits that varied in stereotypicality and valence. Participants made these ratings under one of three conditions: (1) while facing a mirror, (2) while facing a mirror with an American flag visible, and (3) while not facing a mirror. High identifiers were more likely to endorse stereotypic traits and to rate themselves as similar to their national group when self-focused. In contrast, low identifiers were less likely to endorse stereotypic traits and to rate themselves as similar to their national group when self-focused. These patterns were limited to traits negative in valence. Correlational analyses indicated that self/group ratings were most similar when high identifiers were self-focused. Implications for the distinction between personal and social identity are discussed.
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G. Richels, Corrin, and Rogge Jessica. "Emotion Word Use by Adolescents Who Stutter: An Exploratory Study." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 23, no. 1 (May 2013): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd23.1.6.
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Purpose: Deficits in the ability to use emotion vocabulary may result in difficulties for adolescents who stutter (AWS) and may contribute to disfluencies and stuttering. In this project, we aimed to describe the emotion words used during conversational speech by AWS. Methods: Participants were 26 AWS between the ages of 12 years, 5 months and 15 years, 11 months-old (n=4 females, n=22 males). We drew personal narrative samples from the UCLASS database. We used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software to analyze data samples for numbers of emotion words. Results: Results indicated that the AWS produced significantly higher numbers of emotion words with a positive valence. AWS tended to use the same few positive emotion words to the near exclusion of words with negative emotion valence. Conclusion: A lack of diversity in emotion vocabulary may make it difficult for AWS to engage in meaningful discourse about negative aspects of being a person who stutters
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Saha, Ranajit, Gourhari Jana, Sudip Pan, Gabriel Merino, and Pratim Kumar Chattaraj. "How Far Can One Push the Noble Gases Towards Bonding?: A Personal Account." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162933.
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Noble gases (Ngs) are the least reactive elements in the periodic table towards chemical bond formation when compared with other elements because of their completely filled valence electronic configuration. Very often, extreme conditions like low temperatures, high pressures and very reactive reagents are required for them to form meaningful chemical bonds with other elements. In this personal account, we summarize our works to date on Ng complexes where we attempted to theoretically predict viable Ng complexes having strong bonding to synthesize them under close to ambient conditions. Our works cover three different types of Ng complexes, viz., non-insertion of NgXY type, insertion of XNgY type and Ng encapsulated cage complexes where X and Y can represent any atom or group of atoms. While the first category of Ng complexes can be thermochemically stable at a certain temperature depending on the strength of the Ng-X bond, the latter two categories are kinetically stable, and therefore, their viability and the corresponding conditions depend on the size of the activation barrier associated with the release of Ng atom(s). Our major focus was devoted to understand the bonding situation in these complexes by employing the available state-of-the-art theoretic tools like natural bond orbital, electron density, and energy decomposition analyses in combination with the natural orbital for chemical valence theory. Intriguingly, these three types of complexes represent three different types of bonding scenarios. In NgXY, the strength of the donor-acceptor Ng→XY interaction depends on the polarizing power of binding the X center to draw the rather rigid electron density of Ng towards itself, and sometimes involvement of such orbitals becomes large enough, particularly for heavier Ng elements, to consider them as covalent bonds. On the other hand, in most of the XNgY cases, Ng forms an electron-shared covalent bond with X while interacting electrostatically with Y representing itself as [XNg]+Y−. Nevertheless, in some of the rare cases like NCNgNSi, both the C-Ng and Ng-N bonds can be represented as electron-shared covalent bonds. On the other hand, a cage host is an excellent moiety to examine the limits that can be pushed to attain bonding between two Ng atoms (even for He) at high pressure. The confinement effect by a small cage-like B12N12 can even induce some covalent interaction within two He atoms in the He2@B12N12 complex.
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Demjén, Zsófia. "Motion and conflicted self metaphors in Sylvia Plath’s ‘Smith Journal’." Metaphor and the Social World 1, no. 1 (July 22, 2011): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.1.1.02dem.
