Dissertations / Theses: 'Personal protective equipments'

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Greaves-Holmes, Wanda. "A Retrospective Analysis and Field Study of Nanotechnology Related Ergonomic Risk in Industries Utilizing Nanomaterials." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5225.

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The National Science Foundation estimates that two million skilled nanotechnology workers will be needed world wide by 2015 - one million of them in the United States (2001). In the absence of scientific clarity about the potential health effects of occupational exposure to nanoparticles, guidance in decision making about hazards, risk, and controls takes on new importance. Currently, guiding principles on personal protective equipment for workers who come in contact with nanomaterials have not been standardized universally. Utilizing the NASA-TLX, this dissertation investigates the adequacy and shortcomings of research efforts that seek to determine whether or not occupational exposure to nanomaterials while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) is or is not potentially frustrating to the worker. While wearing PPE does the worker perceive additional effort, performance, physical, mental or temporal demands or are not impacted during task performance.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering

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Walker, P. J. "Representative testing of personal protection equipment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14734.

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The purpose of the work reported within this thesis was to design and implement a series of tests which better replicate the impact conditions experienced during a game, and allow for quantitative measurements of performance of various items of personal protection equipment (PPE). The sports of cricket and taekwondo were used as case studies. The aim was to improve on existing testing protocols making them more representative of real life, an approach that has not been previously attempted in the literature and so required design of multiple items of novel equipment. A representative cricket impact test was developed utilizing a ball canon firing a cricket ball mass at an equivalent bowling velocity of 31 m/s (70 mph) and a novel, freely suspended force acquisition system with embedded accelerometers from which the transmitted force values could be derived. Throughout the testing secondary variables of coefficient of restitution (COR), deformation and contact time were measured from high speed video footage to give further insight into the impact mechanics of the three tested leg guards. Contact times were in the range of 3 ms - 4 ms, COR between 0.38 - 0.50 and deformation between 45 mm - 52 mm. These results were compared against other benchmark tests to establish how close the representative test was to an actual human related ball-pad impact and to estimate human tolerance levels to impact. A rig to mimic a human on human kicking impact in taekwondo was designed to measure performance of the piece of body protection equipment used in training and competition, commonly referred to as a hogu. Primarily a mechanical simulator was designed to replicate the speed and mass of a human leg impacting during a roundhouse kick. A force acquisition system was manufactured, capable of integrating with the kicking robot functioning, with a human torso sized and shaped anvil, using a similar accelerometer based system of force measurement as that introduced in the cricket testing. This test was then used to measure performance levels of nine off-the-shelf hogus and protective training pads. Using transmitted peak force and time to peak force (TTPF) as indicators of protection, these values were found to range from between 0.5 kN 7.5 kN and 9 ms - 23 ms across the pads indicating a major difference in the protection provided.

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Umali, Antonio. "Framework For Robot-Assisted Doffing of Personal Protective Equipment." Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/940.

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"When treating highly-infectious diseases such as Ebola, health workers are at high risk of infection during the doffing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This is due to factors such as fatigue, hastiness, and inconsistency in training. The introduction of a semi-autonomous robot doffing assistant has the potential to increase the safety of the doffing procedure by assisting the human during high-risk sub-tasks. The addition of a robot into the procedure introduces the need to transform a purely human task into a sequence of safe and effective human-robot collaborative actions. We take advantage of the fact that the human can do the more intricate motions during the procedure. Since diseases like Ebola can spread through the mucous membranes of the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth our goal is to keep the human’s hands away from his or her face as much as possible. Thus our framework focuses on using the robot to help avoid such human risky motion. As secondary goals, we seek to also minimize the human’s effort and make the robot’s motion intuitive for the human. To address different versions and variants of PPE, we propose a way of segmenting the doffing procedure into a sequence of human and robot actions such that the robot only assists when necessary. Our framework then synthesizes assistive motions for the robot that perform parts of the tasks according to the metrics above. Our experiments on five doffing tasks suggest that the introduction of a robot assistant improves the safety of the procedure in three out of four of the high-risk doffing tasks while reducing effort in all five tasks."

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Lesniak, Ashley Y. "THE EFFECT OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ON FIREFIGHTER OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE." UKnowledge, 2017. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/45.

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Firefighting is a strenuous occupation that requires high-intensity work, resulting in prolonged periods of stress and physical exertion. The physical demand of performing firefighting tasks is augmented by the weight of personal protective equipment (PPE) worn (i.e., load carriage: LC) and the use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). These factors have been shown to increase metabolic demand at submaximal workloads and decrease maximal aerobic capacity in laboratory settings. However, there is limited research evaluating the effects of these factors on occupational performance. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to quantify the detrimental effect of LC only and LC+SCBA on firefighter occupational performance. In addition, it is important to identify fitness characteristics and physiological outcomes that are correlated to the decrement in performance produced by the PPE. This information will guide practitioners in selecting appropriate training strategies to effectively prepare firefighters to perform occupational tasks in gear. Thus, a secondary aim was to evaluate the relationships between fitness and pulmonary outcomes versus the decrement in occupational performance produced by the PPE. Twenty-one male firefighter recruits (Age: 28.6 ± 4.3 yr; Height: 178.6 ± 7.2 cm; Mass: 94.1 ± 15.4; Body Fat: 17.8 ± 8.4%) participated in this study. Occupational physical ability was assessed by time to complete a simulated fire ground test (SFGT). The SFGT was composed of the following tasks: stair climb, charged hose drag, equipment carry, ladder raise, forcible entry, search, and victim rescue. The recruits participated in six testing sessions. First, two SFGT familiarization trials were performed on separate days. During the next three testing sessions, the firefighter recruits performed the following SFGT conditions in a randomized order: control condition (PT clothes), LC only condition, and PPE+SCBA (SCBA) condition. Baseline and post-SFGT pulmonary and physiological data were collected. To describe within group differences between SFGT conditions, relative difference scores were calculated as follows: % difference = (([experimental trial outcome – PT trial outcome] / PT trial outcome) x 100). Statistical differences between the SFGT conditions were assessed with repeated measures ANOVA. To evaluate the relationship between fitness outcomes versus the decrement in SFGT performance, fitness testing data were obtained from the recruit academy and included: 1.5 mile run time, maximal push-ups, maximal sit-ups, maximal pull-ups, and prone plank time. In addition, the recruits completed a battery of fitness tests in their sixth testing session. The absolute difference in time to complete the SFGT between conditions was calculated as: experimental SFGT time - PT time. Bivariate correlations were used to assess the relationship between the absolute difference in SFGT time versus fitness outcomes. The LC+SCBA trial took 44.5 ± 15.5% longer (345.9 ± 43.7 s; p < .001) and the LC only trial took 38.3 ± 12.6% longer (331.2 ± 39.3 s; p < .001) to complete the SFGT than the PT trial (241.0 ± 33.3 s). The LC+SCBA trial took longer to complete the SFGT than the LC only trial (p = .046). Post-SFGT RPE was higher in the LC+SCBA trial (6.7 ± 1.7) and LC only trial (6.3 ± 1.5) compared to the PT trial (4.6 ± 1.8; p < .001). Absolute aerobic capacity, lower body power, anaerobic power and capacity, abdominal muscular endurance, and upper body strength were significantly correlated to the decrement in SFGT performance on some tasks caused by the PPE. In summary, PPE increases the intensity of performing fire ground tasks. To enhance occupational performance, it is imperative that firefighters optimize specific physical fitness attributes to reduce the relative stress produced by the PPE.

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Alexander, Barbara M. "Contamination of Firefighter Personal Protective Gear." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337885489.

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Wisniewski, Hannah R. "Metabolic Demands of Law Enforcement Personal Protective Equipment During Exercise Tasks." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1371635760.

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Govarthanam, K. Kanchi. "Development of an advanced personal protection equipment fabric for protection against slashes." Thesis, University of Bolton, 2012. http://ubir.bolton.ac.uk/677/.

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Knife is the most commonly used single weapon in the UK, being 32% of the weapons employed in a violent incident. Studies reveal that majority (63.3%) of the knife inflicted wounds were slash type and could be disfiguring or life threatening if the blood vessels are ruptured. The stab resistant armours that are currently available do not protect the arms, neck and face as they are very rigid and heavy to be worn comfortably for everyday use for security personnel and are also expensive for the civilian population. During the research programme, various composite yarns consisting of; a) blends of Spectra® (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene), glass and polyamide; b) Stainless steel core with wraps of Dyneema® (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) and polyester; and c) Kevlar®, in different compositions, were thoroughly investigated to determine the most appropriate yarn for the slash proof materials. The slash proof fabric structures were developed by using knitting technology as it offers significant advantages in terms of cost, design flexibility and versatility. Different fabrics using the appropriate yarn were developed using various knitting criteria. Since there was neither any literature published for slash resistant fabrics nor any comparable fabric availability, the developed fabrics were tested against each other using a test method stipulated for slash proof application. The fabrics were also tested for their thermophysiological and flame resistant properties using a wide range of test methods and procedures. Due to the probable application of slash resistant fabrics, i.e. outer wear in open atmosphere, the developed fabrics were also characterized after exposing 5 years equivalent of UVA/B radiation. This research programme has led to some extremely successful and innovative outcomes including the granting of a full patent. One of the major findings has been that a two-layered knitted structure produced by using a combination of composite and staple-fibre aramid yarns helps to withstand a higher impact force during the slash attack. It was also established that the designed racked structure in the fabric not only provides resistance to the continuous movement of the knife blade but also increases the overall slash resistance capability of the protective fabric. The research has also led to some recommendations for further work in order to re-confirm some of the findings established during the study and also to improve the structure by reducing the area density of the slash resistant fabrics further due to the changes in the pass criteria of the slash resistant standard, set as a direct outcome of this research.

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Webster, James. "The perception of comfort and fit of personal protective equipment in sport." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6242.

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During the design of sports equipment, the main focus is usually on physical performance attributes, neglecting key subjective factors such as feel and comfort. The personal protective equipment worn in sport is a typical example, where injury prevention has taken precedence over user comfort, but it is anticipated that with a new approach to the design process, comfort can be improved without sacrificing protection. Using cricket leg guards and taekwondo chest guards as an example, this study aimed to develop a systematic method for assessing user perceptions and incorporating them into the design process. Players perceptions of the factors that influence the comfort of cricket leg guards and taekwondo chest guards were elicited through the use of co-discovery sessions, focus groups and individual interviews, and analysed through an inductive process to produce a comfort model. The relative importance of each different comfort dimension was identified through the use of an online questionnaire utilising the analytical hierarchy process method. Through the combination of these methods, six general dimensions were identified with a weighting regarding the amount to which each one determines a user's perceived comfort. For both cricket and taekwondo, the majority of players ranked Fit as the most important factor affecting comfort. Experimental procedures were developed to objectively test the Fit of cricket leg guards, with regards to batting kinematics, running performance and contact pressure. These methods were combined with subjective assessments of leg guard performance, to determine if there was a relationship between users perceived comfort and objective test results. It was found that shot ROM and performance were not significantly affected by cricket leg guards, despite perceptions of increased restriction whilst wearing certain pads. Wearing cricket leg guards was found to significantly decrease running performance when compared to running without pads (p<0.05). In addition, it was found that the degree of impedance depended on pad design and could not solely be attributed to additional mass. These results correlated with the subjective assessment of three different leg guards, with respondents identifying the pad which had the largest influence on their running biomechanics and impeded their performance the most, as the most restrictive pad. Contact pressure under the pad and straps was also measured for four different leg guards whilst running. The results found that the top strap applied the greatest amount of pressure to the leg, especially at the point of maximum knee flexion. The peak pressure under the top strap was found to reach up to three times that of any other area of the pad. These results were reflected in the subjective assessment of the leg guards, with all nine subjects identifying the top strap as an area of discomfort for certain pads. The results also suggested there was a preference for pads with a larger more consistent contact area, as pad movement was perceived to increase when contact area variation was greater. Finally the results from this research were used to develop a product design specification (PDS) for a cricket leg guard, specifying size, mass, contact pressure and shape. The PDS was used to develop a concept design which would maximise comfort, whilst maintaining protection.

