Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Person perception'
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Herren, Lisa Tandy. "Expertise in person perception /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487592050229146.
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Raina, Karina Christina. "Compassion and Person Perception: An Experiment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5347/.
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Compassion is one of the fundamental experiences which signify human existence. Person perception is the constructive process with which we form an opinion or judgment of another person. Two experiments (N =277) were conducted in this study. Experiment 1 examined the effects of a mindfulness meditation on compassion in a large sample of young adults. Participants (n =76) were randomly assigned to three groups. Participants in group 1 received the mindfulness meditation, group 2 received an alternate version of the mindfulness meditation (self-focus only), and participants in group 3 were asked to complete an attention task and read a geological text. It was hypothesized that mindfulness meditation is significantly associated with the experience of compassion. Results showed that participants in the experimental group 1 experienced significantly higher levels of compassion compared to participants in the control group 3. The participants in group 2 were not different from experimental group 1 or from control group 3. Gender differences in the effects of meditation on compassion were explored. Different measures yielded conflicting evidence for gender differences in experienced compassion. For the second experiment a Solomon four-group experimental design was employed to examine the possible effects of compassion on person perception. Participants (n = 201) were randomly assigned to 4 groups. The effect of pretesting impression formation on posttest performance was investigated. It was hypothesized that compassion has a significant effect on impression formation. The Stouffer's z -method was used to investigate this effect. Results indicated that participants in the experimental groups after completing a mindfulness meditation rated a target person significantly more favorable, compared to participants in the control groups. Results also indicated that pretest had no significant effect on post-test ratings of the impression formation task. Transcendental applications for the inducement and experience of compassion in psychotherapy and the role of compassion in human society are considered. Limitations of this study are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Theemes, Tracy. "Person perception processes in child rearing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28551.
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This study explored perception processes of child rearing. A sample of parents of both special needs and typical children enrolled in preschool child development centres operating in the Vancouver, B. C. Lower Mainland region was asked to complete the Maryland Parent Attitude Scale (MPAS), the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), and a demographic questionnaire. There were no significant correlations found between parental attitudes about child rearing (MPAS) and their perception of their child, parents' perceptions of themselves as parents, or parents' perception of their relationship with their child. As well, there were no significant differences between responses of parents of special needs children and parents of typical children. Post hoc multiple regression analyses however, revealed a number of significant and interesting relationships.
Results of the multiple regression analyses showed that fathers' rejecting and mothers' protecting child rearing attitudes decreased as the number of children in their family increased. It was also found that mothers perceived their children and themselves as parents more negatively than fathers. In addition, fathers' occupations as measured by the Blishen index (1987) were positively related to their perceptions of their child. Of particular interest was the outcome that male children were repeatedly viewed more negatively by their parents. As well, parents of sons saw themselves as parents and their relationship with their child more negatively than parents of girls.
These results suggest that the psychological and sociological aspects of child rearing and the parent child relationship need to be assessed simultaneously. Although the expectations and cognitions of parents are an important area of study, the importance and integral nature of social, cultural, gender and socioeconomic variables cannot be ignored in formulating hypotheses and designing research in this field.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Rogers, Paul. "Person perception amongst self-perceived high intuitives." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391367.
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Greven, Inez Margot. "Functional integration of neural signals during person perception." Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/functional-integration-of-neural-signals-during-person-perception(bdd41d98-0326-4462-8c80-4d10e23939cc).html.
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In every day social interactions,it is important to know who other people are and how we might expect them to behave. Neuroscientific research has identified neuroanatomically distinct networks involved in perceiving a person’s physical features and reasoning about their trait characteristics. While it has been demonstrated that both these networks are engaged when linking multiple features of a person ogether, the neural networks integration under these circumstances has mostly been overlooked. Over four empirical chapters, this thesis aims to understand how functional integration between distinct cognitive and neural systems supports person perception during social interactions. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 3) investigates how physical features are linked to social knowledge, similarly to how we form impressions when we initially meet someone. While in this chapter social knowledge was inferred from descriptions of the person’s behaviour, Chapter 4 aimed to investigate how social signals are extracted from the visual image of the body alone. Chapter 5 investigated functional integration during the perception of bodies that cued recall of social knowledge. Finally, Chapter 6 differentiated between affective valences of trait-‐based judgments. Taken together, the findings presented in this thesis highlight the importance of an integrative perspective when investigating the role of functionally segregated brain regions in a large interconnected network. This view advocates the use offunctional connectivity measures when investigating the role of person perception nodes in socially complex settings.
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Warburton, Rebekkah Boyd. "The Impact of Sports Fanship on Person Perception." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32855.
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Do young people use expressed sports preferences to form impressions of others? Concentrating on previous research involving the framework of impression formation theory, this study was designed to explore the impact of expressed sports preferences on perceptions of peers. Respondents (n=332) were presented with a questionnaire depicting male and female peers in various sports tee-shirts to examine how well young people can judge others on the basis of very limited information. The findings reveal that the perceptions formed of peers are often mediated by the specific sport preference expressed by the target person. This study suggests that young people do make quick judgments of others based on sports preferences. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.Master of Arts
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Quinn, Kimberly A. "Expectancies and the processing of social information, implications for person perception and person memory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58224.pdf.
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Bizot, Elizabeth Butler. "The accuracy of person perception judging people on the basis of task performance /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1988. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8809488.
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Brennan, Allison Anne. "Person perception informs understanding of cognition during visual search." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27534.
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Does person perception – the impressions we form from watching others’ behavior – hold clues to the mental states of people engaged in cognitive tasks? We investigate this with a two-phase method: in Phase 1 participants search on a computer screen (Experiment 1) or in an office (Experiment 2); in Phase 2 other participants rate their video-recorded behavior. We find ratings are sensitive to stable traits (search ability), temporary states (cognitive strategy), and environment (task difficulty). We also find that the visible behaviors critical to success vary between settings (e.g., eye movements are important in search on computer screens; head movements for search in an office). Positive emotions are linked to search success in both settings. These findings demonstrate that person perception can inform cognition beyond traditional measures of performance, and as such, offer great potential for studying cognition in natural settings with measures that are both rich and relatively unobtrusive.