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This paper considers how mental states can be conveyed by metaphorical expressions in texts of a personal nature. Figurative language is understood to play an important role in the expression of such complex nuanced phenomena (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999; Kövecses, 2000; Gibbs, Leggit & Turner, 2002). This study focuses on two main groups of metaphors, linked to mental states, in the Smith Journal of “The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath”. ‘Mental state’ here refers to various aspects of cognitive functioning, but with a focus on mental states of affect — mental states that are intrinsically valenced (Ortony & Turner, 1990). Specifically, this paper focuses on metaphors of MOTION and SPLIT SELF. Both manual intensive analyses and automated corpus methodologies are employed in the investigation: Wmatrix (Rayson, 2009) is used to explore relevant expressions, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of metaphor groups. Relevant expressions are identified by an in-depth manual analysis of sample journal entries. The MIP procedure (Pragglejaz, 2007) is used for metaphor identification, and interpretations draw on research in psychology. Metaphors of mental states are analyzed in terms of their implications for conveying various aspects of mental states, such as valence and intensity.
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Harmon-Jones, Eddie, Lacey Lueck, Meghan Fearn, and Cindy Harmon-Jones. "The Effect of Personal Relevance and Approach-Related Action Expectation on Relative Left Frontal Cortical Activity." Psychological Science 17, no. 5 (May 2006): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01724.x.
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Past research using a variety of methods has suggested that the frontal cortex is asymmetrically involved in the experience and expression of positive (or approach motivational) and negative (or withdrawal motivational) affects, with the left frontal region being involved in positive affects (or approach) and the right frontal region being involved in negative affects (or withdrawal). However, some studies have failed to replicate these effects, leaving many scientists questioning the meaning of the past supportive findings. To examine these inconsistencies in results, we tested the hypothesis that increasing the personal relevance of the stimuli and approach motivational intensity would increase relative left frontal activation. Results supported the predictions. Moreover, by showing the predicted effects with anger-inducing stimuli, the results demonstrated that motivational direction, rather than affective valence, accounts for asymmetrical frontal cortical activity.
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Hore, Sirshendu, and Tanmay Bhattacharya. "Analyzing Tagore's Emotion With the Passage of Time in Song-Offerings." International Journal of Synthetic Emotions 10, no. 2 (July 2019): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijse.2019070102.
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The emotions of humans can be observed through tears, smiles, etc. The emotion of poets is reflected through poetry/songs. The works of a poet give philosophical insights about the beauty and mystery of nature, socio-economic conditions of that era, besides his personal state of mind. In the proposed work ‘Song- Offerings': A collection of poems and songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore, for which, Tagore received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913, has been analyzed. Earlier, most of the research work on Song-Offerings was based on Zipf's law or bibliometric laws. This article analyzes the changes in Tagore's emotion in Song-Offerings with the passage of time (1895-1912). Emotions are analyzed based on the Arousal-Valence Model. To analyze the arousal state, ‘Plutchik's' emotion model has been employed and to find the valence, a Fuzzy-based model has been engaged. The work reveals that the emotions of the poet gradually mellows with the passage of time barring some transitional time, nevertheless, poet submission towards almighty remains unchanged during this period.
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Helminen, Elisa, and Raija-Leena Punamäki. "Contextualized emotional images in children's dreams: Psychological adjustment in conditions of military trauma." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 3 (May 2008): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408089267.
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This study examines the impact of military trauma on contextualized emotional images in children's dreams, and the function of the intensity and valence of the emotional images in protecting mental health from negative trauma impact. Participants were 345 Palestinian children and adolescents (aged 5—16 years) belonging to high trauma (Gaza) and non-trauma (Galilee) groups. They reported nocturnal dreams using a seven-night dream diary. The results show, as hypothesized, that the dreams of children exposed to severe military trauma incorporated more intense and more negative emotional images. High intensity and low negative, and high positive emotional images in dreams may protect children's mental health. Children in the trauma group showed relatively fewer post-traumatic symptoms if their dreams incorporated intensive and positive emotional images. Similarly, personal exposure to military trauma was not associated with anxiety and aggressiveness among children whose dreams had low negative valence, or with lower anxiety when dreams had intensive emotional images. The emotional qualities of dreams are discussed as possible indicators of children processing their traumatic experiences.
