Journal articles on the topic 'Person evacuation'
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1
Badrul, M. Kemal, and Yosritzal. "Comparing the evacuation speed through a ramp and a stair in a tsunami evacuation drill in Padang." E3S Web of Conferences 331 (2021): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202133107014.
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In a vertical evacuation, there are two types of a route that could be chosen namely a ramp and a stair. A ramp is usually used to help a disabled person with a wheelchair to reach the top of a shelter and a stair is used for normal persons. However, in an evacuation, speed is very important. Therefore, a comparison between the use of stairs and ramp in terms of evacuation speed to reach the top should be evaluated. This paper presents an evaluation of the evacuation speed using stairs and ramps by normal persons. The study found that evacuating using stairs is slightly faster than using a ramp.
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Zhang, Fuqing, Rebecca E. Morss, J. A. Sippel, T. K. Beckman, N. C. Clements, N. L. Hampshire, J. N. Harvey, et al. "An In-Person Survey Investigating Public Perceptions of and Responses to Hurricane Rita Forecasts along the Texas Coast." Weather and Forecasting 22, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 1177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007waf2006118.1.
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Abstract Hurricane Rita made landfall near the Texas–Louisiana border in September 2005, causing major damage and disruption. As Rita approached the Gulf Coast, uncertainties in the storm’s track and intensity forecasts, combined with the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, led to major evacuations along the Texas coast and significant traffic jams in the broader Houston area. This study investigates the societal impacts of Hurricane Rita and its forecasts through a face-to-face survey with 120 Texas Gulf Coast residents. The survey explored respondents’ evacuation decisions prior to Hurricane Rita, their perceptions of hurricane risk, and their use of and opinions on Hurricane Rita forecasts. The vast majority of respondents evacuated from Hurricane Rita, and more than half stated that Hurricane Katrina affected their evacuation decision. Although some respondents said that their primary reason for evacuating was local officials’ evacuation order, many reported using information about the hurricane to evaluate the risk it posed to them and their families. Despite the major traffic jams and the minor damage in many evacuated regions, most evacuees interviewed do not regret their decision to evacuate. The majority of respondents stated that they intend to evacuate for a future category 3 hurricane, but the majority would stay for a category 2 hurricane. Most respondents obtained forecasts from multiple sources and reported checking forecasts frequently. Despite the forecast uncertainties, the respondents had high confidence in and satisfaction with the forecasts of Rita provided by the National Hurricane Center.
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Jin, Lianghai, Mingzhang Xiang, Shu Chen, Xiazhong Zheng, Ruojun Yao, and Yangao Chen. "An Orderly Untangling Model against Arching Effect in Emergency Evacuation Based on Equilibrium Partition of Crowd." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2757939.
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To untangle the arching effect of a crowd as much as possible in emergency evacuations, we employ a theoretical model of equilibrium partition of crowd batch. Based on the shortest time arrangement of evacuation, the crowd is divided into appropriate batches according to the occupied time of evacuation channel in order to determine the occupant number of every evacuation passageway. The number of each batch crowd is calculated under the condition that the time of entering the evacuation passageway is equal to the time of crossing over the evacuation passageway. Subsequently, the shortest processing time (SPT) rule establishes the evacuation order of each batch. Taking a canteen of China Three Gorges University as a background, we obtain the waiting time from the first person to the last one entering the evacuation channel in every batch by simulation. This research utilizes data from simulations to observe an untangling process against the arching effect based on the SPT rule. More specifically, evacuation time only lasts for 180.1 s in order and is 1.6 s longer than that in disorder, but the arching effect disappears. Policy recommendations are offered to improve the evacuation scheme in disaster operations.
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Zając, Krzysztof, Maciej Sydor, and Beata Mrugalska. "QUALITY OF EMERGENCY STAIR TRAVEL DEVICES." Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 86 (June 26, 2023): 23–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7145.
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Emergency stair travel devices are designed to evacuate people from buildings and used duringinitial unguided spontaneous evacuations as well as by professional emergency services. Therequirements for evacuation chairs are varied: they are determined by the technical conditions ofthe building, by the specific way of operation of non-professional and professional operators, andon the other hand, they must take into account the specificity of evacuated people. The problemis to indicate the quality parameters of the evacuation chairs so that these chairs can be adaptedto the organization and equipment system. The article aims to indicate and justify such qualityparameters. The starting point was a quantitative analysis of scientific documents. It was foundthat there are only 33 scientific documents directly related to research on the evacuation of peoplewith physical disabilities. Based on the literature, the tested evacuated devices were classified intothree main types: hand-carried, tracked, and sled. Three groups of potential users of emergencystair travel devices have been identified: 1) non-professional rescuer, i.e., a person assisting inthe first spontaneous phase of evacuation; (2) professional rescuer, meaning a firefighter or otherprofessional who is physically fit and well versed in the operation of equipment and evacuationprocedures; this type of user usually appears in the second phase of the evacuation; (3) evacuee. Eachof these groups has specific needs and evaluates the quality of the device in different ways. Basedon the analysis of scientific literature, the following predictors of the quality of emergency stairtravel devices have been identified: average evacuation time(s), evacuation speed (m/s), numberof rescuers (pcs.), effort of rescuers (estimated oxygen consumption or pulse rate) and comfort ofthe person being rescued (estimated by pulse frequency or based on surveys). The expert analysispoints out that essential requirements for evacuation devices vary for different people and do notoverlap. For a person being evacuated, for example, the position of the body during evacuation isimportant, and from the point of view of rescuers, the ease of use, mobility and tolerance for errorsin use are important in case of evacuation. Both groups of rescuers have similar requirements, butthey have different priorities.
