Journal articles on the topic 'Personal Cross-cultural studies'
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Welsh, Dianne H. B. "Cross‐cultural Management: A Personal View." Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 1, no. 2 (February 1994): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb010150.
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Karaban, Roslyn A. "Cross-cultural counseling: Is it possible? Some personal reflections." Pastoral Psychology 38, no. 4 (1990): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01033162.
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Duvall, Nancy S. "Missions and Mental Health: A Personal Safari." Journal of Psychology and Theology 21, no. 1 (March 1993): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719302100107.
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This is a description of one psychologist's involvement in missions and mental health with explicit sharing of impressions from a 3-month cross cultural experience in Kenya in the spring of 1992. It covers some aspects of the developing dialogue regarding mental health issues for MKs and for missionaries, and it provides an example of one professional's expanding awareness of cross-cultural issues. It is a personal statement and journey but raises the possibilities for a variety of opportunities for this kind of very practical integration of faith and learning.
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Fish, Alan, and Ramudu Bhanugopan. "Personal wellbeing and intra‐cultural interaction interventions for cross‐border adjustment." Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 15, no. 3 (July 30, 2008): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527600810892530.
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Huang, Songshan (Sam), and Ganghua Chen. "Perceived Personal Development Benefits from Backpacking: A Cross-Cultural Comparison." Tourism Culture & Communication 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/109830418x15369281878413.
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Sicorello, Maurizio, Jasmina Stevanov, Hiroshi Ashida, and Heiko Hecht. "Effect of Gaze on Personal Space: A Japanese–German Cross-Cultural Study." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118798513.
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In East Asian cultures, people maintain larger interpersonal distances than in European or American cultures. We investigated whether a preference for averted gaze might be responsible for this difference. Typically, when measuring interpersonal distance, participants are asked to maintain eye contact. This request might bias findings due to cultural differences in the interpretation of direct gaze. We had Japanese and German participants adjust preferred interpersonal distance in a standardized laboratory task, using averaged faces with straight-ahead or averted gaze direction. In line with previous findings, Japanese participants preferred overall larger interpersonal distances, and female–female dyads preferred the smallest distances. In contrast, there was no pervasive effect of gaze on interpersonal distance, as confirmed with Bayesian statistics. Thus, differences in the reactions to mutual gaze cannot explain the cultural preferences for interpersonal distance.
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Edwards, Keith J., Carley H. Dodd, Katherine H. Rosenbusch, and Leonard J. Cerny. "Measuring Expatriate Cross-Cultural Stress: A Reanalysis of the CernySmith Assessment." Journal of Psychology and Theology 44, no. 4 (December 2016): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164711604400402.
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This study reports a statistical modification of a psychometric expatriate adjustment survey (e.g., the CernySmith Assessment or CSA) applied to expatriate missionary and humanitarian workers and their families. Earlier CSA survey items assisted in a need for rapid response clinical assessment originating from clinical observations, literature with a factor analysis resulting in 20 subscales and 5 qualitative content domains (Organizational, Cultural, Relational, Behavioral, and Personal). However, the assessment required more robust scale and factor analysis development to assure replicability. The present study analyzed 1,133 respondents working in 130 host countries. After various factor analytical iterations, a final CSA psychometric scale of 5 factors and 15 subscales (and a final 3 factor solution) emerged that compares with other known expatriate employee and spousal adjustment scales (Bhaskar-Shrinivas, Harrison, Shaffer, & Luk, 2005; Black, Mendenhall, & Oddou, 1991; Brown, 2008). This improved adjustment assessment answers Hippler, Caligiuri, and Johnson's (2014) call for robust expatriate adjustment assessments. The CSA moves adjustment measurement forward with new domains of resilience (Well-Being, Past Stresses, and Focus) and personal foundation (Spirituality, Health, and Habits). In light of 20–40% rate of preventable missionary attrition, the CSA should contribute to research, practice, and organizational support.
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Li, Chenchen, Dongmei Li, Chi-Yue Chiu, and Siqing Peng. "Strong Brand From Consumers’ Perspective: A Cross-Cultural Study." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 1 (September 15, 2018): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118799456.
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The present research investigates cross-cultural differences in the characteristics associated with brand strength evaluation and the mechanism underlying these cultural differences. Using data from the United States and China, we found that American consumers judge brands with personal characteristics to be stronger than those with relational characteristics, while Chinese consumers show a reversed pattern. Furthermore, cultural differences in brand strength evaluation were salient only when consumers rated brands that were connected with their self-concepts, suggesting that cultural differences in brand strength evaluation ensue from consumers’ internalized preferences. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for branding management and understanding the mechanism through which culture influences individual behaviors.
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Gordon, Andrew, Luwen Huangfu, Kenji Sagae, Wenji Mao, and Wen Chen. "Identifying Personal Narratives in Chinese Weblog Posts." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 9, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v9i4.12618.
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Automated text classification technologies have enabled researchers to amass enormous collections of personal narratives posted to English-language weblogs. In this paper, we explore analogous approaches to identify personal narratives in Chinese weblog posts as a precursor to the future empirical studies of cross-cultural differences in narrative structure. We describe the collection of over half a million posts from a popular Chinese weblog hosting service, and the manual annotation of story and nonstory content in sampled posts. Using supervised machine learning methods, we developed an automated text classifier for personal narratives in Chinese posts, achieving classification accuracy comparable to previous work in English. Using this classifier, we automatically identify over sixty-four thousand personal narratives for use in future cross-cultural analyses and Chinese-language applications of narrative corpora.
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Jiricka-Pürrer, Alexandra, Valeria Tadini, Boris Salak, Karolina Taczanowska, Andrzej Tucki, and Giulio Senes. "Do Protected Areas Contribute to Health and Well-Being? A Cross-Cultural Comparison." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071172.
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Due to their valuable landscape and natural characteristics, protected areas (PAs) distinguish themselves from other green spaces. Studies that survey individuals on the perceived capacity of PAs to provide health benefits are very limited. However, the importance of PAs for societal health could emphasize the necessity to preserve them. In addition, studies of cross-country comparisons of nature-based activities show strong cultural differences with regard to the importance of wild nature and landscape preferences. Cross-country comparisons of the perception of PAs as a resource for personal well-being and health are lacking. An extensive survey with face-to-face questionnaires was conducted in PAs in Poland, Austria, and Italy with an overall sample size of 1390 people. It examined both emotional and physical personal well-being in the context of a stay in a PA. In general, the results showed that between the three countries, different perceptions of the capacity of PAs to contribute to personal health and well-being exist. Both diverse emotional and physical benefits were associated with a stay in a PA. Moreover, respondents from the three countries assessed the perceived capacity of a PA to reduce negative physical symptoms, such as muscular pain or tension, and negative emotional symptoms, such as depression or stress.