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Brebner, Joanne L. "Attention and person perception : the dynamics of distractor processing." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU494273.
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Categorisation, whereby people are thought of in terms of their applicable social categories (e.g., age, sex, race) is a common tactic employed by the social perceiver in order to make sense of others. Is this facet of the person perception process inevitable however? One factor which may modulate category activation is task-relevancy. To explore this issue, participants were required to categorise verbal stimuli while ignoring task-irrelevant response matching and mismatching distractors under various experimental conditions. The initial issue of interest was whether capacity limits in visual attention moderate the extraction of sex and identity cues from face and object distractors. The results revealed that perceivers could prevent identification of multiple faces and objects, but were unable to prevent categorizing both one and two faces by sex (Expts. 1 and 2). In addition, participants extracted sex cues from to-be-ignored face distractors when they were presented in a predictable spatial location (Expt. 3). Distractor repetition also failed to moderate perceivers’ ability to prevent categorizing task-irrelevant faces by sex (Expts. 4, 5 and 6). However, repetition did modulate the sex categorization of name distractors (Expt. 7), and also face identification (Expt. 8). Mismatching face flankers also continued to interfere with a sex-classification task even if they were inverted (Expt. 9). Crucially, however, perceivers were able to prevent sex category activation if hair cues were cropped from the facial distractors (Expt. 10). Extending this finding, faces displaying counter-stereotyped hairstyles (i.e., males with long hair and females with short hair) produced categorical errors, whereby the hair length and not the internal facial features drove category activation of both unfamiliar (Expt. 11), and familiar faces (Expt. 12). Provided that category specifying features are present and sufficient to trigger response competition, distractor processing therefore appears to be inevitable.
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Andrews, Sally. "The role of within-person variability in face processing." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=215701.
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Natural variability can make different instances of the same face appear remarkably dissimilar. Such variability rarely affects familiar face recognition. However, small differences in appearance between encounters can have really detrimental effects on identifying instances of unfamiliar faces as the same person. In typical face processing research, within-person variability is experimentally controlled, in order to explore the influences of between-person variability in face processing directly. That is, face stimuli are constrained so that differences between individual faces are restricted to identity-specific information; shape and texture. To this end, it remains unclear whether such natural variability plays a part in normal face processing. In this thesis, a series of experiments explore whether experiencing natural variability is beneficial in normal face processing. Specifically, the experiments described within this thesis address whether there is a role of within-person variability in face learning, with various manipulations, and also whether it has a role in improving unfamiliar face matching. The results suggest that experiencing variability is important in face learning – specifically in developing stable face representations. It was also found to be beneficial in improving unfamiliar face matching. Additional manipulations, such as the presence of additional person information, did not show any additional benefit to face learning – unlike previous studies. I suggest that the differences between the results observed here and previous studies highlight differences in measures of familiarity, and the importance of considering what different measures tell us about face processing. I discuss these findings in relation to previous face learning studies, in addition to face perception methodologies overall. Put simply, I suggest that in order to understand face identification processes comprehensively, it is important to consider both between- and within-person variability.
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Spinda, John S. W. "The Third-Person and First-Person Effects of Sports Fandom." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1240600224.
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Owen, Ann Lesley. "Development of tests of emotion-related learning in person perception." Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392158.
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Fox, R. M. H. "The development of characterization in children's narrative writing between the ages of six and thirteen." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375421.
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Zhang, Xuan. "How Affective Properties of Voice Influence Memory and Social Perception." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107192.
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Thesis advisor: Lisa F. BarrettThesis advisor: Hiram Brownell
Human voice carries precious information about a person. From a brief vocalization to a spoken sentence, listeners rapidly form perceptual judgments of transient affective states such as happiness, as well as perceptual judgments of the more stable social traits such as trustworthiness. In social interactions, sometimes it is not just what we say – but how we say it – that matters. This dissertation sought to better understand how affective properties in voice influence memory and how they subserve social perception. To these ends, I investigated the effect of affective prosody on memory for speech by manipulating both prosody valence and semantic valence, I explored the fundamental dimensions of social perception from voice, and I discussed the relationship of those social dimensions to affective dimensions of voice. In the first chapter, I examined how prosody valence influences memory for speech that varied in semantic valence. Participants listened to narratives spoken in neutral, positive, and negative prosody and recalled as much as they could of the narrative content. Importantly, the arousal level of the affective prosody was controlled across the different prosody valence conditions. Results showed that prosody valence influenced memory for speech content and the effect depended on the relationship between prosody valence and semantic valence. Specifically, congruence between prosody and semantic valence influenced memory. When people were listening to neutral content, affective prosody (either positive or negative) impaired memory. When listening to positive or negative content, incongruent prosody led to better recall. The present research shows that it is not just what you say, but also how you say it that will influence what people remember of your message. In the second chapter, I explored the fundamental dimensions of social perception from voices compared to faces, using a data-driven approach. Participants were encouraged to freely write down anything that came to mind about the voice they heard or the face they saw. Descriptors were classified into categories and the most frequently occurred social trait categories were selected. A separate group of participants rated the voices and faces on the selected social traits. Principal component analyses revealed that female voices were evaluated mostly on three dimensions: attractiveness, trustworthiness, and dominance; whereas male voices were evaluated mostly on two dimensions: social engagement and trustworthiness. For social evaluation of faces, a similar two-dimensional structure of social engagement and trustworthiness was found for both genders. The gender difference in social perception of voice is discussed with respect to gender stereotypes and the role voice pitch played in perceived attractiveness and dominance. This study indicates that both modality (voice vs. face) and gender impact the fundamental dimensions of social perception. Overall, the findings of this dissertation indicate that the affective quality in our voice not only influence how our speech will be remembered but also relate to how we are being socially perceived by others. It would be wise to pay more attention to our tone of voice if we want to make our speech memorable and leave a good impression
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
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Zimmermann, Johannes, Simon Schindler, Geraldine Klaus, and Daniel Leising. "The Effect of Dislike on Accuracy and Bias in Person Perception." Sage, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35395.