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Sharma, Neha. "Development of CFD Methodology to Quantify Particle-transmission Percentage of Personal Protective Equipment." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1523635154570205.

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Payne, Thomas. "Improved human soft tissue thigh surrogates for superior assessment of sports personal protective equipment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17951.

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Human surrogates are representations of living humans, commonly adopted to better understand human response to impacts. Though surrogates have been widely used in automotive, defence and medical industries with varying levels of biofidelity, their primary application in the sporting goods industry has been through primitive rigid anvils used in assessing personal protective equipment (PPE) effectiveness. In sports, absence from competition is an important severity measure and soft tissue injuries such as contusions and lacerations are serious concerns. Consequently, impact surrogates for the sporting goods industry need a more subtle description of the relevant soft tissues to assess impact severity and mitigation accurately to indicate the likelihood of injury. The fundamental aim for this research study was to establish a method to enable the development of superior, complementary, increasingly complex synthetic and computational impact surrogates for improved assessment of sports personal protective equipment. With a particular focus on the thigh segment, research was conducted to evaluate incremental increases in surrogate complexity. Throughout this study, empirical assessment of synthetic surrogates and computational evaluation using finite element (FE) models were employed to further knowledge on design features influencing soft tissue surrogates in a cost and time efficient manner. To develop a more representative human impact surrogate, the tissue structures considered, geometries and materials were identified as key components influencing the mechanical response of surrogates. As a design tool, FE models were used to evaluate the changes in impact response elicited with different soft tissue layer configurations. The study showed the importance of skin, adipose, muscle and bone tissue structures and indicated up to 15.4% difference in maximum soft tissue displacement caused by failure to represent the skin layer. FE models were further used in this capacity in a shape evaluation study from which it was determined that a full-scale anatomically contoured thigh was necessary to show the full diversity of impact response phenomena exhibited. This was particularly pertinent in PPE evaluations where simple surrogate shapes significantly underestimated the magnitudes of displacements exhibited (up to 155% difference) when rigid shell PPE was simulated under impact conditions. Synthetic PDMS silicone simulants were then fabricated for each of the organic soft tissues to match their dynamic responses. The developed simulants exhibited a superior representation of the tissues when compared to previous single material soft tissue simulant, Silastic 3483, which showed 324%, 11,140% and -15.8% greater differences than the PDMS when compared to previously reported target organic tissue datasets for relaxed muscle, skin and adipose tissues respectively. The impact response of these PDMS surrogates were compared in FE models with previously used single material simulants in representative knee and cricket ball sports impact events. The models were each validated through experimental tests and the PDMS simulants were shown to exhibit significantly closer responses to organic tissue predictions across all impact conditions and evaluation metrics considered. An anatomically contoured synthetic thigh surrogate was fabricated using the PDMS soft tissue simulants through a novel multi-stage moulding process. The surrogate was experimentally tested under representative sports impact conditions and showed a good comparison with FE model predictions with a maximum difference in impactor displacements and peak accelerations of +6.86% and +12.5% respectively at velocities between 2 - 4 m.s-1. The value of increased biofidelity in the anatomical synthetic and virtual surrogate thighs has been proven through the incremental adoption of important surrogate elements (tissue structures, material and geometries). The predictive capabilities of each surrogate have been demonstrated through their parallel developments and staged comparisons with idealised organic tissue responses. This increase in biofidelity is introduced at modestly higher cost compared to Silastic 3483, but, given the benefits of a more representative human impact response for PPE evaluations, this is shown to be worthwhile.

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Wallaart, Johannes Christiaan Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Identification, elimination and reduction of barriers to the effective use of respiratory personal protective equipment." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Safety Science, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43293.

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This thesis is concerned with the identification, elimination and reduction of barriers to the use of personal respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the workplace to reduce and prevent occupational inhalation disease. Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is widely used in industry, health, emergency response, military settings and many other applications and are in daily use by thousands of people in Australasia. The equipment is generally used to filter or ab/adsorb the contaminants from the air prior to delivery to the wearer by filtering or ad/absorbing contaminants from the air prior to being breathed. There is increasing concerns being expressed worldwide as well as in Australia and New Zealand about the apparent increase in diagnosed occupational diseases and the use of RPE is an essential preventative measure able to be adopted by workplaces. The use of this type of equipment is the option after the preferred options of elimination and isolation of the individual from the contaminant in the atmosphere. In spite of this, many different types of RPE are routinely in use. There are, however, enormous practical, physiological and psychological difficulties in the wearing of RPE. Concerns have been expressed in the literature as well as in practical situations that many different types of RPE was unable to meet the needs of workers, particularly as related to airflows and that current standards did not reflect the real-life workplace demands. This work set out to determine an improved methodology for users to determine the total inward leakage (TIL), the different types and quantities of airflows, particularly Peak Inspiratory Air Flows (PIAF). When communicating (an essential aspect in the workplace for safety reasons), PIAFs rise dramatically. This work showed that PIAF were very high, particularly when communicating, and is likely to exceed the ability of many commercial types of commercially available respiratory equipment as well being in excess of the certification requirements of standard bodies. In addition, Minute Volumes (MV) in a typical Australian workforce were shown to be very variable between individuals and current certification requirement of airflows do not appear to reflect practical use. The thesis further investigated using a questionnaire survey, the knowledge and current intervention measures adopted by farmers in different sections of agriculture, particularly dairy farming. Agriculture in New Zealand is a critical economic activity, employing 10% of the total workforce. This work showed that in spite of many different types of intervention activity spread over many years by Government agencies and private organisations to date, limited awareness exists of inhalation diseases and appropriate types of RPE in different applications (for example, confined space applications). The research would suggest that a different and more intensive approach is needed by Government agencies to address the problem in this workplace community if workplace inhalation diseases are to be reduced in the future.

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Cuming, Richard G. "Factors Surgical Team Members Perceive Influence Choices of Wearing or not Wearing Personal Protective Equipment During Operative/Invasive Procedures." FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/111.

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Exposure to certain bloodborne pathogens can prematurely end a person’s life. Healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those who are members of surgical teams, are at increased risk of exposure to these pathogens. The proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during operative/invasive procedures reduces that risk. Despite this, some HCWs fail to consistently use PPE as required by federal regulation, accrediting agencies, hospital policy, and professional association standards. The purpose of this mixed methods survey study was to (a) examine factors surgical team members perceive influence choices of wearing or not wearing PPE during operative/invasive procedures and (b) determine what would influence consistent use of PPE by surgical team members. Using an ex post facto, non-experimental design, the memberships of five professional associations whose members comprise surgical teams were invited to complete a mixed methods survey study. The primary research question for the study was: What differences (perceptual and demographic) exist between surgical team members that influence their choices of wearing or not wearing PPE during operative/invasive procedures? Four principal differences were found between surgical team members. Functional (i.e., profession or role based) differences exist between the groups. Age and experience (i.e., time in profession) differences exist among members of the groups. Finally, being a nurse anesthetist influences the use of risk assessment to determine the level of PPE to use. Four common themes emerged across all groups informing the two study purposes. Those themes were: availability, education, leadership, and performance. Subsidiary research questions examined the influence of previous accidental exposure to blood or body fluids, federal regulations, hospital policy and procedure, leaders’ attitudes, and patients’ needs on the use of PPE. Each of these was found to strongly influence surgical team members and their use of PPE during operative/invasive procedures. Implications based on the findings affect organizational policy, purchasing and distribution decisions, curriculum design and instruction, leader behavior, and finally partnership with PPE manufacturers. Surgical team members must balance their innate need to care for patients with their need to protect themselves. Results of this study will help team members, leaders, and educators achieve this balance.

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Gooding, Emily J. (Emily Joanne). "A mixed methods approach to modeling personal protective equipment supply chains for infectious disease outbreak response." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104810.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 115-121).
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical to the protection of healthcare workers responding to infectious disease outbreaks. The ability of the PPE supply chain to provide adequate and consistent supply when there is a large spike in demand has not been well-considered. Humanitarian logistics literature rarely considers infectious disease outbreaks as possible humanitarian crises while epidemiology literature assumes perfectly responsive supply chains. This thesis uses a mixed methods approach - an exploratory case study and system dynamics model - to bridge the gap between these two fields. It provides one approach for connecting epidemiology and supply chain research. An explanatory case study of the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak is used to analyze the PPE supply chain and its in-crisis functionality. We gather primary data using semi-structured interviews with supply chain actors and analyze that data using qualitative coding analysis. The system dynamics model is developed based on the results of the case study to offer insight as to how the PPE supply chain could be improved to better respond to future outbreaks. Several scenarios are simulated to test the effects of various supply chain improvement strategies. Relationship-building between supply chain actors, unconstrained shipping channels, flexible funding pools, and pre-positioning are all found to be effective supply chain improvement strategies.
by Emily J. Gooding.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Eriksson, Ruben. "FRM AIRCON : What can be done to improve the personal protective equipment for auto body painters?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125440.

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The professional auto body painter works in an extreme environment, where the painter faces constant movement, ever-changing working situations and pressure to deliver a flawless paint job: the paint booth. The temperature in the paint booth is high, often around 30˚ Celsius. The floor is very hard, made of metal grid or concrete, and the painter usually has to move around a lot, at least 9 km per day. For this project I chose to focus on the painter’s work footwear as a major part of the personal protective equipment. My goal is to create a new standard in working shoes, specifically made for this environment and context. A comfortable shoe that could withstand heat, paint dust and wear. A shoe that is made for its users: the FRM AIRCON.

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Ruffing, Ami A. "Personal Protective Equipment and Laboratory Safety Training: The Roles of Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Control." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/700.

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Chemical and biological agents can cause serious adverse occupational health effects, and can adversely impact environmental health. Adverse incidents occur in laboratories using chemical, biological and radiologic agents, and laboratories pose a number of dangers to workers. Adverse incidents occur more frequently in teaching and research institutions when compared to industrial laboratories. Good laboratory safety practices, including the use of personal protective equipment, can reduce the number and severity of laboratory accidents, thus reducing the risk of chemical, biological and radiologic exposure for workers and for the public. Improving laboratory safety training should also result in fewer lab accidents. This study was conducted at a mid-sized Midwestern research university. The study population consisted of people who had attended a laboratory safety training session in 2010, 2011 or 2012. Following administration of a pilot survey and development of additional items, a sample (N=451) of the total population (N=936) received a survey inquiring about the use of personal protective equipment, and about laboratory safety training. 143 completed surveys were returned. The survey was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Theoretical constructs investigated included personal protective equipment attitude, subjective norm, behavioral control, behavioral intention, past self-reported behavior, and safety training attitude. Multiple regression showed that the overall model accounted for 56% of the variability in the study population. Subjective norm was the theoretical construct most strongly predictive of behavioral intention (B=.653, p=.001). Attitude was next most strongly predictive of intention (B=.343, p=.001). Behavioral control was not significantly correlated with behavioral intention. There was a positive significant correlation between training attitude and behavioral intention (Pearson's r = 0.233, p=.006, 2-tailed). There was also a positive significant correlation between attitude toward personal protective equipment, and attitude toward training (Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.332, p=.001, 2-tailed). Self-reported behavior was regressed on the three theoretical constructs. Subjective norm was most significantly predictive of self-reported behavior (B = .523, p= .001), followed by attitude (B = .281, p= .034). Behavioral control was not significantly predictive of self-reported behavior. The study determined that about 80% of respondents felt that their lab was usually or always a safe place to work, although 40% reported having been injured in a lab. Training can be improved by emphasizing the importance of subjective norm, by clarifying the responsibilities of lab supervisors, and by providing additional information regarding how to obtain, use, and care for personal protective equipment. Use of personal protective equipment may be increased by emphasizing the importance of subjective norm during training.

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Eriksson, Albert. "Reducing waste from healthcare in a society of mass consumption : Applying PSS for personal protective equipment." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21088.

