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1
Soller, Jeffrey A. "The potential implications of person-to-person transmission of viral infection for US EPA's Groundwater Rule." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.118.
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The risk characterization method employed by US EPA to quantitatively characterize the benefits of the Groundwater Rule (GWR) for drinking water computes person-to-person transmission intensity as the product of the number of primary illnesses and a static secondary morbidity factor. A population level infectious disease health effects model is used here to evaluate the implications of secondary transmission on exposures to viruses that are relevant to the GWR. These implications are evaluated via a hypothetical case study in which it is assumed that a tour group from a large population centre visits an outlying area that is served by a non-community water system with untreated or inadequately treated groundwater that is contaminated with a highly infectious virus. It is assumed that some of the exposed individuals become infected and then return home. Numerical simulations are used to estimate the subsequent number of additional infections and illnesses due to secondary transmission within the large community. The results indicate that secondary transmission could substantially impact the predicted benefits of the GWR depending on the suite of population dynamic elements and assumptions employed.
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Hornke, Lutz F. "Benefits from Computerized Adaptive Testing as Seen in Simulation Studies." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 15, no. 2 (May 1999): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.15.2.91.
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Summary: Item parameters for several hundreds of items were estimated based on empirical data from several thousands of subjects. The logistic one-parameter (1PL) and two-parameter (2PL) model estimates were evaluated. However, model fit showed that only a subset of items complied sufficiently, so that the remaining ones were assembled in well-fitting item banks. In several simulation studies 5000 simulated responses were generated in accordance with a computerized adaptive test procedure along with person parameters. A general reliability of .80 or a standard error of measurement of .44 was used as a stopping rule to end CAT testing. We also recorded how often each item was used by all simulees. Person-parameter estimates based on CAT correlated higher than .90 with true values simulated. For all 1PL fitting item banks most simulees used more than 20 items but less than 30 items to reach the pre-set level of measurement error. However, testing based on item banks that complied to the 2PL revealed that, on average, only 10 items were sufficient to end testing at the same measurement error level. Both clearly demonstrate the precision and economy of computerized adaptive testing. Empirical evaluations from everyday uses will show whether these trends will hold up in practice. If so, CAT will become possible and reasonable with some 150 well-calibrated 2PL items.
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Walker, Agnes. "Distributional impact of higher patient contributions to Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Australian Health Review 23, no. 2 (2000): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000032.
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This paper uses NATSEM's Pharmaceutical Benefits Model to analyse the effects of a hypothetical25 per cent rise in patient contributions to prescribed medicines under Australia's PharmaceuticalBenefits Scheme (PBS). The model, based on microsimulation techniques, is able to provide a muchbroader range of outcomes information, at a much greater level of detail, than is possible withtraditional methods.Higher patient contributions are analysed in terms of their impact on the government to patient splitin PBS costs, as well as the distribution of such costs across age groups, family incomes, family types and36 prescribed medicine types. Also considered are changes in the shares of family disposable incomesspent on prescribed drugs arising from the higher patient contributions.
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Mudimu, Edinah, Kathryn Peebles, Zindoga Mukandavire, Emily Nightingale, Monisha Sharma, Graham F. Medley, Daniel J. Klein, Katharine Kripke, and Anna Bershteyn. "Individual and community-level benefits of PrEP in western Kenya and South Africa: Implications for population prioritization of PrEP provision." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244761.
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Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective in preventing HIV and has the potential to significantly impact the HIV epidemic. Given limited resources for HIV prevention, identifying PrEP provision strategies that maximize impact is critical. Methods We used a stochastic individual-based network model to evaluate the direct (infections prevented among PrEP users) and indirect (infections prevented among non-PrEP users as a result of PrEP) benefits of PrEP, the person-years of PrEP required to prevent one HIV infection, and the community-level impact of providing PrEP to populations defined by gender and age in western Kenya and South Africa. We examined sensitivity of results to scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) by comparing two scenarios: maintaining current coverage (“status quo”) and rapid scale-up to meet programmatic targets (“fast-track”). Results The community-level impact of PrEP was greatest among women aged 15–24 due to high incidence, while PrEP use among men aged 15–24 yielded the highest proportion of indirect infections prevented in the community. These indirect infections prevented continue to increase over time (western Kenya: 0.4–5.5 (status quo); 0.4–4.9 (fast-track); South Africa: 0.5–1.8 (status quo); 0.5–3.0 (fast-track)) relative to direct infections prevented among PrEP users. The number of person-years of PrEP needed to prevent one HIV infection was lower (59 western Kenya and 69 in South Africa in the status quo scenario; 201 western Kenya and 87 in South Africa in the fast-track scenario) when PrEP was provided only to women compared with only to men over time horizons of up to 5 years, as the indirect benefits of providing PrEP to men accrue in later years. Conclusions Providing PrEP to women aged 15–24 prevents the greatest number of HIV infections per person-year of PrEP, but PrEP provision for young men also provides indirect benefits to women and to the community overall. This finding supports existing policies that prioritize PrEP use for young women, while also illuminating the community-level benefits of PrEP availability for men when resources permit.
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Dong, Xiaojing, Puneet Manchanda, and Pradeep K. Chintagunta. "Quantifying the Benefits of Individual-Level Targeting in the Presence of Firm Strategic Behavior." Journal of Marketing Research 46, no. 2 (April 2009): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.46.2.207.
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The authors develop a method to quantify the benefits of individual-level targeting when the data reflect firm strategic behavior—that is, when firms (1) are engaged in targeting and (2) take into account the actions of competing firms. This article studies a pharmaceutical firm's decision on the allocation of detailing visits across individual physicians. For this analysis, the authors develop, at the individual level, a model of prescriptions and a model of detailing. Using physician panel data, they estimate, at the physician level, the parameters of the prescription and detailing models jointly using full-information Bayesian methods. The results suggest that accounting for firm strategic behavior improves profitability by 14%–23% compared with segment-level targeting. In addition, ignoring firm strategic behavior underestimates the benefit of individual-level targeting significantly. The authors provide reasons for this finding. They also carry out several robustness checks to test the validity of the modeling assumptions.
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Yu, Wenguang, Bing Li, and Xianghan Zhu. "Income Redistribution Effect of Raising the Overall Planning Level of Basic Endowment Insurance for Urban Employees in China." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020709.
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It is the focus of social security system reform at this stage in China to promote the transition of basic endowment insurance for urban employees from provincial overall planning level to national overall planning level, which is of great significance to the realization of fair and efficient of economic development. Based on the micro data of China Household Finance Survey 2017 (CHFS2017), this paper first establishes a personal wage prediction model to estimate the distribution of personal lifetime wage income, then designs two pension collection and payment plans of “direct national overall planning” and “indirect national overall planning”, and establishes an actuarial model of pension to calculate the present value of personal lifetime contribution, lifetime claim and lifetime real wage income after pension adjustment under different overall planning levels. Finally, the income gap index and net benefit rate index are used to measure the change of the whole income gap and the transfer of pension benefits. The results show that on the whole, the basic endowment insurance for urban employees does have a significant income redistribution effect, and its income adjustment effect is positively related to the overall planning level and intensity of the system. Under the current provincial overall planning level, the income redistribution effects of the system are as follows: the high-income group transfers to the low-income group, the young generation to the elderly generation, the female insured person to the male insured person, and the non-state-owned economic unit to the state-owned economic unit. With the improvement of the overall planning level and strengthening of intensity, there are differences in the changes of benefits among different groups.
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Bungard, Tammy J., Stephen L. Archer, Peter Hamilton, Bruce Ritchie, Wayne Tymchak, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Bringing the Benefits of Anticoagulation Management Services to the Community." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 139, no. 2 (March 2006): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/171516350613900207.
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Background: While warfarin is efficacious for the prevention of thromboembolic disorders, many patients are undertreated. To optimize therapy, anticoagulation management services (AMSs) deliver a coordinated, focused approach to this care; however, AMSs are limited in their ability to impact patients outside of tertiary care settings. Objective: To describe the methods used to develop community-based AMSs across Alberta. Methods: Through a three-staged approach, this project created community-based, pharmacist-managed AMSs for patients requiring warfarin therapy. Stage I was the initiation of a central or “core” AMS, located at a quaternary referral centre. Starting with the core enabled us to develop and test the program and create an environment to serve as a training and support centre for future aspects of the program. Next, an educational program was developed and implemented (Stage II) for a diverse group of pharmacists to establish and manage a community-based or “satellite” AMS (Stage III) at their practice site. All three stages are undergoing detailed evaluation, capturing project-specific (patient outcome) data as well as system-level (integration within the health care infrastructure) data. Conclusion: By offering a focused, coordinated, and consistent approach to warfarin management, with ongoing collaboration with other providers, the ultimate goal of this program is to optimize patient outcomes. Utilizing pharmacists as central players within a collaborative setting will enhance the use of our current infrastructure. This program may serve as a model for other health regions and other chronic diseases.
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Liu, Wan-Yu, Bo-Sheng Fang, and Chi-Ming Hsieh. "Evaluating the Recreation Value of Alishan National Forest Recreation Area in Taiwan." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091245.