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Leonard, Ralph B. "Emergency Evacuations in Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 6, no. 4 (December 1991): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00038978.
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AbstractSome disasters produce circumstances that require the emergency removal of some or all of the citizens from a geographic area. Emergency or mass evacuation can be divided into immediate evacuation, in which the citizens are given no warning of their need to evacuate, and potential evacuation, in which citizens are given time (usually a day or two) to evacuate. The mass evacuation aspect of disaster planning frequently is neglected, but must be planned in detail. An essential ingredient of a plan is the designation of a person who has the authority to order an evacuation and that that person or an authorized alternate, is available instantly 24 hours a day. The plans should identify likely scenarios which could require emergency evacuation for a given community requiring, means of communicating with the citizens, evacuation routes, evacuation mechanisms, and shelter arrangements. All plans need to take into account human behavior during such a stressful situation.
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Li, Wei, Sen Li, Yeheng Wang, and Junying Yun. "Study on Personnel Detection Based on Retinex and YOLOv4 in Building Fire." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2185, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2185/1/012039.
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Abstract When a fire occurs in a building, the internal environment is full of dense smoke, which will greatly hinder the evacuation and rescue of the trapped persons. If the evacuation and rescue are not in time, the life safety of the trapped persons will be seriously threatened. In response to this problem, this paper proposes a method for quickly detecting trapped persons in building fires. This method uses a combination of multi-scale Retinex image sharpening algorithm and YOLOv4 person detection algorithm. First obtain the image information of the fire scene, use the multi-scale Retinex algorithm based on the Gaussian pyramid to perform the sharpening process, and then use the YOLOv4 model to perform the personnel detection on the sharpened fire scene image. The experimental results show that the confidence of image person detection after Retinex sharpening processing has been significantly improved.
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Ferris, Thomas, Erick Moreno-Centeno, Justin Yates, Kisuk Sung, Mahmoud El-Sherif, and David Matarrita-Cascante. "Studying the Usage of Social Media and Mobile Technology during Extreme Events and Their Implications for Evacuation Decisions: A Case Study of Hurricane Sandy." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 34, no. 2 (August 2016): 204–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400202.
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Mobile technology, and the changing composition and purpose of social networks enabled by mobile devices have begun to noticeably impact the way self-evacuees prepare for and execute evacuations. We surveyed residents of New Jersey after Hurricane Sandy with results showing the ubiquity of mobile technology and its usage stability across social groups. During evacuation periods, increases in the use of microblogging sites were observed suggesting the importance of technology in evacuation contexts. Though traditional communication (e.g., in-person and t.v./radio) maintained high influence in decision planning, individuals exhibited a higher likelihood to accept and use information obtained through social media and mobile networks than has previously been documented. Using a k-means clustering analysis, we classified users based on their reported use of mobile technology during Sandy. Results show five distinct classification sets with varying degrees of mobile technology ownership and usage, further highlighting a changing paradigm in evacuation behaviour spurred by mobile technology.
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Wirth, Ervin, and György Szabó. "Overlap-avoiding Tickmodel: an Agent- and GIS-Based Method for Evacuation Simulations." Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 62, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppci.10823.
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Evacuation simulation is a method to determine evacuation times for areas, buildings, or vessels. It is based on the simulation of crowd dynamics and pedestrian motion; in this paper, we investigated the evacuation characteristics with a new motion model. The motion model and modeling space were implemented in an agent-based environment. The model is simple and generally applicable, it navigates the agent towards the destinations (safe zones) in a mixed macro-micro approach. The simulations were tested in a geospatially modeled lecture hall of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME). The evacuation times and the panic rate were both estimated; a new way of measurement was applied for panic. Finally, conclusions were made on the person count ~ evacuation time and person count ~ panic rate relations. The paper introduces the key factors of this complex modeling phenomenon and demonstrates how to set up an agent-based evacuation model. The results can simulate the real phenomenon and constitute valuable assets for decision-making in public safety issues (architectural design, evacuation protocol, regulations of space).
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Pang, Edgar C. L., and Wan-Ki Chow. "Adequacy of Safe Egress Design Codes for Supertall Buildings." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0568.