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The present work explores how accuracy and bias in person perception change with the level of liking that the perceiver holds toward the target person. Specifically, we studied whether dislike affects (a) the social desirability of judgments (positivity bias), (b) the extent to which the target is described like an average person (normative accuracy), and (c) the extent to which the judgment reflects the given target’s characteristics in particular (distinctive accuracy). Eighty-four participants watched four target persons on video, after receiving bogus feedback on how positively or negatively those targets had supposedly evaluated them. The participants reciprocated negative bogus evaluations showing a marked decrease in reported liking for the respective target. Most important, dislike was consistently associated with lower positivity bias, greater normative accuracy, and lower distinctive accuracy across two validation measures (i.e., self-reports and informant reports of target persons).
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Hughes, LaTonya Dickerson. "The Nurse and Certified Nursing Assistant Perception of Person-Centered Care." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6585.
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Over the last decade, long-term care facilities have transitioned from institutional care models that focus on person-centered care, in which the resident is the center of the care. The purpose of this study is to explore the nurse and certified nursing assistant perception of the person-centered care services they deliver. Jean Watson's theory of human caring is the theoretical framework that guided this study. The theory focusing on the human caring experiences and person-centered care is being characterized as a caring feeling. The carative factors of Watson's theory, the fundamental concept of caring, has been associated with improved outcomes for the resident and the caregiver. Using a phenomenology research design, 3 focus groups of 15 nurses and 10 certified nursing assistants (CNA), working in a long-term care facility, were asked questions to describe their perception of person-centered care. The responses from the 25 participants were stored and organized using Nvivo. The thematic analysis revealed that the nurses and CNAs perceived person-centered care to include the caring and compassionate approach taken when care is being delivered. The participants also shared that person-centered care included involving the resident in decision making through communicating openly and developing relationships. The discussions revealed that 8 carative factors influenced their understanding, with the main factor being the creative problem-solving method for decision making. The �ndings from this study have the potential to impact positive social change at the organizational level, influencing the delivery of care within long-term care settings.
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Blunsden, Scott. "Detection and classification of multiple person interaction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3208.
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This thesis investigates the classification of the behaviour of multiple persons when viewed from a video camera. Work upon a constrained case of multiple person interaction in the form of team games is investigated. A comparison between attempting to model individual features using a (hierarchical dynamic model) and modelling the team as a whole (using a support vector machine) is given. It is shown that for team games such as handball it is preferable to model the whole team. In such instances correct classification performance of over 80% are attained. A more general case of interaction is then considered. Classification of interacting people in a surveillance situation over several datasets is then investigated. We introduce a new feature set and compare several methods with the previous best published method (Oliver 2000) and demonstrate an improvement in performance. Classification rates of over 95% on real video data sequences are demonstrated. An investigation into how the length of time a sequence is observed is then performed. This results in an improved classifier (of over 2%) which uses a class dependent window size. The question of detecting pre/post and actual fighting situations is then addressed. A hierarchical AdaBoost classifier is used to demonstrate the ability to classify such situations. It is demonstrated that such an approach can classify 91% of fighting situations correctly.
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Hoek, Trevor Martin. "An existential phenomenological study of gaining insight into oneself through perceiving another person." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004594.
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The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the experience of gaining insight into oneself through perceiving another person. Such a one-to-one situation was selected in order to ensure a minimal level of complexity. The researcher conducted a pilot study in order to check whether people could relate such an experience in response to a long and difficult interview question. One female first year student responded from among a group of thirty to whom the question was posed. She was then interviewed. The data appeared acceptable. This was confirmed after the data analysis using the phenomenological-psychological method of textual analysis. The analysis showed that the subject, while comparing herself with the person whom she was with, discovered that she structured her life too rigidly in her attempt to meet the expectations of others. This discovery gave her the opportunity to restructure her approach to her world and to the others whom she had seen in only a narrow and abstracted way. Lengthier interviews were then conducted with a further six potential subjects. These were then transcribed. Two of those subjects, though, were found to have experienced insight through perceiving more than one other person. The data from the four remaining subjects were then analysed using the phenomenological psychological method. The researcher discovered that insight involves a clarity of perception which is achieved when the person becomes aware of clearly differentiated possibilities; these are revealed to him through his intensely reflecting on where he stands in relation to the other person whom he perceives, or in relation to alternatives revealed to him by the other. The polarities that are revealed allow the person to take up a new approach to his world, since the person discovers that his experience has revealed that he has been inauthentic in his muddled concern about others, and this gives the person a perception of truth that he was previously unaware of. These findings were dialogued with the writing of psychologists and philosophers who have written on the subject of becoming aware of oneself in relation to others.
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Mason, Ashley Elizabeth. "Perceptions of Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses: Process, Accuracy, and Measurement Convergence." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297046.