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This study aimed to construct an effective model to estimate the recreation value and total annual recreation benefits of the Alishan National Forest Recreation Area (ANFR) through the travel cost method. Negative binomial regression was also employed to estimate the demand function. This study sorted participants based on gender, age, level of education, personal monthly income, occupation, and place of residence to examine their differences in perceived recreation value and recreation demand. The survey responses revealed that most tourists were mainly middle aged, and took family vacations. The findings indicate that the recreation benefits of traveling to Alishan per person each year equaled NTD 1703. Furthermore, the annual recreation benefits of Alishan were approximately between NTD 2,157,121,944 and NTD 2,452,136,112 based on a total of 1,353,276 visits traveling to Alishan in 2019. Recommendations and suggestions are drawn for ANFR based the results.
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Marra, Carlo, Karissa Johnston, Valerie Santschi, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Cost-effectiveness of pharmacist care for managing hypertension in Canada." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 150, no. 3 (March 21, 2017): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163517701109.
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Background: More than half of all heart disease and stroke are attributable to hypertension, which is associated with approximately 10% of direct medical costs globally. Clinical trial evidence has demonstrated that the benefits of pharmacist intervention, including education, consultation and/or prescribing, can help to reduce blood pressure; a recent Canadian trial found an 18.3 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure associated with pharmacist care and prescribing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of such an intervention in a Canadian setting. Methods: A Markov cost-effectiveness model was developed to extrapolate potential differences in long-term cardiovascular and renal disease outcomes, using Framingham risk equations and other published risk equations. A range of values for systolic blood pressure reduction was considered (7.6-18.3 mmHg) to reflect the range of potential interventions and available evidence. The model incorporated health outcomes, costs and quality of life to estimate an overall incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Costs considered included direct medical costs as well as the costs associated with implementing the pharmacist intervention strategy. Results: For a systolic blood pressure reduction of 18.3 mmHg, the estimated impact is 0.21 fewer cardiovascular events per person and, discounted at 5% per year, 0.3 additional life-years, 0.4 additional quality-adjusted life-years and $6,364 cost savings over a lifetime. Thus, the intervention is economically dominant, being both more effective and cost-saving relative to usual care. Discussion: Across a range of one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses of key parameters and assumptions, pharmacist intervention remained both effective and cost-saving. Conclusion: Comprehensive pharmacist care of hypertension, including patient education and prescribing, has the potential to offer both health benefits and cost savings to Canadians and, as such, has important public health implications.
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Scobee, Shari P., Michael DuRoss, and Edward C. Ratledge. "Development of Trip Production Rates for Synthesized Households." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1625, no. 1 (January 1998): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1625-10.
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Survey nonresponse bias is an important consideration in the development of survey designs for transportation studies. Researchers at the University of Delaware have developed a technique for reducing the survey nonresponse, as well as the cost of the travel survey. The method involves obtaining complete household and person characteristics for each household member; however, detailed travel data are gathered for only one randomly selected household member. Although the University of Delaware survey technique provides multiple benefits with respect to survey response rates and costs, it presents complications for travel model developers, particularly with respect to the development of trip production models. Because the trip production models are typically developed at the household level, the person-level trip rates from such a survey need to be expanded to represent a household’s trip rates. A method is presented for generating synthesized household trip production rates by using the 1995/96 Delaware Household Travel Survey, which gathered travel information for only one household member.
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Santangelo, Philip S., Jana Holtmann, Georg Hosoya, Martin Bohus, Tobias D. Kockler, Susanne Koudela-Hamila, Michael Eid, and Ulrich W. Ebner-Priemer. "Within- and Between-Persons Effects of Self-Esteem and Affective State as Antecedents and Consequences of Dysfunctional Behaviors in the Everyday Lives of Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder." Clinical Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (May 2020): 428–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702620901724.
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Dysfunctional behaviors are conceptualized as maladaptive affective coping attempts in borderline personality disorder (BPD). The recent benefits-and-barriers model extended the affective function assumption by adding self-esteem as a barrier to engaging in dysfunctional behaviors. Patients with BPD ( N = 119) carried e-diaries to report their current self-esteem, emotional valence, tense arousal, and whether they engaged in dysfunctional behaviors 12 times a day for 4 days. Dynamic structural equation modeling revealed that on the within-person level, high momentary negative affect predicted dysfunctional behaviors, and on the between-person level, low trait self-esteem predicted dysfunctional behaviors. We also found an association between engaging in dysfunctional behaviors and momentary self-esteem and trait levels of valence and tense arousal. Moreover, our results indicate a deterioration of, rather than relief from, negative affective state after dysfunctional behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of emotion-regulation skills and reestablishing a positive self-view as important treatment targets to reduce dysfunctional behaviors in BPD.
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Mott, Adele, Susan Kafka, and Adam Sutherland. "ASSESSING PHARMACEUTICAL CARE NEEDS OF PAEDIATRIC IN-PATIENTS: A TEAM BASED APPROACH." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 9 (August 17, 2016): e2.34-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311535.4.
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AimsTo pilot a novel approach to providing pharmaceutical care to paediatric inpatients using structured referral and assessment tools. Using standardised referral criteria to ensure patients are assessed by appropriately skilled pharmacists.MethodThree wards of varying acuity and specialism were selected in a tertiary children's hospital in England - General Paediatric Ward (GPW), High Dependency Unit (HDU) and Haematology/Oncology Ward (HOW). The project ran for three months.Three levels of pharmacist were involved: Band 8 (“Level 3”), Paediatric Band 7 (“Level 2”) and rotational band 6/7 (“Level 1”). All patients were initially triaged by an appropriate pharmacist using criteria: Early Warning Scores (EWS), reason for admission, Level 1 Medicines Reconciliation. Patients were then graded according to level of acuity: Level 1: EWS 0–2 AND no significant medication history; Level 2: EWS 2–4 OR significant medication history; level 3: EWS >4.After initial triage patients were handed over using SBAR1 in a structured group “huddle”, and acuity levels validated. Pharmaceutical care plans were formulated and patients allocated to appropriate pharmacists.On the GPW patients were triaged by a level 3 pharmacist (“Refer Down”) for the first 2 weeks. On review of data generated and acuity levels triage was changed to be carried out by a level 1 pharmacist (“Refer Up.”) In the HDU and HOW the Refer Down system was used. All patients in the pilot were reassessed and acuity re-evaluated daily ensuring appropriate pharmacist review.Data was collected on initial acuity level and any change in level following the huddle; (1) to identify those patients in need of a higher level of pharmaceutical input; (2) to identify the level of pharmacist most appropriate to a given clinical area.Results245 patients were assessed. 148 (83%) patients on GPW were triaged as level 1. Using a “refer down” model there was no change in patient acuity. Using “refer up” only 5 patients were reclassified to a higher level of care post-huddle.18 (64%) patients in HOW were triaged as level 3. Eight patients were reduced to level 2 after the huddle. 53% of patients were classified as level 2 post-huddle. There were very few level 1 patients in HOW. PHDU demonstrated similar demographics, though with more level 1 patients.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the potential benefits of a team based approach in optimising pharmaceutical care by directing patients to the most appropriate pharmacist. The huddle facilitates clinical supervision of patients and pharmacists. There may be benefits in efficiency using this system in a resource-constrained environment. This study does not present longitudinal changes in acuity. More research is needed.
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Haji, Haji Y., and Abdulah H. Al- Dabash. "Estimation Tourism Use Value of Galy Ali Begg Waterfall, Kurdistan Region, Iraqx`." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 9, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v9n4a893.
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In this paper the tourism value of Gally Ali Begg waterfall has been estimated by using Individual Travel Cost Method (TCM). A questionnaire was used for the survey to obtain the tourist value of this touristic site. Multiple linear regression analysis model has been developed using individual travel cost method. The results of the study show that the tourism value of Gay Ali Begg waterfall (consumer surplus) per person per year as is (6259ID)( US$5.1)and the total consumer surplus for the study sample estimated as ( 9008353 ID )( US$7354) . One of the most significant findings that emerge from this study is that the relationship between numbers of visits of person per year (depended variable) and visitor education level is negative as opposed to previous studies. Taking together, these results suggest the public goods should be managed to maximize the public benefits and natural tourism is in fact a public benefit from the environment.
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Dogbe, Marina G., Ambinintsoa Yattussia Mafilaza, Carla Vânia Eleutério, Helena Cabral-Marques, Sandra Simões, and Maria Manuela Gaspar. "Pharmaceutical Benefits of Fluticasone Propionate Association to Delivery Systems: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11100521.
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The objective of the present work was to characterize the ability of liposomes and cyclodextrin (CyD) complexes to modulate the in vivo profile of fluticasone (FTZ). In vitro cell compatibility tests were performed, exposing A549 cells to FTZ in the free form and FTZ associated to liposomes and complexed with CyD. The in vivo fate of a selected FTZ liposomal formulation and of several FTZ CyD complexes was achieved following intranasal instillation or pulmonary administration in BALB/c mice, respectively. For pulmonary administration, an inhalation chamber was constructed to enable the simultaneously pulmonary administration to six mice. Thirty minutes and 3 h after administration, mice were sacrificed, their blood, lungs, livers, and spleens were removed, and FTZ level was determined by HPLC using an extraction procedure. The in vitro tests revealed no toxic effects of FTZ formulations, as cellular viability was always superior to 90% for FTZ concentrations ranging from 5 to 60 µM 72 h after incubation. The in vivo biodistribution results showed that FTZ incorporated in liposomes resulted in 20 and 30 times higher accumulation in the lungs in comparison with free FTZ, at 0.5 and 3 h after i.n. administration, respectively. FTZ associated to Hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-CyD) was the complex that permitted the higher accumulation of FTZ in the lungs in comparison with the respective free form. The results also suggest that the inhalation chamber apparatus can effectively facilitate the evaluation of in vivo inhalation. The establishment of an animal model of asthma allows us to further study the therapeutic efficacy of the developed FTZ formulations.
