Academic literature on the topic 'Person Level Model of Pharmaceutical Benefits'
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Journal articles on the topic "Person Level Model of Pharmaceutical Benefits"
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Soller, Jeffrey A. "The potential implications of person-to-person transmission of viral infection for US EPA's Groundwater Rule." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.118.
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The risk characterization method employed by US EPA to quantitatively characterize the benefits of the Groundwater Rule (GWR) for drinking water computes person-to-person transmission intensity as the product of the number of primary illnesses and a static secondary morbidity factor. A population level infectious disease health effects model is used here to evaluate the implications of secondary transmission on exposures to viruses that are relevant to the GWR. These implications are evaluated via a hypothetical case study in which it is assumed that a tour group from a large population centre visits an outlying area that is served by a non-community water system with untreated or inadequately treated groundwater that is contaminated with a highly infectious virus. It is assumed that some of the exposed individuals become infected and then return home. Numerical simulations are used to estimate the subsequent number of additional infections and illnesses due to secondary transmission within the large community. The results indicate that secondary transmission could substantially impact the predicted benefits of the GWR depending on the suite of population dynamic elements and assumptions employed.
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Hornke, Lutz F. "Benefits from Computerized Adaptive Testing as Seen in Simulation Studies." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 15, no. 2 (May 1999): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.15.2.91.
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Summary: Item parameters for several hundreds of items were estimated based on empirical data from several thousands of subjects. The logistic one-parameter (1PL) and two-parameter (2PL) model estimates were evaluated. However, model fit showed that only a subset of items complied sufficiently, so that the remaining ones were assembled in well-fitting item banks. In several simulation studies 5000 simulated responses were generated in accordance with a computerized adaptive test procedure along with person parameters. A general reliability of .80 or a standard error of measurement of .44 was used as a stopping rule to end CAT testing. We also recorded how often each item was used by all simulees. Person-parameter estimates based on CAT correlated higher than .90 with true values simulated. For all 1PL fitting item banks most simulees used more than 20 items but less than 30 items to reach the pre-set level of measurement error. However, testing based on item banks that complied to the 2PL revealed that, on average, only 10 items were sufficient to end testing at the same measurement error level. Both clearly demonstrate the precision and economy of computerized adaptive testing. Empirical evaluations from everyday uses will show whether these trends will hold up in practice. If so, CAT will become possible and reasonable with some 150 well-calibrated 2PL items.
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Walker, Agnes. "Distributional impact of higher patient contributions to Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Australian Health Review 23, no. 2 (2000): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000032.
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This paper uses NATSEM's Pharmaceutical Benefits Model to analyse the effects of a hypothetical25 per cent rise in patient contributions to prescribed medicines under Australia's PharmaceuticalBenefits Scheme (PBS). The model, based on microsimulation techniques, is able to provide a muchbroader range of outcomes information, at a much greater level of detail, than is possible withtraditional methods.Higher patient contributions are analysed in terms of their impact on the government to patient splitin PBS costs, as well as the distribution of such costs across age groups, family incomes, family types and36 prescribed medicine types. Also considered are changes in the shares of family disposable incomesspent on prescribed drugs arising from the higher patient contributions.
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Mudimu, Edinah, Kathryn Peebles, Zindoga Mukandavire, Emily Nightingale, Monisha Sharma, Graham F. Medley, Daniel J. Klein, Katharine Kripke, and Anna Bershteyn. "Individual and community-level benefits of PrEP in western Kenya and South Africa: Implications for population prioritization of PrEP provision." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244761.