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Manganari, Emmanouela E., Evangelos Mourelatos, and Efthalia Dimara. "Beyond the Lexical Sense of Online Reviews: The Role of Emoticons and Consumer Experience." Interacting with Computers 32, no. 5-6 (April 29, 2020): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwab004.
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Abstract The present study focuses on the effect of emoticon use in online consumer reviews (OCRs) on consumers’ booking intention and the moderating effect of consumer personal characteristics. Consumers’ prior experience and their reliance on OCRs are embedded in the research model. A 2 × 2 (review valence * emoticon use) experimental study is designed, and an econometric model is used. Results show that the interaction between review valence and emoticons affect booking intention. Consumers with no prior experience are mainly affected by the cognitive aspects of their experience (i.e. review credibility and attitude toward the review) while experienced consumers are affected by the experiential aspects of booking process (i.e. entertainment, satisfaction and social influence). Consumers that rely on OCRs are affected by emoticons while consumers without review reliance are affected by emoticons only in the case of positive reviews. The personalization of websites and the provision of a focused list of emoticons can be adopted by managers to enhance OCRs effectiveness and the online shopping experience as a whole.
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Kambara, Toshimune, Tomotaka Umemura, Michael Ackert, and Yutao Yang. "The Relationship between Psycholinguistic Features of Religious Words and Core Dimensions of Religiosity: A Survey Study with Japanese Participants." Religions 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11120673.
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Previous studies have reported that religious words and religiosity affect mental processes and behaviors. However, it is unclear what psycholinguistic features of religious words (e.g., familiarity, imageability, and emotional aspects) are associated with each dimension of personal religiosity (intellect, ideology, public practice, private practice, and experience). The purpose of this study was to examine whether and how the above-mentioned psycholinguistic features of religious words correlate with each of the core dimensions of religiosity. Japanese participants evaluated four psycholinguistic features of twelve religious words using a 5-point Semantic Differential scale for familiarity and imageability and a 9-point Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale for emotional valence and emotional arousal. The participants also rated their own religiosity using the Japanese version of the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (JCRS). The results of the study revealed that (1) the scales measuring the psycholinguistic features of religious words were statistically reliable; (2) the JCRS was reliable; (3) the familiarity, emotional valence, and emotional arousal of religious words and each mean dimensional score of the JCRS score correlated positively with each other; and (4) highly religious people had higher familiarity and higher emotional arousal to religious words than non-religious people, whereas highly religious people had higher emotional valence to religious words in comparison with non-religious and religious people. In addition, religious people had higher familiarity to religious words than non-religious people. Taken together, these findings suggest that psycholinguistic features of religious words contribute to the detection of religiosity.
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Kosif, Rengin, Murat Diramali, and Selin Yilmaz. "Investigation on the relationship between personal characteristics with lip, jaw and philtrum dimensions." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 9 (August 25, 2018): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183626.
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Background: The relationship between the sizes of the structures that form our face, such as lips, philtrum, and the jaw, and our personality characteristics are unknown. In this study, it was scientifically researched whether lip, jaw and philtrum anatomy can give us clues on personality characteristics or not.Methods: The photographs of the university students were taken using digital camera in two positions. The students who were photographed were asked to simultaneously complete personality test. The photographs were transferred to the computer and, using photoshop program installed on the computer, measurements were made. The mouth widths, upper and lower lip thicknesses, the distance between lip spots, philtrum length and width, lateral mouth width, jaw heights were recorded, and lip type and philtrum depth were identified. The results were compared to the personality characteristics of the students.Results: Lip thicknesses were found to be correlated positively only with the ‘openness to experience’ trait from among personality characteristics. A positive correlation between lip type and ‘conscientiousness’ was also found. There was a negative correlation between philtrum length and ‘negative valence’.Conclusions: This study shows that lip thickness and philtrum length can give us an idea regarding personality characteristics.