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Rains, Stephen A., and Andrew C. High. "The Effects of Person-Centered Social Support Messages on Recipient Distress Over Time within a Conversation." Journal of Communication 71, no. 3 (May 25, 2021): 380–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab010.
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Abstract Although prior research documents the benefits of supportive messages containing higher levels of verbal person centeredness (VPC), the effects of this message property over time within a discussion are not well understood. This project evaluated predictions about the effects of high and low VPC messages over time drawn from the theory of conversationally induced reappraisals and the dual-process model of supportive communication outcomes. Participants (N = 281) completed an interaction with a computerized support provider in which the level of VPC was manipulated. Before and after the interaction and after receiving each of four supportive messages, participants rated their emotional distress, reappraisal, and validation. Participants in the high and low VPC conditions exhibited a significant reduction in emotional distress from before to after their interaction. Receiving subsequent messages with high levels of VPC produced a non-linear trend in distress reduction, whereas receiving subsequent low VPC messages fostered little change.
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Demir, Cengiz, Nazli A. Ayyildiz Unnu, and Emel Erturk. "DIAGNOSING THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE OF A TURKISH PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY BASED ON THE COMPETING VALUES FRAMEWORK / TURKIJOS FARMACIJOS KOMPANIJŲ ORGANIZACINĖS KULTŪROS VERTINIMAS, PAGRĮSTAS KONKURENCIJOS VERTINIMO SISTEMA." Journal of Business Economics and Management 12, no. 1 (April 12, 2011): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.555451.
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Organizational culture plays a significant role in understanding organizational dynamics and it distinguishes the members of one organization from other people. In this regard; it is found out that an organization, which is able to maintain a strong and “preferred” culture, is likely to enjoy many benefits such as higher levels of performance, person-organization fit, commitment, job satisfaction and competitive advantage. Thus, the purpose of this study is to diagnose the culture of a pharmaceutical company, which is located in Turkey, and find out the “perceived” and “preferred” cultural profiles both in the headquarters and branches of the company. The perceived culture has been found as hierarchy whereas the preferred one has been found as clan leading to incongruence between the perceived and preferred cultural profiles. In this regard; the reasons lying behind this mismatch are discussed, as it is important for the success of the organization and person-organization fit. Hence, the influential effects of national culture on shaping the organizational culture profiles have been discussed. Furthermore, the effects of educational level and union membership on culture profiles are also explored to understand the dynamics leading to such results thoroughly. Santrauka Straipsnyje teigiama, kad organizacine kultura vaidina svarbu vaidmeni ir kad ji suprantama kaip dinamine sistema. Buvo nustatyta, kad organizacija, pasižyminti stipria ir „priimtina” kultura, gali megautis daugeliu pranašumu, tokiu kaip didesnis našumas, tinkamumas, isipareigojimai, pasitenkinimas darbu bei konkurencinis pranašumas. Taigi šio tyrimo tikslas—nustatyti farmacijos bendroviu, isikurusiu Turkijoje, kultur bei sužinoti „suvokiamos” ir „priimtinos” kulturos pobudi tiek centrinese bustinese, tiek ir ju filialuose.
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PETTEY, W. B. P., M. E. CARTER, D. J. A. TOTH, M. H. SAMORE, and A. V. GUNDLAPALLI. "Constructing Ebola transmission chains from West Africa and estimating model parameters using internet sources." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 10 (May 2, 2017): 1993–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000760.
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SUMMARYDuring the recent Ebola crisis in West Africa, individual person-level details of disease onset, transmissions, and outcomes such as survival or death were reported in online news media. We set out to document disease transmission chains for Ebola, with the goal of generating a timely account that could be used for surveillance, mathematical modeling, and public health decision-making. By accessing public web pages only, such as locally produced newspapers and blogs, we created a transmission chain involving two Ebola clusters in West Africa that compared favorably with other published transmission chains, and derived parameters for a mathematical model of Ebola disease transmission that were not statistically different from those derived from published sources. We present a protocol for responsibly gleaning epidemiological facts, transmission model parameters, and useful details from affected communities using mostly indigenously produced sources. After comparing our transmission parameters to published parameters, we discuss additional benefits of our method, such as gaining practical information about the affected community, its infrastructure, politics, and culture. We also briefly compare our method to similar efforts that used mostly non-indigenous online sources to generate epidemiological information.
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Wu, Changfan, Xiaotong Han, Xixi Yan, Xianwen Shang, Lei Zhang, and Mingguang He. "Associations between physical activity and cataract treated surgically in patients with diabetes: findings from the 45 and Up Study." British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, no. 8 (September 29, 2018): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312407.
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AimTo investigate the association between physical activity (PA) and incidence of cataract surgery among patients with diabetes.MethodsWe obtained data from all diabetic subjects aged 45-65 years from the baseline of the prospective 45 and Up Study from 2006 to 2009 and linked to the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) until 2016. Diabetes was defined as self-reported on questionnaire or diabetes medication history based on PBS. Cataract surgery was determined based on the MBS, and metabolic equivalent intensity level number of PA sessions per week was used to assess PA. Cox regression was used to assess the association between baseline PA and cataract surgery during the follow-up.ResultsA total of 9113 diabetic participants in the 45 and Up Study were included in the current analysis with a mean age of 57.3±5.2 years (43.6% female). During a mean follow-up of 8.8 years, 950 participants (10.4% of baseline) received cataract surgery with a corresponding incidence of 12.4/1000 person-years. Cox regression analysis showed that people with less PA (p=0.01), older age (p<0.001), female gender (p<0.001), higher educational level (p<0.001) and longer diabetic duration (p<0.001) had significantly higher cataract surgery risk. Participants with a PA level of ≥14 sessions per week had 19% decreased risk of cataract surgery compared to those with <5 sessions per week. Stratification analysis showed that participants with more obesity (p value for interaction=0.03), not taking insulin (p value for interaction=0.01) and without cardiovascular disease (p value for interaction=0.008) could benefit significantly more from PA in reducing their cataract surgery risk.ConclusionsMore vigorous PA was independently associated with a reduced risk of cataract surgery in working-aged patients with diabetes.
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Lo, Jason C. K., Harry W. Pan, and Jenny K. W. Lam. "Inhalable Protein Powder Prepared by Spray-Freeze-Drying Using Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin as Excipient." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050615.
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The prospect of inhaled biologics has garnered particular interest given the benefits of the pulmonary route of administration. Pertinent considerations in producing inhalable dry powders containing biological medicines relate to aerosol performance and protein stability. Spray-freeze-drying (SFD) has emerged as an established method to generate microparticles that can potentially be deposited in the lungs. Here, the SFD conditions and formulation composition were evaluated using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) as the protein stabilizer. A factorial design analysis was performed to investigate the effects of BSA content, solute concentration of feed solution, and atomization gas flow rate on dispersibility (as an emitted fraction), respirability (as fine particle fraction), particle size, and level of protein aggregation. The atomization gas flow rate was identified as a significant factor in influencing the aerosol performance of the powder formulations and protein aggregation. Nonetheless, high atomization gas flow rate induced aggregation, highlighting the need to further optimize the formulation. Of note, all the formulations exhibited excellent dispersibility, while no fragmentation of BSA occurred, indicating the feasibility of SFD and the promise of HPβCD as an excipient.
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Coşkun, Lokman. "The Reciprocal Effects of Both Responsibility and Motivation in Foreign Language Learning Process: a Comparative Study." European Journal of Language and Literature 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v4i1.p138-143.
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This study aims to analyze the significance of personal responsibility and its positive benefits and also its relations with motivation in foreign language learning environment. Particularly, responsibility enhances motivation and benefits from values and capabilities, since they are considered as central to what it means to learn in the life. In accordance with it, each individual has freedom how to consider his/her choices, behaviors, and actions in the life as well. The study on personal responsibilities and motivation were taken into account to demonstrate how these two features of foreign language learning process can help students take control of their own learning in order to become self-regulated learners. In this regard, self-regulated learning/learner (SRL) model based on social cognitive, cyclical, triadic, and multi-level models by Zimmerman (2001, 2002, 2008, 2011 - 2013) shed lights to explain the details of this article in terms of foreign language learning and the benefits of those models were added in the conclusion. The features of personal responsibility, motivation, cognition, and individual differences (capabilities) were presented in details in order to find out their reciprocal relations, which cause positive outcomes in learning process. Instructional approach was used to compare both responsibility - motivation also their reciprocal relations. As limitation, the study does not include any questionnaire and interview, only the first data, secondary data and the researcher’s individual views were used to explain the study. The study reveals that responsibility not only makes the ways for high level motivation also creates a positive atmosphere for both instructors and students in terms of fruitful outcomes. Actually, responsibilities cause the particular person to benefit from his/her available abilities through self-control and self-regulation.
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Barnes, A. Keith, Jack L. Mendleson, and Greg T. Horn. "Structured Mentorship For New Employees: A Case Study." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 5, no. 1 (October 26, 2011): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v5i1.6379.