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Encountering stressors, both chronic and acute, is ubiquitous to the human experience. From a layperson perspective, it should not be difficult to perceive whether someone is experiencing emotional stress: People rely on intuition to modify their interpersonal behavior in order to ensure smooth social interactions. From a research perspective, determining whether someone is experiencing an emotion is more complex. The majority of available evidence indicates that dimensions of emotional responding - physiological, psychological, and behavioral - are largely uncorrelated, which suggests potential moderators. This study addressed four specific aims: How are self-report (SR) and physiological experiences of stress associated? How well do people agree in their perceptions of others' stress? What dimensions of stress - psychological or physiological, or both - do people perceive when evaluating others' psychological states? What is the process by which people intuit others' stress? Ninety participants (targets, n = 31 men) provided SR tension, autonomic physiology, and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) data in the context of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Twenty observers across four conditions (n = 5 - 6 per condition) accessed audio (30 s), video (30 s), or audio-video (~13 min and 30 s) variations of recordings made during the TSSTs, and research assistants coded target facial behavior. Among targets endorsing more depression symptoms, SR tension and IL- 6 were inversely correlated, and SR tension and RSA were positively correlated. Among targets endorsing less depression symptoms, SR tension and physiology were uncorrelated. Observers who accessed audio data (3 conditions) evidenced greater agreement than those who viewed silent video. Across all conditions, observer ratings of target (ORT) tension were consistent with SR tension. ORT tension from the ~13 min audio-video condition predicted SR tension 90 min post-TSST after accounting for SR tension assessed immediately post-TSST. Associations among ORT tension and target physiology were variable: ORT from the 30 s audio-only condition (30A) predicted increases in IL-6, ORT from the ~13 min of audio-video condition (13AV) correlated positively with target IL-6 after accounting for SR tension, and ORT from the 30 s audio- video condition (30AV) predicted vagal withdrawal. Visually-observable target behaviors were not correlated with ORT tension, SR tension, or target physiology.
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Siebler, Frank. "Connectionist modelling of social judgement processes." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369679.
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Pierce, Meghan. "Facial Expression Intelligence Scale (FEIS): Recognizing and Interpreting Facial Expressions and Implications for Consumer Behavior." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26786.
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Each time we meet a new person, we draw inferences based on our impressions. The first thing we are likely to notice is a personâ s face. The face functions as one source of information, which we combine with the spoken word, body language, past experience, and the context of the situation to form judgments. Facial expressions serve as pieces of information we use to understand what another person is thinking, saying, or feeling. While there is strong support for the universality of emotion recognition, the ability to identify and interpret facial expressions varies by individual. Existing scales fail to include the dynamicity of the face. Five studies are proposed to examine the viability of the Facial Expression Intelligence Scale (FEIS) to measure individual ability to identify and interpret facial expressions. Consumer behavior implications are discussed.Ph. D.
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Moore, Steven Douglas. "Leisure stereotypes: Person perception and social contact norms in a wilderness area." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184726.
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Social contact norms are used by managers to establish standards for regulating visitation of wilderness areas so that visitors can attain adequate experiences of solitude. This study expanded on current conceptions of social contact norms to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for understanding how such norms are formed. Using person perception, stereotyping, and socialization theory and the concept of cognitive schemata, a conceptual framework was built to explain how visitors come to judge certain groups as appropriate or inappropriate in a wilderness area. Seven research hypotheses were proposed and tested using a database consisting of responses to a mail questionnaire survey of 800 permit requestors and 95 interviews with visitors at Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness, Arizona. The first hypothesis, that wilderness visitors would regard some types of groups as appropriate and other types of groups as inappropriate in the wilderness area, was supported. Norms for encountering 13 types of groups were estimated from written questions and drawings, and paired picture comparisons allowed ranking of six types of groups. Encounters with lone hikers, small groups, medium-sized groups, birdwatchers, youth groups, school classes, and rangers were considered more appropriate than encounters with hunters, horseback riders, packstock users, and nude bathers. Logit and multinomial logit models were used to test the six remaining hypotheses, which concerned the influences of socialization and other processes on development of social contact norms. To test the hypotheses, norms for encountering six types for groups were predicted from demographic and other variables. The results indicated that norms for encountering small groups were not affected by social class or race; affiliation with a small group during a wilderness visit was associated with a dislike of large groups, membership in a conservation organization had no such association; members of conservation organizations preferred fewer encounters with hunters; membership in a conservation organization also prompted the respondents to dislike encounters with horseback riders; females, older visitors, and people with children disliked encountering nude bathers; and inexperienced and less self-reliant visitors enjoyed encounters with rangers. Theoretical, managerial, and social implications of these results were then discussed.
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Elbin, Susan Dori. "Person perception and social comparison of coping capabilities in depressives and nondepressives /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487326511716516.
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Wood, Melisa. "Stereotype use in person perception : interaction effects between prejudice level and cognitive load /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsw8732.pdf.
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Jain, Parul. "Entertainment Media Narratives and Attitude Accessibility: Implications for Person Perception and Health Communication." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306380075.
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Schenke, Kimberley Caroline. "The things you do : implicit person models guide online action observation." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8639.
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Social perception is dynamic and ambiguous. Whilst previous research favoured bottom-up views where observed actions are matched to higher level (or motor) representations, recent accounts suggest top-down processes where prior knowledge guides perception of others’ actions, in a predictive manner. This thesis investigated how person-specific models of others’ typical behaviour in different situations are reactivated when they are re-encountered and predict their actions, using strictly controlled computer-based action identification tasks, event-related potentials (ERPs), as well as recording participants’ actions via motion tracking (using the Microsoft Kinect Sensor). The findings provided evidence that knowledge about seen actor’s typical behaviour is used in action observation. It was found, first, that actions are identified faster when performed by an actor that typically performed these actions compared to another actor who only performed them rarely (Chapters Two and Three). These effects were specific to meaningful actions with objects, not withdrawals from them, and went along with action-related ERP responses (oERN, observer related error negativity). Moreover, they occurred despite current actor identity not being relevant to the task, and were largely independent of the participants’ ability to report the individual’s behaviour. Second, the findings suggested that these predictive person models are embodied such that they influenced the observers own motor systems, even when the relevant actors were not seen acting (Chapter Four). Finally, evidence for theses person-models were found when naturalistic responding was required when participants had to use their feet to ‘block’ an incoming ball (measured by the Microsoft Kinect Sensor), where they made earlier and more pronounced movements when the observed actor behaved according to their usual action patterns (Chapter Five). The findings are discussed with respect to recent predictive coding theories of social perception, and a new model is proposed that integrates the findings.
