Journal articles on the topic 'Personal situations'
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Svilo, Yanina V. "COPING STRATEGIES AS A PERSONAL RESOURCE IN HIGH ADOLESCENCE." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University: Psychology Series 1 (January 28, 2021): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2415-7384-2021-12-90-94.
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This article considers coping strategies as a resource for an individual in a difficult life or stressful situation. The article gives the definition of coping behavior. Situations are given that, according to the results of research by I. M. Nikolskaya and R. M. Granovskaya, are stressful for children and require the use of coping strategies to cope with them. Such situations are: loss, illness and death of an animal; low school performance; injuries and life-threatening situations; adult problems, including material ones; conflict situations in the family; loss of a loved one, his illness; other fears and stressful situations. These authors also are considering the main ways for children and adults to cope with stressful situations. Children are more inclined to use the following coping methods: active involvement in the resolution of the current situation (correction of the assessment, a step towards reconciliation with a friend); search for social support (search for people who can listen, understand, support, give advice); concentration on your own desires (satisfaction of what you really wanted for some time); abstraction from the situation, withdrawal; analyzing the situation and giving it a new meaning. The features of coping strategies in childhood are emphasized. It is noted that coping strategies used by children develop in the family and depend on the coping behavior of parents or other significant people. The article is considering the researches of a number of authors devoted to the study of the dynamics of coping behavior of students from early childhood to adolescence. The difference in the preferred ways of coping with difficult situations, depending on the gender of the child in each age period, is emphasized. This article presents the results of the study of coping strategies used by children of senior adolescence. In total, 54 schoolchildren, students of grades 9-11, took part in the study. The methodology “Strategies for overcoming stressful situations” (SACS) by S. Hobfoll, adapted by N. Vodopyanova and E. Starchenkova, was used as a diagnostic material. The questionnaire contains nine models of coping behavior: “Assertive actions”, “Entering into social contact”, “Search for social support”, “Cautious actions”, “Impulsive actions”, “Avoidance”, “Indirect actions”, “Asocial actions”, “Aggressive actions”. Among high school students, high rates are noted on the scales of “avoidance”, “asocial actions”, “aggressive actions”. The rest of the scales are dominated by average indicators. Accordingly, older students in stressful situations tend to react aggressively to problems, blame the people around them for what is happening, and also ignore the situation, behave as if nothing had happened, and avoid thinking about a problem situation. They put themselves above all others, they believe that only their opinion is correct. By the study the general index of constructiveness of coping strategies, it is noted that the majority of the subjects have an average level of constructiveness, which indicates that, in general, they are able to cope with stressful situations without negative consequences in the future.
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Rabow, Jerome, Michael D. Newcomb, Martin A. Monto, and Anthony C. R. Hernandez. "Altruism in Drunk Driving Situations: Personal and Situational Factors in Intervention." Social Psychology Quarterly 53, no. 3 (September 1990): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786959.
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Anokhina, Galina Mikhailovna. "Personal development in technology science education." Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, no. 1 (March 30, 2010): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51314/2073-2635-2010-1-28-34.
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The book shows the urgent problem of development of key competences of the individual personality-oriented technology science education. Revealed a new form of training sessions with Situation-search tool training, enabling it to achieve personal growth. The mechanism demonstrates the evolution of situations of personal development in a situation of self-identity of the student.
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TEVOSYAN, MARIA. "CORRELATION OF PERSONAL AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONFLICT SITUATION." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 5, no. 2 (September 9, 2014): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v5i2.62.
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The system of the factors affecting the origin and development of a conflict situation is observed in the article based on the analysis of the situational concept, where enhancing and problematic situations are presented as development stages and components of a conflict situation. The factors reasoning the alteration of the situation are presented as an inter–complementary system of objective and subjective variables, based on the complementary principle. The significance of the interaction of cognitive–affective components is emphasized in the system of personal determinants, which vary from the situational characteristics and based on the influence they are having on the person.
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Greb, Fabian, Wolff Schlotz, and Jochen Steffens. "Personal and situational influences on the functions of music listening." Psychology of Music 46, no. 6 (August 24, 2017): 763–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735617724883.
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On the one hand, the majority of research on the functions of music listening focuses on individual differences; on the other hand, a growing amount of research investigates situational influences. However, the question of how much of our daily engagement with music is attributable to individual characteristics and how much it depends on the situation is still under-researched. To answer this question and to reveal the most important predictors of the two domains, participants ( n = 587) of an online study reported on questions regarding the situation, the music, and the functions of music listening for three self-selected situations. Additionally, multiple person-related variables were measured. Results revealed that the influence of individual and situational variables on the functions of music listening varied across functions. The influence of situational variables on the functions of music listening outweighed the influence of individual characteristics. On the situational level, main activity while listening to music showed the greatest impact, while on the individual level, intensity of music preference was most influential. Our findings suggest that research on music in everyday life should incorporate both – individual and situational – variables determining the complex behavior of people interacting with music in a certain situation.
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Selejan, Ileana L. "Actions. Situations. Possible Scenarios." Protest, Vol. 4, no. 2 (2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m7.050.art.
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Zigzagging through personal memory and historical episodes of great consequence – the fall of the Berlin wall, the Romanian revolution and the April 2018 protests in Nicaragua – the essay seeks points of connection between the personal and the political, exploring how the two are intimately and inextricably intertwined. The textual approach can be situated in-between historical analysis and auto-biographical fiction; the aim is to enable multi-layered narratives, and contrasting, conflicting temporalities to co-exist. Illustrative of this intent, Romanian artist Călin Man intervenes upon the more well-known documentary photographs referenced in the text, by conflating them with everyday snapshots from the city of Arad taken at different points along the temporal arc described. Keywords: documentary, memory, personal history, photography, revolution, transnationalism
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Sternberg, Robert J. "Adaptive Intelligence: Intelligence Is Not a Personal Trait but Rather a Person × Task × Situation Interaction." Journal of Intelligence 9, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9040058.