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In The Southland Corporations Pacific Western Division new field representatives are assigned a Sponsor/Mentor. Intentions include the provision of a neutral person with whom to talk-over problems. To examine the nature of sponsor/sponsoree relationships and to evaluate participant benefits a study was conducted involving structure interviews with sponsors and sponsorees. Grouped responses, in some of the focused areas of the research, provided indices (of satisfaction with the relationship, for example). In addition, sponsoree perceptions of their sponsors adherence to the six prescribed behaviors of the Robert Carkhuff (1971) model for helping relationships were measured. The level of correlation between Carkhuffian behavior, by the sponsor, and sponsoree satisfaction was established, and participant suggestions were obtained. Sponsor and Sponsoree satisfaction with the program was found to be high, though sponsors are much more satisfied than sponsorees. The relationship between sponsor satisfaction and treatment in the Carkhuff recommendations was found to be moderately correlated.
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Kumar, Ramesh, Waqar Akbar, and Naveed R. Khan. "Moderating Role of Person Job-Fit Facet between Hierarchical Plateau and Turnover Intention." South Asian Journal of Management Sciences 15, no. 2 (2021): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21621/sajms.2021152.04.
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This study aims to examine the impact of hierarchical plateau on turnover intention with moderating role of person job-fit facet. Hierarchical plateau is a point of an individual's career life where the probability of being promoted further is low. The theory of work adjustment (TWA) is applied in this research study which measures that satisfaction level of an employee and leaving a company when needs and desired system of the person and the organization system mismatched at the workplace. Overall 260 employees participated by filling the self-administrated questionnaires from three different industrial sectors of Karachi, Pakistan including banking sector, pharmaceutical and insurance employees but result of completely and accurately filled questionnaires of 223 employees were tested. The results are generated through using Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The results show that hierarchical plateau has positive impact on turnover intention. However, moderating role of person job fit facet (neither demand abilities nor need supplies) moderates' relationship between independent and dependent variable. This study provides a model to management leaders and practitioners who can extremely look into this growing issue not only in Pakistan but worldwide. Certain actions need to be implemented by management to foster a positive attitude towards turnover intention through proper recruitments, development strategies and career training programs over the span of time. Furthermore, the study also provides the guidelines to HR departments to design the policies to resolve hierarchical plateau issues in their organization.
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Rai, Alka, and Benjamin Nandy. "Employer brand to leverage employees’ intention to stay through sequential mediation model: evidence from Indian power sector." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-10-2019-0024.
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Purpose This study aims to explain the linkage between employer branding and employee retention; a sequential mediation is hypothesized, where it is proposed that the relationship between employer branding and employee retention is sequentially mediated by person–organization fit (P-O fit) and organizational identification. Design/methodology/approach The sample belongs to 224 executive-level employees of the Indian power sector organization. The sequential mediation model is tested by using SPSS macro command of Preacher and Hayes. Findings The findings established that the relationship between employer brand and employees’ intention to stay is sequentially mediated by P-O fit and organizational identification. Practical implications The findings emphasize the role of employer brand on constructs such as P-O fit, organizational identification and intention to stay. In addition, the established mechanism emphasizes the role of P-O fit to realize the benefits such as organizational identification and employee retention. Originality/value Internal branding efforts may have a major impact on workforce attitude and behavior including engagement, job performance and retention. “Yet studies of the positive impact of employer brand on employee attitudes and behaviors, or of the factors that shape employer brand, are rare” (Charbonnier-Voirin et al., 2017, p. 2). Along the line of such gap, this study has taken up to test the unexplored sequential mediation mechanism between employer brand and employees’ intention to stay through P-O fit and organizational identification.
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Olafenwa, Abiodun Taiwo, Ahmed Adeniyi Ojikutu, and Oladapo Alani Owoeye. "Managerial competencies and competitive advantage in pharmaceutical blockbusters." International Journal of Business, Management and Economics 2, no. 1 (June 21, 2021): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijbme.v2i1.223.
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The study empirically tested the relationship between managerial competencies and competitive advantage in pharmaceutical blockbusters. According to the literature, blockbuster models and competitive strategies are significant determinants in organisational performance in the pharmaceutical industry context. However, the focus of this study is to determine whether efforts to combine managerial competence and the blockbuster model will reorient pharmaceutical companies to better competitive advantage by creating blockbuster drugs for the companies. This competitive advantage will position pharmaceutical companies in the face of increasing labour turnover, daunting economic challenges and perceived customer benefits that characterise this industry. A quantitative research design was adopted for this study, and primary data were obtained through a structured questionnaire administered to 22 managers of two major pharmaceutical firms in Lagos, Nigeria. The data obtained revealed a strong positive relationship between managerial competencies, blockbuster models and competitive advantage and three out of four hypotheses were accepted. The hypotheses were tested through Pearson’s product-moment correlation and regression product of determination. Descriptive statistical tools, ANOVA and multiple linear regressions were used to assess perceptions of managerial competencies and blockbuster models on SPSS (version 23.0). Cronbach’s alpha was extracted as a reliability coefficient for the data analysis (α = 0.851). Several implications for management and policy are also discussed in light of the findings of this study. It was concluded that a deep knowledge of managerial competencies and blockbuster models are highly needed in the selected pharmaceutical companies to gain business expansion, maintain low average costs and achieve significant market share while improving on their level of service delivery and capacity to support groups or teams through training, coaching and sharing specialist knowledge. This study recommends developing strategies and deploying blockbuster models across all industries for a distinctive advantage of ineffective organisational performance and greater productivity.
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Waldon, Mandy. "A rapid response and treatment service for care homes: a case study." British Journal of Community Nursing 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.1.6.
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Rapid response services provide opportunities for older people living with frailty to remain in their own homes during an episode of deteriorating health. The government has announced additional funding to increase capacity and responsiveness for these services through the Ageing Well programme as part of the NHS Long Term Plan. Older people living with frailty are particularly at risk of the adverse effects of a hospital admission and evidence is emerging of the benefits of enhanced healthcare support to allow them to remain in their own home. The Hospital at Home model offers short-term, targeted interventions at acute hospital level care that can provide a truly person-centred experience within the home. This article describes a Rapid Response and Treatment service for older people living in care homes in Berkshire West and shares Sid's story to demonstrate how such a service is delivered. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented additional challenges and opportunities that highlight the ongoing need for the development of services that will support older people to prioritise what matters to them most.
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Fauquet-Alekhine, Philippe, Guillaume Bouhours, Justin Texier, Amaury Loret, Saadi Lahlou, and Jean-Claude Granry. "Training Improvement through Subjective Work Analysis: The Example of Radial Puncture." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n3p59.
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The aim was to test a method developed in nuclear industry applied to a simple activity, the radial artery puncture, and to assess its capacity to improve performance. The method involved digital ethnography based on the Square of PErceived ACtion model applied in real operating situation and first-person perspective video for post-analysis of the activity in order to improve training design. Two types of training sessions were compared in terms of trainees’ performance, one of them taking benefits of the digital ethnography analysis (restructured session) and the other without (classic session): medical students trained in the anesthesiology department of the university (N=24) were summoned for training in the framework of their university curriculum. Data obtained were used to restructure the training session and to elaborate an evaluation grid to assess performance in both sessions. Trainees’ motivation was assessed through the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. The restructured session showed significantly higher overall performance (increased by 13%), improvement of every criterion assessed and no alteration of motivation. The improvement obtained for radial puncture matches this observed in nuclear industry. The improvement is two folds: at the level of the training efficiency and at the level of trainees’ performance.
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Ramakrishnan, Ramya, Chongjie Zhang, and Julie Shah. "Perturbation Training for Human-Robot Teams." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 59 (July 31, 2017): 495–541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5390.
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In this work, we design and evaluate a computational learning model that enables a human-robot team to co-develop joint strategies for performing novel tasks that require coordination. The joint strategies are learned through "perturbation training," a human team-training strategy that requires team members to practice variations of a given task to help their team generalize to new variants of that task. We formally define the problem of human-robot perturbation training and develop and evaluate the first end-to-end framework for such training, which incorporates a multi-agent transfer learning algorithm, human-robot co-learning framework and communication protocol. Our transfer learning algorithm, Adaptive Perturbation Training (AdaPT), is a hybrid of transfer and reinforcement learning techniques that learns quickly and robustly for new task variants. We empirically validate the benefits of AdaPT through comparison to other hybrid reinforcement and transfer learning techniques aimed at transferring knowledge from multiple source tasks to a single target task. We also demonstrate that AdaPT's rapid learning supports live interaction between a person and a robot, during which the human-robot team trains to achieve a high level of performance for new task variants. We augment AdaPT with a co-learning framework and a computational bi-directional communication protocol so that the robot can co-train with a person during live interaction. Results from large-scale human subject experiments (n=48) indicate that AdaPT enables an agent to learn in a manner compatible with a human's own learning process, and that a robot undergoing perturbation training with a human results in a high level of team performance. Finally, we demonstrate that human-robot training using AdaPT in a simulation environment produces effective performance for a team incorporating an embodied robot partner.
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MacDonald, Shaunagh, Jane Clarbour, Clare Whitton, and Kelly Rayner. "The challenges of working with sexual offenders who have autism in secure services." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-10-2016-0020.