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Emergency evacuation for supertall buildings with heights over 200 m require a very long time for occupants to travel down the buildings. Occupants might jam into protected lobbies and staircases, extending the waiting time. There is not yet any code requirement specifically for emergency evacuation in supertall buildings, which are criticized for using the same codes for buildings with normal heights. Further, the evacuation design for several existing supertall buildings does not even follow prescriptive fire-safety codes. The underlying problems have not yet been addressed by thorough studies. Evacuation in such tall buildings in Hong Kong will be studied in this paper. The assumptions made in the local prescriptive codes for safe egress will be justified. Three buildings with evacuation design complying with the local codes are considered as examples. A commercial building, a hotel, and a residential block in Hong Kong are taken as examples. The key design parameters in the local codes are for 40 people evacuating with a flow rate of 1.1 person/s through the staircase between typical floors. The evacuation time from each floor to the protected lobby is assumed to be within 5 min. The evacuation times in different scenarios with these assumptions are calculated. Such assumptions do not hold under a high occupant load. The total evacuation time would be extended significantly when the travelling flows of occupants are blocked in any of the evacuation routes. Different fire-safety management schemes with staged evacuation, such as assigning higher priorities to evacuate lower or upper floors first, are evaluated. The results observed for safe egress are then discussed.
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Song, Young-Joo, D.-ong-Gil Seo, Mi-Seon Kim, and Hak-Joong Kim. "A Study on the Improvement Plan of Performance-based Design of Officetels of Residential Structure." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.632835ea.
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This study aims to identify the effect of the occupant density, application of the evacuation delay time, and the degree of opening of the fire doors in the household, parameters that are used in the performance-based design of the officetels of a residential structure, on the evaluation of evacuation safety and to suggest realistic alternatives. To this end, a preliminary survey was conducted on the number and ratio of residential officetels among the performance-based design targets in Gwangju Metropolitan City, which were implemented up to December 2020. Following this, two representative examples were selected, and for each type, an occupant density of 9.3 m<sup>2</sup>/person and 18.6 m<sup>2</sup>/person and an evacuation delay time of W1 and W2 were applied. In addition, for the degree of opening of the fire doors, full opening, 1/4 opening, and leakage gap were applied. With these conditions, the evaluation of evacuation safety was performed for 32 cases. Results of the evaluation showed that evacuation safety was secured in all cases for an occupant density of 18.6 m<sup>2</sup>/person, an evacuation delay time of W2, and the application of a leakage gap to the opening of the fire door. Therefore, using the above mentioned three parameters for the performance-based design of officetels of residential structures, we have proposed a more realistic design method in this study.
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Shakhov, Stanislav, Stanislav Vinogradov, Evgeniy Rybka, Serhii Garbuz, and Kostiantyn Ostapov. "Features of determining the time of evacuation of people from buildings in case of fire." Problems of Emergency Situations, no. 38 (November 2023): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-4.
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The object of the study is the safe evacuation time of people in case of fire from a typical secondary education institution. The problem was solved, which consisted in the inconsistency of the quantitative assessment of «pre-evacuation time» set out in DSTU 8828:2019, which is regulated by the requirements of DBN B.2.5-56:2014, with today’s conditions, when determining the safe time of evacuation from buildings and structures. Thanks to the obtained results, features were revealed that fully determine the dependence of the relationship between the pre-evacuation time and warning systems on the example of a typical secondary education institution. The evacuation time was determined according to DSTU 8828:2019, taking into account the requirements of DBN B.2.5-56:2014. The total evacuation time from the building was 687 s. The time of blocking evacuation routes and evacuation exits by dangerous fire factors is determined. The results of the recorded temperature did not exceed 46 оC, the value of oxygen was not recorded lower than ≥0,226 kg/m3, the density of carbon monoxide was not more than ≤1,16•10-3 kg/m3 during the total evacuation time, which meets the requirements of fire safety. The results of the recorded visibility exceed the maximum permissible values. Thus, the path to evacuation exit № 1 using stairwell № 1 takes place through door № 7. Movement through this door lasts for 531 s, therefore, now when the last person passes through stairwell and door № 7, the visibility is already ≤6 m. Therefore, evacuation through stairwell № 1 is dangerous. In addition, the last person passes through the door of the evacuation exit № 1 for 550 s, where the visibility value is ≤9 m, which is also an excess of the maximum permissible values, according to the requirements.
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Sun, Yingying, Katsuya Yamori, and Seiji Kondo. "Single-person Drill for Tsunami Evacuation and Disaster Education." Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5595/idrim.2014.0080.
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Shoimah, Fadhilatus, Fadly Usman, and Septiana Hariyani. "Formulation of Framework for Evacuation of Tsunami Disaster after COVID-19 Pandemic on The South Coast of Watulimo, Trenggalek." TATALOKA 24, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.24.2.131-140.