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Background. The amount of waste generated each year is increased, research indicates that 79 % of plastic waste is dumped in landfills, 12% to incinerated and 9% of the plastics are recycled. At the beginning of the year 2020, an increase in personal protective equipment (PPE) was noted as a direct result of the Covid-19 pandemic that spread around the world. As a foundation to the waste problem in society, VolvoGroup presented its zero mission goals. The zero missions goals were to be captured in a problem space provided by Volvo. A problem space that students at Blekinge Institute of Technology and Stanford University were set out to find a solution to. Objectives. The objectives of this thesis were through the Design Thinking strategy to find solutions that are circular and applied as a PSS. The goal is to apply a circular system of which Volvo Group can apply in their line of work, also to transition this solution into other areas, e.g. healthcare. Methods. For research measures, the Design Research Methodology was used to frame the research and Design Thinking to frame the design process. Results. The result presented is a machine that can provide Volvo Group or healthcare with circular single-use gloves. The circular aspects are enabled by a certain material, allowing the created system to be circular. The system is applied as a product-service system, enhancing the availability of gloves in either healthcare or inside Volvo Group. Conclusions. The circular system applied as a PSS satisfies the goals by Volvo Group by reducing waste generated, increasing availability of protective equipment, thus increasing the safety of users in need of PPE. The created circular system has the potential to be applied in other areas than waste management and healthcare, which can be proved through future research.
Bakgrund. Mängden sopor som slängs ökar för vart år som går. Forskning visar att79% av all plast som slängs går till deponi, 12% går till förbränning och resterandemängd plast (9%) återvinns. Under år 2020 har förbrukningen av skyddsartiklar av engångstyp ökat på grund av den Covid-19-pandemi som bröt ut i början av året. Den ökade förbrukningen har sin tur medfört nedskräpning av skyddsartiklar i naturen i en ökad omfattning. Till följd av detta har Volvo Group utformat ett uppdrag i syfte att få hjälp med att nå sin nollvision. Visionen innebär att utsläpp, olyckor och produktionsstopp ska upphöra helt och hållet. Uppdraget tilldelades en gruppstudenter på Blekinge Tekniska Högskola och Stanford University. Studenterna fick i uppgift att angripa problemet och komma med en lösning som uppfyller företagets nollvision. Syfte. Syftet med denna rapport är att genom design thinking- strategin finna en lösning som kan skapa ett cirkulärt system och appliceras som ett produkt-servicesystem (PSS). Målet är att kunna applicera detta system inom Volvo koncernen, men att även kunna presentera möjligheten att göra systemet tillämpningsbart inom sjukvården. Metod. I rent forskningssyfte användes Design Research Methodology för att rama in forskningen som skedde parallellt med utvecklingsprocessen. Utvecklingsprocessen följde ramarna för Design Thinking som presenterar olika typer av verktyg för design och utveckling av en produkt. Resultat. Det resultat som presenteras i denna rapport är ett cirkulärt system applicerat i en form av en PSS. Det som möjliggör detta system är ett material som tillåter reproduktion av engångshandskar som går att applicera inom sophanteringsindustrin. Detta indikerar även på att ett likande system kan medföra att sjukvården kan bli självständig i sitt användande av skyddsutrustning. Slutsatser. Ett cirkulärt system som uppfyller Volvos nollvision genom att skydda deras arbetare sluter ett kretslopp för en typ av skyddsutrustning. Det leder även tillökad tillgänglighet av utrusning. Detta system har potentialen att appliceras inom sjukvården i form av ett centraliserat system på sjukhus som tillför mindre enheter med tillverkade handskar.

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Magoro, Flora Madinane. "Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding personal protective equipment amongst Stevens Lumber Mills empolyees in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/773.

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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2012
The purpose of this study was to establish whether PPE were used effectively, and to determine the knowledge about, attitude towards and practices of PPE by SLM employees. A quantitative research study was conducted using a questionnaire to gather data from employees who were working in a production area and who were exposed to possible occupational injuries and diseases. Two hundred and six employees responded to the questionnaire. The findings revealed that employees demonstrated inadequate knowledge about PPE and compliance while using PPE was not satisfactory. Conclusion There was an inappropriate response to the majority of the questions which indicated that the respondents had little understanding of PPE. They also demonstrated a negative attitude, and non-use of PPE. Key words: knowledge, attitude, practice, personal protective equipment

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Erlank, Lara. "Understanding South African herbicide workers’ residual take-home exposure risks from personal protective equipment cleaning and storing practices." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29322.

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Exposure to pesticides has been associated with several adverse health effects. When workers who spray pesticides take contaminated Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and work clothes home, those items pose a risk of cross-contamination. Agriculture employers are recommended to make facilities available for workers to clean and store contaminated items at the workplace to reduce the risk of cross-contamination. However, little research has been conducted on forestry workers, for whom at-work cleaning and storage facilities may be less feasible. Working for Water (WfW) is a South African programme that focuses on removing invasive alien vegetation and alleviating poverty through providing job opportunities to unemployed individuals in low-income settings. WfW forestry workers use herbicides to remove the invasive vegetation. Unlike agricultural workers, WfW forestry workers undertake projects that are transient and tend to be on mountainous or steep terrain. The work environment poses challenges for at-work access to amenities or facilities to clean and store contaminated PPE. Workers have few alternatives but to take contaminated items home. WfW safety protocols do not currently address the risks associated with take-home residues or indicate how workers should clean and store contaminated items. This study is part of a larger project focusing on developing protocols to reduce the risks of cross-contamination and exposure to residues. This dissertation provides baseline data for improved WfW safety protocols through the exploration of workers’ at-home risks of cross-contamination, and the role that worker perceptions and access to amenities have on cleaning and storing behaviors for contaminated items. The Protocol (Part A) describes the methods used to collect and analyze the data. The Literature Review (Part B) presents the risks of take-home residues associated with cross-contamination and the importance of exploring workers’ perceptions and access to amenities to promote safety compliance. The Article (Part C) explores WfW workers’ cleaning and storing behaviors, what contaminated items are taken home, the workers’ access to amenities in the home, and the workers’ perceived risk of exposure. Questionnaires were administered to 27 WfW workers across three excavation sites (Tokai, Citrusdal and Hermanus) that were selected based on convenience sampling. Findings showed that most of the participants took contaminated items home daily. Many participants (55.2%) did not have access to running water. Access to running water and type of housing influenced whether the contaminated items were washed indoors or outdoors, and how they were washed. WfW participants who lived in a shack were more likely to leave contaminated items on the couch or bed or with other clothing items than those living in permanent dwellings. Those workers were more likely to keep them in a non-permeable transport bag, outside, or separate drawers away from clean items. The majority of subjects (65.5%) perceived exposure to herbicides as dangerous to their health. The participants’ perceived risk was associated with whether they took contaminated PPE items home, but not how they were cleaned or stored. WfW Safety protocols should emphasize the importance of keeping contaminated items contained and reducing contact with household surfaces or clean clothes. Workers’ cleaning and storing practices and their associated risk of crosscontamination are largely determined by the amenities they have access to. For new safety protocols to be effective, they need to be realistic and take into account the constraints workers face.

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Osguthorpe, Jeremy. "Characterization and Optimization of Thermal Protective Fabrics Designed to Protect Against Splash Hazards." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4096.

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Thermal textiles used in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are used to protect individuals from the hazards of thermal energy. An analytical model of the diffusion of thermal energy within the fabric was developed to simulate the transfer of thermal energy due to a hot liquid splash. Based on the model results, it was determined that that the use of an orthotropic material in which the thermal conductivities in the radial and axial directions are different can be used to decrease the amount of heat transferred through the fabric and thereby increase amount of protection in PPE. An orthotropic material particularly performs well under situations where splashes are small in size and short in time duration. The increased level of protection may be enough to prevent a second-degree burn as determined by the Stoll criterion for materials in which the radial thermal conductivity is much larger than the axial thermal conductivity. , However, situations with larger splashes over longer duration, the benefits are minimal and at best may reduce the amount of energy transferred over part of the splash site thereby minimizing potential size of burn areas. A semi empirical test method in which analytical results are matched to experimental results by iteratively changing the radial thermal conductivity was presented as a way to extract information about the extent that a fabric is orthotropic. Preliminary results as compared to numerical CFD experimentation show that with a calibrated model, the method has potential of giving good results. Further physical experimentation is recommended to further validate that this method could be of use in determining the extent that a fabric is orthotropic.

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Schmitz, Viola. "How can retroreflective clothing provide more safety through visibility in a semi-dark urban environment?" Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280081.

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Being inconspicuous in the dark outdoors can cause accidents including physical injuries. To prevent pedestrian being involved in accidents it is necessary to make them most visible to approaching people.This Master’s Thesis examines the use of retroreflective clothing in a semi-dark urban environment to provide safety through conspicuity. Through analysing the lighting situation in Stockholm, the ability of the human vision, reactions and existing products it has led to experiments and surveys to find the most efficient line placement and pattern to make an individual recognizable as human on approach.The results were that body outlines and horizontal lines along joints made a human most identifiable. Most conspicuity was given when lines were wider than 2cm and patterns contrasted to the surroundings.As the experiment was conducted in a semi-dark setting, different retroreflective design solutions might be more adequate for other lighting scenarios with more or less light

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Castle, Nicholas. "What airway and vascular access skills can be performed whilst wearing the NHS issued chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear personal protective equipment?" Thesis, City University London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/15163/.

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The introduction of chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear personal protective equipment (CBRN-PPE) across the National Health Service (NHS), in 2007, represented an increase in the capacity to treat patients following a CBRN incident. However, little was known on what impact the NHS CBRN-PPE would have on skill performance. To date a number of studies have evaluated various skills performed whilst wearing a range of CBRN-PPE, none of which resembles the NHS CBRN-PPE. This gap in the evidence prompted a series of research studies addressing the following research question, ‘What airway and vascular access skills can be performed whilst wearing the NHS issued chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear personal protective equipment? The resulting nine published peer-reviewed papers are presented with a critical commentary in three chapters: Chapter 3 (Papers 1 to 4) assesses what clinical skills can be performed using the NHS CBRN-PPE; Chapter 4 (Papers 5 & 6) explores clinicians’ views on the preferences and experiences of airway management whilst wearing CBRN-PPE; and Chapter 5 (Papers 7 to 9) evaluates the optimal strategies of airway management whilst wearing the NHS CBRN-PPE. Chapter 6 is a summary of the findings presented in this thesis and presents a number of new research questions to further expand our knowledge-base, regarding skill performance whilst wearing NHS CBRN-PPE, reflecting the developmental nature of this area of research. The research contained in this thesis utilises a combination of randomised controlled trials, interviews and questionnaires, to ascertain the impact of the NHS CBRN-PPE on skill completion. Papers 1 to 4 recruited a group of mixed clinicians allowing subgroup analysis observing for inter-professional differences regarding skill performance. Whereas, Papers 7 to 9 recruited student paramedics ensuring similar levels of airway management skills, thereby isolating prior expertise as a variable. The research presented in this thesis has been used during simulation training as part preparations for the 2012 Olympics, in the development of a CBRN training DVD and incorporated into a textbook. The results have also been shared with NHS England working party on CBRN-PPE and, are being incorporated into CBRN treatment protocols by an overseas ambulance service.

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Deshmukh, Atul Ramesh. "Product Evaluation and Process Improvement Guidelines for the Personal Protective Equipment Manufacturers based on Human Factors, NIOSH Guidelines and System Safety Principles." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26391.