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This article explores the advantages of viewing intelligence not as a fixed trait residing within an individual, but rather as a person × task × situation interaction. The emphasis in the article is on the role of persons solving tasks embedded in situations involving learning, intellectual abilities, and competencies. The article opens with a consideration of the role of situations in intelligent behavior. The article then discusses how intelligence is more similar to creativity and wisdom, in terms of the role of situations, than many psychologists have realized. Then the article reviews the role of situations in identity-based and irrational thinking and in conspiratorial thinking and cults. Next the article discusses the demonstrated importance of situations in assessment, but also notes the difficulties in sampling situations. Finally, the article draws conclusions, in particular, that, given our lack of situation-based tests, we need to be more modest in our interpretations results from conventional tests of intelligence.
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Kresova, N. Yu. "TOLERANCE FOR AMBIGUITY IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERSONAL COMPONENT OF SITUATIONS RELATED WITH PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEMS." Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafyev 58, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/1995-0861-2021-58-4-309.
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Statement of the problem. Improving the quality of resolving difficult situations associated with teachers’ professional activity is possible only by studying those personal and situational variables that a) affect the resolution of difficult situations, b) are included in the personal structure and are available for comprehension. Tolerance for ambiguity (TA), being an intersubjective personality parameter, has all the necessary characteristics and can be considered when developing socio-psychological programs for teachers. However, its contribution to the resolution of difficult situations is currently not well understood. The purpose of the article is to show the place of TA in the structure of the personal component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties based on experimental data. Review of scientific literature on the problem. TA has many interpretations and is considered by researchers as a personality trait, as a metacognitive characteristic, as a socio-psychological attitude. Currently, without denying the multidimensionality of the concept, the emotional, cognitive and perceptual components of TA are considered. This means a return, at a new level, to the original idea of E. Frenkel-Brunswik, author of this psychological concept, who defined TA as an emotional-cognitive personality variable associated with the ambivalence of experiencing negative and positive properties of objects of reality. Sharing the views of E. Lehtinen and K. Merenluoto, we consider TA not as a stable, but as a dynamic characteristic. However, we have to admit that in this aspect the problem has been studied least of all. Therefore, studying the structure of the personal component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties, we consider as a separate task of studying TA as a structural component that develops in personal and situational interaction. Materials and methods. The research methodology is built in accordance with the idea of L.S. Vygotsky and K. Levin, according to which any objective characteristic with which a person interacts becomes subjective through experience. The second foundation is understanding of the personality in the existential and humanistic approach as the leading instance that mediates any interaction with the world and oneself. The third foundation is a situational approach. The study involved 111 practicing teachers, who were offered five problem-solving tasks. Self-reports were processed using content analysis, the results were correlated with the data of personality techniques, including S. Badner’s TA test, and were subjected to factorization. Research results. The paper proves that TA refers to intersubjective parameters that affect the relationship between the personality and the situation. The TA factor turned out to be significant for all three groups of open, closed, and mixed models of interaction in difficult situations and is included in the structure of the personal component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties along with such factors as autonomy, communication, cognitive interest, openness, and creativity. Conclusion. The idea of K. Dahlbert that TA is most of all connected with the time factor was confirmed. During the study, it was found out that entering into different combinations within the personality structure, the TA parameter forms different configurations. Combined with the “orientation in time” factor, TA promotes an open type of interaction, while intolerance is associated with categoricalness and a closed type of communication in a situation of difficulty. Temporal competence enhances the personality ability to resolve a situation of difficulty through time resource management. At the same time, expectation of easiness and categoricalness lower the developmental potential of interaction in a situation of difficulty. In general, the high weight of TA in the structure of the personality component of situations related with pedagogical difficulties allows us to consider TA as a task and condition in the development of socio-psychological programs for practicing teachers.
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Lind, Anette. "Harmful Effects in Personal Assistants´ Client Transfer Situations." Ergonomics Open Journal 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875934301407010001.
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Karbovskii, Vladislav A., Daniil V. Voloshin, Kseniia A. Puzyreva, and Aleksandr S. Zagarskikh. "Personal Decision Support Mobile Service for Extreme Situations." Procedia Computer Science 29 (2014): 1646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.150.
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Holovchenko, T. O. "PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PERSONAL ANXIETY IN STRESSFUL SITUATIONS." Habitus, no. 43 (2022): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2663-5208.2022.43.19.
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Zureck, Alexander, Julius Reiter, and Martin Svoboda. "Cross-Generational Investment Behavior and the Impact on Personal Finance." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 3, no. 2 (2018): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.32.3002.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate socio-economic development condition and convergence evaluation in the EU-28 states in the context of the EU policy goals. The aim of this research is to estimate socioeconomic disparities and convergence problems in the European states by applying real valuations of well-being situations and economic development challenges in the EU member states. The research methodology is based on the European Commission legitimate documents application and socio-economic strategies, on the convergence theory and convergence scenario calculations along with socioeconomic forecasts analysis in the EU states. This research presents information about different socioeconomic indicators, indexes, and scheme of information`s flows for convergence level estimation. This study contains objectives and general outlines of period 2014-2020 in the framework of Europe as a whole, as well its impact on the EU member states economies and living conditions. Changes in the main socioeconomic concepts impact on EU convergence policy and rapidity of convergence depends on the initial discrepancy of the development level in the EU states. The efficiency of European convergence policy can also be improved by significant economic growth and by a clever choice of the country-specific social activities. This research investigates above information for social situations estimations in EU states as well as GDP growth, unemployment, population’s income level and different welfare indicators. The main results reflect the overall economic situation valuation in the EU countries and present European convergence policy’s impact on social development in the European states. The conclusions contain socio-economic situations appreciation in the context of European strategy goals and social inequality problems clarification in the EU states.
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Rauthmann, John, and Ryne Sherman. "Toward a Research Agenda for the Study of Situation Perceptions: A Variance Componential Framework." Personality and Social Psychology Review 23, no. 3 (April 22, 2018): 238–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868318765600.