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Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective in preventing HIV and has the potential to significantly impact the HIV epidemic. Given limited resources for HIV prevention, identifying PrEP provision strategies that maximize impact is critical. Methods We used a stochastic individual-based network model to evaluate the direct (infections prevented among PrEP users) and indirect (infections prevented among non-PrEP users as a result of PrEP) benefits of PrEP, the person-years of PrEP required to prevent one HIV infection, and the community-level impact of providing PrEP to populations defined by gender and age in western Kenya and South Africa. We examined sensitivity of results to scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) by comparing two scenarios: maintaining current coverage (“status quo”) and rapid scale-up to meet programmatic targets (“fast-track”). Results The community-level impact of PrEP was greatest among women aged 15–24 due to high incidence, while PrEP use among men aged 15–24 yielded the highest proportion of indirect infections prevented in the community. These indirect infections prevented continue to increase over time (western Kenya: 0.4–5.5 (status quo); 0.4–4.9 (fast-track); South Africa: 0.5–1.8 (status quo); 0.5–3.0 (fast-track)) relative to direct infections prevented among PrEP users. The number of person-years of PrEP needed to prevent one HIV infection was lower (59 western Kenya and 69 in South Africa in the status quo scenario; 201 western Kenya and 87 in South Africa in the fast-track scenario) when PrEP was provided only to women compared with only to men over time horizons of up to 5 years, as the indirect benefits of providing PrEP to men accrue in later years. Conclusions Providing PrEP to women aged 15–24 prevents the greatest number of HIV infections per person-year of PrEP, but PrEP provision for young men also provides indirect benefits to women and to the community overall. This finding supports existing policies that prioritize PrEP use for young women, while also illuminating the community-level benefits of PrEP availability for men when resources permit.
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Dong, Xiaojing, Puneet Manchanda, and Pradeep K. Chintagunta. "Quantifying the Benefits of Individual-Level Targeting in the Presence of Firm Strategic Behavior." Journal of Marketing Research 46, no. 2 (April 2009): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.46.2.207.
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The authors develop a method to quantify the benefits of individual-level targeting when the data reflect firm strategic behavior—that is, when firms (1) are engaged in targeting and (2) take into account the actions of competing firms. This article studies a pharmaceutical firm's decision on the allocation of detailing visits across individual physicians. For this analysis, the authors develop, at the individual level, a model of prescriptions and a model of detailing. Using physician panel data, they estimate, at the physician level, the parameters of the prescription and detailing models jointly using full-information Bayesian methods. The results suggest that accounting for firm strategic behavior improves profitability by 14%–23% compared with segment-level targeting. In addition, ignoring firm strategic behavior underestimates the benefit of individual-level targeting significantly. The authors provide reasons for this finding. They also carry out several robustness checks to test the validity of the modeling assumptions.
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Yu, Wenguang, Bing Li, and Xianghan Zhu. "Income Redistribution Effect of Raising the Overall Planning Level of Basic Endowment Insurance for Urban Employees in China." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020709.
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It is the focus of social security system reform at this stage in China to promote the transition of basic endowment insurance for urban employees from provincial overall planning level to national overall planning level, which is of great significance to the realization of fair and efficient of economic development. Based on the micro data of China Household Finance Survey 2017 (CHFS2017), this paper first establishes a personal wage prediction model to estimate the distribution of personal lifetime wage income, then designs two pension collection and payment plans of “direct national overall planning” and “indirect national overall planning”, and establishes an actuarial model of pension to calculate the present value of personal lifetime contribution, lifetime claim and lifetime real wage income after pension adjustment under different overall planning levels. Finally, the income gap index and net benefit rate index are used to measure the change of the whole income gap and the transfer of pension benefits. The results show that on the whole, the basic endowment insurance for urban employees does have a significant income redistribution effect, and its income adjustment effect is positively related to the overall planning level and intensity of the system. Under the current provincial overall planning level, the income redistribution effects of the system are as follows: the high-income group transfers to the low-income group, the young generation to the elderly generation, the female insured person to the male insured person, and the non-state-owned economic unit to the state-owned economic unit. With the improvement of the overall planning level and strengthening of intensity, there are differences in the changes of benefits among different groups.
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Bungard, Tammy J., Stephen L. Archer, Peter Hamilton, Bruce Ritchie, Wayne Tymchak, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Bringing the Benefits of Anticoagulation Management Services to the Community." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 139, no. 2 (March 2006): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/171516350613900207.