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To analyze the system development, manufacturing practices and system evaluation procedures of representative PPES manufacturers, two companies (i.e., one â smallâ , referred to here as â simple manufacturer (SM)â , and one â largeâ , referred here as â complex manufacturer (CM)â â in terms of workforce, market presence, and capital) that develop first responder PPES, which voluntarily agreed to participate in the research were chosen. The complex PPES is an Air-Pak, a self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) used by first responders for artificial breathing in life-threatening scenarios and the simple PPES is the Fire-Eye device, a thermal sensor that attaches to the visor of the firefighter in order to convey the visual warning of the ambient thermal environment. In order to differentiate the two distinct methodological approaches, the dissertation has been split into two different parts. The first methodology is a â case studyâ type of empirical investigation which follows a triangulation approach utilizing surveys, structured interviews, process and system observations, and examination of archival records. The second type of methodology is an experimental empirical research one, which involves laboratory-scale and full-scale real-life fire scenarios to conduct product evaluation. The research goals of the case study research were to identify the problems faced by the manufacturers of PPES and to formulate guidelines with regards to manufacturing, compliance, design and development processes, etc., for the PPES manufacturers. The investigation sought answer to the following key questions: a) How do PPES manufacturers currently approach the systems design and development process and what best practices in manufacturing and quality control have they adopted? b) What human factors and ergonomic measures are adopted by these companies while designing their products and what human testing is conducted by companies? c)What safety measures are considered by the safety designer while designing the product? The recommendations also include modifications to the product design process taking into account the market trends in the product design processes, involvement of ergonomics and safety aspects. The research goals for the experimental part of this dissertation were to identify appropriate evaluation methods and conduct the PPES evaluation in simulated fire environments. The Fire-Eye device primarily functions in hot environments and warns the firefighters of the ambient temperature. Therefore, the laboratory-scale evaluation was conducted using test methods such as the Static Oven, Fire Equipment Evaluator, and Radiant Panel, methods which represent controlled environment test conditions. The Fire-Eye device was also evaluated in realistic fire environment created in an ISO burn room by conducting several tests using different types of fuels such as Heptane, Natural Gas, and Living-room set-up (i.e., furniture as fuel). The Fire-Eye device was tested for repeatability and reproducibility of its performance in both of the experimental settings. Statistical data analysis was conducted to determine any differences in performance of the Fire-Eye device among each laboratory-scale methods as well as to compare the performance of the device between laboratory-scale and full-scale fire environments in identical heat locations. The results suggest that a dual approach (laboratory-scale and full-scale fire environment) for evaluating the performance of PPES is more effective than is testing the device in either one of the methods.
Ph. D.

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Lilliehöök, Nordenrot Eleonor, and Silvia Giorgi. "Skyddsutrustning under operation : Den sterilklädda personalens preoperativa val av och motivering till val av skyddsutrustning." Thesis, Röda Korsets Högskola, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:rkh:diva-668.

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Bakgrund: Vid operativa ingrepp finns en risk för överföring av smitta mellan personal och patienter. Lokala riktlinjer ska reglera användningen av personlig skyddsutrustning. Huvudskydd används för att hindra hår och partiklar att falla ner på sterilt område. Ögonskydd skyddar personalens ögonslemhinna mot stänk av kroppsvätskor och användandet av dubbla handskar minskar risk för blodsmitta vid stick- och skärskador. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka preoperativa val av och motivering till val av huvudskydd, ögonskydd och handskar hos operatörer och operationssjuksköterskor. Metod: I en empirisk, deskriptiv studie med tvärsnittsdesign undersöktes val av och motivering till val av huvudskydd, ögonskydd och handskar. Operationssjuksköterskor och operatörer observerades och tillfrågades med stöd av ett strukturerat frågeformulär. Resultat: På två operationsavdelningar i Stockholms län utfördes 240 observationer. Hjälmmössa valdes vid samtliga observationer inom ortopedi och vid mindre än hälften av övriga tillfällen. Ögonskydd valdes i mycket liten utsträckning av operatörer med motiveringen att de var obekväma. Operationssjuksköterskor valde att använda ögonskydd vid mer än hälften av observationerna med säkerhet som motivering. Dubbla handskar valdes vid 232 av 240 tillfällen. Slutsats: Mössa valdes för att den var bekväm och hjälm för att den rekommenderades. Ögonskydd valdes sällan. Förekomsten av att välja att använda dubbla handskar var god. Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie visar behov av information och utbildning om risken för smittoöverföring under operation. Fler och mer utförliga lokala riktlinjer för personlig skyddsutrustning skulle kunna öka användningen av hjälm och ögonskydd.
Background: Local guidelines are supposed to regulate the use of personal protective equipment to reduce the risk of transmission of infection between patients and staff during surgery. Headwear prevents hair and debris from falling down on the sterile field. Eyewear protects the eye mucosa from splashes of body fluids and the use of double gloving reduces the risk of blood contamination from sharps injuries. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the preoperative choices and motives of headwear, protective eyewear and gloves for surgeons and surgical nurses. Method: This is an empirical, descriptive study with cross-sectional design, examining the choices and motives of headwear, protective eyewear and gloves. Surgical nurses and surgeons were observed and questioned using structured questionnaires’. Results: A total of 240 observations were conducted in two surgical wards in the province of Stockholm. The staff chose to wear surgical helmets in all orthopedic surgeries and in less than half of the other surgical procedures. Surgeons did not choose to were protective eyewear, claiming they were uncomfortable. In more than half of the observations surgical nurses wore protective eyewear motivated by security reasons. Double gloving occurred in 232 occasions out of 240. Conclusion: Surgical helmets were chosen due to recommendations. Other types of headwear were chosen because they were comfortable. Eye protection was rarely chosen. The occurrence of double gloving was good. Clinical significance: This study demonstrates the need for information and education regarding the risk of transmission of infection during surgery. More and detailed local guidelines for personal protective equipment could increase the use of helmets and eye protection.

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Calvillo, Anthony. "Evaluation of Water-only Decontamination for Firefighters’ Turnout Gear." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1530880114309489.

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Hallonqvist, Linn, and Mimmi Cromsjö. "Detection of safety equipment in the manufacturing industry using image recognition." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177721.

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Safety is an essential part of the paper industry, as the industry can be very hazardous and accidents can lead to serious injuries for the people involved. In order to mitigate and prevent accidents, it has been shown that proactive measures are of great value. One type of proactive measure is the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as gloves, hard hats, safety glasses and reflective vests. Despite that it is often required to wear PPE in a work place, it is not always guaranteed and non-usage can affect the safety of workers. To detect unsafe conditions, such as non-usage of PPE, automated video monitoring with image recognition can be useful. The intention of this work is to investigate whether an image recognition model can be created using the cloud service Azure and used in a system that can detect PPE, which in this work is limited to reflective vests. The work results in an artifact using an image recognition model. Additionally, this work examines how the training data can affect the model's performance. It is found that the model can be improved by training the model on images with varying backgrounds, angles, distances, and occlusions. While there are many advantages with automated monitoring, the use of it can raise questions regarding the privacy of the people being monitored and how it can be perceived in a workplace. Therefore, this thesis examines the privacy concerns and attitudes regarding an image recognition system for monitoring. This is accomplished by performing a literature study and interviews with employees at a paper mill. The results reveals challenges with systems for automated monitoring as well as factors that can affect how employees feel about them.

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Shammo, Johannes Hanna, and Saad Faris Asaad Betti. "Skyddsutrustningen och logistikens påverkan på effektiviteten och olyckshändelserna." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260328.

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The bachelor thesis was performed in cooperation with Erlandsson Bygg Öst. The purpose of this thesis is to find out how the personal protective equipment (PPE) and logistics increase the efficiency of the work and reduce the risk of accidents at building site. The project was to investigate the factors that impact the efficiency and activities some increase the risk for accidence. The study discusses only the PPE and logistics, because it considers as an important for building production. The motivation of this thesis is to look into the factors that can reduce the risk of accident in the future and make it more effective on the building method. In order to carry out the bachelor thesis there has been a combination of literature studies, questionnaires and interviews. The literature studies were in form of books and digital websites. And the interview performed with 2 managers. The questionnaires handed out to the worker that was at building site. After the work has been done was able to draw conclusion about which factors increase the risk of accidents and which factors affect the efficiency. The communication and APD-plan are the shortage of using of the PPE and problem in logistic is the factors that impact the efficiency and accidents. The recommendation has been presented to the company to raise awareness to increase efficiency and reduce the incidence of accidents.

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Rivas, Federico Andrade. "Influence of risk perceptions and social context on working for water herbicide sprayers' Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) compliance in the Western Cape of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6097.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
The exposure of workers and farmers to herbicides in middle- and low-income countries is an important public health issue with a significant negative impact on their short- and long-term health status. Besides the possible acute effects, long term exposures to low doses of herbicides leads to accumulation in the body which might lead to chronic health effects. The exposure to herbicides of substances is associated with different types of cancers, Parkinson’s, insulin resistance, obesity and endocrine disruptions. Maternal exposure to herbicides have been associated with the prevalence of small-for-gestational-age and foetal gastroschisis. Farmers and workers from low-income countries are at greater risk of exposure given the spraying techniques used, deficient risk communication tools and the inadequate or lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use. In addition, underlying factors such as poor nutrition and immune system status might increase the risk to develop acute or chronic illness related to herbicide exposure. The Working for Water (WfW) programme was launched in 1995 to control invasive alien vegetation while simultaneously contributing to alleviate poverty. The programme, which relies on chemical and hand/mechanical removal mechanisms, is now running in all nine South African provinces and is one of the world’s largest programmes addressing removal of invasive alien vegetation. Despite the extensive policy and management efforts of the WfW programme, workers are at risk of harmful exposures to herbicides and therefore new exposure reduction interventions must be implemented. This study is part of a larger project, which is focused on developing a peer-based intervention to improve WfW current prevention strategies.

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Claesson, Ida, and Emma Good. "Sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta säkert under en pandemi. : En intervjustudie." Thesis, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för omvårdnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52901.

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Bakgrund Till akutmottagning kommer patienter med misstänkt eller konstaterad covid-19 smitta. Sjuksköterskor ska kunna ge alla patienter en god och säker vård utifrån gällande lagar och rutiner. Patienter med misstänkt eller konstaterad covid-19 kan snabbt försämras, vilket gör att sjuksköterskor ställs inför utmaningar i vården med och kring dessa patienter. För att sjuksköterskor ska kunna arbeta säkert och vårda patienter med misstänkt eller konstaterad covid-19, krävs det att de klär sig i adekvat skyddsutrustning. Syfte Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att bedriva säker vård för patienter med misstänkt eller konstaterad covid-19 smitta på akutmottagning. Metod Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats. Datainsamling gjordes genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor på akutmottagning i södra Sverige. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomfördes av det insamlade materialet. Resultat Tre kategorier med subkategorier framkom: Utmaning med isoleringsvård (tidskrävande, bemanning och kontakt): Arbetsmiljö (psykisk påverkan, fysisk påverkan och trygghet): Förändrat arbetssätt (logistik, kunskap, rutiner och lokaler). Slutsats För att kunna bedriva trygg och säker vård på akutmottagning under pågående pandemi krävs det rätt förutsättningar, som anpassade lokaler för isoleringsvård, evidensbaserade rutiner, skyddsutrustning, tid för patienterna, rätt bemanning och tid för återhämtning.
Introduction Patients with suspected or established Covid-19 infection arrive to the emergency department. Nurses must be able to provide all patients with good and safe care based on current laws and routines. Patients with suspected or established covid-19 can rapidly deteriorate, which means that nurses are faced with challenges in care with and around these patients. To be able to take care of patients with suspected or established covid-19, nurses must wear personal protective equipment. Aim To describe nurses' experiences of providing safe care for patients with suspected or established covid-19 infection within the emergency department. Method The study was conducted using a qualitative method with an inductive approach. Data collection was done through ten semi-structured interviews with nurses in the emergency department in southern Sweden. Qualitative content analysis was performed on the collected material. Results Three categories with subcategories emerged: Challenge with isolation care (time consuming, staffing and contact): Work environment (mental impact, physical impact and secureness (security): Changed way of working (logistics, knowledge, routines and premises). Conclusions To provide safe and secure healthcare in emergency department during ongoing pandemic, there must be correct prerequisites, like customized premises for isolation care, evidence-based routines, personal protective equipment, adequate staffing, time for patients and time for recovery.

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Capdevila, Nic Andrew. "Digital human modeling for optimal body armor design." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1435.