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The research aims to identify and design the latest theory-based tsunami disaster evacuation after the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of temporary shelters and analysis of evacuation routes were used in research with scoring techniques and network analysis techniques. The conceptual framework related to tsunami disaster evacuation after the COVID-19 pandemic has been compiled in research and can be used as material for consideration to formulate government policies and determine contingency plans and operational plans that will be carried out in the event of a tsunami disaster following the COVID-19 pandemic. Parameters of temporary shelter variables that must be considered are building function, the number of floors, building capacity, road location, building area, distance from the beach, and building construction. The capacity of the temporary shelter before the COVID-19 pandemic was obtained from the building area divided by the minimum space requirement per person of 1.64 m2. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the minimum space requirement per person combined with a physical distance of 2 m, the total area required will be 6 m2/person. Meanwhile, the parameters of the evacuation route variables that must be considered are road width, travel time, road pavement conditions, and road class.
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Sianturi, R. S., A. Y. Koswara, and I. Elysiyah. "Recommending assembly points, evacuation routes, and standard operating procedures for potential flooding due to reservoir dam failures: a case study of Gondang Reservoir, Lamongan, East Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 778, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/778/1/012004.
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Abstract The failures of water-retaining structures, such as reservoirs and lakes, may cause massive flooding. Located in the Gondanglor village, Lamongan, East Java, the Gondang reservoir is approximately 30 years old. Currently, the village does not have an official evacuation Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), a guide needed during disaster emergency responses, including the risk of reservoir failures. The absence of the SOP means that the community members have not prepared themselves to face any hazard that threatens their safety. This research aims to recommend assembly points, evacuation routes, and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) as inputs for the preparedness of reservoir dam failures. Criteria used to determine the assembly point locations are the minimum space per person, accessibility of private vehicles, access to safer places, either a street or open space, minimum distance from buildings, accessibility of disaster response vehicles, safe from falls, and other hazards. The evacuation routes consider road networks and conditions, movement directions, and distance between starting and assembly points. The evacuation SOP focuses on communication flows. Community members and Gondang reservoir’s officers are interviewed, and studies related to evacuation procedures are reviewed to help accomplish the research aim. This study has successfully recommended assembly points, evacuation routes, and SOPs for evacuating villagers when the potential of Gondang reservoir failures is identified. Community members and village officers of Gondanglor were involved in the designing of assembly points, evacuation routes, and the SOP. The study has suggested five assembly points and the shortest possible routes to reach the points from varying locations in the village. SOP suggested communication flows during varying emergency stages, including the “Abnormal” (Level 1), “Alert” (Level 2), “Alert” (Level 3), or “Warning” (Level 4) status. The results are expected to increase the preparedness level of village members to reservoir dam failures.
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Szénay, Martin, and Martin Lopušniak. "Analysis of movement of persons with disabilities during evacuation by lift." Pollack Periodica 15, no. 1 (April 2020): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2020.15.1.20.
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Abstract Lifts are indispensable for the evacuation of mobility-impaired people from buildings in case of emergency. It is necessary to quantify the movement parameters of these people and describe the entire process using a suitable algorithm. The aim of the research was to quantify the times and speeds of movement for a person using a wheelchair and for an injured person. An experiment in situ was used. During the experiment, arrivals at the lift, cabin entries, and exits were monitored. The results include the times and speeds of a mobility-impaired person's movement. The experiments showed that a person using a wheelchair was slower than an injured person. The results can be used to expand computational models to account for the possibility of using lifts for evacuation.
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Song, Youngjoo, and Hakjoong Kim. "Occupant Load Factor Calculation in Neighborhood Living Facilities while Performance-Based Design." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 23, no. 6 (December 31, 2023): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2023.23.6.187.
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The criteria for calculating the occupant load factor are crucial for predicting the evacuation behavior of occupants during a fire, determining the size of the evacuation capacity, and significantly influencing the calculation of the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) during fire safety assessments. There are currently 11 categories for classifying safe evacuation area installation targets for neighborhood living facilities; eight of these categories allow for various numerical values to be applied. However, applying numerical values from a conservative perspective results in excessive designs with larger occupant loads. Therefore, to address this issue, this study conducted a theoretical review of occupant loads and investigated and analyzed relevant domestic and international regulations. Subsequently, one of the buildings subject to a performance-based design in City 00 was selected, and occupancy criteria were applied based on the purpose of the space. A safety assessment of the evacuation was performed. The results show that, evacuation safety was not ensured at the two exits when the occupant load factor was below 4.6 m<sup>2</sup>/person. However, when the occupant load factor was greater than 9.3 m<sup>2</sup>/person, evacuation safety is guaranteed at all exits. Through this analysis, this study aims to raise awareness of issues related to the criteria for calculating the maximum occupancy in neighborhood living facilities and the need for revisions.
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Gravit, Marina, Ekaterina Kirik, Egor Savchenko, Tatiana Vitova, and Daria Shabunina. "Simulation of Evacuation from Stadiums and Entertainment Arenas of Different Epochs on the Example of the Roman Colosseum and the Gazprom Arena." Fire 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5010020.