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Background: While warfarin is efficacious for the prevention of thromboembolic disorders, many patients are undertreated. To optimize therapy, anticoagulation management services (AMSs) deliver a coordinated, focused approach to this care; however, AMSs are limited in their ability to impact patients outside of tertiary care settings. Objective: To describe the methods used to develop community-based AMSs across Alberta. Methods: Through a three-staged approach, this project created community-based, pharmacist-managed AMSs for patients requiring warfarin therapy. Stage I was the initiation of a central or “core” AMS, located at a quaternary referral centre. Starting with the core enabled us to develop and test the program and create an environment to serve as a training and support centre for future aspects of the program. Next, an educational program was developed and implemented (Stage II) for a diverse group of pharmacists to establish and manage a community-based or “satellite” AMS (Stage III) at their practice site. All three stages are undergoing detailed evaluation, capturing project-specific (patient outcome) data as well as system-level (integration within the health care infrastructure) data. Conclusion: By offering a focused, coordinated, and consistent approach to warfarin management, with ongoing collaboration with other providers, the ultimate goal of this program is to optimize patient outcomes. Utilizing pharmacists as central players within a collaborative setting will enhance the use of our current infrastructure. This program may serve as a model for other health regions and other chronic diseases.
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Liu, Wan-Yu, Bo-Sheng Fang, and Chi-Ming Hsieh. "Evaluating the Recreation Value of Alishan National Forest Recreation Area in Taiwan." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091245.
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This study aimed to construct an effective model to estimate the recreation value and total annual recreation benefits of the Alishan National Forest Recreation Area (ANFR) through the travel cost method. Negative binomial regression was also employed to estimate the demand function. This study sorted participants based on gender, age, level of education, personal monthly income, occupation, and place of residence to examine their differences in perceived recreation value and recreation demand. The survey responses revealed that most tourists were mainly middle aged, and took family vacations. The findings indicate that the recreation benefits of traveling to Alishan per person each year equaled NTD 1703. Furthermore, the annual recreation benefits of Alishan were approximately between NTD 2,157,121,944 and NTD 2,452,136,112 based on a total of 1,353,276 visits traveling to Alishan in 2019. Recommendations and suggestions are drawn for ANFR based the results.
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Marra, Carlo, Karissa Johnston, Valerie Santschi, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Cost-effectiveness of pharmacist care for managing hypertension in Canada." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 150, no. 3 (March 21, 2017): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163517701109.
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Background: More than half of all heart disease and stroke are attributable to hypertension, which is associated with approximately 10% of direct medical costs globally. Clinical trial evidence has demonstrated that the benefits of pharmacist intervention, including education, consultation and/or prescribing, can help to reduce blood pressure; a recent Canadian trial found an 18.3 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure associated with pharmacist care and prescribing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of such an intervention in a Canadian setting. Methods: A Markov cost-effectiveness model was developed to extrapolate potential differences in long-term cardiovascular and renal disease outcomes, using Framingham risk equations and other published risk equations. A range of values for systolic blood pressure reduction was considered (7.6-18.3 mmHg) to reflect the range of potential interventions and available evidence. The model incorporated health outcomes, costs and quality of life to estimate an overall incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Costs considered included direct medical costs as well as the costs associated with implementing the pharmacist intervention strategy. Results: For a systolic blood pressure reduction of 18.3 mmHg, the estimated impact is 0.21 fewer cardiovascular events per person and, discounted at 5% per year, 0.3 additional life-years, 0.4 additional quality-adjusted life-years and $6,364 cost savings over a lifetime. Thus, the intervention is economically dominant, being both more effective and cost-saving relative to usual care. Discussion: Across a range of one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses of key parameters and assumptions, pharmacist intervention remained both effective and cost-saving. Conclusion: Comprehensive pharmacist care of hypertension, including patient education and prescribing, has the potential to offer both health benefits and cost savings to Canadians and, as such, has important public health implications.