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In order to leverage advances made in body-armor materials, as well as to further the design landscape, considering body armor as a complete human-centric system is becoming more prevalent. This trend necessitates a greater focus on human systems integration (HSI) and human-centric design. Digital human models (DHMs) provide a powerful tool for HSI, but modeling-and-simulation tools, let alone DHMs, have rarely been used with body armor. With respect to analysis, this is changing. New methods for evaluating body armor from a biomechanical perspective have been developed within the SantosTM DHM. It is now possible to import digital models of body-armor systems, place them on an avatar, simulate various tasks (i.e., running, aiming, etc.), and then virtually evaluate the armor's effect on performance, balance, mobility, bulk, etc. However, with respect to design, there are no available simulation tools to help users balance the goals of maximizing mobility and survivability concurrently. In response to these growing needs, there are two new areas of work being proposed and discussed. First, this work leverages a series of new virtual evaluation capabilities for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and implements a filter that automatically evaluates and selects from a library of designs the most advantageous PPE system based on user-selected objectives and constraints. Initial tests have shown realistic results with minimal computational demand. Secondly, this thesis proposes a new method for armor-system topology optimization that optimizes not only biomechanical metrics but also external (to the DHM system) metrics from potentially complex injury and protection models. The design variables for this optimization problem represent the position on the body of small body-armor elements. In addition, the existence of each element is modeled as a variable, such that unnecessary elements are determined and removed automatically. This inclusion of location in combination with the traditional existence variable is a novel inclusion to the topology optimization method. Constraints require that no two elements overlap. The objective functions that govern where the armor elements are moved must be general enough to function with any external data, such as survivability. Thus, a novel process has been developed for importing external data points (i.e., stress at points in the body resulting from a blast simulation) and using regression analysis to represent these points analytically. Then, by using sequential quadratic programming for gradient-based optimization, the armor elements are automatically positioned in order to optimize the objective function (i.e., minimize potential injury). This new approach allows any metric to be used in order to determine general body-armor concepts upstream in the design process. This system has the potential to become especially useful when trying to optimize multiple objectives simultaneously, the results of which are not necessarily intuitive. Thus, given a specified amount of material, one can determine where to place it in order to, for example, maximize mobility, maximize survivability, and maximize balance during a series of specified mission-critical tasks. The intent is not necessarily to provide a final design with one "click"; accurately considering all aspects of hard and soft armor is beyond the scope of this work. However, these methods work towards providing a design aid to help steer system concepts. Test cases have been successfully run to maximize coverage of specific external data for internal organs (and thus survivability) and mobility, while minimizing weight. The weight metric has also been successfully used as a constraint in the optimal armor design. In summary, this work provides 1) initial steps towards an automated design tool for body armor, 2) a means for integrating different analysis models, and 3) a unique example of human-in-the-loop analysis and optimization.

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Byrne, Jill. "Occupational Heat Stress May Impact Surgeons' Thermal Comfort, Body Temperature, and Cognitive Performance." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1620764717903713.

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Hassan, Syed Ahmed. "Health, safety and environmental practices in the construction sector of Pakistan." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183327.

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Many south Asian countries are deficient in appropriate documentation, legislation and surveillance related to occupational health and safety (OHS). All these countries have high OHS incidence rate and labourers working in these countries are constantly exposed to occupational accidents and diseases. Although occupational accidents and work-related concerns have been in debate for a long time, no concrete moves have been taken, making situations worse and posing consistent coercions to an increasing labour force. The current research was carried out to examine the main hazards faced by construction workers in Pakistan and the response of health, safety and environment (HSE) department in plummeting these hazards and in certaining sustainability in construction companies in Pakistan. Workers working in the construction industry are incessantly bared to unsafe working conditions and have to confront several kind of hazards. This embraces exposure to sound, dust and toxic substances, issues of ergonomics, stress etc. This study employed a comprehensive fact-finding design. Data was harbored using interviews, academic articles and reports from international and national organisations. Employer, administration and labourers all lack knowledge about OHS issues in Pakistan. The majority of the labourers are unskilled, uninformed and unregistered. There are no native directives, which are coupled with both OHS and the construction industry. There is an absence of safety ethics, and neither reporting nor monitoring is conducted in the construction business. Companies see HSE issues as an economic burden which will eventually end up mounting production costs. Labourers don’t follow safety instructions; they don’t wear personal protective equipment (PPE), they reckon wearing this equipment would cause obstruction in their work and would influence their productivity. The use of PPE is essential in the construction activity, as it is considered as the last line of defence. All this has affected the construction industry tremendously collectively in terms of financial loss, human loss and image loss, and injury incidence rates have increased alarmingly. Implementation of sustainable development is a core responsibility of an HSE department. Dearth of HSE means lack of sustainability in the construction sector. Today, sustainability is an important aspect of development. It means that development should not only be economically feasable but also socially and environmentally viable both for current and future generations. There is much need to formulate new strict policy and laws or to amend old ones, laws which are effective and practical in promoting HSE and sustainability norms in the construction sector of Pakistan. The main hazards that are faced by construction workers are falling from height, lifting activity and electrocution. HSE departments play a chief role in minimizing worksite accidents and in promoting sustainable development in work settings. For ensuring sustainable practices on construction sites, HSE departments formulate integrated working policy, keeping in mind social, environmental and econmical aspects and considering inputs from all stakeholders. In addition, they look for innovative green technologies and green materials which are more environmental friendly, economical and require less energy.

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Yagi, Benjamim Shiro. "Estudo da interface e aplicação dos materiais mimétricos ao design de produto e segurança do trabalho /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91415.

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Orientador : Abílio Garcia dos Santos Filho
Banca: João Candido Fernandes
Banca: César Antunes de Freitas
Resumo: O desenvolvimento de produtos de uso pessoal que seguem o design antropomórfico nem sempre podem ser planejados em detalhes mínimos para adaptação em sujeitos que representam as extremidades estatísticas da antropometria. Atento a esse obstáculo, o projeto do produto necessita de recursos que permitam contornar essa limitação. O uso de materiais que possuem capacidade de deformação elástica / moldabilidade se torna viável no sentido de adaptar o produto ao usuário, de forma a otimizar seu desempenho, obtendo maiores índices de segurança, conforto e preferência subjetiva sem modificar sua estrutura básica em função de detalhes antropométricos. A aplicação de forma planejada em locais estratégicos onde exista maior contato com o corpo, sob pressão via peso ou força aplicada faz com que o material se molde aos contornos locais do corpo, proporcionando conforto, firmeza e segurança. São elementos primordiais para a ideal funcionalidade de um produto e que agregam valores preferenciais no poder de decisão do usuário. Dessa forma, é compilado o conceito dos Materiais Miméticos, cujo foco do presente estudo é a análise de preferência subjetiva de sujeitos por equipamentos de proteção individuais que possuem esses materiais moldáveis ao corpo como parte fundamental de sua estrutura; a constatação que a preferência está ligada às sensações produzidas através do material; os fatores decisivos para a escolha definitiva do usuário; análise de interface; e elementos secundários de design para contribuição referencial... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Development of products for personal use that follows the anthropomorphic design can not ordinarily be planned with meticulous details for the adjustment to subjects who represent the statistical extremes of anthropometry. Considering this obstacle, the productþs project demands resources that make it possible to hurdle this limitation. The use of material with flexible deforming capacity / capacity of shaping becomes something viable in a sense of adjusting product to user in order to enhance their performance, obtaining higher rates of safety, comfort and personal preference without modifying the basic structure in assignation of anthropometric details. The previously planned application in strategic areas where there is a greater contact with the body, under pressure by weight or employed strength, makes the material adapt to local contours of the body providing comfort, firmness and security. These are primal elements for the ideal functioning of a product and they aggregate preferential values to the userþs power of choice. This way, it is formulated the concept of Mimetic Materials, related to the aim of this study which are the analysis of subjectsþ personal preference for personal protection equipments that have this kind of material adaptable to the body as a fundamental part of their structure; the verification that preference is related to sensations produced by the material; decisive factors for userþs final choice; analysis of the interface; and secondary elements of design for referential contribuition... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Mestre

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33

Pastore, Oswaldo de Almeida. "A influência da temperatura na eficiência de filtros mecânicos com carga eletrostática usados em respiradores em ambiente de mineração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-02022009-154113/.

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O uso de filtros contra particulados é extremamente comum em ambiente de mineração. As normas nacionais e internacionais, utilizadas para a aprovação destes filtros, definem critérios de testes e aprovação que visam garantir que os filtros continuem eficientes ao longo do tempo. Os fatores como: tipo, tamanho, velocidade, carga da partícula e temperatura, são considerados nos testes de aprovação. O objetivo desta dissertação é verificar o comportamento de filtros para particulados tipo eletreto usados em respiradores, expostos a condições térmicas semelhantes às encontradas em ambiente de mineração, simulando, em laboratório, a temperatura e tempo de exposição a que os mesmos podem estar sujeitos, medindo e comparando os resultados obtidos no sentido de atenderem as recomendações normativas, tanto nacionais como internacionais. Filtros e peças faciais de diferentes fabricantes foram expostos a diferentes temperaturas, sendo mantidos nestas temperaturas por no mínimo 24 horas. Testes de penetração utilizando partículas de NaCl com ajuste da vazão em 85 l/min foram realizados antes e depois de cada período de exposição. O equipamento utilizado foi um gerador de partículas tipo impactador, que gera partículas da ordem de 0,3 a 0,6m, considerados os Tamanhos Mais Penetrantes de Partículas (MPPS). Como esperado, ocorreu um aumento da penetração de partículas de NaCl à medida que o tempo de permanência na temperatura e/ou a própria temperatura aumentaram. O fator temperatura foi predominante, em relação ao tempo de exposição, no decaimento da performance dos filtros. Este efeito variou de fabricante para fabricante, sendo, em alguns casos, inexpressivos. A variação encontrada nos testes de penetração após acondicionamento térmico foi entre 2,53% e 18%. Não se observou um aumento ou diminuição significativa da resistência ao fluxo de ar. Testes repetitivos em amostras sem acondicionamento térmico demonstraram uma diminuição da penetração do aerossol e um aumento da resistência ao fluxo de ar. Acredita-se que o aumento da resistência ao fluxo ocorra devido ao efeito de entupimento por deposição das partículas de NaCl ao longo do tempo em função da repetição dos testes no mesmo filtro.
The use of particle filters is extremely usual in mining environment. The national and international standards used for the approval of these filters define tests and approval criteria which look forward guaranteeing the efficiency of the filters along the time. Facts such as: type, size, speed, particle charge and temperature are considered on approval tests. The objective of this dissertation is to check the behavior of the eletrect filters for particulated used in respirators, when exposed to similar thermal conditions found in mining environment, by simulation, in lab, of the temperature and time of exposition beyond the respirators could be exposed, measuring and comparing the obtained results in order to attend the standards recommendations such National as International ones. Facial filters and pieces of different manufactures were exposed to different temperatures and maintained under these conditions for at least 24-hours. Penetration tests using NaCl particles and adjusted to a flow of 85 l/min were done before and after each period of exposition. The equipment used was a particle generator, impactor type which generates particles of the order of 0.3 to 0.6m, considered the Most Penetrant Particles Size (MPPS). As expected, an increase of NaCl particle penetration occurred as long as time and temperature increased too. The temperature factor was predominating in relation to time of exposition in the decrease of performance of the filters. This effect varied from one manufacture to another and in some cases it was expressionless. The variation found after conditioning at high temperature was from 2.53% to 18%. It wasnt observed a significant increase or decrease in the air flow resistance. Repetitive tests in samples without thermal packing showed a decrease of aerosol penetration and an increase of air flow resistance. Apparently, the increase of flow resistance happens because of the glog for NaCl particles deposition throughout the time, due to the test repetition over the same filter.