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Purpose Previous literature has reported that working with sexual offenders can impact staff negatively (Hatcher and Noakes, 2010). In addition, working with individuals with intellectual disability also appears to be challenging. There are benefits stated of working with sexual offenders and the purpose of this paper is to seek to highlight the challenges and positive experiences of staff members working with sexual offenders who have autism. Design/methodology/approach As working with this population has not been previously investigated, a semi-structured interview was conducted to explore the challenges and benefits of working with this population. Eight participants were interviewed who work on the autism specialist ward at a forensic secure hospital in the UK. Findings Template analysis identified three master themes: mediating factors, challenges and consequences, which were incorporated into the Model of Person-Organisation Wellbeing (M-POW). The findings show the specific challenges of working with a population that has not been previously studied. Research limitations/implications The study utilised a small, heterogeneous self-selecting sample from one clinical site. Practical implications Findings suggest there are a number of specific challenges this staff group face, and steps that can be taken at the personal and organisational level to mediate these. Recommendations are made for how staff are supported in their work from recruitment and induction onwards. Originality/value The M-POW highlights mediating factors that can be adjusted to develop more effective coping strategies for working in what, for some, is a challenging environment. This model provides a framework that can be adopted by organisations to ensure that the likelihood of their staff experiencing negative feelings is reduced and also suggests future avenues of research.
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Hasan, Hazriah, Ismail Ahmad, and Nur Aisyah Ghazali. "Comparative Analysis of Waqf Generosity Index (WGI) in Generation Y and Z." Research in World Economy 10, no. 2 (July 14, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n2p26.
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As the Islamic endowment (Waqf) has been practiced throughout the world, it is a challenge to measure the level of the generosity index on its practice. In fact, the awareness in performing Waqf among Muslims especially in the Generations Y and Z are important since it is valuable to the Muslims and concurrently can help those needy people. The study objective is to develop the generosity index among the two generations’ classifications. The variables that have been selected in this study namely trust, altruism, personal characteristics, self-image, religious value, psychological benefits, social norms, personal satisfaction and commitment. Total of 450 questionnaires managed to be collected from Generations Y and Z respondents in Klang Valley area. Rasch Measurement Model was employed to analyze the data. The construct was found reliable with Cronbach Coefficient Alpha of 0.94. The statistical indicators such Point Measure Correlation (PtMea Corr) and Person Item Distribution Map (PIDM) revealed that all the two generations have different results for their generosity index. This can be relating where each generation having their own behavior traits in attitudes and intentions. The implication of this paper provides evidence of the usefulness of Rasch Measurement Model in identifying the Generations Y and Z generosity index on Waqf or named as Waqf Generosity Index (WGI).
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Lindsay Barr, Tremane, and John Reid. "Centralized decentralization for tribal business development." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-10-2012-0054.
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Purpose – The purpose of this research was to identify and create a decentralized development system specific for the whanau (family) and hapu/runanga (sub-tribe) members of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. In New Zealand, a number of Maori tribes have negotiated compensation with the New Zealand Government for past injustices. These assets are typically centralized within iwi (tribal) corporate structures to protect and grow the asset base on behalf of tribal constituents. This centralization of assets has caused political tension within tribes. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a case study of whanau/hapu-level businesses facilitated by the post-settlement iwi – Ngāi Tahu – to demonstrate how each level can work synergistically to encourage multi-level economic development in a way that matches cultural patterns and expectations. Participant action research theory and practice was utilized by researchers from Toitu Te Kainga (Regional Development Unit of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu) between 2008 and 2012. This was informed by an Enterprise Facilitation person-centred perspective and a Kaupapa Māori philosophy of respect and empowerment of the participants needs. Findings – This paper argues that while a certain level of centralization is required, to ring-fence and protect tribal assets at an iwi (tribal) level, the benefits gained by that centralization can then be utilized to provide a springboard for decentralized economic development at the whanau (family) and hapu (sub-tribe) levels. Originality/value – This new indigenous development system is referred to as the symbiotic development model and is an original outcome of this research paper. The paper concludes that tribal economic development in the post-settlement era in New Zealand needs to combine aspects of both centralization and decentralization.
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Mom, Tom J. M., Pepijn van Neerijnen, Patrick Reinmoeller, and Ernst Verwaal. "Relational Capital and Individual Exploration: Unravelling the Influence of Goal Alignment and Knowledge Acquisition." Organization Studies 36, no. 6 (April 22, 2015): 809–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840615580009.
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We investigate how the relational capital of a person within an organization affects the extent to which she or he conducts exploration activities. Our theory separates out a negative effect that comes from aligning goals with other organizational members from a positive effect that stems from acquiring knowledge from them. Our data from 150 members of the R&D teams of three leading R&D-intensive firms support the theoretical model. By developing and testing this theory, we contribute to the literature on exploration, which lacks understanding of the antecedents of individual exploration in organizations. We also contribute to relational capital literature, which has focused on organizational and group-level exploration, but which has shown inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between relational capital and exploration. A reason for this may be that this body of research has emphasized positive effects of relational capital for exploration only, and has not accounted for the different mechanisms that mediate the effects of relational capital on individual exploration activities. Our theory offers a more comprehensive view by explaining how relational capital may provide both benefits and liabilities to individual exploration activities.
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Ziganshina, L. E., R. R. Niyazov, and A. U. Ziganshin. "The who concept of essential medicines and the who ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion: history and lessons for domestic pharmaceutical sector." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1779.
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The review covers the history and evolution of the WHO initiatives in pharmaceutical policy - for better and safer use of medicines, their scientifically based selection and ethical promotion. The WHO Concept of Essential Medicines, the WHO vision of the Rational Use of medicines and the WHO Ethical Criteria for Medicinal Drug Promotion are reviewed. Contribution of these WHO designed initiatives, definitions and documents to Global Health, particularly relating to modern Russian health system problems is discussed. The principles and methodology of drug selection are presented. The review describes health system benefits of the WHO Essential Medicines Concept implementation at a national level. Advantages of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines use not only as a model product, but as a model process and an healthcare instrument are emphasized. The WHO principles of the Rational Use of Medicines, the history of its International development, the WHO key strategies towards the Rational Use of Medicines and the major barriers on the way are described. The history of the WHO Ethical Criteria for medicinal drug promotion development is presented in line with the basic principles and objectives of this unique international document. The core goal of the WHO Ethical Criteria is to improve health and healthcare through the rational use of medicines. The global implementation of the WHO Essential Medicines Concept and the ever growing barriers to the rational use of medicines and advances in public health, as well the advances and problems of the Russian national health system, are discussed in the historical perspective.
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Crudup, Terri, Linna Li, Jennifer Wright Dorr, Elizabeth Lawson, Rachel Stout, Pedram Vazifeh Niknam, Judi Jones, et al. "Breast cancer survivorship and level of institutional involvement utilizing integrative oncology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e18588-e18588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18588.
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e18588 Background: A growing body of evidence has shown that a Whole Person Integrative Oncology approach, adding the use of complementary and lifestyle therapies to cancer treatments, benefits patients by improving patient-reported outcomes and potentially extending overall survival. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the survival outcomes of breast cancer patients and the level of involvement in Integrative Oncology at the institutions treating those patients. Methods: Between January 2013 and December 2014, 4,815 breast cancer patients were available for survival analysis using an established claims-based method. These patients were filtered to include those with clear mapping to treating oncologists and treating institutions. To measure each institution’s level of Integrative involvement, a scoring system was developed with the Samueli Foundation and oncologists from each institution were surveyed on the education, availability, and financing of 12 complementary and lifestyle approaches during the treatment timeframe. Statistical analysis using multivariate modeling with logistic regression and a lasso approach were employed. 19 variables across region, patient demographics, and institutional profile were included. Model coefficients are exponentiated and presented as odds-ratios, with less than one having a negative impact on survival and greater than one improved survival. Results: We identified 173 patients mapping to 103 institutions and 103 oncologists who responded to our survey. Median age of breast cancer patients was 51 (range: 32-76). 14 of the patients (8%) were identified as metastatic. The 5-year overall survival among the Low scoring institutions was 89%, Low-Mid 96%, Mid-High 96%, High 95%. Chi square testing across these cohorts showed no statistically significant difference between them. On multivariate modeling, age, geography, metastatic status, academic setting, and Integrative score were predictors of 5-year survival. The most significant 9 variables are shown in Table. Having metastatic disease, treatment at a non NCCN designated facility, treatment at Midwest or Western Region predicts for lower 5-year survival. Older age, treatment at an academic setting, and having a High or Low-Mid Integrative score are predictors of improved survival. Conclusions: This study suggests that in addition to traditional predictors of survival such as metastatic disease and younger age, patients receiving treatment at an institution that supports Integrative Oncology programs may be associated with improved survival. More work is needed to evaluate the relationship between Integrative Oncology and cancer treatment outcomes.[Table: see text]
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Angelis, Aris. "Evaluating the Benefits of New Drugs in Health Technology Assessment Using Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: A Case Study on Metastatic Prostate Cancer With the Dental and Pharmaceuticals Benefits Agency (TLV) in Sweden." MDM Policy & Practice 3, no. 2 (July 2018): 238146831879621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468318796218.