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Space-planning decisions of two sports and entertainment arenas with large crowds—the Roman Colosseum (Italy) and the modern Gazprom Arena stadium (St. Petersburg, Russia)— were analyzed to compare the flow of people during evacuation by simulation. It was shown that the space-planning decisions of the Colosseum seem more advantageous compared with the Gazprom Arena in calculation of evacuation time and evacuation organization process: the capacity of the stairs of the Colosseum with a width of 2.8 m is comparable with the capacity of the Gazprom Arena’s stairs (4 m). In the Colosseum the average specific flow is qaverage = 1.14 person/s/m, while in the Gazprom Arena the average specific flow is qaverage = 0.65 (with a march width of 2.6 m) and qaverage = 0.8 person/s/m (with a march width of 4 m). It was found that the Colosseum complies with current standards for on-time evacuation; while modern sports and entertainment arenas are currently designed with additional services, infrastructure, comfort and, in general, high commercialization. The antique arenas are currently being reborn and used for concerts and other public events, so the obtained results have practical significance.
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Li, Wenhui, Jinlong Zhu, Huiying Li, Qiong Wu, and Liang Zhang. "A Game Theory Based on Monte Carlo Analysis for Optimizing Evacuation Routing in Complex Scenes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/292093.
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With more complex structures and denser populations, congestion is a crucial factor in estimating evacuation clearance time. This paper presents a novel evacuation model that implements a game theory combining the greatest entropy optimization criterion with stochastic Monte Carlo methods to optimize the congestion problem and other features of emergency evacuation planning. We introduce the greatest entropy criterion for convergence to Nash equilibrium in then-person noncooperative game. The process of managing the conflict problem is divided into two steps. In the first step, we utilize Monte Carlo methods to evaluate the risk degree of each route. In the second step, we propose an improved method based on game theory, which obtains an optimal solution to guide the evacuation of all agents from the building.
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Fahy, Rita F. "How did People Respond and Evacuate in WTC Twin Towers in 2001?" Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0620.
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When the twin towers of theWorld Trade Center were attacked on September 11, 2001, thousands of people were able to evacuate the complex before the buildings collapsed. This paper describes the evacuation of the two towers, based on an analysis of first-person accounts that began to appear in the media immediately after the incident. In all, accounts from 435 survivors who were present in the towers at the time of the attack were reviewed. Using a questionnaire adapted from a study of an earlier evacuation of the towers in 1993, the accounts were ‘interviewed.’ Results of the analysis provided information on the location of occupants, their initial awareness of events, the conditions and obstacles they encountered during their evacuation and the time taken to evacuate. The evacuation is compared to events in 1993. Other studies of the evacuation in 2001 are described briefly.
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Avdeeva, Marina, Oleg Uzun, and Yulia Borodkina. "Simulation of the evacuation process at various economic facilities using the Anylogic software product." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 11031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017511031.
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The article deals with the problem of evacuation of people in case of emergency situations. Modeling of the process of evacuation of people from premises is quite new and one of the most promising tools for planning the organization of pedestrian flows in emergency situations, for predicting problems arising during the evacuation of people, and ultimately for saving human lives. The experimental model was developed using the AnyLogic simulation tool. An office space was chosen as the object of research, where the evacuation mode was simulated and the experiment was conducted. The average evacuation time of each person and the total exit time, as well as the intensity of the human flow at the entrance and exit of the building are calculated. A hypothesis about the influence of time of day on the duration of evacuation was put forward and proved. It is concluded that the built model provides the necessary information for predicting the fire situation in office premises and, as a result, the possibility of their elimination, as well as in agricultural planning and Economics.
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Ivanusa, Andriy. "Project of forming «culture and safety» of the airport." MATEC Web of Conferences 247 (2018): 00045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824700045.
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Using the method analysis of the systems and synthesis parameters that influence on the process evacuation of people were certain. Methodological principles are used in relation to the management of people streams on the basis of the use critical path method, where the optimization synthesis of evacuation route people is considered as a topological chart of technological line, and an evacuation way is broken on separate parts. By means of probabilistic method and optimization synthesis of flexible technological lines topological case of users of airport streams frames are worked out and sometimes the evacuation. Conducted analysis of existent mathematical models, that describe motion streams of people on the objects of their mass stay showed that the stream users of the airport mutated and him mathematical description requires the synthesis of a few mathematical models. The method calculation time of evacuation users of the airport in that person informative base drawn on results other undertaken experimental studies is accordingly offered.
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Rusinová, Marie, and Jiří Šlanhof. "The Issue of Escape Routes in the Setting up Additional Kindergarten in the Existing Elementary School Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.845.
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Specialization fire safety of buildings lays requirements which lead to prevention of loss of person ́s live or health. To enable evacuation of persons from burning building through escape ways belongs to the most important fire safety requirements. Fulfilment of requirements for escape ways can influence in special cases indoor environment and exterior appearance of the building. This fact is presented of the example two new classes of kindergarten located in 2nd floor of existing elementary school.