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Situation perception represents the fulcrum of a “psychology of situations” because situation ratings are ubiquitous. However, no systematic research program exists so far, particularly because two competing traditions have not been integrated: Objectivist views stress situations’ consensually shared meanings (social reality), and subjectivist views idiosyncratic meanings (personal reality). A componential framework can disentangle social from personal reality in situation perceptions: When multiple perceivers (P) rate multiple situations (S) on multiple situation characteristics (C), variance in those ratings can be decomposed according to S × C, P × S, and P × C breakdowns. Six grand questions of situation perception research are spawned from these decompositions: complexity, similarity, assimilation, consensus, uniqueness, and accuracy. Analyses of real data are provided to exemplify our ideas, along with customizable R codes for all methods. A componential framework allows novel and unique insights into different questions surrounding situation perceptions and provides a coherent research agenda.
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Agadullina, Elena R., Elena P. Belinskaya, and Malika R. Dzhuraeva. "Personal and situational predictors of proactive coping with difficult life situations: cross-cultural differences." National Psychological Journal 39, no. 3 (2020): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/npj.2020.0304.
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Background The characteristics and predictors of proactive coping still remain insufficiently studied topics in psychology. At the same time, the study of a person’s perception and assessment of possible future-related difficulties becomes more and more relevant in the context of accelerating social changes. The objective of the research is to identify culturally specific and culturally universal patterns in the choice of proactive coping strategies, depending on the interaction of personal and situational determinants. Design. The research was conducted in the form of an online survey involving students from Moscow (N = 311) and from Tashkent (N = 272) as respondents. Participants in the study consistently completed questionnaires to assess the preferences of various strategies of proactive coping, the level of general self-efficacy, the degree of tolerance to uncertainty, and the current experience of positive / negative affect. Results. In the course of the study it was revealed that the previously adapted Russian-language version of the methodology of proactive coping strategies by E. Greenglass has cultural invariance. Comparison of respondents from Russia and Uzbekistan in terms of the severity of proactive coping strategies showed that Moscow respondents prefer strategies of seeking information and emotional support to a greater extent than Tashkent ones. Testing the model of interaction of situational and personal variables showed that it is the interaction of emotional state and self-efficacy that determines the preference for strategies of proactive, reflexive, preventive coping and strategic planning strategies both in Russia and in Uzbekistan. The interaction of tolerance to uncertainty with emotional state positively predicts only the preference for a proactive coping strategy in both samples and negatively predicts the choice of a strategic planning strategy among respondents from Uzbekistan. Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrated more cultural versatility than cultural specificity in favoring different strategies for proactive coping. Two directions of further research are possible: conducting a meaningful analysis of the image of difficult situations from the point of view of both cultural specificity and cross-cultural invariance. The second direction is expanding the spectrum of the studied determinants of proactive coping, including possible social values and personal value orientations.
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Бохонкова, Юлія, Ольга Лосієвська, Юрій Хунов, Юрій Сербін, and Марина Кобиляцька. "Стратегії поведінки особистості в конфліктних ситуаціях." Теоретичні і прикладні проблеми психології, no. 3(56)Т2 (2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/2219-2654-2021-56-3-2-113-121.
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Стаття присвячена теоретико-методологічному розгляду проблеми вибору особистістю відповідної стратегії поведінки в різноманітних життєвих ситуаціях, в тому ж числі й конфліктних. Зроблено аналіз існуючих досліджень, концепцій та теорій із зазначеної проблематики. Дослідження присвячено опису конфліктів та конфліктних ситуацій, в які може бути включена особистість. Наголошується, що задля ефективного вирішення будь якої проблеми особистості необхідно обирати певний стиль поведінки, певну стратегію, враховуючи при цьому стиль інших людей, а також природу самого конфлікту. Особлива увага приділяється опису комунікативних можливостей особистості, контролю за реалізацією комунікативної програми поведінки. Визначено, що вирішення конкретних конфліктів потребує використання різних стилів поведінки, тому важливо володіти технологіями всіх стратегій і залежно від обставин застосовувати найкращі. Відхід або відстрочка від вирішення конфлікту може бути досить вдалою та конструктивною реакцією на конфліктну ситуацію. Доведено, що використання компромісу на ранній стадії конфлікту, який виник з важливого рішення, може перешкодити визначенню проблеми і скоротити час пошуку альтернатив. Ключові слова: поведінка, стратегії поведінки, міжособистісна комунікація, спілкування, взаємодія, суперечності, прогнозування поведінки, життєвий шлях особистості.
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부성숙. "Preschool Children’s Conceptions of Moral, Social-Conventionaland Personal Situations." Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education 27, no. 4 (August 2007): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2007.27.4.002.
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Senneville, Eric, and Sophie Nguyen. "Difficult Situations Managing Diabetic Foot. Evidences and Personal Views." International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 13, no. 4 (November 10, 2014): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534734614554282.
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Kubyshko, V. L., V. M. Kruk, I. Gaidamashko, V. V. Vakhnina, and A. Y. Fedotov. "Motivation of a Specialist of Law Enforcement Agencies as the Main Component of Professional and Personal Reliability in Difficult Situations." Psychology and Law 12, no. 4 (2022): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2022120406.
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<p>The article discusses the motivational aspects of professional and personal reliability of a specialist of law enforcement agencies. The peculiarities of the dynamics of his professional motivation in difficult situations are revealed. The ways of maintaining it at the level necessary for the performance of professional tasks are highlighted. The problem of controlling and increasing the motivation of a specialist as a professional is investigated, which makes it possible to effectively provide psychological support for a professionally significant motivational orientation. Theoretical analysis and experimental approbation of the problem solution are presented. The sub-components of the motivational factor in the course of a number of studies are justified: dispositional motivation; situational motivation; stable Self-image in the context of fulfilling professional duty; reflexivity of motives. The features of the resulting motivation dynamics are investigated, it is experimentally established that the dynamics of a specialist’s motivation in various professional situations has its own patterns and is implemented in they are divided into the main four stages. In situations of practical activity, the motivational factor of professional and personal reliability, according to the authors, is constantly present at the background level. The main motivating component for actions to perform professional tasks directly in a situation is the presence of a rationalized professional dispositional motivation; awareness by a specialist of the professional and personal consequences of his actions; the ability to reflect, self-determination, that is, to arbitrarily activate internal situational motivation.</p>
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Martsinkovskaya, Tatyana D. "EXPERIENCING CRISIS OF TRANSITIVITY IN REAL AND VIRTUAL SPACES: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 4 (2022): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2022-4-30-40.