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Owe, Ellinor. "Unpacking cultural orientations : representations of the person and the self." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45122/.
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This thesis aims to disentangle the concept of culture; more specifically it identifies different facets of cultural orientations. It looks at how cultural and national groups differ on these dimensions and their impact on individuals and societies. It is argued that we need a more nuanced and multifaceted understanding of culture that goes beyond focusing on values. Chapter 1 discusses definitions of culture and identifies three significant facets of culture—values, beliefs and constructions of the self. It is noted that research into the latter two facets is far less developed. Chapter 2 outlines research into cross-cultural variation in beliefs, more specifically beliefs about personhood, and notes that little is known about beliefs that define individualism-collectivism (I-C). Chapter 3 reviews self-construal theory and highlights a range of remaining issues which point to the need to explore self-construals further. Chapter 4 provides a methodological overview of the research. Chapter 5 reports results from two large-scale cross-cultural questionnaire studies and presents the construct, and a measure, of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of the context in understanding people. Contextualism is shown to be a facet of cultural collectivism and a predictor of national variation in ingroup favouritism, trust and corruption. Chapter 6 presents a new seven-dimensional model of self-construals, which can be organised into three higher-order dimensions at the cultural level of analysis: self-differentiation, other-focus and self-containment. Variation in self-differentiation is shown to be best explained by differences in I-C, other-focus by differences in national wealth and self-containment by religious heritage. Based on a smaller study in four nations, Chapter 7 investigates the seven self-construal dimensions at the individual level and tests how they differentially predict outcomes related to socio-emotional adjustment. Chapter 8 summarises the findings and discusses implications and directions for future research.
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Naab, Thorsten [Verfasser]. "Naive Medientheorien und Third-Person Perception : Eine Untersuchung zur Integrierbarkeit beider Konzepte / Thorsten Naab." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1108819796/34.
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Tanis, Martin. "Cues to identity in CMC: the impact on person perception and subsequent interaction outcomes." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/67908.
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Rimmer, Matthew. "Forming impressions of opponents : the impact of person perception on individual competitive sports interactions." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2006. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/838/.
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Theoretical models of person perception (e.g., the Schematic Model of Person Perception, Warr & Knapper, 1968) have conceptualised the range of stimuli a perceiver will use to form an impression of a target and their subsequent responses to these stimuli. The main aim of this thesis was to examine person perception in sports interactions. Specifically, the aims were to examine a) the stimuli sports performers attend to b) the attributive, expectancy and affective responses sports performers develop to initial impressions c) the influence of initial impressions on attributions for an opponent's performance and d) the influence of initial impressions on a performer's attention and competitive sports performance. Study one of this thesis presents qualitative research highlighting the range of stimuli available to tennis performers, common attributive responses and reported impacts of an impression on a performer's state, expectations and performance. Study two provides empirical support for the suggestion that performers experience attributive and expectancy responses to their opponents' body language. Specifically, when a potential opponent displayed positive body language, participants rated both episodic and dispositional judgements significantly more positively than when negative body language was displayed. When the potential opponent's body language was positive participants' expectations of the opponent's performance, their own performance and the demands of a match were rated as significantly greater than when negative body language was displayed. When the potential opponent's body language was positive participants' expectations for the overall outcome of a match were rated significantly lower than when negative body language was displayed. Study three shows that, despite performance specific stimuli becoming available later in the interaction, an initial impression influences how an opponent's performance is judged. Specifically, when a potential opponent displayed positive body language his technique, power and movement were rated significantly higher than when negative body language was displayed. Study three also highlights how person perception can influence how a performer's attributes his or her opponent's performance. Study three showed that when a potential opponent displayed positive body language a successful performance was attributed to greater levels of skill and when negative body language was displayed a successful performance was attributed to luck. Study four demonstrates that an opponent's prior performance record can prompt a significant affective response, with participants given stimuli showing their opponent had won all previous competitions reporting significantly greater levels of cognitive anxiety. Participants given stimuli showing their opponent had won all previous competitions of a golf putting game also showed a significant decrease in competition scores from a baseline measure, indicating that an initial impression of an opponent influenced the perceiver's performance of a fine motor skill. The opponent's prior performance was seen to influence the amount of time a performer spends attending to their opponent's stimuli, with participants given no prior performance information attending to their opponent's subsequent neutral stimuli for significantly longer durations than participants provided with prior performance stimuli. Overall the research presented in this thesis provides support for the use of the Schematic Model of Person Perception (Warr & Knapper, 1968) as a theoretical basis of investigation in sports-specific person perception research. Initial support is given to the proposal that person perception can be a significant factor in a performer's judgements of an opponent, expectations, affective state and attentional style prior to performing.
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Löfgren, Karolina, Susanna Sjöberg, and Linnea Neugebauer. "Vietnamese nursing students` perception of person-centered care. : A Minor Field Study in Vietnam." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för omvårdnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48700.
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Summary Background: Person-centred care is a concept which aims to achieve quality in health care. Person-centred care is about taking the patient's own story into account and creating a partnership between all involved parties. Aim: Exploring nursing students` perception of person-centred care in Vietnam. Method: This study is a qualitative study with a semistructured interview guide. It has a deductive approach with a directed content analysis. Twelve nursing students were interviewed in this study. Result: The result showed that communication, nurses' knowledge, mutual respect, cooperation and family’s experienced knowledge about the patient were identified as important parts of the participants perceptions about person-centred care in Vietnam. Challenges such as time constraints and misunderstandings were shown to be a repeating problem. Conclusion: The nursing students' perception about implementing person-centred care in Vietnam is positive, but there are challenges in applying this in practice. The number of patients related to the number of nurses is uneven, which may lead to problems in Vietnam regarding person-centered care.