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Yagi, Benjamim Shiro [UNESP]. "Estudo da interface e aplicação dos materiais mimétricos ao design de produto e segurança do trabalho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91415.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O desenvolvimento de produtos de uso pessoal que seguem o design antropomórfico nem sempre podem ser planejados em detalhes mínimos para adaptação em sujeitos que representam as extremidades estatísticas da antropometria. Atento a esse obstáculo, o projeto do produto necessita de recursos que permitam contornar essa limitação. O uso de materiais que possuem capacidade de deformação elástica / moldabilidade se torna viável no sentido de adaptar o produto ao usuário, de forma a otimizar seu desempenho, obtendo maiores índices de segurança, conforto e preferência subjetiva sem modificar sua estrutura básica em função de detalhes antropométricos. A aplicação de forma planejada em locais estratégicos onde exista maior contato com o corpo, sob pressão via peso ou força aplicada faz com que o material se molde aos contornos locais do corpo, proporcionando conforto, firmeza e segurança. São elementos primordiais para a ideal funcionalidade de um produto e que agregam valores preferenciais no poder de decisão do usuário. Dessa forma, é compilado o conceito dos Materiais Miméticos, cujo foco do presente estudo é a análise de preferência subjetiva de sujeitos por equipamentos de proteção individuais que possuem esses materiais moldáveis ao corpo como parte fundamental de sua estrutura; a constatação que a preferência está ligada às sensações produzidas através do material; os fatores decisivos para a escolha definitiva do usuário; análise de interface; e elementos secundários de design para contribuição referencial...
Development of products for personal use that follows the anthropomorphic design can not ordinarily be planned with meticulous details for the adjustment to subjects who represent the statistical extremes of anthropometry. Considering this obstacle, the productþs project demands resources that make it possible to hurdle this limitation. The use of material with flexible deforming capacity / capacity of shaping becomes something viable in a sense of adjusting product to user in order to enhance their performance, obtaining higher rates of safety, comfort and personal preference without modifying the basic structure in assignation of anthropometric details. The previously planned application in strategic areas where there is a greater contact with the body, under pressure by weight or employed strength, makes the material adapt to local contours of the body providing comfort, firmness and security. These are primal elements for the ideal functioning of a product and they aggregate preferential values to the userþs power of choice. This way, it is formulated the concept of Mimetic Materials, related to the aim of this study which are the analysis of subjectsþ personal preference for personal protection equipments that have this kind of material adaptable to the body as a fundamental part of their structure; the verification that preference is related to sensations produced by the material; decisive factors for userþs final choice; analysis of the interface; and secondary elements of design for referential contribuition... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

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35

Principi, Emiliano. "Progettazione e valutazione del comportamento ad impatto di un dispositivo di monitoraggio e memorizzazione integrabile nei dispositivi di protezione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Negli ultimi anni le statistiche relative ad infortuni ed incidenti nel mondo del lavoro, nel settore delle due ruote e del volo libero mostrano una discreta riduzione dei casi che si assesta però, in tutti e tre gli ambiti, intorno ad un plateau con valori che restano preoccupanti. In contemporanea, le istituzioni prima e l’opinione pubblica poi hanno sviluppato una sempre più crescente coscienza dell’importanza della sicurezza sia sul luogo di lavoro che in altri contesti. Questo inevitabilmente ha influito in modo positivo sul mercato dei dispositivi di protezione attraverso un aumento della domanda ed allo stesso tempo si è avuto un impulso per lo sviluppo di dispositivi innovativi rispetto a quanto già offerto. Questo scenario ci ha spinti a proporre un nuovo concetto di DPI rispetto ai vecchi canoni, ovvero l’obiettivo è stato rendere tali sistemi automatici, attivi, interattivi e dotati di memoria, così da ottenere un significativo incremento di sicurezza per l’utente finale. Il seguente studio descrive, dall’idea al prototipo, il progetto di un dispositivo elettronico di monitoraggio e memorizzazione, in grado di attivare autonomamente il gonfiaggio di airbag disposti a protezione dell’utente ed integrabile in indumenti e/o attrezzature. In particolare l’analisi verifica in prima approssimazione, qualora si abbia caduta dall’alto, la bontà o meno della resistenza all’urto delle configurazioni scelte per l’integrazione dell’elettronica.

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Skått, Jessica, and Pia Engman. "Röntgensjuksköterskans åtgärder för att förhindra smittspridning av coronavirus på röntgenavdelningen : En litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsa, lärande och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82650.

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Abstrakt Inledning: Nya coronavirus har under de senaste årtionden uppstått och bidragit till allvarliga luftvägssjukdomar. SARS-CoV-2 är det senaste coronaviruset och har brutit ut globalt som en pandemi. Sjukdomen har fått namnet COVID-19 och har orsakat ett högt antal dödsfall i många länder. Röntgensjuksköterskan är en av de första som träffar patienter med misstänkt eller bekräftad COVID-19 då röntgen är en viktig del i sjukdomens utredning. Striktare åtgärder måste vidtas för att förhindra smittspridning samt minska risken att fler människor insjuknar och dör. Syfte: Att kartlägga och sammanställa vilka förutsättningar som möjliggör röntgensjuksköterskans arbete med att förhindra smittspridningen av coronavirus på röntgenavdelningen. Metod: Examensarbetet genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt baserad på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar som söktes i Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Röntgensjuksköterskans åtgärder presenteras under tre teman: organisatoriska åtgärder, kompetensåtgärder för röntgensjuksköterskan och skyddsåtgärder mot viruset. Slutsats: Röntgensjuksköterskan riskerar att bli smittad och därmed föra smittan vidare till övriga samhället, så därför är det viktigt att korrekta skyddsåtgärder vidtas. För att minska smittspridning måste strikt införande av handhygien tillämpas och personlig skyddsutrustning som visir eller skyddsglasögon, ett N95 eller högre andningsskydd, skyddshandskar och långärmat förkläde användas. Coronaviruset utgör ett stort globalt hot mot folkhälsan och beslutsfattare måste förstå allvaret och påskynda striktare insatser, så att röntgensjuksköterskan kan hantera den pågående pandemin.
Abstract Introduction: Novel coronaviruses have emerged in recent decades and contributed to serious respiratory diseases. SARS-CoV-2 is the latest coronavirus and has spread around the world as a pandemic. The disease has been named COVID-19 and has caused a high number of deaths in many countries. The X-ray nurse is one of the first to see patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 as the X-ray examination is an important part of the disease investigation. Stricter measures must be taken to prevent the spread of infection and to reduce the risk of more people becoming ill and dying. Aim: To map and compile measures that the X-ray nurse can take to prevent the spread of coronavirus in the radiology department. Method: The degree project was conducted as a literature review based on 13 scientific articles searched in Cinahl and PubMed. Results: The X-ray nurse's measures are presented under three themes: organizational measures, competence measures for the X-ray nurse and protective measures against the virus. Conclusion: The X-ray nurse risks becoming infected and thus passing the infection on to the rest of society, therefore it is important that correct protective measures are taken. To reduce the spread of infection, strict hand hygiene requirements must be applied and personal protective equipment such as visors or goggles, an N95 or higher respiratory protection, protective gloves and a long-sleeved apron must be used. The coronavirus poses a major global threat to public health and policy makers need to understand the seriousness and accelerate stricter efforts so that the X-ray nurse can deal with the ongoing pandemic.

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Jimenez, Filho Diego Lobon [UNESP]. "Fatores de risco para a saúde coletiva e para o meio ambiente na utilização de hormônios em programas de reprodução assistida em bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144965.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar os riscos sanitários associados ao uso de fontes exógenas de hormônios sexuais nos programas de sincronização e indução de ovulação “Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF)”, “Transferência de Embriões em Tempo Fixo (TETF)”, "Superestimulação ovariana (SOV)” sobre a saúde coletiva e meio ambiente. Para isto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta as considerações gerais sobre legislação, período de carência, equipamentos de proteção individual, grupos de risco e resíduos sólidos de saúde. No segundo capítulo o objetivo foi avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção de risco dos criadores de bovinos e médicos veterinários na utilização de hormônios e determinar os possíveis riscos para a saúde coletiva. Neste experimento foram entrevistados 65 criadores e 40 médicos veterinários que utilizavam hormônios nos programas de reprodução assistida em bovinos (IATF, TETF, SOV). A análise de correspondência múltipla foi processada com os fatores socioeconômicos (escolaridade, tempo na atividade) e a percepção de risco no uso de hormônios reprodutivos. A totalidade dos criadores entrevistados afirmaram que “os estabelecimentos que comercializam produtos veterinários não exigiram prescrição veterinária para a venda dos hormônios”. Os “períodos de carências” na carne e no leite eram desconhecidos por 69,2% dos criadores e por 65% dos médicos veterinários. Dos profissionais que afirmaram conhecer a informação, apenas dois a citaram corretamente. O “uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI)” durante a manipulação dos hormônios foi declarado por 56,9% dos criadores e 92,5% dos médicos veterinários, sendo “as luvas de procedimentos” o EPI mais utilizado. Ao serem questionados sobre “o grupo de pessoas inaptas à manipulação hormonal”, 21,5% dos criadores e 62,5% dos médicos veterinários afirmaram conhecer o grupo de risco. Houve associação entre criadores com “ensino superior” e “tempo na atividade menor que 5 anos” com a variável “conhece o grupo de pessoas que não deve manipular hormônios” (p < 0,01). O fator socioeconômico dos médicos veterinários “mais de 11 anos na atividade” também apresentou associação com a variável “conhece o período de carência” (p < 0,05). O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento dos criadores e médicos veterinários sobre o descarte dos resíduos sólidos de saúde (RSS) e avaliar a possível contaminação ambiental durante a lavagem dos dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona. Foram consideradas questões socioeconômicas e sobre o descarte dos RSS. Além das entrevistas, foram realizadas análises de progestinas na água utilizada na lavagem dos dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona. As progestinas foram extraídas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e analisadas por espectrometria de massas sequencial (MS/MS). Dos 65 criadores, 18,5% disseram ter “recebido orientação de como promover o descarte dos RSS”, entretanto, apenas um criador entrevistado promove o “correto descarte desse material”. A prática de queima dos RSS é realizada por 86% dos criadores. A quantidade de progesterona que sobrou no resíduo da água utilizada na lavagem dos dispositivos foi de não detectável a 515 µg/kg. O quarto capítulo traz orientações para manuseio dos hormônios reprodutivos e orientações para o descarte dos resíduos sólidos de saúde gerados durante os programas de reprodução assistida em bovinos. Por fim, conclui-se que existe falta de informação entre criadores e médicos veterinários sobre os períodos de carências dos hormônios, a importância do uso de EPI na sua manipulação, o grupo de pessoas que não deve manipular os hormônios, a exigência da prescrição veterinária para compra dos fármacos e o modo de descarte dos RSS gerados durante os protocolos hormonais.
The overall objective of this study was to investigate health risks associated to manipulation of exogenous sources of sex hormones for ovulation induction and synchronization, such as through “fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI)”, “fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET)”, "over-stimulation of the ovary (SOV)”; evaluating potential effects on public health and to the environment. For this purpose, we divided this study into four chapters. The first describes current legal considerations, withholding periods, personal protective equipment (PPE), risk groups and health solid wastes. In the second chapter, it was aimed to test the knowledge and perception of cattle raisers and veterinaries on the use of hormones, as well as determining potential risks against public health. In this part, hormone users, among 65 breeders and 40 vet doctors, from a bovine assisted-reproduction program were surveyed (using FTAI, FTET, and SOV methods). Multiple-correspondence analysis was performed on socioeconomic factors as education level and experience time, as well as on respondents’ perception of risk regarding manipulation of reproductive hormones. All of the surveyed farmers said that no requirement of prescriptions by vet facilities to the purchasing of hormones. Surprisingly, meat and milk withholding periods were unknown by 69.2% breeders and 65% veterinarians. Of the professionals who claimed to know the information, solely two of them specified it correctly. PPE use while handling hormones was stated by 56.9% raisers and 92.5% vets, among which surgical gloves was mostly used. When questioned about the inability of some people to manipulate hormones, 21.5% farmers and 62.5% doctors declared being aware of such risk group. Interestingly, one can note an association between higher-education breeders working less than 5 years in the activity to the variable "knowledge of the group risk for hormonal manipulation (p < 0.01). Veterinarians with more than 11 years in the activity were also associated to the variable "knowledge on withholding period" (p < 0.05). The third chapter aims at evaluating the knowledge of veterinarians and breeders on the disposal of health solid waste (HSW), as well as ascertaining potential environmental contamination during washing out of intravaginal progesterone devices. Furthermore, socioeconomic issues regarding the HSW disposal were also taken into consideration. In addition to the surveys, progestin analyses were made in water used in the washing of intravaginal progesterone devices. Progestin was extracted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). From the 65 surveyed farmers, 18.5% declared they had "been oriented on how to dispose HSW"; however, only one performs it properly. Nearly 86% raisers perform the burning of HSW. Nonetheless, the amount of progesterone left in wastewater from washings was of an undetectable level (515 µg/kg). The fourth chapter come out with guidelines on HSW disposal during reproductive-hormone manipulation in bovine assisted-breeding programs. Finally, we may conclude that there is a lack of information among breeders and veterinarians on withholding periods for hormones, PPE use importance during manipulation, group of people unable to manipulate hormones, veterinarian prescription requirement for drug purchasing and disposal manner of HSWs generated during hormone protocols.
CNPq: 142282/2013-8

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Hansen, Lans. "Desirable impact : an exploration of how design for desirability can enhance a forecast snowboarding safety product." Massey University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1328.