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Approaches to the study of the specifics of the experiences of instability and uncertainty of the world around by people of different ages are presented. The necessity of developing a new methodology, including both – the modern transitivity and uncertainty of the surrounding world, and the peculiarities of human experience of digital everyday reality is shown. Personal and social factors that affect the emotional state of people in a mixed space, primarily the change in social roles and statuses, styles of communication and activity, the specifics of information processing in the real space of interaction and in the Internet network space are revealed. The data obtained showed that during an acute crisis, the most important factor that reduces anxiety is the information necessary for orientation. With some stabilization of the situation, the ability to act (communicate, study and work) in a mixed space comes to the fore. This is what helps to reduce personal anxiety. Our materials also shows that television series and, in part, movies can act as an additional space that also leads to increased emotional well-being. Virtual reality plays a special role in experiencing the crisis. The degree of immersion in this reality, as well as the content of the images presented, reflecting various aspects of crisis situations, significantly reduce negative emotions. Regardless of the degree of identification with the imaginary situation, milder social crises were associated by respondents with landscapes, travel, and recreation. Severe social and personal crises were associated with situations of wars, struggles, conflicts, chases. The data obtained make it possible to construct options for additional and virtual situations that allow increasing the resistance of respondents to crisis situations of various natures and developing a process for presenting these situations.
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Балашова, Людмила Александровна, Игорь Алексеевич Жмакин, Константин Борисович Баканов, and Лариса Петровна Пикалова. "Physician as a subject of extreme situation: medical-biological, sociological and personal aspects." Herald of Tver State University. Series: Biology and Ecology, no. 4(60) (December 25, 2020): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtbio180.
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Изучена адаптация врачей к современным социальным условиям жизнедеятельности. Исследовалось их отношение к экстремальным ситуациям, связанных с определенными формами насилия. Выявлены особенности физиологических механизмов адаптации и поведения врачей в экстремальной ситуации, в том числе в зависимости от пола врачей и вида экстремальной ситуации. Индивидуальная форма реакции врача на экстремальные ситуации во многом обусловлена подготовленностью, опытом работы, физиологическими и личностными особенностями. Предлагается дополнить действующие программы повышения квалификации врачей теоретическими и практическими учебными модулями для повышения общей коммуникативной компетентности при действиях в нестандартных экстремальных ситуациях. We studied the adaptations of physicians to modern social conditions. We paid a special attention to the attitude of physicians to extreme situations associated with certain forms of violence. Physiological mechanisms of adaptation and behavior of physicians in an extreme situation, gender- and the type of extreme situation-bound, were revealed. The form of the physicians’ reaction to extreme situations is related to a number of factors, such as preparedness, work experience, physiological and personal characteristics. We propose to supplement the existing programs for advanced training of physicians with theoretical and practical training modules to increase the general communicative competence in non-standard extreme situations
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KOZLOVA, Zh A., and O. V. FILATOVA. "PERSONAL FEATURES OF TEENAGERS AND THEIR BEHAVIOR IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 1 (2021): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.01.02.012.
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The article deals with the issue of personality traits in adolescence. Particular attention is paid to the strategies of interaction between adolescents in conflict situations. The authors used a psychodiagnostic complex to analyze the behavior of adolescents in conflict situations. In the course of empirical research, the prevailing strategies of behavior in conflict were identified: cooperation and adjustment. The results of the comparative analysis revealed a number of relationships between personality traits in adolescence and behavior in conflict situations. The article focuses on the study of the relationship between adolescents' accentuations, their socio-psychological attitudes, psychological components of temperament, general abilities and preferred strategies of behavior in conflict.
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van Veen, Floris, Sebastian Sattler, Guido Mehlkop, and Fabian Hasselhorn. "Feigning Symptoms to Obtain Prescription Stimulants: A Vignette-Based Study on Its Conditions." Journal of Drug Issues 52, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220426211055433.
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This vignette-based study examined the willingness to feign symptoms to obtain a prescription following an analysis on who might use prescription stimulants to enhance performance ( N = 3,468). It experimentally manipulated three factors: the social disapproval of prescription stimulant use for enhancement purposes, the physicians’ diagnostic efforts, and the medical condition (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy); respondent characteristics of self-control, personal morality, and self-efficacy were also measured. Our results showed that social disapproval of prescription drug use, a personal morality that disapproves of drug use, high self-control, and high self-efficacy were negatively associated with the willingness to use. Willingness increased especially in situations of social approval when there was a stronger personal approval of drug use, or surprisingly when physicians’ diagnostic efforts were higher. The feigning willingness was lower in situations of social disapproval and when personal morality disapproved of feigning. Thus, personal and situational characteristics are relevant to understand both behaviors.
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Bass, Kenneth E., and Frederic J. Hebert. "Individual and Situational Factors That Influence Managers' Ethical Judgments." Psychological Reports 77, no. 3 (December 1995): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.727.
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This study is an investigation of potential relationships between ethical judgments and both personal demographic and situational variables among a national sample of 602 managers. A significant positive relationship was found between education and ethical judgments of a scenario about an unethical situation. As formal education increased, managers tended to view unethical situations more favorably. Also, a significant negative relationship between size of a firm and ethical judgments of employees was confirmed in a regression analysis. Conclusions and suggestions for research are presented.
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Rezková, Bohdana. "Personal protective equipment in pandemics: crisis situations require crisis solutions." Hygiena 67, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/hygiena.b0080.