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Wallace, Laura Emily. "Antecedents and Consequences of Perceiving a Source as Biased." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430996325.
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Lanzalotta, Jaroth V. "Contradicting Moral Attitudes Enhances Hypocrisy Judgments: The Role of Attitude Strength and Surprise." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1561286210520023.
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Corti, Kevin. "Developing the cyranoid method of mediated interpersonal communication in a social psychological context : applications in person perception, human-computer interaction, and first-person research." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3327/.
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This thesis revisits Stanley Milgram’s “cyranoid method” of interactive social psychological experimentation (Milgram, 2010a) and explores the technique’s empirical potential in several domains. The central component of the method is speech shadowing, a procedure that involves a person (the shadower) repeating in real-time words they receive through an innerear monitor by-way-of radio-relay from a remote source. Speech shadowing effectively creates a hybrid agent (a “cyranoid”) composed of the body of one individual (the shadower) and the “mind” (or more precisely, the words) of another (the source). Interactants naïve to this manipulation perceive speech shadowers as autonomous communicators, and this perceptual bias (the “cyranic illusion”) affords researchers the ability to inspect the effects of separately altering the physical (outer) and dispositional (inner) elements of an interlocutor’s identity in contexts involving spontaneous and unscripted face-to-face dialog. Four articles and two additional chapters have been developed for this thesis. Chapter 1, “Introducing and situating the cyranoid method” presents an overview of the cyranoid method alongside an analysis of documents pertaining to the method contained in the Stanley Milgram Papers archive at Yale University and situates the method in the context of the demise of the classical paradigm, or “golden age,” of social psychology. Chapter 2 (Article 1), “Replicating Milgram” (published in the Journal of Social Psychology under the title “Revisiting Milgram’s cyranoid method: Experimenting with hybrid human agents”), examines the cyranic illusion through replications of two of Milgram’s original pilot studies and discusses the method’s potential as a means of conducting person perception. Chapter 3 (Article 2), “Echoborgs: Cyranoids with computer program sources” (published in Frontiers in Psychology under the title “A truly human interface: Interacting face-to-face with someone whose words are determined by a computer program”), expands upon the traditional cyranoid method by exploring situations wherein a conversational agent (a computer program designed to mimic a human interlocutor) sources for a human shadower, thereby producing a special type of cyranoid known as an “echoborg”; the article places the echoborg within the context of android science, a field that uses humanlike machines as stimuli in social psychological research in order to explore various aspects of human interaction (Ishiguro & Nishio, 2007). Chapter 4 (Article 3), “Using echoborgs to assess intersubjective effort in human-agent dialog” (accepted for publication pending minor revisions in Computers in Human Behavior), combines conversation analysis techniques (e.g., Schegloff, 1992, 1993) with the echoborg method to investigate factors that influence how people repair misunderstandings that arise during dialog with conversational agents. Chapter 5 (Article 4), “Cyranoids in first-person, self-experimental research” (published in Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science under the title “The researcher as experimental subject: Using self-experimentation to access experiences, understand social phenomena, and stimulate reflexivity”), explores the history of researcher-as-subject self-experimentation in social psychology and illustrates how the cyranoid method can be used as a first-person means of directly experiencing the consequences of a transformed social identity through systematic self-experimentation. Finally, Chapter 6, “Cyranoid ethics,” discusses the various ethical concerns involved in cyranoid research, outlines how they were mitigated in the current thesis, and offers suggestions for ensuring positive research participant experience. As Milgram died before publishing any work on the cyranoid method, and as speech shadowing has seen relatively little application in social psychological experimentation, this thesis attempts to provide the initial basis for future iterations and variants of the method.
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Cook, Kathleen E. "Target and perceiver gender in person perception : power as a possible explanation for gender differences /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9063.
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Smith, Patricia J. "A relationship-based approach to understanding the role of race cues in third-person perception." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Toro, Heather Michelle. "Public Perceptions of Credibility of Male and Female Sportscasters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32501.
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While there has been considerable growth in the success and involvement of women athletes in all levels of sport, the opportunity to participate is not enough to guarantee equality in the field of athletics. In society, one must have a voice that is not only heard but is considered credible. This voice is considered sport media, and the right of women to own a place in the field of sport media is as important as their right to participate in professional sport (Staurowsky & DiManno, 2002). While the appearance of women behind the sportscasters desk has grown in both local and network markets, are they deemed less credible than their male counterparts?
This study was designed to explore the impract of attractiveness and knowledge in the formation of impressions of credibility of male and female sportscasters. Using a repeated measures analysis of variance, the findings illustrated that a sex stereotype does indeed exist concerning the perceptions of credibility regarding male and female sportscasters. Even the most attractive and most knowledgeable female sportscaster canâ t overcome the stereotype of another pretty face who cannot talk sports. Her sex prevents her from being judged as credible as the least attractive and least knowledgeable male sportscaster. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.Master of Arts
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Kwan, Tinna. "Psychometric properties of the Draw-A-Person Test." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277147.
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This study examined the psychometric properties for the Draw-A-Person (DAP) test (Naglieri, 1988). Data were collected from 191 children following the accepted procedure from an earlier study (Badger & Jones, 1988). Drawings were scored using both Harris' (1963) and Naglieri's (1988) scoring systems following the procedures outlined in the manuals. Basically, the DAP test demonstrated reliable and valid properties. The Naglieri's (1988) scoring system was favored in this study because it demonstrated more consistent internal consistency, higher inter- and intra-rater reliability and satisfactory construct validity. Positive and moderate high correlations with the scores obtained from Goodenough-Harris's scoring systems supported that the Naglieri's version measured the same concept as the old system. Psychometric properties of the DAP test support use in clinical and research settings to gather data from children about their general abilities.