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Oh, Woi Sok, David J. Yu, and Rachata Muneepeerakul. "Efficiency-fairness trade-offs in evacuation management of urban floods: The effects of the shelter capacity and zone prioritization." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 22, 2021): e0253395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253395.
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With increasing flood risk, evacuation has become an important research topic in urban flood management. Urban flood evacuation is a complex problem due to i) the complex interactions among several components within a city and ii) the need to consider multiple, often competing, dimensions/objectives in evacuation analysis. In this study, we focused on the interplay between two such objectives: efficiency and fairness. We captured the evacuation process in a conceptual agent-based model (ABM), which was analyzed under different hard infrastructure and institutional arrangement conditions, namely, various shelter capacity distributions as a hard infrastructure property and simultaneous/staged evacuation as an institutional arrangement. Efficiency was measured as the time it takes for a person to evacuate to safety. Fairness was defined by how equally residents suffered from floods, and the level of suffering depended on the perceived risk and evacuation time. Our findings suggested that efficiency is more sensitive to the shelter capacity distribution, while fairness changes more notably according to the evacuation priority assigned to the divided zones in staged evacuation. Simultaneous evacuation generally tended to be more efficient but unfairer than staged evacuation. The efficiency-fairness trade-off was captured by Pareto-optimal strategies, among which uniform capacity cases led to a higher efficiency while prioritizing high-risk residents increases fairness. Strategies balancing efficiency and fairness featured a uniform capacity and prioritized high-risk residents at an intermediate time delay. These findings more clearly exposed the interactions between different factors and could be adopted as benchmarks to inform more complicated evacuation ABMs.
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Alattas, A., P. van Oosterom, S. Zlatanova, D. Hoeneveld, and E. Verbree. "USING THE COMBINED LADM-INDOORGML MODEL TO SUPPORT BUIILDING EVACUATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-11-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> During an incident, many people that are located in indoor environments require to follow emergency evacuation procedures. The ‘emergency evacuation’ term has been defined as ‘a critical movement of people from a dangerous area due to the risk or an incident of a tragic event’ (Bonabeau, 2002). An emergency evacuation could be needed in a life or death situation, regardless if it begins with a natural non-intended incident or a terrorist attack. Many researchers have studied the behaviour of the people during the evacuation because of several incidents with panic attacks that have led to injuries including death of people being crushed or trampled down by others. In crisis situation, the perception of the indoor environment, which differs from person to person, play a critical role in the evacuation. Also, the access rights of the indoor spaces are different from those rights (and restrictions) during normal times. They may positively impact the movements of the people during the evacuation by providing suggestions for shorter/better route. This paper addresses the impact of the access rights of the indoor spaces during an emergency evacuation. We employ the conceptual model of LADM-IndoorGML that defines the accessibility of the indoor spaces based on the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities of the user of the indoor space. The access rights of the indoor spaces are affected by the crisis event and this needs to be modelled explicitly (and before crisis situation). Actually, the rights/restrictions persons have on spaces is time dependent: normal operation hours, outside normal operation hours (e.g. during night time in case of a University building) or during crisis times. These actual/valid rights and restrictions affect the movement/accessibility of the users to reach the nearest emergency exits or the safe zone. For this reason, different scenarios have to be developed to study the impact of the accessibilities for different types of users. In this paper we will present the 3D model of an educational building that was built for the purpose of evacuation study. The 3D model is supported by real data for all spaces from the facility management department such as information on departments, sections, groups of users (visitors, employees, and students), and public/private spaces, etc. and a real evacuation exercise. We consider it extremely important to develop our information model based on international standards (LADM/ISO<span class="thinspace"></span>19152, OGC<span class="thinspace"></span>IndoorGML, ISO<span class="thinspace"></span>19141, ISO<span class="thinspace"></span>19107) as we expect that this information will be part of the future ‘building infrastructure’ and applications all over the world can understand and use this data when entering or leaving a certain building both during normal and crisis situations. Different types of applications are anticipated to be based on this information model; e.g. mobile indoor routing app (for normal building users and Emergency Response Team members), crisis evacuation desktop application for command centre, etc.</p>
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Lin, Ciyun, and Bowen Gong. "Transit-Based Emergency Evacuation with Transit Signal Priority in Sudden-Onset Disaster." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3625342.
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This study presents methods of transit signal priority without transit-only lanes for a transit-based emergency evacuation in a sudden-onset disaster. Arterial priority signal coordination is optimized when a traffic signal control system provides priority signals for transit vehicles along an evacuation route. Transit signal priority is determined by “transit vehicle arrival time estimation,” “queuing vehicle dissipation time estimation,” “traffic signal status estimation,” “transit signal optimization,” and “arterial traffic signal coordination for transit vehicle in evacuation route.” It takes advantage of the large capacities of transit vehicles, reduces the evacuation time, and evacuates as many evacuees as possible. The proposed methods were tested on a simulation platform with Paramics V6.0. To evaluate and compare the performance of transit signal priority, three scenarios were simulated in the simulator. The results indicate that the methods of this study can reduce the travel times of transit vehicles along an evacuation route by 13% and 10%, improve the standard deviation of travel time by 16% and 46%, and decrease the average person delay at a signalized intersection by 22% and 17% when the traffic flow saturation along an evacuation route is0.8<V/C≤1.0andV/C>1.0, respectively.