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Høgh-Olesen, Henrik. "Human Spatial Behaviour: The Spacing of People, Objects and Animals in Six Cross-Cultural Samples." Journal of Cognition and Culture 8, no. 3-4 (2008): 245–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853708x358173.
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AbstractThis study examines the principles we apply, when people, objects and animals are to be organized in relation to other representatives of their kind. Most cross-cultural studies on personal space focus on cultural differences, but here we look for proxetics (universals) as well as proxemics (cultural differences). 793 subjects from six countries (Greenland, Finland, Denmark, Italy, India and Cameroon) situated in four different climate zones are tested with a projective simulation measure (the 'IPROX'). A number of cross-cultural similarities are documented, and it is suggested that six of these are examples of high-level universals in the sense of Norenzayan and Heine (2005). But spacing also differs, and participants from Greenland, Finland, and Denmark systematically keep a larger interpersonal distance than subjects from Italy, India and Cameroon, which confirms the classic difference between southern 'contact-cultures' and northern 'low-contact cultures'. It is documented how personal space shrinks or expands depending on context and depending on whether a person occupies a territory or arrives at a territory occupied by somebody else. Personal space may even 'rub off ' on a person's belongings, and this opens up for a whole new area of spatial relations not studied before.
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Mohammad Niay Gharaei, Fatemeh, and Mojtaba Rafieian. "Investigating Cross- Cultural Differences in Personal Space: Kurdish and Northern women in Iran." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 3, no. 6 (January 4, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i6.243.
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This study investigated cross-cultural differences in regard to the size of personal space among two Iranian sub-cultures (Kurdish and Northern women) vis-à-vis strangers. Methodology of research designed on participant observation, stop-distance method and questionnaire. A random size of 100 Kurdish and Northern women was selected in Sanandaj and Sari cities. Moreover, to examine the survey Chi-Square Test and Independent Sample Test were conducted. The results show that Kurdish women require more inter-personal space while walking and sitting than Northern (Mazani) women do. These findings assist environmental designers to represent strategies for achieving privacy in relation to Iranian sub-cultures.
Keywords: Living quality; Privacy; Personal space; Sub-culture; Iranian women
eISSN 2514-7528 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Torabian, Saba, Zhe Chen, Beth A. Ober, and Gregory K. Shenaut. "Analogical Retrieval of Folktales: A Cross-Cultural Approach." Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 3-4 (October 6, 2017): 281–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340008.
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Abstract This cross-cultural study addressed how individuals retrieve and transfer naturally learned information (i.e., folktales) from long-term memory by analogy with a previously unencountered story, concept, or problem. American and Iranian participants read target stories constructed to be analogous to folktales either familiar or unfamiliar to their culture, all having high structural familiarity and either high or low surface similarity to the source folktales. Participants reported whether targets (analogues) reminded them of any specific folktale they had learned in the past; positive responses plus additional justification (i.e., the folktale’s name or its gist) were interpreted as successful analogical retrievals. The current experiment demonstrated a high overall rate of analogical retrieval for familiar folktales and essentially no retrieval for unfamiliar folktales. There was also reliably more retrieval for analogue stories having higher versus lower surface similarity to target folktales. The high salience of surface similarity was also revealed when participants rated retrieved folktales for similarity to the target. Personal familiarity with folktales increased the retrieval rate, but presenting the folktale’s name as a cue produced mixed effects on retrieval. In summary, individuals readily retrieved culturally familiar folktales from long-term memory when they encountered structurally similar analogues, but retrieval was modulated by surface similarity.
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Tomyn, Adrian J., Mark A. Stokes, Robert A. Cummins, and Paulo C. Dias. "A Rasch Analysis of the Personal Well-Being Index in School Children." Evaluation & the Health Professions 43, no. 2 (January 6, 2019): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278718819219.
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The personal well-being index—school children (PWI-SC) is designed as a cross-cultural instrument to measure subjective well-being among high school–aged children. Several published cross-cultural studies have confirmed adequate psychometric performance in terms of reliability, validity, and measurement invariance. This study adds to this literature by applying the Rasch approach to estimate invariant comparison in a cross-cultural context, applied to both Australian and Portuguese high school students. Participants were an age- and gender-matched convenience sample of 1,040 adolescents (520 cases in each group, 51.54% male) who ranged in age from 12 to 18 years ( M = 14.25 years, SD = 1.71 years). It is found that both Portuguese and Australian data fit the Rasch measurement model, with excellent levels of reliability at a country level. However, when all of the data were combined, a slight misfit was found. This was resolved by removing some issues with item thresholds in standard of living among the Australian data and splitting the data by country on health. This allowed both Australian and Portuguese cases to differ on the health item. We conclude that the PWI-SC is unidimensional, with some evidence of mild, but acceptable local dependency. This study further supports the cross-cultural validity of the PWI-SC and the use of this measure in the Australian and Portuguese context but also indicates a potential direction that development of the PWI-SC might proceed.
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Ha, Seung Yon, Tzu-Jung Lin, Wei-Ting Li, Elizabeth Kraatz, Ying-Ju Chiu, Yu-Ru Hong, Chin-Chung Tsai, and Michael Glassman. "Peer Exclusion: a Social Convention or Moral Decision? Cross-Cultural Insights into Students’ Social Reasoning." Journal of Cognition and Culture 20, no. 1-2 (May 4, 2020): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340078.
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Abstract In this study, we examined the role of culture on early adolescents’ social reasoning about peer exclusion. A total of 80 U.S. and 149 Taiwanese early adolescents (U.S.: Mage = 11.00, SDage = 0.48; Taiwan: Mage = 10.45, SDage = 0.39) independently completed a social reasoning essay about peer exclusion. Analyses of the essays based on social-moral theories showed that U.S. students tended to reason about peer exclusion based on social conventional thinking whereas Taiwanese students were more attentive to personal and moral issues. Despite this difference, both groups of students referred to some common social-moral concepts while reasoning about peer exclusion, including consideration of personal benefit, harming others’ welfare, personal concern, and punishment. The use of social reasoning strategies was similar across the two groups of students except that Taiwanese students relied more on judgment (i.e., social-moral evaluation of someone’s social conduct) whereas U.S. students generated more alternative hypotheses (i.e., presenting new hypotheses or interpretations about the given issue).
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Bassnet, Susan. "Translation studies at a cross-roads." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 24, no. 1 (September 7, 2012): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.24.1.02bas.
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This article is an account of the personal journey of one writer, from her first encounters in the 1970s with fellow scholars sharing an interest in translation and a sense of frustration at the anti-translation prejudices of many colleagues working in literature or linguistics at that time. The article traces the gradual rise of translation studies as an important field in its own right, but raises questions about the present state of the discipline, arguing that as translation studies has become more established, so it is failing to challenge orthodoxies and risks being left behind by the more innovative and exciting research now emerging from within world literature, postcolonialism, and cultural memory studies. I suggest that translation studies has reached a cross-roads and needs to reach out to other disciplines, taking advantage of what is being hailed by some as a translational turn within the humanities in general.