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Ogletree, Shirley Matile, Mary C. Coffee, and Shyla A. May. "Perceptions of Female/Male Presidential Candidates: Familial and Personal Situations." Psychology of Women Quarterly 16, no. 2 (June 1992): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb00250.x.
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A factor mediating attitudes toward female/male political candidates may be the potential effect of a candidate's private life. The impact of a familial situation on attitudes towards a hypothetical presidential candidate was investigated in Study 1. Although main effects for candidate sex and familial situation were found, our data did not support differential effects by candidate sex. In Study 2 the potential impact of a candidate's personal problem was examined. A male with past psychological problems was perceived as more electable than three of four female candidates. In both studies, male candidates were perceived as more likely to win the election than were female candidates.
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Ruz, María, Anna Moser, and Kristin Webster. "Social Expectations Bias Decision-Making in Uncertain Inter-Personal Situations." PLoS ONE 6, no. 2 (February 9, 2011): e15762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015762.
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Trofimova, Julia V., and Marina I. Efanova. "PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CADETS THAT PREVENT EMOTIONAL BURNOUT." Vestnik Altaiskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogiceskogo Universiteta, no. 50 (March 15, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2413-4481-2022-1-50-56.
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It is noted that signs of emotional burnout are manifested in university students mainly in the form of psychoemotional exhaustion. It is shown that self-control, optimal experiences (effort, pleasure and meaningfulness) in professional activity, respect for oneself, especially in difficult situations or situations of failure, prevent the emotional burnout of university students.
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Davydov, D. G. "The personal dispositions of violent extremism." Psychology and Law 7, no. 1 (2017): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2017070109.
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The paper presents the differences in the nature of extremism and radicalism, and the necessity of introducing the concept of "violent extremism." It is shown that the ideology is the explanation of extremist behavior, rather than its cause. The ideology of extremism often eclectic, contradictory and can easily be transformed by changing the object of hostility, depending on the situation. For the description of the psychological causes of extremism it is proposed to use the concept of personal disposition. Disposition is the preferred way to subjective interpretation of reality and reflects both the specific needs of a person as well the typical social situations where it realized and personal experience. Considered the following dispositions of violent extremism: the Cult of force and aggression, Intolerance, Out-group hostility Conventional coercion, Social pessimism and destructiveness, Mystical, Fighting and overcoming, Nihilism to law, Anti-subjectivism. It is proposed to use these dispositions as diagnostic criteria and for preventing and correcting.
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Ashida, Sato, Lena Thompson, Emily Hejna, Sefonobong Obot, and Haley Schneider. "Personal Support Networks of Older Adults in Relation to Their Perceptions About Disaster Management." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1420.
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Abstract Personal support networks are essential in ensuring the health and well-being of older adults especially in handling disaster situations. This study assessed the characteristics of personal support networks of older adults in relation to their perceptions about disaster management. Adults between ages 63 and 88 from Eastern Iowa participated in a survey prior to receiving a disaster preparedness education program. About half (47%) were living alone, 66% were female, and 53% had a high school diploma or fewer years of education. Forty-seven participants identified 308 support network members, with an average network size of 6.55 members ranging from 2 to 17. A greater number of network members with whom participants discussed disaster/emergency plans was associated with higher perceived response efficacy (preparation/planning “will help handle the situation better”; r=0.45, p=0.002), lower perceived barriers (preparation is “difficult to do”; r=-0.34, p=0.021), and higher self-efficacy to handle disaster situations (r=0.32, p=0.030). Having more members who would help “if something went wrong” was associated with higher self-efficacy to prepare (r=0.44, p=0.002) and to handle disaster situations (r=0.34, p=0.021). Fatalistic perception that nothing can help handle disaster situations was associated with having fewer people who provide emotional support (r=-0.559, p=.003) and who participants trust (r=-0.46, p=.018). Older adults’ social support network members may partly determine their perceptions regarding the importance of and their ability to prepare for emergency and disaster situations. Future studies may evaluate whether activating network member support and discussion would lead to increased motivation and preparedness among older adults.
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Zhou, Shuangzhu, Yinghe Chen, and Meng Zhang. "Chinese Children's Predictions of Emotion in Rule Situations." Psychological Reports 113, no. 1 (August 2013): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/21.10.pr0.113x16z7.
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This study investigated children's predictions in contexts in which desires conflict with forbidden rules. Forty-eight children participated: 4-year-olds, 5-year-olds, and 7-year-olds, with 8 boys and 8 girls in each group. The children listened to stories and were asked to predict behaviors and emotions. The story portrayed one child who wanted to engage in an activity in a certain domain (personal or prudential), but an authority (adult or peer) prohibited him/her from doing so. Only 5- and 7-year-olds predicted more positive emotions for breaking the rule and more negative emotions for complying with the rule in the personal domain than in the prudential domain. The results indicated that older children differentiated the personal domain from the prudential domain. Older children can differentiate adult authority from peer authority. When rules were given by an adult authority, 7-year-olds predicted more positive emotions for transgression and more negative emotions for compliance than when the rules were given by peer authority. Four-and 5-year-olds' predictions did not differ when rules were stated by either of the two authorities.
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Giese, Constanze. "German Nurses, Euthanasia and Terminal Care: a Personal Perspective." Nursing Ethics 16, no. 2 (March 2009): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733008100368.
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The nursing profession in Germany is facing a public debate on legal and ethical questions concerning euthanasia on request and physician-assisted suicide. However, it seems questionable if the profession itself, individual nurses or the professional associations are prepared to be involved in such a public debate. To understand this hesitation, the present situation is considered in the light of the tradition and history of professional care in Germany. Obedience to medical as well as to religious authorities was long part of nurses' professional identity, but is no longer relevant. The lack of reflection and discussion on how to take a balanced view of ethical and political questions concerning nursing, and the role and responsibility of nurses in end-of-life decisions and situations of caring for dying people are discussed using the situation of nurses in the Netherlands as a comparison.