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Background. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) has been identified as a prospective methodology for assisting decision makers in evaluating the benefits of new medicines in health technology assessment (HTA); however, limited empirical evidence exists from real-world applications. Objective. To test in practice a recently developed MCDA methodological framework for HTA, the Advance Value Framework, in a proof-of-concept case study with decision makers. Methods. A multi-attribute value theory methodology was adopted applying the MACBETH questioning protocol through a facilitated decision-analysis modelling approach as part of a decision conference with four experts. Settings. The remit of the Swedish Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency (Tandvårds- och läkemedelsförmånsverket [TLV]) was adopted but in addition supplementary value dimensions were considered. Patients. Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients were considered having received prior chemotherapy. Interventions. Abiraterone, cabazitaxel, and enzalutamide were evaluated as third-line treatments. Measurements. Participants’ value preferences were elicited involving criteria selection, options scoring, criteria weighting, and their aggregation. Results. Eight criteria attributes were finally included in the model relating to therapeutic impact, safety profile, socioeconomic impact, and innovation level with relative importance weights 44.5%, 33.3%, 14.8%, and 7.4% per cluster, respectively. Enzalutamide scored the highest overall weighted preference value score, followed by abiraterone and cabazitaxel. Dividing treatments’ overall weighted preference value scores by their costs derived “costs per unit of value” for ranking the treatments based on value-for-money grounds. Limitations. Study limitations included lack of comparative clinical effects across treatments and the small sample of participants. Conclusion. The Advance Value Framework has the prospects of facilitating the evaluation process in HTA and health care decision making; additional research is recommended to address technical challenges and optimize the use of MCDA for policy making.
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Moshtaghi Yazdani, Navid, and Reihaneh Kardehi Moghaddam. "Blood Glucose Regulation in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes by Robust Optimal Safety Critical Control." Frontiers in Health Informatics 10, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/fhi.v10i1.286.
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Introduction: Diabetes disease is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. Designing an automated system for regulating blood glucose in patients with diabetes is a solution that researchers have been paying close attention to in recent years. Therefore, safety is the minimum requirement for safety-critical systems such as the artificial pancreas. The present study introduces a safe, robust, performance-guaranteed optimal controller that can safely regulate blood glucose in the disturbance.Material and Methods: In this section, first, regulate blood glucose levels in simulation studies is evaluated. For this purpose, a dynamic model is used. The model includes a virtual patient, an insulin pump, and a continuous blood glucose level sensor. The virtual patient model represents the dynamics of insulin-glucose, carbohydrate-glucose, and exercise-glucose.Results: The need to not reset the controller parameters for patients in each category is one of the suggested controller's benefits. However, the PID controller needs to reset the parameters for each group of patients, the predictive control method requires the estimated model of the patient, and its performance is different on different days because the insulin-glucose dynamics for an individual changes day by day.Conclusion: Taking into account different sensitivities of body tissue to insulin, the results of evaluating the controller for two different groups of patients have shown that the controller is resistant to day-to-day changes in patients who may experience changes in insulin sensitivity, even with stress or medication and will not lose its optimal function. Based on the simulation results, the proposed controller can reduce the external disturbances' effect, whose amplitude is to a good extent within the body's physiological range.
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Scheel, Andreas A., Bettina Funsch, Michael Busch, Gabriele Gradl, Johannes Pschorr, and Martin J. Lohse. "Receptor-Ligand Interactions Studied with Homogeneous Fluorescence-Based Assays Suitable for Miniaturized Screening." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 6, no. 1 (February 2001): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108705710100600103.
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Cell membrane receptors play a central role in controlling cellular functions, making them the target of drugs for a wide variety of diseases. This report describes how a recently developed method, fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA), can be used to develop homogeneous, nonradioactive high throughput screening assays for membrane receptors. With FIDA, free ligand and ligand accumulated on receptor-bearing membrane vesicles can be distinguished on the basis of their particle brightness. This allows the concentration of both bound and free ligand to be determined reliably from a single measurement, without any separation. We demonstrate that ligand affinity, receptor expression level, and potency of inhibitors can be determined using the epidermal growth factor and β2-adrenergic receptors as model systems. Highly focused confocal optics enable single-molecule sensitivity, and sample volumes can thus be reduced to 1,IL without affecting the quality of the fluorescence signal. Our results demonstrate that FIDA is an ideal method for membrane receptor assays offering substantial benefits for assay development and high throughput pharmaceutical screening.
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Logoyda, L. S. "ACADEMIC PLAGIARISM: IMPACT OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ON THE QUALITY OF HIGHER PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION." Медична освіта, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/me.2414-5998.2019.3.10647.
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The article adduces the ways to solve the main problems faced by faculty stuff and students regarding academic plagiarism in higher pharmaceutical education. The development of information technologies, globalization processes in education, facilitating access to a large massive of data, research and publications updated the need for formulation and observance of moral and ethical principles regarding the use of information in the academic sphere.
The research is based on the study of materials obtained from open sources of information and authors’ own experience. Program for checking the text for uniqueness: StrikePlagiarism.com – anti-plagiarized Internet system that automatically checks the originality of text. The system has a simple and user-friendly interface. Documents can be downloaded into the system in many popular formats (DOC, ODT, TXT, PDF), there are no restrictions on the size of the document. The text is compared with Internet resources and database system.
The concept of academic integrity in a civilized world is not mythical by any means, it is rather an effective instrument for ensuring and enhancing the quality of higher education. Myths are born only in heads of individual weak-minded people who are deliberately unwilling to notice the urgency of problem, and even have some benefits to it. That is why the Ukrainian high school shall cease to live with myths in time, and move on to effective actions, implementing fundamental ethical values not by word but by deed. I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine developed an Internal Code of Honour. The University seeks to create an environment conducive to learning, work, innovation, knowledge sharing, intellectual development of students and employees, support of a special academic culture of relationships. Each member of a university community, following the rules of this Code, directly contributes its invaluable contribution to the development of the entire university. The purpose of the Code is to create favourable conditions for the effective performance by members of university community of their duties, based on the principles of high social morality and culture; formation of a conscious moral and legal position of interactions of participants in the educational process; growth and strengthening of positive image of the University as a scientific and educational organization of innovative direction. The priority task of the University is to form a responsible person capable of creative thinking and self-solving of philosophical and professional tasks, to be ready for life and activities in the modern multicultural environment. In my opinion, starting from the next academic year, to the curriculum for the preparation of students of the specialty 226 “Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy” it is expedient to add the subject “Fundamentals of Academic Integrity”, with consideration of essence and principles of academic integrity, as well as general approaches to writing and defence of various types of scientific student works in compliance with the requirements concerning testing for plagiarism. This subject should become the basis of the block of subjects for carrying out scientific researches (taking into account educational and qualification level, professional orientation, academic mobility, etc.). At the same time, it is appropriate to develop the Code of Academic Integrity, based on its own traditions and many years of university experience, high standards in higher education. The key to implementing the Code will be the signing of declarations of academic integrity by lecturers and students.
To prepare the students, integrating the laws and methods of many sciences, plays an important role in adding of Fundamentals of Academic Integrity, with consideration of essence and principles of academic integrity, as well as general approaches to writing and defence of various types of scientific student works in compliance with the requirements concerning testing for plagiarism. This subject should become the basis of the block of subjects for carrying out scientific researches (taking into account educational and qualification level, professional orientation, academic mobility, etc.). The observance of certain ethical principles and values will contribute to ensuring the high quality of higher education, the training of highly qualified masters of pharmacy, which will be competitive in the labour market not only in Ukraine but also abroad.
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Bezeredi, Slavko. "Isplativost rada u Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji: analiza pomoću mikrosimulacijskog modela." Revija za socijalnu politiku 28, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v28i2.1787.
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WORK INCENTIVES IN CROATIA AND SLOVENIA: ANALYSIS USING MICROSIMULATION MODELS The paper analyzes the impact of the tax-benefit system on work incentives in Croatia and Slovenia. Unemployed and inactive persons and their hypothetical transitions to employment are considered. As the main indicator of work incentives, the participation tax rate (PTR) is estimated, as it represents a portion of additional income that is lost because taxes increase and benefits decrease in transition of a person from non-employment into employment. Unlike previous research, which was made for both countries on hypothetical data, in this paper for the first time the calculations and analysis of PTR are based on survey data, which for both countries gives a realistic picture of the situation in the field of work incentives. The analysis is carried out on data and the tax-benefit system for 2017, and the main tool used is EUROMOD, a tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU countries. The results show that the average PTR in Croatia is of a moderate size of 31.3%, while in Slovenia it is 11.3 percentage points higher. People with higher number of dependent children and those with lower level of market income obtained by other household members are more likely to have a high PTR in both countries, and in Croatia people with only primary education will also have it. Key words: participation tax rate, work incentives, EUROMOD, Croatia, Slovenia
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Deeb, Samir, Mrwan BenIdris, Hany Ammar, and Dale Dzielski. "Refactoring Cost Estimation for Architectural Technical Debt." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 31, no. 02 (February 2021): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819402150008x.
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Paying-off the Architectural Technical Debt by refactoring the flawed code is important to control the debt and to keep it as low as possible. Project Managers tend to delay paying off this debt because they face difficulties in comparing the cost of the refactoring against the benefits gained. These managers need to estimate the cost and the efforts required to conduct these refactoring activities as well as to decide which flaws have higher priority to be refactored. Our research is based on a dataset used by other researchers that study the technical debt. It includes more than 18,000 refactoring operations performed on 33 apache java projects. We applied the COCOMO II:2000 model to calculate the refactoring cost in person-months units per release. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between the refactoring efforts and two static code metrics of the refactored code. The research revealed a weak correlation between the refactoring efforts and the size of the project, and a moderate correlation with the code complexity. Finally, we applied the DesigniteJava tool to verify our research results. From the analysis we found a significant correlation between the ranking of the architecture smells and the ranking of refactoring efforts for each package. Using machine learning practices, we took the architecture smells level and the code metrics of each release as an input to predict the levels of the refactoring effort of the next release. We calculated the results using our model and found that we can predict the ‘High’ and ‘Very High’ levels, the most significant levels from managers’ perspective, with [Formula: see text] accuracy.