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Shu, Shih-Tung, and Stephen Strombeck. "Cometh self-image congruence: a cross-cultural study." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 29, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-05-2016-0086.
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Purpose Prior research has clearly shown that ethnocentric consumers favor local brands. However, consumers also strongly favor local and global brands which reinforce their desired self-images. The purpose of this paper is to examine how self-image congruence (SIC) mediates the effect of consumer ethnocentrism (CE) on local brand preference (LBP). Design/methodology/approach This study empirically tested the proposed mediation model across three countries (Taiwan, South Korea and Japan) using ten brands from two very different product categories (beer and personal computers). Research subjects were randomly selected and placed into one of four groups for each of these countries. Subjects in these groups were asked to compare well-known domestic and global brands which were either culturally similar or culturally dissimilar. Findings CE significantly impacted LBP among Taiwan, South Korea and Japan college-aged consumers but this impact was limited. SIC, however, had a powerful influence on LBP for these consumers. The cultural similarity and relative necessity of brand choices had almost no effect on the results. Research limitations/implications Researchers and practitioners need to more fully understand the contingencies Asian consumers use in selecting local brands. Under some scenarios, CE may not be a reliable predictor of local brands preference. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to demonstrate the influential role of SIC among consumers from collectivistic cultures.
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Heim, Eva, Andreas Maercker, and Diana Boer. "Value Orientations and Mental Health: A Theoretical Review." Transcultural Psychiatry 56, no. 3 (March 29, 2019): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461519832472.
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Cross-national epidemiological studies show that prevalence rates of common mental disorders (i.e. depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD) vary considerably between countries, suggesting cultural differences. In order to gather evidence on how culture relates to the aetiology and phenomenology of mental disorders, finding meaningful empirical instruments for capturing the latent (i.e. non-visible) construct of ‘culture’ is vital. In this review, we suggest using value orientations for this purpose. We focus on Schwartz's value theory, which includes two levels of values: cultural and personal. We identified nine studies on personal values and four studies on cultural values and their relationship with common mental disorders. This relationship was assessed among very heterogeneous cultural groups; however, no consistent correlational pattern occurred. The most compelling evidence suggests that the relationship between personal values and mental disorders is moderated by the cultural context. Hence, assessing mere correlations between personal value orientations and self-reported symptoms of psychopathology, without taking into account the cultural context, does not yield meaningful results. This theoretical review reveals important research gaps: Most studies aimed to explain how values relate to the aetiology of mental disorders, whereas the question of phenomenology was largely neglected. Moreover, all included studies used Western instruments for assessing mental disorders, which may not capture culturally-specific phenomena of mental distress. Finding systematic relationships between values and mental disorders may contribute to making more informed hypotheses about how psychopathology is expressed under different cultural circumstances, and how to culturally adapt psychological interventions.
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Zubairu Malah. "Cross-Cultural Pragmatics on Lexical Cohesion in President Obama’s and President Buhari’s Inaugural Speeches." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i3.680.
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Numerous studies have revealed how Lexical Cohesion supported the fulfilment of political leaders’ persuasion intention in their rhetoric. The purpose of this study was to cross-culturally explore President Obama’s and President Buhari’s Inaugural Speeches to examine the impact of culture on the persuasive functions of Lexical Cohesion in their rhetoric. Therefore, while drawing on Pragmatics, the study adopted a qualitative discourse analysis approach, utilised an eclectic framework of Lexical Cohesion based on Hoey (1991), Martin (1992) and Eggins (2004) to analyse Obama’s and Buhari’s first inaugural speeches. The findings indicate, on one hand, that although Obama deployed more categories and more frequencies of Lexical Cohesion than Buhari did, ‘Repetition’ (50%) was the most dominant source of Lexical Cohesion in each of the two speeches. Moreover, the most reiterated item in the two speeches were personal pronouns, where Obama mostly repeated the pronoun ‘we’, which had inclusive function, and Buhari mostly repeated ‘I’ and the exclusive ‘we’. On the other hand, the findings suggest that Obama utilised Lexical Cohesion mainly for ‘emotional appeals’, ‘audience involvement’, and ‘credibility-building strategies’; while Buhari used Lexical Cohesion for ‘emphasizing his (and his team’s) personal commitment’, ‘building his credibility’, and ‘demonizing past administrations’. Finally, in the light of these findings, the study has drawn two major conclusions: (1) that on the preponderance of repetition of personal pronouns in both the two speeches, the findings suggest that the generic conventions of the use of personalised English in the inaugural address outweigh any culture-specific discourse practices of the two communities; (2) that Obama’s strategies of emotional appeals and audience involvement that enabled him to ‘speak along with his audience’, which contrast with Buhari’s strategies of emphasizing personal commitment and audience-exclusive tone that made him to ‘speak alone’, seem to have rendered Obama’s speech more interactional and more audience-engaging than Buhari’s speech.
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Khadhraoui, Mariem, Michel Plaisent, Lassaad Lakhal, and Bernard Prosper. "The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Spin-Offs’ Performance: A Cross-Cultural Study." SAGE Open 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 215824401986581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019865817.
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Previous studies considered entrepreneurial orientation as a determinant of firms’ growth and performance. In this research, we are interested in spin-offs. Indeed, we aim to study the relationship between their entrepreneurial orientation and their performance. Therefore, we carried out a cross-cultural study in three different countries; Tunisia, Canada, and Morocco. We opted for a personal survey. We addressed our questionnaire to 180 managers of spin-offs and we analyzed the research variables using SPSS 20.00 (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences) and Smart PLS 3 (Partial Least Squares). Our findings highlight a positive correlation between entrepreneurial orientation and performance of spin-offs within the three samples.
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Hertzum, Morten, and Jette Seiden Hyldegård. "Information seeking abroad: an everyday-life study of international students." Journal of Documentation 75, no. 6 (September 26, 2019): 1298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-11-2018-0183.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how four international students at a Danish university cope with their study-related and everyday information needs, behaviorally as well as affectively, and how their information seeking blends with their cross-cultural adaptation. Design/methodology/approach Each of the four participants contributed ten diaries and took part in three interviews during the first semester of their stay. Findings International students’ information needs and seeking behavior are shaped by their host university but also by cross-cultural, personal and situational issues. While the cross-cultural issues set international students apart from domestic students, the personal and situational issues create individual differences that call for more individually tailored support. The studied international students lacked information about both study-related and everyday issues. These two types of issues were intertwined and experienced as equally stressful. However, study-related information needs were more important, whereas everyday information needs were more difficult to resolve. In addition, participants tended to feel on their own when it came to finding needed information, but studying abroad also had elements of personal growth in meeting life’s challenges. Research limitations/implications More participants are needed to investigate how international students’ information seeking evolves over time. Originality/value This study contributes detailed information about international students’ study-related and everyday information seeking during their first semester abroad. The study has implications for everyday-life studies of international students’ information behavior and the international classroom in general.