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With origins in skateboard and surfing culture, snowboarding has grown to become a mainstream recreational and professional sport, officially recognized in the Olympic Games. This popularity can be attributed to several factors, including the sub-culture of rebellion and self-expression it embodies and the daring, dynamic aerial maneuvers and stunts often portrayed in the media. However, the sport also exposes participants to a well-documented injury pattern, with injuries rates typically twice as frequent as those seen in skiing. While a number of studies have shown existing snowboarding safety products reduce the risk of injury, these readily available products are not widely used among participants who view them as “uncool” and “unnecessary”. Exploring how affective features and attributes can improve the desirability of a forecast snowboarding personal protective equipment (PPE) product, this thesis proposes that a primary requirement for these products must be desirability - to make attractive, to create a positive impression, to strengthen ones identity and engender appreciation. Responding to these emotional needs, this thesis presents a proposal for a product designed to enhance user-experience, challenging the current philosophy of safety products and their ‘uncool’ perceptions.

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Simões, Sofia Alexandra Jorge. "Laboratórios de física e química no ensino básico e secundário. Compilação de legislação essencial/fundamental e manual de segurança." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15231.

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A formação de professores de Física e de Química, nomeadamente a formação académica no que concerne às áreas da Segurança e da Gestão de Laboratórios, é reduzida. Partindo desta realidade, e com a ambição de minimizar essa lacuna e auxiliar o desempenho dos professores, pretende-se produzir uma compilação legislativa essencial/fundamental nos laboratórios escolares complementada com o respetivo manual de segurança. Este trabalho consiste, assim, na compilação da legislação e do tipo de materiais a utilizar na construção e apetrechamento dos laboratórios, assim como das normas de segurança aplicadas. A consulta detalhada da legislação aplicada aos laboratórios escolares possibilita o bom funcionamento de um laboratório. Após a compilação das normas, da legislação e do tipo de materiais aplicados, elabora-se o manual tendo em atenção o que se conhece sobre laboratórios de Química e de Física; ABSTRACT: The training for teachers of Physics and Chemistry, in particular, academic education, with regard to the areas of Laboratory Security and Management, is quite limited. Based on this reality and aiming at minimizing this gap and assisting the teachers' performance, we intend to produce an essential legislative compilation for school laboratories complemented with its safety manual. Thus, the bulk of this work is the compilation of the legislation and the type of materials used in the construction and equipping of laboratories, as well as the safety standards applied. A detailed consultation on the legislation allows school laboratories the proper functioning. After the compilation of the rules, laws and types of materials used, the manual will be put into practice taking into account the Portuguese reality concerning the laboratories of Chemistry and Physics.

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Norman, Johanna, and Edvin Aronsson. "Intensivvården möter COVID-19 : Intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelse av hur arbete i skyddsutrustning påverkar den vårdande relationen - En tolkande fenomenologisk intervjustudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101948.

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Bakgrund: Pandemin orsakad av Covid-19 har tvingat intensivvården till stora omställningar. Som del av restriktioner för att reducera risk för smittspridning måste skyddsutrustning användas vid patientkontakt med smittad patient. Användandet av skyddsutrustning har introducerat tankar på hur den vårdande relationen mellan patient och intensivvårdssjuksköterska påverkats. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelse av hur arbetet i skyddsutrustning under pågående pandemi påverkat den vårdande relationen med patienten. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. Intervjuerna låg vidare till grund för analys enligt tolkande fenomenologisk analys (IPA). Resultat: Fyra överordnade teman framträdde ur analysen. I temat fokus på kommunikation framkom olika sätt skyddsutrustningen påverkat kommunikationen. Upplevelsen av avskärmning framkom i temat fokus på distans där närhet uttrycktes som avgörande för en vårdande relation. I temat fokus på lidande beskrevs hur skyddsutrustningen inverkat på lindrande beröring men också att den kan orsaka lidande. Känslor av otillräcklighet i den vårdande relation och maktlöshet inför att inte förmå förändra eller påverka framkom i temat fokus på känslor. Slutsats: Skyddsutrustningen påverkar den vårdande relationen. Skyddsutrustningen reducerar möjligheten till etablering av vårdande relation vilket riskerar minska patientens möjlighet till delaktighet. Behov föreligger av ytterligare forskning om påverkan med fokus på prevention. Ett organisatoriskt medvetande om skyddsutrustningen inverkan på den vårdande relationen kan ligga till grund för interventioner ämnade att reducera dess negativa påverkan.
Background: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has forced the intensive care to make several adjustments. As part of restrictions to prevent spread of infection personal protective equipment (PPE) has to be used when in contact with infected patients. The use of PPE has introduced questions of its impact on the caring relationship between the patient and intensive care nurse. Aim: The aim with this study was to illustrate the intensive care nurses experience of how working in PPE during the pandemic has affected the caring relationship with the patient. Method: Semi- structured interviews was conducted with six intensive care nurses. The interviews served as data for an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results: Four superior themes emerged from the analysis. In the theme focus on communication emerged different way of which the PPE has affected communication. The experience of being shielded emerged in the theme focus on distance where closeness was expressed as essential. In the theme focus on suffering was the PPE´s impact on touch described and also its potential cause of suffering. Emotions of inadequacy in regards to the caring relationship and powerlessness in regards of not being able to change or affect emerged in the theme focus on emotions. Conclusion: The caring relationship has been affected by the use of PPE. PPE reduces the possibility of establishing a caring relationship which endangers the patient’s active participation. There is need for further research about affect with focus on prevention. An organizational awareness regarding PPE´s effect on the caring relationship could lay the foundation for interventions supposed to reduce its negative impact.

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41

Sáček, Petr. "Analýza a řízení rizik technologických etap výstavby zděných konstrukcí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240997.

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This thesis deals with the analysis and evaluation of quality, environmental, and security risks, hazards and application of appropriate methodology to a particular construction project. For an application is selected the key construction technology - walling. Diploma thesis establishes a framework for risk management on the basis of established integrated management system (IMS) defines the objectives and mechanisms in controlling adherence to standards, evaluation of business risks, defining risk management strategies, the draft risk management procedures, monitoring their functioning, assessing their performance and any improvement and support the process of supplying the required information.

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42

Corrêa, Ana Luiza Bacelo. "Utilização de equipamento de proteção individual na colheita do tabaco: o entendimento do produtor." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2017. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3849.

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O fumo em folha é o quinto produto mais exportado pelo país. O tabaco é cultivado principalmente em pequenas propriedades com mão de obra familiar. No sul do Brasil, aproximadamente 186 mil famílias obtém sua principal renda através da produção de tabaco. Devido ao seu método de produção pouco mecanizado e de intensivo trabalho, doenças ocupacionais são associadas a esse cultivo. Entre elas o risco de intoxicação pela nicotina presente nas folhas do tabaco, denominada doença da folha verde do tabaco (DFVT). Esta doença é provocada pela exposição à nicotina que ocorre através da absorção dérmica proveniente do contato das folhas de tabaco com a pele. Para prevenir a DFVT o uso do equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) na colheita do tabaco se faz necessário. Dessa forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar o entendimento do agricultor sobre a utilização do equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) na colheita do tabaco e como o produtor o relaciona com a doença da folha verde do tabaco (DFVT). Metodologicamente, trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, sendo a produção dos dados realizada em duas etapas. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se um banco de dados baseado em entrevistas primárias realizadas pela equipe de extensão rural de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural(ATER) na região Centro Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram selecionados os produtores para a realização das entrevistas semiestruturadas em quinze famílias. Os resultados confirmaram que a maioria dos produtores não utiliza a vestimenta de colheita, tendo como principal queixa, o desconforto térmico. Eles conhecem os riscos provenientes das folhas de tabaco e, por isso, utilizam-se de estratégias para evita-los através de adaptações em roupas/vestimentas existentes ou produzidas por eles. Outra estratégia utilizada é ir mais tarde para a lavoura, evitando assim o contato com as folhas úmidas pelo orvalho da manhã. Este fato mostra que os agricultores têm conhecimento sobre a vulnerabilidade de colher a folha do tabaco úmida. Todos estão conscientes sobre a existência da DFVT e muitos afirmaram que já se sentiram mal, com sintomas e sinais desta enfermidade. Nem todos acreditam que o EPI de colheita seja eficiente para a prevenção da DFVT.
Leaf tobacco is the fifth most exported product in the country. Tobacco is mainly cultivated in small properties with family based labor. In the south of Brazil, approximately 186 thousand families obtain their main income through tobacco production. Due to its poorly mechanized and intensive work, occupational diseases are associated with this cultivation. Among them is the risk of nicotine intoxication from tobacco leaves, called green tobacco sickness (GTS). The disease is caused by exposure to nicotine, which happens through dermal absorption when the skin gets in touch with the leaves. To prevent GTS it is necessary to wear personal protection equipment (PPE) during the tobacco harvest. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the farmer’s understanding over the use of the personal protection equipment (PPE) e how the farmer relates its use to the green tobacco sickness (GTS). Methodologically, this is a qualitative study, with a research strategies happening in two stages. For the research, an analysis was carried out over a database built on primary interviews performed by Technical Assistency and Rural Extension team from the South Central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the database, fifteen families were enrolled in semi-structured interviews. The results confirmed that most farmers do not wear the harvesting garment, as a result ofthe thermal discomfort caused by the PPE. They know the risks coming from the tobacco leaves and, because of it, they use strategies to avoid them, like the use of adaptations instead of the recommended PPE. Furthermore they delay the harvest during the morning to avoid contact with moist leaves due to dew. This fact shows that the farmers know about the vulnerability of harvesting moist leaves. They are all aware of the existence of GTS and many affirm to have felt sick, showing symptoms and signs of the disease. Not all of them believe that the PPE is efficient on preventing GTS.

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43

Gaďurek, Robin. "Administrativní centrum Hodonín - stavebně technologický projekt." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240463.

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The content of the thesis is the implementation of the three-story brick office building with an operation in Hodonin. Text section contains the technical report on the structural and technological project technical report transport relations, study implementation of major technological stages of building SO 01, project construction site, the design of the main building machines and mechanisms, technological regulation, inspection and test plan and a plan of safety and health at work for making the 1st floor ceiling structure. The appendix section includes drawings and installations situation Minor main building structure, calculation of stripping reinforced concrete structures, timing and technology standard of the main building structure and time and financial plan construction-object.

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44

HUANG, CHIH-HSUN, and 黃熾勳. "Current Analysis of Personal Protective and Emergency Equipments Applied in Different Industries." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08703116790535883348.