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Schutte, Paul C., and Anna C. Trujillo. "Flight Crew Task Management in Non-Normal Situations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 4 (October 1996): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604000422.
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Task management (TM) is always performed on the flight deck, although not always explicitly, consistently, or rigorously. Nowhere is TM as important as it is in dealing with non-normal situations. The objective of this study was to analyze pilot TM behavior for non-normal situations. Specifically, the study observed pilots' performance in a full workload environment in order to discern their TM strategies. This study identified four different TM prioritization and allocation strategies: ‘Aviate-Navigate-Communicate-Manage Systems’; ‘Perceived Severity;’ ‘Procedure Based;’ and ‘Event/Interrupt Driven.’ Subjects used these strategies to manage their personal workload and to schedule monitoring and assessment of the situation. The ‘Perceived Severity’ strategy for personal workload management combined with the ‘Aviate-Navigate-Communicate- Manage Systems’ strategy for monitoring and assessing appeared to be the most effective (fewest errors and fastest response times) in responding to the novel system failure used in this study.
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Hattori, Shunichi, and Yasufumi Takama. "Recommender System Employing Personal-Value-Based User Model." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0157.
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This paper proposes a recommender system based on personal-value-based user model. Conventional methods such as collaborative and content-based approaches tend to be less accurate for new users and items due to the lack of a relation between items and user preferences. While existing recommender systems usually employ user preferences of items for making recommendations, proposed method focuses on users’ personal values, which mean value judgments regarding on which attributes users put a high priority. The proposed recommender system employing personal-value-based user model is thus expected to realize more precise recommendations in cold-start situations. As one of typical cold-start situations, a prototype system is developed for recommendation using external resources. Experimental results show that generated user models reflect each user’s value judgment on attributes. In addition, the results also show that recommendation employing the proposed user model realizes improvements of precision in cold-start situations.
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Repin, M. V., and D. N. Dolganov. "Controlled Future as a Factor of Human Behavior Intentionality." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 24, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2022-24-6-793-801.
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This theoretical and empirical study verifies the hypothesis that the desire to control one’s own future is a significant behavioral factor. A controlled future is a phenomenon at the intersection of internality and emotional response. The relationship between the level of internality and emotional response was analyzed at two levels. The first level featured stable personality traits. They were identified using standard personality questionnaires, namely the Standard Personality Traits Questionnaire modified by E. G. Ksenofontov and C. Izard’s Differential Emotions Scale adapted by A. V. Leonov and M. S. Kapitsa. The second level featured situational personal traits manifested in particular situations as a general state of emotional comfort or discomfort. The authors developed a questionnaire that included six types of situations, each of which had three response options. The first option presupposed a passive (external) position, i.e., waiting for help from others. The second option described an active (internal) position. The third option was intermediate (50/50). Each behavioral option required an assessment of emotional comfort. At the level of subjective-personal traits, the general level of personal internality determined the readiness for action and overcoming difficulties, often associated with negative emotional experiences. A lower readiness for action and transformation triggered stronger negative emotions. The level of situational behavior demonstrated a similar trend: a lower control over the situation was associated with a greater emotional discomfort. However, the relationship between control and emotional comfort was not linear. The level of emotional discomfort increased following the rise in the control level.
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Kim, Jeyeon, Kenta Sato, Naohisa Hashimoto, Alexey Kashevnik, Kohji Tomita, Seiichi Miyakoshi, Yusuke Takinami, Osamu Matsumoto, and Ali Boyali. "Context-Based Rider Assistant System for Two Wheeled Self-Balancing Vehicles." SPIIRAS Proceedings 18, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 583–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/sp.2019.18.3.582-613.
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Personal mobility devises become more and more popular last years. Gyroscooters, two wheeled self-balancing vehicles, wheelchair, bikes, and scooters help people to solve the first and last mile problems in big cities. To help people with navigation and to increase their safety the intelligent rider assistant systems can be utilized that are used the rider personal smartphone to form the context and provide the rider with the recommendations. We understand the context as any information that characterize current situation. So, the context represents the model of current situation. We assume that rider mounts personal smartphone that allows it to track the rider face using the front-facing camera. Modern smartphones allow to track current situation using such sensors as: GPS / GLONASS, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, microphone, and video cameras. The proposed rider assistant system uses these sensors to capture the context information about the rider and the vehicle and generates context-oriented recommendations. The proposed system is aimed at dangerous situation detection for the rider, we are considering two dangerous situations: drowsiness and distraction. Using the computer vision methods, we determine parameters of the rider face (eyes, nose, mouth, head pith and rotation angles) and based on analysis of this parameters detect the dangerous situations. The paper presents a comprehensive related work analysis in the topic of intelligent driver assistant systems and recommendation generation, an approach to dangerous situation detection and recommendation generation is proposed, and evaluation of the distraction dangerous state determination for personal mobility device riders.
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Karaseva (Sentsova), Marina. "Civil-legal institutions in tax law enforcement." Law Enforcement Review 1, no. 3 (October 3, 2017): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2017.1(3).42-49.
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The subject. The enforcement of civil-legal institutions, such as liability for damage and unjustenrichment in tax disputes.The purpose of the paper is to identify how the civil-legal institutions may help in interpretationand enforcement of tax legal rules.The methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis are used. The focus of the scientificanalysis concerns the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the courts of general jurisdiction.Results and scope of application. Damage (harm) caused to the state by tax arrears is fundamentallydifferent from the harm (damage) caused to the civil order, responsibility forwhich is provided by Art. 1064 of the Russian Civil Code. Concerning the damages to stateby tax arrears, these arrears don’t affect the initial assets of the state and couldn’t be reimbursedusing to the civil order (Art. 1064 of the Russian Civil Code).Concerning property deduction on personal income tax, it can't be equaled to tax (arrears)by using the legal fiction. Because the underestimation of the tax base for personal incometax leads to property losses of the budget, this situation is subject to the application of civillaw institutions.Conclusions. Today the law enforcement practice creates a situation of substitution of legalityby expediency. The essence of this situation is that, if it is not possible to solve a situationby using tax legal rules, the situations is solved by civil law, although the applicationof the civil law to these situations is not possible on the merits.