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Leonova, І. M. "SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF WOMEN’S LONELINESS." Ukrainian Psychological Journal, no. 2 (14) (2020): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/upj.2020.2(14).9.
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Factors of loneliness experienced by women from different social groups, identified with factor analysis, are considered. Six structural factors were identified: neuroticism, an individual’s position in relation to herself and others, sociability, interpersonal relationships, personal potential, behavioural types. Each of these factors has a direction, so determines a woman’s sociality or, vice versa, deepness of her loneliness. We have determined that personal qualities developed due to experienced negative emotions, including low self-esteem, too high demands toward themselves and others, depression, fear and anxiety, insecurity, or emotional instability, contribute to antisocial behaviour (social indifference) and loneliness. A woman’s aggressive-negative position is one of the factors influencing her maladaptation to society and making her feels lonely. We can also argue that destructive communications also contribute to the feeling of loneliness. We have found that harmony and comfort at interpersonal relationships and loneliness depends on a woman’s position in interpersonal relationships, their distance and valence. Women with a high personal potential are less likely to experience feelings of loneliness than women with low personal potential. Moreover, fear and aggression directly affect the development of women’s depressed-aggressive behaviour, which leads to social maladaptation; this fact allowed us to understand the causes for the fear of being alone and the mechanism forming women’s feeling of loneliness.
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Bartsch, Anne, and Mary Beth Oliver. "Making Sense of Entertainment." Journal of Media Psychology 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000026.
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This contribution explores the relationship of emotion and cognition in entertainment experience. Drawing on the reflective model of aesthetic experience ( Cupchik, 1995 ) and the concept of appreciation ( Oliver & Bartsch, 2010 ), we propose a multi-level view of affective processing that includes simple affect schemata as well as more elaborate forms of sociomoral reasoning that build on this basic layer of emotional meaning. To better understand how affective factors can stimulate or impede cognitive elaboration processes, we review research on motivated cognition that has dealt with the influence of arousal, valence, and personal relevance on cognitive depth. The role of affect in defensive information processing (i.e., the motivated neglect or denial of information) is also considered. Specifically, we discuss how research on motivated cognition can help explain thought-provoking entertainment experiences, and the potential of such experiences to stimulate self-reflection and personal growth.
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Child, Scarlett, Jane Oakhill, and Alan Garnham. "Tracking your emotions: An eye-tracking study on reader’s engagement with perspective during text comprehension." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 6 (February 27, 2020): 929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820905561.
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An eye-tracking study explored perspective effects on eye-movements during reading. We presented texts that included either a personal perspective ( you) or an onlooker perspective (he or she). We measured whether fixations on the pronouns themselves differed as a function of perspective, and whether fixations on pronouns were affected by the emotional valence of the text which was either positive or negative. It was found that early in the text, processing of you is easier than he or she. However, as the character referred to by he or she becomes more familiar, fixations on he or she decrease, specifically in negative contexts.
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Lindeman, Meghan I. H., Bettina Zengel, and John J. Skowronski. "An exploration of the relationship among valence, fading affect, rehearsal frequency, and memory vividness for past personal events." Memory 25, no. 6 (July 18, 2016): 724–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1210172.
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Gonan Božac, Marli, and Katarina Kostelić. "HR Managers’ Emotions in Strategic Decision-Making Events: Evidence from Croatia." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020845.