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Maltseva, Kateryna. "Cognitive Organization of Cultural Values: Cross-Cultural Analysis of Data from Sweden and the usa." Journal of Cognition and Culture 14, no. 3-4 (July 24, 2014): 235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342123.
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A considerable body of data has been amassed to explain values structure and transmission. Values dimensions have been extracted and compared across societies in a number of values studies, many of which use quantitative methodology. However, there is little quantitative evidence of significant cross-cultural variation in values. This counterintuitive outcome has given rise to a doubt if an effective quantified comparison of values across societies is possible. The major reason for this objection to use quantitative techniques in cross-cultural values research is the loss of culture-specific meaning in quantitative procedures. Using ratings data from two American and Swedish samples the present research demonstrates that it is possible to compare values data and detect meaningful cross-cultural differences in values across societies, provided that several conceptual alterations in the instrument are made. Namely, it is proposed that collective- and individual level constructs should be separated when the informants are asked about their values. The traditional approach to values as implicitly individual construct is critiqued. The paper proposes to distinguish formulations of individual-level values items (that are more closely associated with personal projects and conative aspects) from formulations of cultural-identity relevant collective-level values items (which are acquired in more uniform processes of social learning and institutionalization). When elicitation of values considers this distinction during data collection, the depression of cross-cultural differences in values disappears.
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Stürmer, Stefan, and Alison E. F. Benbow. "Psychological Foundations of Xenophilia: Understanding and Measuring the Motivational Functions of Exploratory Cross-Cultural Contact." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 11 (August 2, 2017): 1487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217722555.
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Two multipart studies (total N = 1,638) were conducted to introduce and test a functional perspective on exploratory cross-cultural contact. Studies 1a and 1b addressed the lack of standardized measures and developed a psychometrically valid inventory of six individual motivational functions: knowledge and understanding, value expression, professional advancement, social development, personal-, and group-image concerns. Studies 2a and 2b produced experimental evidence that different environments offer differing “fulfillment opportunities” such that the motivating potential of a distinct contact function results from a function by environment fit. First, participants were more persuaded by and wanted to visit a cultural center more when it matched their motivational functions (Study 2a). Second, participants showed a preference to choose an intercultural interaction partner with a higher potential over a partner with a lower potential to fulfill their primary cross-cultural contact motivation (Study 2b, preregistered). Theoretical and practical implications of this perspective are discussed.
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Murdock, Elke. "A roundtrip – Inspired by Gustav Jahoda: Observations of a mature student." Culture & Psychology 24, no. 3 (August 17, 2018): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x18779048.
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There was a brief overlap between Gustav Jahoda’s path towards the end of his academic (pre-emeritus) career and my own as a student at the Saarland University – a prominent place in the development of cultural psychology. This article highlights some of Jahoda’s fruitful collaborations with Saarbruecken colleagues on the history of (cross-) cultural psychology as well as definitions of perspectives within the field. Gustav Jahoda has also inspired me to pursue the field of cross-cultural psychology and a personal account of this journey will be provided leading to some general observations about Gustav Jahoda’s legacy from a mature student’s perspective.
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Ma, Rongqian. "Translational Challenges in Cross-Cultural Digitization Ethics: The Case of Chinese Marriage Documents, 1909–1997." Libri 70, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/libri-2020-0088.
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AbstractDigitization of archival materials has gained global popularity as both practice in cultural heritage institutions and a scholarly topic. However, ethical issues involved in digitization, especially the challenges brought by cross-cultural archival digitization practices, have been only weakly explored. In the domain of Asian Studies librarianship in the United States, digitizing archive materials acquired from Asian countries in academic and research libraries has facilitated Asian Studies research, but also brought up ethical concerns of inappropriately translating the original culture for new audiences. This paper treats digitization as a translational device bridging cultural contexts, public audiences, and personal accounts, as well as openness and privacy. Focusing on the unique open-access digital archival collection The Chinese Marriage Documents (1909–1997) at the University of Pittsburgh as a case study, I examine crucial cross-cultural ethics involved in the digitization process and discuss best practices to digitize and disseminate culturally sensitive archives ethically.
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Zhang, Jie, Jill M. Norvilitis, and Travis Sky Ingersoll. "Idiocentrism, Allocentrism, Psychological Well Being and Suicidal Ideation: A Cross Cultural Study." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 55, no. 2 (October 2007): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.55.2.c.
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The present study examined the relationship between idiocentrism, allocentrism, psychological well being (self-esteem, depression, and social support), and suicidal ideation among 283 American college students and 343 Chinese college students. Idiocentrism was correlated with high self-esteem, high depression, and low social support, but the relationships were more likely to be significant for women than for men in both cultures. Allocentrism was primarily related to social support. As predicted, high levels of suicidal ideation were correlated with more idiocentrism, but only for women. Allocentrism was related to lower levels of suicidal ideation in both cultures, but the relationship was small. As suicide prevention may start from suicidal ideation treatment, the treatment of suicidal ideation may have to take into account cultural and personal characteristics, such as idiocentrism.
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Ormerod, Neil. "Evolution and Decline: Making Wholeness in a Time of Ecological Decline." Religions 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12080662.
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Drawing on three key elements in Lonergan’s thought—emergent probability, the triad of progress/decline/redemption, and the law of the cross—this paper explores the struggle to remake some sense of wholeness in an era of serve ecological decline and the cost to be paid to turn it around. It identifies political action as the most urgent arena for those seeking to redeem our present situation, while also acknowledging the important of personal and cultural resistance to the forces of decline.
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Ormerod, Neil. "The Law of the Cross and Climate Change." Theological Studies 82, no. 2 (June 2021): 238–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405639211009947.
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Globally we are entering into uncharted waters as the current cycle of decline lurches towards ecological disaster. Lonergan posits the law of the cross as the divinely enacted redemptive path for overcoming decline and restoring humanity on the path of genuine progress. Faced with the prospect of unprecedented global suffering, what is the moment of redemptive suffering that Christians and others are called to enact in response to the present decline? Drawing on Lonergan’s notion of a scale of values, the article considers responses at the personal, cultural, and social levels of value and the timeframes in which they operate. It will argue that in our current situation, only social change, in terms of economic and political action, can operate in a timeframe adequate to the urgency of the problem.
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Zhu, Yuting. "An Intercultural Analysis of Personal Metadiscourse in English and Chinese Commencement Speeches." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.5p.100.