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Cardullo, Victoria, Chih-hsuan Wang, Megan Burton, and Jianwei Dong. "K-12 teachers’ remote teaching self-efficacy during the pandemic." Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning 14, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrit-10-2020-0055.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between factors in the extended technology acceptance model (TAM) model and teachers' self-efficacy in remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the authors sought to listen to classroom teachers as they expressed their unbiased views of the advantages, disadvantages and challenges of teaching remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachA survey was employed to examine the relationship between factors in the extended TAM model and teachers' self-efficacy in remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic using the 49-item questionnaire. A multiple regression analysis using a stepwise procedure was used to examine the relationship between factors in the extended TAM model and teachers' self-efficacy. Three open-ended questions closely examined remote teaching during the pandemic, related to challenges, advantages and disadvantages.FindingsQualitative findings challenges included Internet connection, lack of interaction and communication and challenges with motivation and student engagement. Disadvantages included teachers’ level of self-efficacy in using technology to teach, lack of support and resources to teach online and the struggle to motivate and engage students. Perceived benefits included flexibility for the teacher and differentiation, rich resources and a way to support learners when in-person instruction is not possible.Research limitations/implicationsThe data suggest that instead, during COVID-19, many teachers were learning about the platforms simultaneously as they were instructing students.Practical implicationsTo ensure quality remote instruction and that students receive the support to make instruction equitable, teachers need to perceive that their instructional technology needs are met to focus on teaching, learning and needs of their students.Social implicationsTeachers need opportunities to explore the platforms and to experience success in this environment before they are exposed to the high stakes of preparing students to meet K-12 standards.Originality/valueInstructional delivery has not explored teacher motivational and instructional teaching self-efficacy related to satisfaction with the learning management system (LMS).
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Wulkow, Hanna, Tim O. F. Conrad, Nataša Djurdjevac Conrad, Sebastian A. Müller, Kai Nagel, and Christof Schütte. "Prediction of Covid-19 spreading and optimal coordination of counter-measures: From microscopic to macroscopic models to Pareto fronts." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0249676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249676.
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The Covid-19 disease has caused a world-wide pandemic with more than 60 million positive cases and more than 1.4 million deaths by the end of November 2020. As long as effective medical treatment and vaccination are not available, non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing, self-isolation and quarantine as well as far-reaching shutdowns of economic activity and public life are the only available strategies to prevent the virus from spreading. These interventions must meet conflicting requirements where some objectives, like the minimization of disease-related deaths or the impact on health systems, demand for stronger counter-measures, while others, such as social and economic costs, call for weaker counter-measures. Therefore, finding the optimal compromise of counter-measures requires the solution of a multi-objective optimization problem that is based on accurate prediction of future infection spreading for all combinations of counter-measures under consideration. We present a strategy for construction and solution of such a multi-objective optimization problem with real-world applicability. The strategy is based on a micro-model allowing for accurate prediction via a realistic combination of person-centric data-driven human mobility and behavior, stochastic infection models and disease progression models including micro-level inclusion of governmental intervention strategies. For this micro-model, a surrogate macro-model is constructed and validated that is much less computationally expensive and can therefore be used in the core of a numerical solver for the multi-objective optimization problem. The resulting set of optimal compromises between counter-measures (Pareto front) is discussed and its meaning for policy decisions is outlined.
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Tsyrulnyk, Serhii. "THE USE OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF TRAINING SPECIALISTS IN ELECTRONICS." OPEN EDUCATIONAL E-ENVIRONMENT OF MODERN UNIVERSITY, SPECIAL EDITION (2019): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2414-0325.2019s32.
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Modern teaching methods are implemented with the use of information technologies that facilitate and accelerate the transfer of knowledge to students, increase student motivation and increase the level of assimilation of information through diversity and interactivity of its visual representation. Today, there are many approaches to using augmented reality technology in education. Such learning system can be divided into three basic groups: visualization of 3D images for a visual representation of training material; recognition and marking of real objects, which are oriented in space; the interaction of the virtual object is constructed in the computer (smartphone) with the person in real-time. The article describes the concept of augmented reality and focuses on the use of augmented reality technology in the educational process of training of students of technical specialties. Given the relevance and benefits of using this technology in the educational process. Analyzed AR apps «AR Circuits 4D» and «Electricity AR» with a view to their adaptation to the educational process of training specialists in electronics. The algorithm of creating apps augmented reality platform Vuforia and Unity3D software. Requirements for image targets, 3D models and their format, software Unity 3D. Provides practical experience in creating educational AR applications on the platform Vuforia and Unity3D software that renders 3D images of the DC-AC converter for illustration of educational material. 3D model converter created in the CAD system Proteus Design Suite, which conventuals Autodesk FBX Converter to format .fbx. The AR app is downloaded to the Android device by any known method.
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Yilmaz, Siobhan K., Brady P. Horn, Chris Fore, and Caroline A. Bonham. "An economic cost analysis of an expanding, multi-state behavioural telehealth intervention." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 25, no. 6 (May 12, 2018): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x18774181.
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Introduction In this paper the economic costs associated with a growing, multi-state telepsychiatry intervention serving rural American Indian/Alaska Native populations were compared to costs of travelling to provide/receive in-person treatment. Methods Telepsychiatry costs were calculated using administrative, information-technology, equipment and technology components, and were compared to travel cost models. Both a patient travel and a psychiatrist travel model were estimated utilising ArcGIS software and unit costs gathered from literature and government sources. Cost structure and sensitivity analysis was also calculated by varying modeling parameters and assumptions. Results and Discussion It is estimated that per-session costs were $93.90, $183.34, and $268.23 for telemedicine, provider-travel, and patient-travel, respectively. Restricting the analysis to satellite locations with a larger number of visits reduced telemedicine per-patient encounter costs (50 or more visits: $83.52; 100 or more visits: $80.41; and 150 or more visits: $76.25). The estimated cost efficiencies of telemedicine were more evident for highly rural communities. Finally, we found that a multi-state centre was cheaper than each state operating independently. Conclusions Consistent with previous research, this study provides additional evidence of the economic efficiency associated with telemedicine interventions for rural American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Our results suggest that there are economies of scale in providing behavioural telemedicine and that bigger, multi-state telemedicine centres have lower overall costs compared to smaller, state-level centres. Additionally, results suggest that telemedicine structures with a higher number of per-satellite patient encounters have lower costs, and telemedicine centres delivering care to highly rural populations produce greater economic benefits.
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Ruska, Ruslana. "MODELLING THE DYNAMICS OF PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS ACCUMULATION IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL PENSION FUNDS." Economic Analysis, no. 28(4) (2018): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.04.106.
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Introduction. Pension provision in any country depends both on the state of the national economy and on the state regulation of social processes. The solidarity pension system in Ukraine does not provide a decent standard of living. Alternative, which allows creating an additional source of pension benefits, which are guaranteed by the state, and reducing the financial burden on the state, are non-state pension funds. Non-state pension funds provide non-state pension provision services by individualizing the accumulation of funds. Their main purpose is to ensure that people receive additional mandatory state pension insurance payments. After analysing different approaches to improving the system of non-state pension funds, the main indicators influencing pension payments are revealed. Purpose. The article aims to model the dynamics of key indicators, on which the payment of pensions in non-state pension funds depends. Methodology. In the process of writing a paper, we have used a number of scientific methods. The system approach is used as one of the main methods of scientific research. The MARSPline module is a component of Data Mining technology in the application package Statistica, techniques of mathematical modelling, in particular approximating polynomials in the process of modelling the dynamics of receipts and payments. The use of actuarial methods helps show how to determine the accumulated amount on individual accounts of participants in non-state pension funds. Results. Different methods and approaches to the evaluation of the activity of non-state pension funds have been analysed. The use of the sixth grade polynomial has made it possible to follow the dynamics of contracting for subsequent periods. It is determined by actuarial methods of accumulated amount on individual pension accounts with different options for contributing and charges interest thereon, allowing depositors to predict the amount of their investments. Using the MARSPline module Statistics program is constructed: a regression model of the dependence of a retirement asset on one person from contributions and investments of investments; Dependence of pension payments on contributions to individual accounts, income from investment of assets, expenses and the number of paid pensions, which allows calculation of future payments to participants, is revealed. The application of the fourth-level approximation polynomial makes it possible to determine the amounts of future retirement benefits in dynamics.
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Wei, Zhihua, Jie Huang, Jing Li, Junshan Li, Xuyang Liu, and Xingsheng Ni. "A Compact Double-Folded Substrate Integrated Waveguide Re-Entrant Cavity for Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensing." Sensors 19, no. 15 (July 27, 2019): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153308.