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Coveleski, Samantha Irene. "Exploring Dimensions of Pain Management Messages: Person-Centeredness, Empowerment and Perceived Pain Management Outcomes." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338407503.
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Cunningham, Sheila J. "Dysexecutive person perception : the effects of cognitive load, alcohol intoxication and traumatic brain injury on stereotyping behaviour." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU194204.
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The process of stereotype application is thought to follow activation of the stereotype unless this is consciously suppressed by the executive system. The present thesis sought to investigate the role of the executive system in suppression, and the effects of its disruption in person perception. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the secondary task performance of suppressors and non-suppressors during an impression formation task, and demonstrated that suppression consumes executive resources. It was also found that when stereotype activation was high, suppression facilitated the encoding of stereotypic information, reducing the executive demands of person perception. Experiment 3 examined the effects of cognitive load on suppression, by comparing the stereotypic and neutral recall of suppressors and non-suppressors. It was found that cognitive load increased reliance on stereotypes in general, and exacerbated ironic effects on memory. Experiments 4, 5 and 6 further investigated this pattern by examining the effects of alcohol intoxication on both conscious and cued suppression. It was found that intoxication reduced the initiation of conscious suppression, but that habitually suppressed constructs could be inhibited automatically following inhibitory cues. Finally, the effects of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) on stereotype suppression were examined in Experiment 7. It was found that in comparison to non-brain injured controls, TBI patients did not show signs of stereotype rebound, suggesting that they did not initiate the suppression process. Rebound effects were significantly correlated with measures of executive inhibition and everyday dysexecutive behaviour. The importance of these findings in relation to theories of stereotype suppression, intoxicated behaviours and TBI sequelae were discussed.
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Shrader, Melissa. "PERCEIVED INFLUENCE OF THE PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN BEAUTY AND FASHION MAGAZINES ON BODY IMAGE." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4156.
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This investigation examines how women perceive that magazines influence the body image of self and others. Seventeen audio-taped in-depth interviews were conducted with college women who read beauty, fashion, and grooming magazines frequently. These interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed and the data developed into topics of importance. The findings indicated that informants perceived other women were influenced more by images of women in the media than they themselves were influenced. However, informants did not advocate behavior changes for others or hold pro-censorship attitudes. Other findings include favorable perceptions of magazines utilizing larger sized fashion models, negative attitudes towards advertising, and a reverse third-person effect when the 'other' is male. These findings are consistent with existing research on the third-person effect.M.A.
Nicholson School of Communication
Sciences
Communication MA
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Kim, Yeonjeong. "Forecasting Unethical Behavior Using The Hidden Information Distribution and Evaluation (HIDE) Model." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1198.
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The ability to correctly judge moral character—an individual’s disposition to think, feel, and behave ethically—is critical considering the negative consequences of misjudgment (e.g., being betrayed or swindled). However, it is currently unknown whether people can reliably detect strangers’ moral character, nor is it known how to best elicit relevant information from strangers to determine their moral character. This research is designed to remedy this dearth in our understanding of moral character judgments, particularly in settings where we need to make prompt evaluations of strangers based on limited information that we obtained from them. The biggest challenge in assessing another person’s moral character is that it is extremely socially desirable, and therefore highly susceptible to distorted self-perceptions and impression management. To address this problem, I propose and test a new person-perception theory: the hidden information distribution and evaluation (HIDE) model. In chapter 1, I develop the HIDE model, which posits that there are aspects of information that individuals do not correctly know about themselves (which I call the hiddenself), as well as aspects of information individuals misrepresent to others (which I call the hiding-self). This model articulates when and why judges (i.e., evaluators) not personally acquainted with targets of evaluation (e.g., job applicants) can reliably detect these targets’ moral character and predict their future unethical behavior. In particular, I propose that the impromptu thinking and language usage that arises when a person answers specially designed interview questions reveal information about his/her hidden-self and hiding-self, enabling a group of judges to make valid judgments about his/her moral character. Additionally, the HIDE model predicts that judges’ evaluations using this written interview method will be more valid than evaluations provided by targets’ acquaintances. This is because social relationships can lead people to form biased impressions of targets they are acquainted with, so that they are unable to see the targets’ hidden selves as clearly as judges who do not know the targets. In chapter 2, I test the HIDE model’s prediction that groups of judges can reliably predict targets’ unethical behavior by evaluating their moral character using the written interview method. In studies 1 and 2, large groups of judges were crowd-sourced online. I show that their average moral character evaluations successfully predicts targets’ frequency of unethical behaviors in the laboratory (study 1) and the workplace (study 2). Study 3 extends these findings by determining the minimum number of judges (six) required to make moral character evaluations that predict unethical behavior. In chapter 3, I test the HIDE model’s prediction that judges’ evaluations based on the written interview method can capture unique information about targets’ hidden-self. Three empirical studies (studies 4, 5, and 6) show that these evaluations indeed capture unique variance in targets’ moral character that is missed by both self-reports and ratings provided by targets’ acquaintances. Consequently, these evaluations are more predictive of targets’ unethical behavior than the ratings provided by either the targets themselves or their acquaintances. In chapter 4, I investigate the HIDE model’s prediction that judges’ evaluations using the written interview method can capture unique information about targets’ hiding-self. This occurs because responses to the interview questions reveal implicit aspects of moral character that targets cannot control or fake, even when they want to. In study 7, I manipulated whether targets had an incentive to answer the interview questions in a positively biased manner. I show that judges’ evaluations of targets (based on the interview questions) are actually more predictive of their unethical behavior when targets were motivated to respond in a positively biased manner. Finally, in chapter 5, I carried out text analyses to explore how human judges utilize linguistic cues in written responses to form impressions of moral character, and how these cues predict targets’ unethical behavior. The goal of this chapter is to identify linguistic cues that human judges fail to correctly detect or utilize, and thus to identify shared biases in human perceptions of ethicality. Building on these exploratory text analyses, I discuss the future directions of this research program, especially the potential value of combining human judgments and machine algorithms to boost the accuracy of unethical behavior forecasts.