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The existing metadiscourse studies on the comparison of English and Chinese language are relatively few, especially on spoken discourse. The present study examines the use of personal metadiscourse in English and Chinese commencement speeches based on Ädel’s reflexive model of metadiscourse and its adaption. The corpus for this study comprises 60 commencement speeches – 30 Chinese and 30 English – delivered in prestigious American and Chinese universities respectively. This study investigates (1) The similarities and differences in the use of personal metadiscourse in English and Chinese commencement speeches; (2) the possible reasons behind these similarities and differences. Qualitative and quantitative analysis indicates that American speeches feature markedly more personal metadiscourse than Chinese speeches. Textual analysis further reveals some similarities and differences in the discourse functions of personal metadiscourse between two sets of texts due to genre characteristics and social-cultural differences. The findings of this study provide some insight into the classification of Chinese metadiscourse and the awareness of cross-cultural communication.
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Lee, Won Seok, and Joon Moon. "Development of a Personal Values Scale For Tourism Using a Mixed Method." Tourism Culture & Communication 20, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/194341420x15915043095820.
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This study aims to develop cross-cultural value measurement scales that can overcome established methodological problems and test the dimensional frameworks of the scale with non-Asian respondents. It applies a mixed-method approach to observe intrinsic, nationally distinct values, and develop a generalized values measurement scale. This study found new value dimensions that were not present in the previous value studies (i.e., life balance, emotional growth, family union, and friendship) and provided segmented subdimensions (i.e., balancing between work and rest, time management, rewards of investment, and self-examination). This complements and enhances the current body of knowledge on value measurement.
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Nelson, Leif D., and Evan L. Morrison. "The Symptoms of Resource Scarcity." Psychological Science 16, no. 2 (February 2005): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00798.x.
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Male preferences for female body weight follow a consistent cross-cultural pattern such that in cultures with scarce resources, heavier women are preferred, whereas in cultures with abundant resources, thinner women are preferred. We offer a social-cognitive account for these findings based on the individual experience of resource scarcity. In four studies (N = 1,176), we explored the possibility that this cross-cultural relationship emerges at the individual level; that is, we investigated whether situational feelings of resource scarcity predict personal preferences within a single culture. We operationalized intraindividual resource scarcity through feelings of financial and caloric dissatisfaction. Accordingly, we hypothesized—and found—that men who feel either poor or hungry prefer heavier women than men who feel rich or full. We discuss these findings in terms of how patterns of cross-cultural norms may be evinced at the individual level through an implicit psychological mechanism.
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HUNG, LI-WEN, G. I. J. M. KEMPEN, and N. K. DE VRIES. "Cross-cultural comparison between academic and lay views of healthy ageing: a literature review." Ageing and Society 30, no. 8 (August 9, 2010): 1373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000589.
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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to specify the concept of ‘healthy ageing’ from both western and non-western cultural perspectives, and to compare the views of academics and lay older people. Thirty-four published peer-reviewed full papers in English and Chinese (traditional characters) were identified using electronic database searches. The key components of their definitions of healthy ageing were extracted and categorised into 12 domains. The results show that, in general, lay definitions (as described in 11 studies) included more domains (independency, family, adaptation, financial security, personal growth, and spirituality) and more diversity in the healthy ageing concept than academic views (which tend to focus more on physical and mental health and social functioning in later life). Certain domains were valued differently across cultures. As shown in previous studies, the findings affirm that healthy ageing is a multi-dimensional and complex concept and that there are substantial differences in different cultures. Moreover, we found that there are pronounced variations in the conceptualisation of healthy ageing as between academic and older lay people. Generally, older lay people perceive healthy ageing more broadly than the maintenance of physical, mental and social functioning. We suggest that academic researchers should integrate the more holistic perspectives of older lay people and cultural diversity into the classical ‘physical–mental–social’ healthy ageing concept.
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Pridmore, Jason, Michael Zimmer, Jessica Vitak, Anouk Mols, Daniel Trottier, Priya C. Kumar, and Yuting Liao. "Intelligent Personal Assistants and the Intercultural Negotiations of Dataveillance in Platformed Households." Surveillance & Society 17, no. 1/2 (March 31, 2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12936.
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The platformization of households is increasingly possible with the introduction of “intelligent personal assistants” (IPAs) embedded in smart, always-listening speakers and screens, such as Google Home and the Amazon Echo. These devices exemplify Zuboff’s “surveillance capitalism” by commodifying familial and social spaces and funneling data into corporate networks. However, the motivations driving the development of these platforms—and the dataveillance they afford—vary: Amazon appears focused on collecting user data to drive personalized sales across its shopping platform, while Google relies on its vast dataveillance infrastructure to build its AI-driven targeted advertising platform. This paper draws on cross-cultural focus groups regarding IPAs in the Netherlands and the United States. It reveals how respondents in these two countries articulate divergent ways of negotiating the dataveillance affordances and privacy concerns of these IPA platforms. These findings suggest the need for a nuanced approach to combating and limiting the potential harms of these home devices, which may otherwise be seen as equivalents.
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Lee, Sunghee, Mingnan Liu, and Mengyao Hu. "Relationship Between Future Time Orientation and Item Nonresponse on Subjective Probability Questions: A Cross-Cultural Analysis." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 5 (March 17, 2017): 698–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117698572.
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Time orientation is an unconscious yet fundamental cognitive process that provides a framework for organizing personal experiences in temporal categories of past, present, and future, reflecting the relative emphasis given to these categories. Culture lies central to individuals’ time orientation, leading to cultural variations in time orientation. For example, people from future-oriented cultures tend to emphasize the future and store information relevant for the future more than those from present- or past-oriented cultures. For survey questions that ask respondents to report expected probabilities of future events, this may translate into culture-specific question difficulties, manifested through systematically varying “I don’t know” item nonresponse rates. This study drew on the time orientation theory and examined culture-specific nonresponse patterns on subjective probability questions using methodologically comparable population-based surveys from multiple countries. The results supported our hypothesis. Item nonresponse rates on these questions varied significantly in the way that future orientation at the group as well as individual level was associated with lower nonresponse rates. This pattern did not apply to nonprobability questions. Our study also suggested potential nonresponse bias. Examining culture-specific constructs, such as time orientation, as a framework for measurement mechanisms may contribute to improving cross-cultural research.
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Guimarães, Danilo Silva. "Towards a cultural revision of psychological concepts." Culture & Psychology 25, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x18820632.
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Chinese psychologists present important considerations on the individualism-collectivism dichotomy, which has become a dominant reference in cross-cultural studies since the 80s. They observe that cross-cultural psychology has failed to define the concepts of collectivism and individualism in a precise manner, making it difficult to measure accurately intercultural differences. I argue that culture is a fundamental dimension of human experience. It guides us by means of verbal and nonverbal semiotic resources, actions, and personal aspirations. It also offers us symbolic resources for reflecting on these actions and aspirations, thus constituting points of view, relatively singular ways of being and of acting, either reflectively or not. The points of view that develop from different cultural traditions establish horizons that define the limits and propose the ways for people to inhabit the world with others. Furthermore, the conceptions that emerge from each culturally grounded point of view are not easily interchangeable, given that they belong to diversely built language systems. For this reason, psychological theorizations must take into account their own cultural background, as a condition for understanding the misconceptions and misunderstandings that take place when cultures exert their exotic views over one another.