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Scobee, Shari P., Michael DuRoss, and Edward C. Ratledge. "Development of Trip Production Rates for Synthesized Households." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1625, no. 1 (January 1998): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1625-10.
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Survey nonresponse bias is an important consideration in the development of survey designs for transportation studies. Researchers at the University of Delaware have developed a technique for reducing the survey nonresponse, as well as the cost of the travel survey. The method involves obtaining complete household and person characteristics for each household member; however, detailed travel data are gathered for only one randomly selected household member. Although the University of Delaware survey technique provides multiple benefits with respect to survey response rates and costs, it presents complications for travel model developers, particularly with respect to the development of trip production models. Because the trip production models are typically developed at the household level, the person-level trip rates from such a survey need to be expanded to represent a household’s trip rates. A method is presented for generating synthesized household trip production rates by using the 1995/96 Delaware Household Travel Survey, which gathered travel information for only one household member.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Person Level Model of Pharmaceutical Benefits"
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Schofield, Deborah, and n/a. "Modelling health care expenditure : a new microsimulation approach to simulating the distributional impact of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." University of Canberra. Information Sciences & Engineering, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.171802.
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In this thesis, a microsimulation model was developed using methods which
were intended to overcome the main criticism of earlier models developed in
Australia - that their estimation of the distribution of health benefits1 across
income groups was not accurate. To determine whether the new model �
called the Person Level Model of Pharmaceutical Benefits (PLM-PB) � was
more accurate, two typical means-based models were also built to replicate the
most commonly used methods in Australia.
A comparison of the results of the three models revealed that while they
produced comparable results at the aggregate when compared with
administrative data, the PLM-PB was much more accurate in capturing
distributional differences by beneficiary and medication type. The PLM-PB
also indicated that, as anticipated, PBS benefits were more pro-poor than earlier
means-based models had suggested. The PLM-PB had another important
advantage in that the method also captured the variation in the use of
medication and thus the subsidy received within sub-populations.
As the PLM-PB was found to be more accurate than the means-based model, a
multivariate analysis of the distribution of PBS subsidy across a number of
socio-economic groups was undertaken as an example application of the model.
It was found that health status (defined by number of recent illnesses) and
concession card type were most important in explaining the amount of PBS
subsidy received. This indicates that the distribution of PBS expenditure meets
the policy objectives of assisting those most in need, whether need is defined as
poor health or low income.
1 Benefits refer to expenditure as transfers from government to individuals rather than the general health
benefits of using medication.
Conference papers on the topic "Person Level Model of Pharmaceutical Benefits"
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Karamchetty, Somayajulu D. "Hierarchical Engineering Model of the Human Body." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66253.
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Engineers and scientists are able to understand and analyze the behavior of complex engineering systems in a wide range of critical technologies through hierarchical modeling followed by simulation of the model operation. This process results in a high fidelity integrated model as each level in the hierarchy is modeled in sufficient detail. The overall objective of this effort is to develop a sophisticated hierarchical model of the human body, followed by simulation of the model operation. In this initial research phase, the feasibility of the concept is explored and a framework for the model is described. A six-level model consisting of the whole body as a system, system of systems, organs, tissues, cells, and molecules is proposed and described. This paper explains that the human body is amenable to such hierarchical modeling and describes the benefits that can be achieved. The systems in the body deal with numerous processes: electrical, chemical, biochemical, energy conversion, transportation, pumping, sensing, communications, and so on. Control volume models for the organs in the body capture the mass and energy balance and chemical reactions. Tissue can be represented similar to structural components made of various biomaterials. Cells can be represented as a manufacturing and maintenance workforce assisted by molecular reactions. Following the representation of a healthy body, simulation runs by inserting faults and/or deficiencies in the operational parameters into the model could reveal the causes for specific diseases and illnesses. Such modeling and simulation will benefit medical, pharmaceutical, nutritional specialists, and engineers in designing, developing, and delivering products and services to enable humans to lead healthy lives.