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Stahl, Jonathan L. "Reading Faces: Inferring Physical Traits from Behavioral Descriptions." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1496307932460106.
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Desler, Sandra. "The impact of intimacy and disability on the perception toward rehabilitation processes of a person with traumatic injury." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003deslers.pdf.
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Hixon, Jon Eric. "The effects of congruence in mother-adolescent communication, dyadic relationships, and adolescent self-image on adolescent person perception." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82652.
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The purpose of this study was to examine intrafamily relationship variables which constitute the frame of reference for person perception. A model was proposed to conceptualize how the variables interact and influence the process. Specifically, the proposed model was developed to investigate how adolescent person perception is influenced by congruence between the mother and adolescent in: (a) communication, (b) dyadic relationships, and (c) adolescent self-image.
One hundred forty-six mother-adolescent dyads participated in the study. Fifty-nine males and 87 females (M = 14.6 years) represented the adolescent sample.
Two communication subscales from The Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale were used to measure mother-adolescent congruence: Open and Problem Family Communication (Barnes & Olson, 1982). Congruence in four aspects of dyadic relationships was measured with the Family Assessment Measure-Dyadic Relationship Scale (Skinner, Steinhauer & Santa-Barbara, 1984). The four dyadic relationship subscales were: (a) task accomplishment, (b) role performance, (c) affective interaction, and (d) control. Congruence between the adolescent's own self-image and the perception of the adolescent held by the mother was measured with The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire For Adolescents (Offer, 1977), and The Offer Parent-Adolescent Questionnaire (Offer, 1982). Adolescent person perception was measured using the Adapted Modified Role Reperatory Test-(AMRRT) (Vacc & Vacc, 1982).
The results indicated a significant path coefficient between mother-adolescent congruence in adolescent social self-image and adolescent person perception ability. Contrary to expected outcomes, high percentages of mother-adolescent congruence were associated with less self and other role differentiation by the adolescent and accounted for 6% of the total variance in the model. These data indicate that the unexpected high percentages of congruence occurring in the mother's and adolescent's perceptions of the adolescent's social self-image could have represented an enmeshed relationship, thus inhibiting the adolescent's self and other role differentiation. Additionally, the dispersion of scores on the AMRRT indicated possible random responding on the instrument by the adolescent which could have contributed to a large variance, and subsequently, the loss of path linkages in the proposed model.Ph. D.
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Wallace, Laura Emily. "Distinguishing perceptions of bias from perceptions of untrustworthiness: Independent perceptions with shared as well as unshared consequences and antecedents." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557140210683552.
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Sturge, Sparkes E. Carolyn. "Being and becoming an 'I want to learn person' : participating in an arts-oriented learning environment : perception and context." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85207.
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The push for educational reform in the province of Quebec, Canada has brought to the foreground many ideas about what needs to be done to improve the learning experience of students. While there has been some movement in the primary grade levels, change in the secondary level is still in its infancy. There are some teachers, however, in high schools who have been on the cutting edge of educational reform. The purpose of this study is to look at participation within a secondary classroom where the philosophy of the reform is being acted upon. The study, qualitative in design, is a type of ethnographic investigation of a teacher and students in a Grade VII language arts classroom. The classroom is a part of an exclusive program, namely the Alternative Learning Program, nested in a public high school in the Montreal area.Using various means of data collection such as field notes and interviews, the researcher examines the various dimensions of participation as it unfolds in this particular classroom. The researcher identifies these dimensions as assigned and shared participation. The data suggests that dynamics beyond assigned and shared participation are also evident. The dynamics, identified as participative tone, contribute to student views of the uniqueness of this particular learning environment. To present a trustworthy description of what is observed, however, the investigator shows situations in which participation is not apparent. These situations are identified as participative resistance. The researcher deduces that participation and participative resistance need to be viewed as context-bound and are, in many respects, points on a continuum.
Attempts have been made in the research to allow the study participants to express their views. Through interviews, students share in their own words what participation means to them. Their words add depth to understanding of what student participation is. The study suggests that notions of the child-centered or student-centered classroom, while commendable, are not necessarily an aspiration to strive for.
The study affirms that the teacher plays a key position in the classroom environment. The study begins by showing the various roles that the teacher assumes in her daily practice. Views of the teacher are presented along with perceptions of the students and the researcher to determine the various roles played out in this site. The study concludes that the teacher conducts her practice by exceeding the boundaries of her roles so identified.
The study shows that the classroom does not stand in isolation, but is subject to various influences from the school, as well as the community at large. The researcher identifies these influences as context and conditions using another site as a point of reference. The secondary sight brings clarity to what the researcher observes. The researcher concludes that in addition to communal influences, learning in the primary site takes place under the banner of what is defined as an arts-oriented curriculum. The arts-oriented curriculum contributes to the sense of community in the classroom. But data also suggest that the classroom does not always function as a community. In spite of the teacher's good intentions, tensions sometimes foster a competitive rather than collaborative spirit among the students.
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Birnie-Lefcovitch, Sheldon Jacob. "Adaptation during the transition from high school to university, an examination of selected person, environment and transition perception variables." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21897.pdf.
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Wagstaff, Cunningham Audrey E. "Beyond The Perceptual Bias: The Third-Person Effect And Censorship Behavior In Scholastic Journalism." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1350997318.
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