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Vorobyovа, K. I., and Kim AE-sun. "SELF-LEADERSHIP AS A PERSONAL RESOURCE OF THE SUBJECT OF COPING." Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 17, no. 4 (2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2020-17-4-26-30.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of self-leadership as a personal resource of the subject of coping. Self-leadership, being a systemic quality of personality, includes constructive thinking, responsibility, self-confidence, autonomy and authenticity, selfcontrol, self-motivation, realistic optimism, tolerance to uncertainty, which allows the subject of coping to solve emerging life problems independently, show creative activity in situations of uncertainty, increase productivity and self-effectiveness through a conscious choice of behaviors in accordance with personal characteristics and requirements of a difficult situation.
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Brammer, Lawrence. "Teaching Personal Problem Solving to Adults." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 4, no. 3 (January 1990): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.4.3.267.
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Solving personal problems is a basic life skill. The goal is to achieve problem-solving competence in applying a variety of models, three of which are trial and error/reinforcement, linear/rational, and intuitive/creative. The focus in this article is on the intuitive creative model that deals with novel problematic situations. Conditions of readiness for solving problems with any model are accurate problem awareness and appraisal of the problem, an attitude of meeting a challenge, self-efficacy or confidence in one’s ability to solve problems, and an appropriate problem-solving set. While much research has been devoted to studying children and college youth in laboratory situations doing essentially thinking types of tasks, little research has been done with middle-aged and older adults. More research is needed on how adults learn problem-solving skills, and how they might develop greater problem-solving competence.
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Ferreira, Pedro, and Sofia Gomes. "The Role of Resilience in Reducing Burnout: A Study with Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Social Sciences 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090317.
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Although burnout is a widely studied topic, there is still much to learn about this symptom during a pandemic crisis like the one caused by COVID-19. Moreover, and according to the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, the relation between personal resources and burnout is still an understudied topic. The main goal of this research is to understand the influence of mental resilience on the three dimensions of burnout-emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal achievement-among healthcare workers when exposed to a pandemic situation. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the administration of an online survey to a sample of 196 healthcare workers (nurses and doctors) during the second wave of COVID-19 in Portugal. Hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares. The results show that during a pandemic situation, higher levels of resilience associated both with lower levels of emotional exhaustion (Emotional Exhaustion: −0.17; 95% Confidence Interval–CI: −0.38, 0.04) and depersonalization (Depersonalization: −0.17; 95% CI: −0.31, −0.03), and higher levels of personal achievement (Personal Achievement: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.61). Resilience should be considered an important asset for reducing levels of burnout when facing highly stressing situations. The main contribution of this research is related to the role of personal resources as an inhibitor of negative consequences of job strain, such as burnout. The findings add new knowledge to the topic of fighting (not just understanding) burnout in deeply stressful situations, like the COVID-19 pandemic, reinforcing the importance of developing personal resources. Resilience skills may be developed, thus reducing the risk of burnout.
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Leonov, I. N. "CORRELATION OF TOLERANCE FOR AMBIGUITY WITH BURNOUT IN NURSING PROFESSION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 29, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9550-2019-29-4-441-449.
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The paper analyzes the problem of burnout in nursing profession. The situation of ambiguity is considered as one of the situations that nurses face in their professional activities. The correlation of tolerance for ambiguity as a multidimensional psychological construct and personal decision-making factors with professional burnout and its indicators is analyzed. It was found that a negative attitude to situations of ambiguity contributes to the development of emotional exhaustion, and the inability to cope with ambiguity due to the most complete orientation in a situation can accelerate development and increase the intensity of all aspects of professional burnout.
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Kudaibergeneva, K. S. "DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STUDENT BASED ON LIFE SITUATIONS." Bulletin of Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52512/2306-5079-2022-90-2-6-15.
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The article deals with the issue of personal responsibility as a component of the objective and subjective prerequisites for the desire of people for the common good, goodness. The importance and necessity of studying personal responsibility is determined by linking the low level of internal responsibility with the facts of the January 2022 events in the Republic of Kazakhstan, in accordance with the idea of responsibility as an internal motive.Taking into account that the concept of responsibility is not considered as a subject of domestic pedagogical research, the following conclusions are made aimed at expanding the methodological direction of research: responsibility as the root of spiritual wealth; responsibility as a condition of any social upbringing of a child; responsibility as a property arising from the internal motivation of a person, responsibility as a measure of consciousness, in which each person takes into account their capabilities. It also analyzes and summarizes the pedagogical and methodological aspect of the development of personal responsibility of the student on the basis of independent practical work of students and undergraduates.Emphasizing the importance of life situations as one of the methods of forming student responsibility in the process of performing any cognitive, social functions, a consistent conclusion is made that life situations are the main factor in increasing student responsibility. It also suggests ways to effectively use the social network as a way to increase responsibility.
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O.A., Sorokina, and Shynkarova L.V. "PERSONAL RESOURCES OF WIVES OF PARTICIPANTS IN FIGHTING DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATIONS." Scientic Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Psychological Sciences, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2312-3206/2020-3-7.
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Yi, Myung-Kyu, and Hee-Joung Hwang. "A Secure Personal Health Record System for Handling of Emergency Situations." Journal of the Institute of Internet Broadcasting and Communication 16, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2016.16.5.117.
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Benari, Gili. "Teaching Ethics in Religious or Cultural Conflict Situations: a Personal Perspective." Nursing Ethics 16, no. 4 (June 15, 2009): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733009104607.