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Rubenzer, Mario. "Mentality Differences in the Field of Medicine: Challenges in Cross-Cultural Collaborations in Austrian and German Hospitals between Native Physicians and Immigrated Colleagues from Poland and Hungary." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5, no. 5 (2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.55.2004.
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Within the last decades, studies about characteristics of national culture have mostly been focused on the business sector. In other industries, like the field of medicine, research about mentality differences is still in its infancy. Due to increased international job mobility of physicians around the globe, especially within the European Union, it is considered necessary to draw more attention at this topic. For this purpose, some studies are presented initially that have already addressed the issue of cultural differences in the field of medicine. By extracting their most crucial findings, an overview regarding the state-of-the- art is provided. Based on these findings, a design for qualitative research is modelled that is aimed at closing these knowledge gaps. As a first step in this context, it is explained which perspective is considered to be the most promising in terms of generating in-depth insights. Moreover, a possible approach towards constructing mentalities beyond a national level is introduced. This part goes hand in hand with suggesting two mentalities whose comparison is regarded to make sense. These mentalities are going to be an Austro-Germanic Mentality (physicians from Austria and Germany) and a Magyar- Slavic Mentality (physicians from Hungary and Poland). Subsequently, the author is going to recommend some dimensions of established cultural models that should be taken into account when designing an interview outline. Beyond that, some preliminary findings of an ongoing study with Eastern European doctors who are working in Austrian and German hospitals are presented. So far, it has become obvious that there is a remarkable different approach towards hierarchy and leadership, personal relationships with colleagues as well as task-fulfillment and personal responsibility. In the last part of this paper, the author emphasizes the positive effects that are expected to occur when awareness in terms of mentality differences is raised and how they could be achieved.
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Umanath, Sharda, and Dorthe Berntsen. "Some personal life events are more prominent than others: Younger and older adults agree on which life events matter most." Memory Studies 13, no. 4 (February 5, 2018): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698017754250.
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Some important life events are part of the cultural life script as expected transitional events with culturally sanctioned timing. However, not all personally important events align with the cultural life script, including some events that are widely experienced. Here, we ask whether there are specific characteristics that define the events that become part of a culture’s life script and what role life experience plays. In Experiment 1, younger adults rated life events on different measures tapping central event dimensions in autobiographical memory theories. Cross-culturally extremely frequent cultural life script events consistently received higher ratings than other commonly experienced life story events. Experiment 2 demonstrated that these findings did not interact with age. Both younger and older adults rated the extreme cultural life script events most highly. In addition, older adults rated all types of life events more highly than younger adults, suggesting a greater appreciation of life events overall.
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Urbonas, Gvidas, Indrė Venclovaitė, Aušra Urbonienė, and Loreta Kubilienė. "ASSESSING PHARMACY STUDENTS’ MIGRATION RELATED ATTITUDES AND INTENTION TO EMIGRATE FROM LITHUANIA." Sveikatos mokslai 27, no. 3 (July 23, 2017): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2017.053.
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Lithuania among the middle-income countries is experiencing the brain drain situation when high-educated professionals, including health care specialists, migrate to high-income countries in search for better economic, social and cultural life. The objective of the study was to identify the potential reasons for migration from the perspective of pharmacy students that might come into consideration after they graduate university. A convenience sample (n = 196) of pharmacy students participated in the cross-sectional survey where they gave opinion on why people emigrate from Lithuania, also expressed personal attitude towards emigration, as well as intention to emigrate after the studies on self-report scales. The nonlinear Robust Path Analysis approach was employed for data analysis. The results revealed that high unemployment conceived as a reason to emigrate from Lithuania, as well as personal attitude towards emigration was significantly linked with intent to emigrate after studies. Family or friends living abroad, adverse cultural environment, and lack of entertainment options conceived as a reason to emigrate significantly affected students personal attitude towards emigration from Lithuania. High unemployment as a reason for emigration remained the main factor directly associated with the intention to emigrate. However, investment in social, cultural and human capital should be seen as the next step to reduce the attractiveness of emigration to the future pharmacists.
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Steffen, Ann M., Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Katherine M. Arenella, Alma Au, Sheung-Tak Cheng, María Crespo, Victoria Cristancho-Lacroix, et al. "Validating the Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy: A Cross-National Review." Gerontologist 59, no. 4 (March 12, 2018): e325-e342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny004.
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AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThis article reviews an instrument used in cross-national research with dementia family caregivers—the Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy (RSCSE). Although the RSCSE has been translated into multiple languages, few studies have examined scale performance across samples. We examine congruence of psychometric, reliability, and validity data to inform research and practice.MethodsWe conducted citation searches using Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Identified dementia caregiving studies cited the original RSCSE article and described results of English and/or non-English translations of the scale.ResultsPeer-reviewed published studies (N = 58) of dementia family caregivers included data for Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Italian, and Spanish translations of the RSCSE; the majority (72%) reported use of non-English translations. Studies utilizing confirmatory factor analytic approaches reported findings consistent with the original development study. Internal consistency, convergent/discriminant validity, and criterion validity indices were congruent across diverse cross-national caregiving samples assessed with different translations. Data supported the RSCSE’s sensitivity to change following specific psychosocial caregiving interventions.DiscussionThe reliability and validity of different translations of the RSCSE support continued use with cross-national samples of dementia family caregivers. Limitations of the scale point to the need for further self-efficacy measurement development within caregiving domains. Consistent with Bandura’s discussion of social cognitive theory in cultural contexts, personal agency for caregiving challenges remains generalizable to cross-national populations. This review discusses the implications for cross-cultural research and practice.
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Mori, Yuko, Elina Tiiri, Prakash Khanal, Jayden Khakurel, Kaisa Mishina, and Andre Sourander. "Feeling Unsafe at School and Associated Mental Health Difficulties among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review." Children 8, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8030232.
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This study systematically reviewed the literature on perceived school safety. We investigated the prevalence, factors and associated mental health difficulties, as well as cross-cultural findings. Five databases were searched up to 9 February 2021 for peer-reviewed papers published in English. We included quantitative studies that explored the perception of school safety among children and adolescents. The reference lists of the selected papers were also searched. We conducted a narrative synthesis of the included studies. The review included 43 papers. The mean prevalence of the students who felt unsafe at school was 19.4% and ranged from 6.1% to 69.1%. Their perceived safety was associated with a wide range of personal, school, and social factors. Not feeling safe at school was related to being victimized and mental health difficulties, including depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Higher perceived school safety was associated with measures such as the presence of a security officer and fair school rule enforcement. The results showed the lack of cross-cultural studies on perceived school safety. Empirical studies are needed that examine the mechanisms of school safety, using valid measures. A clear definition of school safety should be considered a key aspect of future studies.