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Tian, Xiaoyong, Hongjun Cui, and Minqing Zhu. "Improved social force model for rescue action during evacuation." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 25 (July 9, 2020): 2050273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920502735.
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There often exist behaviors of moving against the main direction of evacuation in order to rescue or find the important missing people in real situations. However, the traditional social force model (SFM) often lacks consideration of such “counter flow”. Motivated by this, we improve the traditional SFM to study the counter flow and its influence on evacuation out of multi-exit rooms. We call the person to be rescued “superior” and the rescuers “subordinate”. Two different rescue situations are proposed: superior waiting in place (case 1) and superior moving towards the exit (case 2). The results show that the counter flow will always reduce the evacuation efficiency to a certain extent, and the evacuation efficiency of case 1 is lower than that of case 2. At the same time, for these two cases, increasing the number of rescuers increases the evacuation time. We also find that the existence of counter flow can enlarge the effect of “faster-is-slower”, while increasing the number of exports can significantly improve the rescue efficiency. We hope that this result can help to improve the efficiency of emergency evacuation with rescue.
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Khalid, Qasim, Alberto Fernandez, Marin Lujak, and Arnaud Doniec. "SBEO: Smart Building Evacuation Ontology." Computer Science and Information Systems, no. 00 (2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis220118046k.
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Semantically rich depiction of the concepts for context-aware indoor routing brings appealing benefits for the safety of occupants of smart spaces in emergency evacuation. In this paper, we propose Smart Building Evacuation Ontology (SBEO3), a reusable ontology for indoor spaces, based on three different data models: user, building, and context. We provide a common representation of indoor routing and navigation, describe users? characteristics and preferences, grouping of individuals and their role in a specific context, hazards, and emergency evacuation. Among other characteristics, we consider abilities of individuals, safety and accessibility of spaces related to each person, intensity, impact, and severity of an emergency event or activity. SBEO is flexible and compatible with other ontologies of its domain, including SEAS, SSN/SOSA, SEMA4A, and empathi. We evaluate SBEO based on several metrics demonstrating that it addresses the information needs for the context-aware route recommendation system for emergency evacuation in indoor spaces. In the end, a simulation-based application example exploits SBEO using Context-Aware Emergency Evacuation Software (CAREE).
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Bakulenko, E. A., and A. P. Parfenenko. "PROBLEMS OF DESIGNING SAFETY ZONES FOR PEOPLE WITH LIMITED MOBILITY." Engineering and Construction Bulletin of the Caspian Region 112 (2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52684/2312-3702-2021-36-2-103-108.
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The article discusses the regulatory requirements for security zones, especially for the calculation of its area. Using the example of the Three Sisters rehabilitation center, located in the Moscow region, the actual required area of the security zone required for one person of the M4 population with limited mobility is considered. The number of patients with reduced mobility in rehabilitation insti-tutions exceeds at least twice. The evacuation of the M1-M3 mobility groups is considered via stairwells directly to the outside. Fullscale observations of the evacuation of people along horizontal paths to the safety zones were carried out to establish the evacuation time and the capacity of the safety zones. In the Pathfinder software product, a three-dimensional computer model of the buildings of the protection object was developed, taking into account the data obtained from field observations to assess the safe evacuation of people.
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Karyo, Karyo, Suhartono Suhartono, Kusno Ferianto, Moh Ubaidillah Faqih, and Subianto Subianto. "Pengaruh Pelatihan P3K Terhadap Kemampuan Evakuasi Korban Kecelakaan pada Petugas Parkir." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/jharma.v4i1.3152.
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Evacuation is the transfer of a person or occupant from a dangerous place to a safer place. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of First Aid Training on the Evacuation Ability of Accident Victims in Parking Officers in Tuban District. To find out the effect of first aid training on the possibility of accident victims at parking attendants in Tuban District. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah Pra-Eksperimental (one-group pre-post test design). Cara pengambilan sampel menggunakan simple random sampling, dengan jumlah 19 responden. Instrumen yang digunakan SOP dan lembar observasi. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Wilcoxon. There is an Effect of First Aid Training on Victim Evacuation Ability Accident to Parking Officers in Tuban District.
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Hussain, Norhaida, Cheah Wai Shiang, Seng Loke, and Muhammad Asyraf bin Khairuddin. "A Multi-Agent Simulation Evacuation Model Using The Social Force Model: A Large Room Simulation Study." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 6, no. 1-2 (May 29, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.6.1-2.929.