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The inclusion of emotions in the strategic decision-making research is long overdue. This paper deals with the emotions that human resource managers experience when they participate in a strategic problem-solving event or a strategic planning event. We examine the patterns in the intensity of experienced emotions with regard to event appraisal (from a personal perspective and the organization’s perspective), job satisfaction, and coexistence of emotions. The results reveal that enthusiasm is the most intensely experienced emotion for positively appraised strategic decision-making events, while frustration is the most intensely experienced emotion for negatively appraised problem-solving events, as is disappointment for strategic planning. The distinction between a personal and organizational perspective of the event appraisal reveals differences in experienced emotions, and the intensity of experienced anger is the best indicator of the difference in the event appraisals from the personal and organizational perspective. Both events reveal the variety of involved emotions and the coexistence of—not just various emotions, but also emotions of different dominant valence. The findings indicate that a strategic problem-solving event triggers greater emotional turmoil than a strategic planning event. The paper also discusses theoretical and practical implications.
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Siqveland, Johan, Edvard Hauff, Torleif Ruud, and Timothy J. Brennen. "Posttraumatic stress and autobiographical memory in chronic pain patients." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 19, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2018-0044.
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Abstract Background and aims Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to more severe pain among chronic pain patients. PTSD is also related to dysfunctions or biases in several cognitive processes, including autobiographical memory. The autobiographical memories are our memories of specific personal events taking place over a limited amount of time on a specific occasion. We investigated how two biases in autobiographical memory, overgeneral memory style and negative emotional bias were related to pain, PTSD and trauma exposure in chronic pain patients. Methods Forty-three patients with diverse chronic pain conditions were recruited from a specialist pain clinic. The patients were evaluated for psychiatric diagnosis, with a diagnostic interview Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) and for exposure to the most common types of traumatic events with the Life Event Checklist (LEC). The patients were tested with the 15-cue-words version of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). In this test the participants are presented verbally to five positive, five neutral and five negative cue words and asked to respond with a personal, episodic memory associated with the cue word. The participant’s responses were coded according to level of specificity and emotional valence. Pain intensity was assessed on a Visual Analogy Scale (VAS) and extent of pain by marking affected body parts on a pre-drawn body figure. Comparisons on autobiographical memory were made between PTSD and non-PTSD groups, and correlations were computed between pain intensity and extent of pain, trauma exposure and autobiographical memory. Results PTSD and extent of pain were significantly related to more negatively emotionally valenced memory responses to positive and negative cue words. There were no significant difference in response to neutral cue words. PTSD status and pain intensity were unrelated to overgeneral autobiographical memory style. Conclusions A memory bias towards negatively emotionally valenced memories is associated with PTSD and extent of pain. This bias may sustain negative mood and thereby intensify pain perception, or pain may also cause this memory bias. Contrary to our expectations, pain, trauma exposure and PTSD were not significantly related to an overgeneral memory style. Implications Cognitive therapies that have an ingredient focusing on amending memory biases in persons with comorbid pain and PTSD might be helpful for this patient population. Further investigations of negative personal memories and techniques to improve the control over these memories could potentially be useful for chronic pain treatment.
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McBride, Carolina, and Philippe Cappeliez. "Effects of Manipulating Valence and Arousal Components of Mood on Specificity of Autobiographical Memory." Psychological Reports 95, no. 2 (October 2004): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.2.615-630.
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An important cognitive deficit in clinical depression is the inability to be specific in recalling personal memories, a phenomenon coined “overgeneral memory” by Williams and Broadbent. Although there is general consensus that overgeneral memory is not state-dependent, most of the evidence originates from studies of this effect in clinical populations. The two components of mood, valence and arousal, were manipulated to examine their influence on memory specificity in a nonclinical sample of university undergraduate students. In Exp. 1, a Velten procedure was used to induce elated, depressed, or neutral mood states. No difference was found in autobiographical memory specificity among the three groups. In Exp. 2, high and low arousal states were induced through physical exercise. A low arousal state resulted in an increased proportion of overgeneral memories, suggesting that this memory phenomenon may be influenced by the arousal component of mood.