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Lewis, Christopher Alan, and John Maltby. "Reliability and Validity of the Francis Scale of Attitude towards Christianity among U.S. Adults." Psychological Reports 76, no. 3_suppl (June 1995): 1243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1243.
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To facilitate the use of the adult form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Towards Christianity in cross-cultural studies, the reliability and construct validity of the scale were examined among two samples of U.S. adults. Subjects completed the scale and answered questions concerning their own religious behavior and personal belief. Support was found for the reliability, unidimensionality, and construct validity of the scale among two samples of U.S. adults. Suggestions for further research are given.
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Pryanikova, N. I. "The conflictological profile of the organisation as an element of cultural identity." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 11 (January 7, 2022): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-11-168-173.
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In contemporary research on organisational effectiveness, the concept of culture is gaining ground. Not only organisational and/or national culture is considered, but also the whole range of local subcultures: professional, personal, age, etc., which also need to be analysed and taken into account. This circumstance affects the micro- and macro-level functioning of the organisation in the cultural code. The article studies the phenomenology of conflict from the perspective of an organisation’s conflictological profile, which is a reflection of its cultural identity. A typological cross-section of the conflict, its operational, strategic and symbolic types has been revealed. They have individual characteristics and have an impact on the functioning of the organisation, shaping its unique conflictological profile.
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Murphy, Tim. "Cultural Understandings of “Religion”: The Hermeneutical Context of Teaching Religious Studies in North America." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 18, no. 3 (2006): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006806778553525.
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AbstractWhen students come into the classroom, they have a prefigured, albeit deeply implicit, notion of what “religion” is and what it is not. They see religion as private, inner, and personal, as distinct from “politics” and “economics.” This prefigured conception of religion is, in this author's view, one of the principle obstacles to teaching Religious Studies in an empirical, cross-cultural, comparative manner. Given the overall structure of the cultural configuration within which students think about and live out “religion,” i.e., that it is private, utilitarian, and simply an obvious given to them, how can we introduce theory into the Religious Studies classroom? The answer given here is that if we use language-based theoretical models of culture such as structuralism and hermeneutics, we do better, in the main, in applying that theory to the communicative context of the classroom than trying to teach theory directly to our undergraduate students. This paper offers an analysis, using such language-based theories, of those cultural conditions which our students bring into the classroom and which shape their “native” understanding of the category “religion,” as well as some suggestions as to how to cope with it in order to teach Religious Studies more effectively.
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Ljubica, Jasenko, Romie Frederick Littrell, Gillian Warner-Søderholm, and Inga Minelgaite. "Empower me or not? Influence of societal culture." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 29, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 114–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-05-2021-0091.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the relationships between societal culture value dimensions and employee preferences for empowerment behaviors by managerial leaders across societal cultures. To do this, the authors synthesize the extant literature to underpin this study and to set the research agenda for future empirical work.Design/methodology/approachUsing field survey research method, the authors obtain and analyze data from ten samples in eight geographically and culturally diverse societies from a global longitudinal study of preferred managerial leader behavior.FindingsCultural value dimension predictor variables affect employee preferences for leader empowerment behaviors in the societies studied. Some significant effects of gender and organizational factors on these relationships were found.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should expand upon variations in the meaning of employee empowerment across cultures, consider other cultural models and theories, and a more extensive set of personal, organizational and relational factors.Practical implicationsEmployee preferences for leader empowerment behaviors are more likely the result of the interplay, exchange and trade-offs between cultural, personal and organizational values. The effectiveness of employee empowerment is contingent upon well-designed training programs aligning management and worker values, goals and tasks.Originality/valueThe authors offer more realistic, objective and evidence-based insights into the cultural influences on the effectiveness of empowerment and employee cognitions towards it than the extant, conceptually and methodologically compromised, strategic cross-cultural studies.
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Davidovitch, Nitza, Lobova Elena, Pryamikova Elena, Semenova Tatiana, Pechenkina Tatiana, and Yachmeneva Maria. "Expectations, Practices, And Preferences Of College Students: A Cross-Cultural Perspective Of CIS-Born And Israeli-Born Students In Israel." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 8, no. 3 (July 9, 2012): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v8i3.7113.
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Processes of globalization are permeating the world of higher education and escalating to a previously unprecedented degree, and institutions of higher education previously known for their cultural homogeneity are becoming increasingly heterogeneous. Consequently, cross-cultural study of higher education is evolving from a discipline investigating a relatively marginal phenomenon to one examining a rapidly accelerating process shifting from the margins to the center. Today some claim that cultural differences between students are an essential factor affecting their study expectations, practices, and preferences. This study seeks to examine differences in learning styles, expectations, and study practices of Israeli students versus students in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The research population consisted of 1,122 students, 554 studying in Israeli institutions of higher education and 568 in the CIS. The research tool was developed specifically for this study and it consisted of 44 items related to four main spheres: 1) students' personal and academic background characteristics, 2) perception of the academic world and of the opportunities afforded by higher education, 3) evaluation of the study environment, and 4) faculty/student responsibility for the study process. Research results indicate intercultural differences on almost all dimensions examined - personal and academic characteristics, perception of opportunities offered by academic studies as manifested in perception of crucial factors for selecting schools, factors arousing academic interest, crucial factors producing competent lecturers, requirements for receiving a good education, creating satisfaction with study conditions, study practices, and time devoted to studies. Research conclusions indicate that the inclusive character of the findings should prompt the academic world to examine mobility in higher education from a cultural perspective. Specifically, it is necessary to consider the diversity of practices, study styles, and preferences among international students.
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Chen Brazill, Shihua. "Chinese International Doctoral Students’ Cross-Cultural Socialization: Leveraging Strengths and Multiple Identities." International Journal of Doctoral Studies 17 (2022): 087–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4925.