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In this study, an ultra-compact humidity sensor based on a double-folded substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) re-entrant cavity was proposed and analyzed. By folding a circular re-entrant cavity twice along its two orthogonally symmetric planes, the designed structure achieved a remarkable size reduction (up to 85.9%) in comparison with a conventional TM010-mode circular SIW cavity. The operating principle of the humidity sensor is based on the resonant method, in other words, it utilizes the resonant properties of the sensor as signatures to detect the humidity condition of the ambient environment. To this end, a mathematical model quantitatively relating the resonant frequency of the sensor and the relative humidity (RH) level was established according to the cavity perturbation theory. The sensing performance of the sensor was experimentally validated in a RH range of 30%–80% by using a humidity chamber. The measured absolute sensitivity of the sensor was calculated to be 135.6 kHz/%RH, and the corresponding normalized sensitivity was 0.00627%/%RH. It was demonstrated that our proposed sensor not only has the merits of compact size and high sensitivity, but also benefits from a high Q-factor and ease of fabrication and integration. These advantages make it an excellent candidate for humidity sensing applications in various fields such as the agricultural, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
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Campbell, Angela, and Gillian Nycum. "Harmonizing the International Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Possibilities, Promises and Potential Pitfalls." Medical Law International 7, no. 2 (September 2005): 113–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853320500700202.
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Despite near unanimous global opposition to human reproductive cloning, the United Nations has been unable to reach a consensus as to how cloning practices should be regulated at the international level. As a result, the U.N. objective of establishing binding international regulations governing cloning and stem cell research has yet to be achieved. Given the lack of consensus that exists within the global community on this topic, it seems that any attempt to harmonize the international regulation of cloning and stem cell science will face important obstacles. This paper seeks to illuminate the particular challenges to harmonizing international laws and policies related to stem cell research and human cloning, and to investigate potential methods for overcoming these challenges. By drawing on two other areas in which regulatory harmonization has been attempted, namely: environmental and human safety aspects of international trade, and pharmaceutical research and development, we study approaches to global regulatory harmonization. We conclude that while the challenges to harmonization are diverse and important, so too are the benefits of establishing uniformity in approaches to stem cell research worldwide. This paper proposes a model for harmonizing the regulation of stem cell research that focuses on broader norms and principles rather than specific rules. It further recommends that such harmonization should occur through a process initiated and developed by an independent international agency marked by diversity, both in terms of the cultural identities and perspectives represented, and the interdisciplinary expertise of its members.
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Laksmitawati, Dian Ratih, Liliek Nurhidayati, Mochamad Futuchul Arifin, and Bagus Bahtiar. "Optimasi Konsentrasi Ekstrak dan Bahan Pengikat Polivinil Pirolidon pada Granul Ekstrak Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) sebagai Antihiperurisemia." JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 15, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v15i2.527.
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Ethanolic extract of red betel leaves (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) has antihyperuricemic activity. In order to be applicable to consume, this extract need to be formulated into pharmaceutical dosage form. Granules which is packed in a tea sac bag was considered to be more practical andappropriate for person suff ering hyperuricemic, because they have to drink more water. In the granulation process, the he binder plays an important role so that this study aims to fi nd the optimal red betel leaf granule formula with variation on the extract dose and the polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP) binder and prove granule activity in vivo in mouse hyperuricemia model. The extract was prepared by macerationthe leaves in 96% ethanol and sprayed dried by hot air. The powder was then formulated to granules form in 22 factorial design. The factors were the extract dosages (38% dan 47.51%) dan the amount of PVP (Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone) as a binder (0.5% dan 2%). The physical and chemical properties of the granules were evaluated, interaction dosage, PVP concentration and each properties was analysed by making the contour plot and superimposed contour plot to get the optimum formula. The in vivo antihyperuricemic activity of the granules was determined in hyperuricemic mice. The result showed that the optimum formula was found in granules that contained 42.5% extract and 1% PVP. At the equivalent dosage of 455 mg extract/kg, this granules formula had antihyperuricemic activity decreasing 54.2 %plasma uric acid level significantly. Thus it can be concluded that the optimum granules of ethanol extract of red betelleaf with 42.5% extra ct content and 1% PVP proved to have antihiperurisemia activity in mice induced by chicken extractand potassium oxonate.
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Zafari, Zafar, Boshen Jiao, Brian Will, Shukai Li, and Peter Muennig. "The Trade-Off between Optimizing Flight Patterns and Human Health: A Case Study of Aircraft Noise in Queens, NY, USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081753.
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Objectives: Airports in the U.S. have gradually been transitioning to automated flight systems. These systems generate new flight paths over populated areas. While they can improve flight efficiency, the increased noise associated with these novel flight patterns potentially pose serious health threats to the overflown communities. In this case study, we estimated the monetary benefits relative to health losses associated with one significant change in flight patterns at LaGuardia Airport, year-round use of “TNNIS Climb”, which happened in 2012 as a result of flight automation in New York City. Prior to that, the use of the TNNIS Climb was limited to the U.S. Open tennis matches. Methods: We developed a decision-analytic model using Markov health states to compare the costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained associated with the limited use of TNNIS (old status quo) and the year-round use of TNNIS (current status quo). The TNNIS Climb increases airplane noise to above 60 decibels (dB) over some of the most densely populated areas of the city. We used this increased exposure to noise as the basis for estimating ground-level health using data from sound monitors. The total costs (including both direct and indirect costs), QALYs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were estimated for the limited versus the year-round use of the TNNIS Climb. Results: The incremental lifetime costs and QALYs per person exposed to noise associated with the limited versus the year-round use of TNNIS was $11,288, and 1.13, respectively. Therefore, the limited use of TNNIS had an ICER of $10,006/QALY gained relative to the year-round of TNNIS. Our analyses were robust to changes in assumptions and data inputs. Conclusions: Despite increases in efficiency, flight automation systems without a careful assessment of noise might generate flight paths over densely populated areas and cause serious health conditions for the overflown communities.
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Lupiáñez-Villanueva, Francisco, Frans Folkvord, and Mariek Vanden Abeele. "Influence of the Business Revenue, Recommendation, and Provider Models on Mobile Health App Adoption: Three-Country Experimental Vignette Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): e17272. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17272.
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Background Despite the worldwide growth in mobile health (mHealth) tools and the possible benefits of mHealth for patients and health care providers, scientific research examining factors explaining the adoption level of mHealth tools remains scarce. Objective We performed an experimental vignette study to investigate how four factors related to the business model of an mHealth app affect its adoption and users’ willingness to pay: (1) the revenue model (ie, sharing data with third parties vs accepting advertisements); (2) the data protection model (General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR]-compliant data handling vs nonGDPR-compliant data handling); (3) the recommendation model (ie, doctor vs patient recommendation); and (4) the provider model (ie, pharmaceutical vs medical association provider). In addition, health consciousness, health information orientation, and electronic health literacy were explored as intrapersonal predictors of adoption. Methods We conducted an experimental study in three countries, Spain (N=800), Germany (N=800), and the Netherlands (N=416), to assess the influence of multiple business models and intrapersonal characteristics on the willingness to pay and intention to download a health app. Results The revenue model did not affect willingness to pay or intentions to download the app in all three countries. In the Netherlands, data protection increased willingness to pay for the health app (P<.001). Moreover, in all three countries, data protection increased the likelihood of downloading the app (P<.001). In Germany (P=.04) and the Netherlands (P=.007), a doctor recommendation increased both willingness to pay and intention to download the health app. For all three countries, apps manufactured in association with a medical organization were more likely to be downloaded (P<.001). Finally, in all three countries, men, younger individuals, those with higher levels of education, and people with a health information orientation were willing to pay more for adoption of the health app and had a higher intention to download the app. Conclusions The finding that people want their data protected by legislation but are not willing to pay more for data protection suggests that in the context of mHealth, app privacy protection cannot be leveraged as a selling point. However, people do value a doctor recommendation and apps manufactured by a medical association, which particularly influence their intention to download an mHealth app.
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Lessing, Charon, Toni Ashton, and Peter Davis. "New Zealand patients’ understanding of brand substitution and opinions on copayment options for choice of medicine brand." Australian Health Review 40, no. 3 (2016): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15004.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to better understand the views and experiences of New Zealand patients on switching between brands of prescription medicines and on alternative funding options for the provision of medicines, including an increase in copayments. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was offered to selected patients through participating community pharmacies. Pharmacies were stratified according to level of deprivation of the community served before random selection and invitation for involvement in the study. Patient understanding of and rationale for brand substitution was assessed. Preference for different copayment options was elicited, together with demographic and other explanatory information. Results In all, 194 patient-completed questionnaires were returned. Some gaps in patient knowledge and understanding of brand changes were evident. Most respondents indicated a preference for the existing subsidy arrangements with little desire expressed for alternatives. Around half were willing to contribute towards paying for a choice of brand other than the subsidised brand; however, the maximum contribution nominated was disproportionately lower than real cost differences between originator brand and generics. Conclusion The findings of the present study suggest that although most patients have experienced brand changes without any problems occurring, a lack of knowledge about substitution does persist. There may be some additional gain in ensuring New Zealanders are aware of the full cost of their medicines at the point of dispensing to reinforce the benefits of the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) purchasing model. What is known about the topic? Generic reference pricing is used as a mechanism to make savings to pharmaceutical budgets; however, reticence to the use of generic medicines persists. What does this paper add? Most New Zealand patients experience brand changes without any problems occurring; however, a lack of knowledge about substitution does persist. The dollar value patients indicate they would contribute for brand choice is lower than the true cost difference between brands. What are the implications for practitioners? Opportunities exist for healthcare professionals to reinforce generic policies and there may be some additional gain in ensuring New Zealanders are aware of the full cost of their medicines at the point of dispensing.