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This article portrays the unique aspects of ethics education in a multicultural, multireligious and conflict-based atmosphere among Jewish and Arab nursing students in Jerusalem, Israel. It discusses the principles and the methods used for rising above this tension and dealing with this complicated situation, based on Yoder's `bridging' method. An example is used of Jewish and Arab students together implementing two projects in 2008, when the faculty decided to co-operate with communities in East Jerusalem, the Arab side of the city. The students took it upon themselves to chaperon the teachers who came to watch them at work, translate, and facilitate interaction with a guarded and suspicious community. This approach could also be relevant to less extreme conditions in any inter-religious environment when trying to produce graduates with a strong ethical awareness.
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Ward, Donald. "The Role of Narrative in Crisis-Situations: Personal and Cultural Identity." Fabula 31, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1990.31.1-2.58.
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Lin-Schilstra, Li, and Arnout R. H. Fischer. "Consumer Moral Dilemma in the Choice of Animal-Friendly Meat Products." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 4844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124844.
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More and more consumers, at least in Western developed countries, are attentive to the sustainability aspects of their food, one of which concerns animal welfare. The conflict of harming an animal for the joy of eating meat causes a moral dilemma, affecting consumers’ reactions to, and choices of, animal-friendly products. This systematic review identified 86 studies from Scopus and Web of Science. The review outlines: (1) What are the personal antecedents among consumers regarding moral conflicts?; (2) In what situation do moral conflicts occur in consumer food choice?; (3) How do consumers emotionally experience the moral dilemma?; (4) How do consumers resolve moral conflicts over animal products? Researchers have studied personal factors and situational factors that arouse consumers’ moral dilemma and how the dilemma is solved, during which emotions and dissonance come into play. When synthesizing these findings into a comprehensive model, we notice that the current research is lacking on how personal factors change and interact with situations, which limits the understanding of the real-life context of consumers’ moral dilemma as well as their choices of animal-friendly products. More in-depth studies are needed to find situational factors that contribute to this complex psychological process.
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Pechersky, A. V. "Personal Resources of Coping of Deviat Adolescent." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 12, no. 1 (2012): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2012-12-1-68-73.
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The article deals with the study results of functional peculiarities of deviant adolescent self-comprehension as a personality construct which determines the choice of strategies of coping with complex situations in social interaction.
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Croom, Adam M. "Aristotelian Moral Psychology and the Situationist Challenge." Polish Psychological Bulletin 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 262–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0011.
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Abstract For some time now moral psychologists and philosophers have ganged up on Aristotelians, arguing that results from psychological studies on the role of character-based and situation-based influences on human behavior have convincingly shown that situations rather than personal characteristics determine human behavior. In the literature on moral psychology and philosophy this challenge is commonly called the “situationist challenge,” and as Prinz (2009) has previously explained, it has largely been based on results from four salient studies in social psychology, including the studies conducted by Hartshorne and May (1928), Milgram (1963), Isen and Levin (1972), and Darley and Batson (1973). The situationist challenge maintains that each of these studies seriously challenges the plausibility of virtuous personal characteristics by challenging the plausibility of personal characteristics more generally. In this article I undermine the situationist challenge against Aristotelian moral psychology by carefully considering major problems with the conclusions that situationists have drawn from the empirical data, and by further challenging the accuracy of their characterization of the Aristotelian view. In fact I show that when properly understood the Aristotelian view is not only consistent with empirical data from developmental science but can also offer important insights for integrating moral psychology with its biological roots in our natural and social life.
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Krasnyanskaya, Tatiana, Valery Tylets, and Vladimir Iokhvidov. "Personal Safety Concept as a Psychological and Criminological Factor of Self-Defense." Всероссийский криминологический журнал 12, no. 6 (December 24, 2018): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(6).826-835.
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The paper examines the problem of justifiable subjective actions in the criminally relevant situations of self-defense from a new angle. The authors introduce an understanding of self-defense as a sequence of actions aimed at counteracting the source of threat to vitally important interests of the subject. The authors claim that an adequate understanding of behavioral characteristics of the subject of self-defense requires a thorough examination of all aspects of the corresponding counteraction, including its psychological component. It is stated that the leading psychological determinant of counteracting external aggression is the concept of personal safely as an element of I-concept of the person regulating the activity of the subject in special situations that threaten its security and development potential. The functional role of the concept in self-defense is described on the basis of the analysis of it mobilization, stimulation and guidance functions. The authors highlight the substantive content of its cognitive, affective and conative component. The concept of personal safety contains the content that is universal, meaningful for all threatening situations and specialized. This factor makes it possible to use the explanatory potential accumulated within the framework of the psychology of safety, but requires extra research that would describe the specific features of psychological phenomena in the conditions of self-defense. In order to bridge the gaps in this sphere, the paper presents the results of an empirically revealed connection between the components of personal safety concept and the readiness to build the practice of self-defense. The expert analysis of the activity’s products makes it possible to reveal and describe the components of personal safety in the situation of self-defense, which are denoted as «self-feeling», «evaluation of the subject of aggression» and «situation». The use of the subjective scaling method allowed the authors to determine a statistically relevant link between the choice of methods of repelling an attack, self-feeling and the assessment of the subject of aggression, as well as a connection between the choice of target boundaries of counteraction, the assessment of the subject of aggression and the perception of the situation. Empirical data formed the basis for recommendations on developing psychological competence in young people as a method of increasing reasonableness of their actions in self-defense.
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Törestad, Bertil, Attila Olah, and David Magnusson. "Individual Control, Intensity of Reactions and Frequency of Occurrence: An Empirical Study of Cross-Culturally Invariant Relationships." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1339.
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To investigate the relations between behavioral control, predictive control, intensity of reaction, and frequency of occurrence, the Multisituational-Multireaction Inventory was administered to 452 17-yr.-old youngsters in Hungary, Italy, and Yemen. Data were analyzed to allow an interpretation of the factors both as personal characteristics and situational properties. The main findings for situations were that situations frequently reported as anxiety-provoking were associated with low anxiety and high behavioral control. For individuals, those with a high sense of behavioral control also experienced lower anxiety. Individuals with a high sense of predictive control tended to report more exposures to the aversive situations. The fruitfulness of this two-way analysis of the same data (persons and situations) is emphasized.