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Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to use narrative inquiry to discover and understand how Chinese students leverage their strengths and multiple identities in socializing to American higher education and their profession. Chinese students engage with American academic culture while embracing their multiple identities. I will explore the cultural strengths they use to socialize and develop their personal, social, cultural, and professional identities in their doctoral educational experience. Background: Chinese international doctoral students encounter a unique socialization experience during their doctoral studies because they lack meaningful cross-cultural support. Likewise, it is problematic that Chinese students are often viewed as a homogeneous group and much prior research has emphasized the traditional deficit perspective in explaining how Chinese students must adjust and assimilate to the university environment. Methodology: This qualitative research uses narrative inquiry to study Chinese international doctoral students’ socialization experiences while retaining their authentic voices. Narrative inquiry allows for a more nuanced understanding of the experiences of Chinese students compared to the perceptions imposed by other stakeholders. The narrative methodology provides diverse ways to understand Chinese student interactions within American culture, place, and context. This study applies the three-dimensional approach to retell participants’ stories. The three-dimensional approach is more holistic and provides a broad lens to learn about the interactions, past, present, and future experiences of individuals through time and space. Contribution: This research shifts the narrative from the deficit view to a strength-based perspective as to how Chinese international doctoral students can rely on their cultural values and multiple identities as strengths to succeed academically, socially, and emotionally. Findings: Findings related to the literature in two important ways. First, findings support how the six cultural strengths of Yosso’s community cultural wealth apply to Chinese international doctoral students. Chinese students’ stories align with these strengths and through these strengths, they explore and develop their personal, social, cultural, and professional identity. Second, Chinese students’ stories as a counternarrative challenged and contradicted the essentialist view and misconception that Chinese students are a homogenous group personally, socially, culturally, or academically. Recommendations for Practitioners: The findings from this study offer insight for practitioners into what institutions and departments might do to support Chinese international doctoral students in their socialization journey. It is vital to support the whole student through understanding their multiple identities. Recommendation for Researchers: Chinese students and other diverse learners may benefit from peer and faculty mentors in different ways. Therefore, understanding the unique cross-cultural socialization needs and strength-based perspective will help tailor social activities and inclusive learning environments. Impact on Society: The current political, economic, and social relationships between the U.S. and China make it vital for American institutions to consider Chinese international doctoral students’ cross-cultural socialization journey. Future Research: Though it is hoped that this study is transferable, specific issues of how it can be generalized to other Chinese international doctoral students in other areas of the U.S. are beyond the scope of this study. Future research might explore how Chinese International doctoral students’ socialization experiences differ depending on where they study in the U.S.
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Zakirova, E., N. Poskrebysheva, and A. Babkina. "Personal autonomy development and family functioning of Russian and Azerbaijan adolescents." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S433—S434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1101.
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Introduction The development of adolescent’s autonomy is influenced by both: family and culture. Cross-cultural studies show different autonomy development trajectories and culture-specific family organization tendencies. The comparison of autonomy development in different cultures can help in clarifying universal and culture-dependent aspects of autonomy development. Objectives The present research studies adolescent’s autonomy in context of family functioning in Azerbaijani (Baku) and Russian (Moscow) adolescents. Methods Family Environmental Scale (FES), Method of unfinished sentences to study adolescent’s autonomy fields («I feel independent when…»), The Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence (SITA) were used in the study with 201 adolescents, aged from 13 to 18. Results Family functioning of adolescents from Moscow is less achievement oriented (U-test, p=0,000), family life is less organized (p=0,000) and controlling (p=0,000). Adolescents in Baku consider the value of independence in families higher (p=0,01). Context analysis of unfinished sentences shows universal categories of autonomy representation (autonomy in specific activities, autonomy as possibility to be alone) and culture specific representations: adolescents from Moscow describe autonomy more like «independence from others», whereas adolescents from Baku describe autonomy as «the presence of others nearby». Engulfment Anxiety shows negative correlations (р<0,01) with family cohesion (r=0, -0,474), conflict (r=-0,466) and independence (r=-0,326) for all adolescents, with expressiveness (r=-0,490) and achievement orientation(r=-0,286) by Moscow adolescence and with intellectual-cultural (r=-0,249) and recreational family orientation (r=-0,278) by Baku adolescents. Conclusions Autonomy development in families has universal aspects (positive effects of cohesion, etc.), but Moscow adolescents are less focused on others and family in their autonomy development. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Machado, Vanessa, André Mendonça, Luís Proença, José João Mendes, João Botelho, Daniel W. McNeill, and Ana Sintra Delgado. "Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Oral Health Values Scale for the Portuguese Population." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050672.
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Background: To adapt and validate cross-culturally the Oral Health Values (OHVS) questionnaire to Portuguese language. Methods: The OHVS questionnaire was culturally translated and adapted according to international guidelines. We enrolled 280 patients in a population-based epidemiological survey conducted at the Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (Almada, Portugal). The participants answered the Portuguese version of the OHVS (OHVS-PT), which is a 12-item scale with four-factor structure (Professional Dental Care, Appearance and Health, Flossing and Retaining Natural Teeth factor). Psychometric properties were tested using content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. Results: The OHVS-PT presented adequate reliability (ICC = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86; 0.97, p < 0.001) with values for the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the sub-constructs ranging from 0.92 to 0.98. In the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the final models presented good fit, with the Comparative Fit Indices ranging from 0.882 to 0.891 and the root-mean-squared error of Approximation between 0.065 and 0.069. Conclusions: The OHVS-PT was shown to be a valid and reliable tool to assess oral health values in a Portuguese population. Further studies should evaluate the psychometric properties of the oral personal representation on dental specialties and its impact on dental appointments and procedures.
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Kang, Jennifer Yusun. "Producing culturally appropriate narratives in English as a foreign language." Narrative Inquiry 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.16.2.08kan.
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Cross-cultural and second/foreign language (L2) studies on oral narratives have suggested that one’s native language and culture affect discourse production in an L2 and have detected areas of difficulty for L2 learners in producing extended discourse. However, written narrative has received less attention, although it can provide rich data on cross-cultural differences and hold important implications for L2 literacy acquisition and pedagogy. This study was designed to investigate culturally preferred written discourse styles and their effects on L2 writing of personal narratives. It explored cross-cultural differences in the use of narrative structural features including evaluation between first language written narratives produced by native speakers of American English and first- and second-language narratives written by Koreans learning English. Differences in first language narrative styles were used to explain how Korean EFL learners’ narrative discourse in English could vary from native English speakers’ discourse norms. Participants were Korean adult EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners and American native-English speakers in the U.S. The findings show that specifically Korean cultural strategies were evident in the Korean English learners’ English narrative discourse rather than the preferred discourse style of the target language and culture. The findings hold implications for L2 writing pedagogy and L2 training in discourse production.
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Kim, Soyeon, Izumi Mori, and Abd Rahman Abdul Rahim. "Cultural values matter." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 18, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595818759570.
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As the economic footprint of developing countries increases, talent management grows in importance for foreign multinational companies in emerging markets. Multinational companies, however, face fierce competition for local talent, and competitive recruiting calls for practical knowledge about the personal traits of job applicants. The present study applies a cross-cultural perspective to this issue, exploring how individually held cultural values influence the attractiveness of Japanese companies in Malaysia. Drawing on similarity-attraction theory and person–organization fit theory, the study quantitatively analyses data from a paper-based survey of 245 prospective jobseekers. The findings indicate that an individual cultural value fit with the foreign company’s country of origin is significant predictors of employer attractiveness. Specifically, the study finds that potential Malaysian jobseekers who are lower in power distance and higher in risk aversion and long-term orientation view Japanese companies as attractive future employers and have higher job-pursuit behavior. Based on this finding, the study discusses theoretical and practical contributions to corporate employment strategies.