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碩士
大仁科技大學
環境管理研究所
103
There are varied hazardous risks during the operational processes for Taiwan labors. Three major kinds of hazardous risks can be distinguished: chemical, physical and biological hazards. Buying and equipping the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is the only way and the last line to defend from the outer injury while there are no new technical solutions or no engineering design, construction technology can erase the risk and hazard between the process and the workers. Due to the insufficient knowledge of using Personal Protective Equipment, labors in Taiwan often involve in all kinds of occupational hazards. According to the law about labor’s safety tending to be strict, the investigation of the choice and the selection of purchasing instruments for different industries or institutions are necessary for providing with available information to government administration. This study analyzes the market share, product price and product deficiencies of the major brands of personal protective equipment including fall protection, respiratory protection, portable and fixed gas detectors, flame detectors, fire helmets and thermal image cameras based on the questionnaires prepared for general industries (petrochemical industry, steel industry, construction industry, food industry, semiconductor industry, water supply industry, power supply industry…etc), firefighters and polices. During the industrial usage of personal protective equipment, petrochemical industry and semiconductor industry are classified into two major industries using personal protective equipment. Both industries account for 21.88% and 20.31%, respectively. However, in terms of personal protective equipment for emergency relief, fire service accounts for 78.26% while about 21.74% of police use appropriate personal protective equipment. Based on the analysis of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus, about 43% of people think the price is too high while 9% of people think there is a lack of product training. Moreover, the statistics show that of personal protective equipment for first responding rescue, about 65.3% of people use the fire helmets which were made in France. As to self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) for firefighters, about 50% of equipment uses EN 131 regulation whereas 18% of equipment uses NFPA, 1981 regulation and about 9% think maintenance of SCBA is difficult and easy to break down.

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Lee, Po-Yi, and 李柏儀. "Production Line Development Plan-Personal Protective Equipment." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05935349768475501282.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
企業管理碩士專班
100
Mansion is a third-party import/export firm in Taiwan whose reputation was built from the ground up over 50 years ago. It serves clients coming from all over the world with the majority of them in the US, Europe, and the Middle East. This business plan will examine the rationale for Mansion’s goal of expanding its LOTUS Safety line of products, where it has had huge success in Taiwan and the Philippines.

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Williams, Camille Kimberley. "An Assessment Tool and Interactive Simulation for Using Healthcare Personal Protective Equipment." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25511.

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In healthcare, personal protective equipment (PPE) are sometimes misused due to improper skill acquisition or skill decay before clinical practice. Training is often didactic or web-based but it is unclear whether these methods transfer to effective physical performance. There is no standard method to evaluate these competencies and scheduling or space restrictions can limit physical practice. A Delphi survey produced relevant checklist and global rating items for evaluating use of PPE. Principles from skill learning and human-computer interaction were combined with the survey results to develop an interactive computer-based simulation for procedural practice of these skills. The assessment tool differentiated between experienced and newly-trained users and demonstrated inter-rater reliability. Learners rated their satisfaction with the simulation similar to a provincial online tutorial and pilot studies with the simulation demonstrated that learners practiced for a longer period when using the simulation as compared to the provincial online tutorial.

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47

Lin, Je-Sun, and 林介山. "Investigation and improvement of personal protective equipment in medical unit of Taiwan." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16861412851728383354.

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博士
中山醫學大學
醫學研究所
101
This study aims to make a research on the best model of the resource allocation of personal protective equipments (PPEs) among the competent authorities, medical care institutions and suppliers, and hereby recommend a workable model to the concerned policy maker. The study includes three point: First, to establish circulation mechanism of purchasing personal protective equipment; Second, to build the quality inspection and certification system of disposable masks; Third, to analyze the legal issues of surgical masks in joint distribution programs. Methodology in this research includes using a national questionnaire survey to understand the needs and purchasing patterns of medical care institutions. Also, searching literature and holding focus group discussion and national conference condense a common consensus and suggestions from experts and society. The major findings and conclusions include the following five points: 1. After testing N95 masks in hospitals, the qualified rate of inspection masks compared to the past did increase significantly. However, some hospitals doubt about how to select standard mask. Hence, this project intended to integrate three points of views of hospitals, manufactures and governments. Through the building and reviewing purchased platform of masks and implement certification systems enhance distribution in masks more transparent and more practical. 2. Joint procurement of logistics solutions for medical mask involved lots of aspects which causes complicated contents in contract, and result in making trouble easily. And we advice to simplify the description of external promotion, in order to reduce the number and space of hospital for prevention materials through participate in “Joint procurement of logistics solutions for medical mask”. 3. If the model of “Joint procurement of logistics solutions for medical mask” used in N95 masks, and the micro-leakage of wearing is the most important focus. Only the right way to wear N95 masks can get the protection function which can effectively protect the safety of health care. Therefore, the follow-up focus is that the micro-leakage testing services will be included to the prices by the manufacturers in order to provide the hospitals a complete follow-up strategies service. 4. By the questionnaire survey, we found the medical care institutions are either single tendering or union tendering purchased material stocks for the infectious Disease. Most of them reflected they are urgent to reduce the number and space of prevention materials. Also, they had confidence for Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to promote “joint procurement of medical masks logistics”. 5. In accordance with laws and regulations reserve requirements of certain stock, the main problem is the expired date of protective suits, especially the full-face protective suit''s. The protective suit''s consumption rate is very slow; there will be inventory cost and validity issues. Also, stock costs and inspection costs are very high; therefore recommend CDC storage and dagistic protective suit, to avoid wasted that material. Finally, this study suggested that correct the strategy on the three-class stocks policy for all prevention material. Also, this research attempted to develop mask certification systems to enhance quality of masks which people and medical institutions purchase. It is necessary to promote the certification system of masks, in order to make sure the mask quality.

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48

Cheng-PoShih and 施政伯. "The Study of Frictional and Cushioning Properties of Taekwondo Personal Protective Equipment." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43295219054976677225.

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碩士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系
103
This study evaluated the effectiveness of forearm guards and shin guards in Taekwondo. By frictional test of six kinds of fabric, fabric with the ability of moisture absorption or releasing showed better performance in slip resistance. Both static and dynamic coefficient of friction are composed of adhesion and deformation component. We separate out each component by combining two-term model of friction and curve fitting of experimental data. To evaluate cushioning property of the Personal protective equipment (PPE), EVA foam was tested by drop-weight impact tester. A hole-drilled EVA foam showed better cushioning property by decreasing 9.19% impact force. Hole-drilled EVA foam has lower stiffness, hence it can absorb impact energy by greater deformation.

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Chang, Fu-Kuei, and 張富貴. "Study on the Field Performance of Personal Protective Equipment in Shipyard Spray Painters." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79601028393526680894.

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博士
國立陽明大學
公共衛生研究所
95
The purpose of this study is to assess the protective effectiveness for workers wearing respirators, chemical protective suits and gloves in the field. Second, we determine the contribution of dermal absorption on the total exposure dose and evaluate the relevance of inhalation and dermal exposure to solvents, and urinary metabolites. The emphasis was on the spatial distribution of the solvents across the body of dermal exposure. Spray painters working at a ship coating plant were recruited for this study. The study included three sampling periods. First, in December 2003, eighteen spray painters participated in the study for 3 days. Air samples outside and inside the protective mask were collected using passive samplers, respectively. Urine specimens were collected before and after the work shift. Second, in March 2005, fifteen spray painters participated in the study for two weeks. Subjects worked without protective suits and gloves for the first week and with suits and gloves the following week. All workers wore respirators during spray painting throughout the two-week period of the study. Sampling was conducted on 4 consecutive working days each week. Air sampling was collected using passive samplers. Urine specimens were collected before and after the work shift. Third, in August 2005, fifteen spray painters participated in the study for 3 days. Air samples outside and inside the mask were collected using passive samplers, respectively. Samples for measuring dermal exposure to solvents were collected using activated charcoal patches. Urine specimens were collected before and after the work shift. Air and dermal samples were quantified by gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Urinary mandelic acid (MA) and methyl hippuric acid (MHA) were determined by high performance liquid chromato- graphy with a UV detector (HPLC/UV). Air samples showed that workers were primarily exposed to xylene and ethyl benzene. The median workplace protection factors of respirators for xylene and ethyl benzene were 25.0 and 17.4, respectively. On average, wearing respirators could reduce xylene inhalation by 96% and ethyl benzene inhalation by 94% for workers. The contribution of dermal absorption to the total exposure dose of xylene was estimated to be 63.7±4.27%. The average ethyl benzene and xylene mass among body regions inside block units of assembled ships were 305.1±63.9 mg and 165.6±34.1 mg, which were 5.8 and 5.1 times higher than those collected outside the blocks, respectively. In both measurements, the highest exposure mass were found on the upper legs and the lowest exposure mass were found on the back. The sampling time of dermal exposure outside and inside blocks were 78.2±10.5 and 83.6±13.3 min. No statistical difference in sampling time of dermal exposure outside and inside blocks was found (p=0.751). Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant relation between dermal exposure to xylene and urinary methylhippuric acid (MHA) levels adjusting for xylene levels in air samples (R2 = 0.491, p < 0.05). In addition, urinary mandelic acid (MA) and MHA levels were divided by the personal exposure concentrations of ethyl benzene and xylene, respectively. The mean±SE corrected MA and MHA concentrations in the first week were 1.76±0.35 and 2.66 ±0.68 (mg/g creatinine)/(mg/m3), whereas they were 0.50±0.12 and 1.07±0.18 (mg/g creatinine)/(mg/m3) in the second week, respectively. Both MA and MHA concentrations in the second week the spray painters wore protective suits and gloves were smaller than those in the first week, respectively (p < 0.001, p = 0.011). The mean decrease in MA and MHA concentrations were 69 % and 49 %, respectively. The present study showed inhalation of solvent vapors in shipyard spray painters decreased as a result of wearing respirators and dermal absorption of solvents became the main contributor to the total body burden. Additionally, dermal exposure mass to xylene significantly increased the urinary levels of MHA, suggesting that dermal exposure to solvents was an important route among spray painters. The study also successfully evaluated the field protection effectiveness of chemical protective suits and gloves by using biomarkers such as urinary MA and MHA. Moreover, wearing protective suits and gloves will effectively reduce the risk of absorbing organic solvents through the skin. Spray painters should wear chemical protective suits and gloves as a critical protective measure.

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Pieterse, Petrus. "An assessment of corporate entrepreneurship in the personal protective equipment industry / Petrus Pieterse." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15503.

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Since the early 1990s entrepreneurship education has experienced a significant interest and growth in South Africa, due to the fact that it plays a very important part in the success of businesses, whether it is a new or an existing business venture. Corporate entrepreneurship can be defined as the development of new ideas and opportunities within a large organisation and is characterized by individuals who are energetic, creative, innovative, self-confident and take calculated risks. When looking at the entrepreneurial orientation variables, Autonomy, Innovativeness, Risk-taking, Pro-Activeness and Competitive aggressiveness in any organisation, they require an acceptable climate to ensure that each dimension prosper. The line, middle and senior managers play an important role in entrepreneurial actions, whether it is part of creating the climate or driving the process once initiated. Entrepreneurial success factors such as creativity, innovation, risk orientation, leadership, good human relations, a positive attitude and perseverance, are all attributes of successful entrepreneurs. The primary research focus of this study has been to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial orientation variables (Autonomy, Innovativeness, Risk-taking, Pro- Activeness and Competitive aggressiveness) on the perceived success in a personal protective equipment organisation in South Africa. For the purpose of this study, the business success has been measured by means of two dependent variables namely Business growth and Business development and improvement. An empirical study has been conducted by using a questionnaire that measured five dimensions regarding entrepreneurial orientation. Data from 42 participants have been collected and analysed, and the results indicate that the organisation have certain aspects of entrepreneurial orientation present. The results show that the managers in the personal protective equipment business perceived that the entrepreneurial orientation variable Innovativeness have a positive influence on their Business Growth. An important relationship between the independent variable Innovativeness and the dependent variable Business development and improvement has been found to exist. Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation are more than just vibrant words in the industry; they play important roles in the survival and growth of organisations. It is also crucial to understand that the correct climate needs to be fostered within the organisation to ensure that all the various aspects of corporate entrepreneurship are achieved. The organisation will reap greater benefits that could contribute to the business staying the leader in the industry, being more competitive, creating new ventures, and introducing new products and services. The area of significant concern for the organisation is a low or poor tolerance for risktaking. Practical recommendations, suggestions and an action plan are presented in order to improve the entrepreneurial climate of the organisation.
MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

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