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Research on evacuation simulation has received significant attention over the past few decades. Disasters, whether they were caused by nature or by humans, which claimed lives were also the impetus for the establishment of various evacuation studies. Numerous research points to the possibility of simulating an evacuation utilizing the Social Force Model (SFM) and a leading person or leader, but without using the multi-agent architecture. Within the scope of this article, the multi-agent architecture for crowd steering that we suggest will be investigated. The architecture will utilize a model known as the Social Force Model to figure out how evacuees will move around the area. After this step, the model is simulated in NetLogo to determine whether the architecture can model the evacuation scenario. A simulation test is carried out for us to investigate the degree to which the behavior of the original SFM and the message-passing model is comparable to one another. The result demonstrates that the proposed architecture can simulate the evacuation of pedestrians. In addition, the simulation model can simulate utilizing the grouping strategy as well as the no grouping technique. The findings also showed that the model can capture many evacuation patterns, such as an arch-shaped pattern at the opening of the exit.
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Velásquez, Washington, Manuel S. Alvarez-Alvarado, Andres Munoz-Arcentales, Sonsoles López-Pernas, and Joaquín Salvachúa. "Body Mass Index in Human Gait for Building Risk Assessment Using Graph Theory." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102899.
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This article presents a comprehensive study of human physiology to determine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on human gait. The approach followed in this study consists of a mathematical model based on the centre of mass of the human body, the inertia of a person in motion and the human gait speed. Moreover, the study includes the representation of a building using graph theory and emulates the presence of a person inside the building when an emergency takes place. The optimal evacuation route is obtained using the breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm, and the evacuation time prediction is calculated using a Gaussian process model. Then, the risk of the building is quantified by using a non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation. The results open up a new horizon for developing a more realistic model for the assessment of civil safety.
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Pekhotikov, A. V., R. A. Ivashchuk, A. V. Gomozov, and S. A. Luchkin. "Analyzing the influence of the fire resistance of building structures on human safety in case of a fire." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 31, no. 3 (July 24, 2022): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.03.84-95.
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Introduction. Methodological provisions must be developed to evaluate the impact of the fire resistance factor of building structures on human safety during evacuation and rescue with account taken of the composition andfunctional characteristics of other fire safety systems to formulate modern regulatory requirements for the fire resistance of building structures under fire conditions, develop science-based solutions for the fire safety of buildings and structures in case of forced deviations from the fire resistance requirements set in regulatory documents, and justify the construction of buildings and structures, based on modern structural systems, having non-standard fire resistance limits, etc.The purpose of the article is to develop general methodological provisions and mathematical relationships that allow evaluating the impact of the fire resistance limits of building structures both on safe evacuation and safe rescue from buildings.Methods. Analytical and mathematical methods are used to evaluate the combined effect of changes in the fire hazard arising along the evacuation routes, in a room with a person waiting to be rescued by fire departments, as well as along the routes taken by fire departments carrying this person out, in combination with the evaluated time span needed for the structure to lose its fire resistance. The value of this time span is used to identify the time available for the safe evacuation and rescue of people.Results. Theoretical provisions have been developed to take into account the influence of the fire resistance factor of building constructions on the safety of people in a building in case of a fire.Conclusions. The research findings were contributed to the general methodological provisions and mathematical relationships needed to determine the quantitative relationships between the extent of fire resistance of a building, fire resistance limits of building structures, the time of arrival of fire departments, types of fire alarm and evacuation control systems, and the possibility of safe evacuation and rescue of people from a building.
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Lagozin, A. Yu, Ju N. Shebeko, P. A. Leonchuk, B. A. Klementiev, and D. A. Samoshin. "Experimental Study of the Processes of Evacuation and Rescue of People in Case of Fire from the Pipe Rack of the Technological Line of the Gas Processing Plant." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 6 (June 2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-69-74.
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To meet the requirements of Federal Law № 123-FZ dated July 22, 2008 «Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements», it is required to determine the estimated time of people evacuation and rescue from the hazardous production facility. To solve this problem, an experimental study of the processes of people evacuation and rescue from the structure of the real gas processing plant was conducted. Evacuation and rescue were carried out from the sections of the pipe rack most remote from the exits from it. The ways for the evacuation and rescue included both horizontal parts and stairs. Rescue was carried out using special stretchers, in which there was a dummy imitating an injured person. The time of evacuation and rescue was determined when moving both down and up, which can take place at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry. The time of movement in different sections was determined by the stopwatches. Based on the measured time and the parameters of the sections along which the movement took place, the movement speeds during evacuation and rescue were found. The evacuation experiments involved untrained people, while the rescue experiments involved professional rescuers. The average movement speeds in the evacuation simulation were as follows: down the stair — 100 m/min, up — 44 m/min, along the horizontal section — 193 m/min. The average movement speeds with a victim during the simulation of rescue were the following: down the stair —22 m/min, up —16 m/min, along the horizontal path — 102 m/min.
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BAIRD, J. K., H. BASRI, P. WEINA, J. D. MAGUIRE, M. J. BARCUS, H. PICAREMA, I. R. F. ELYAZAR, E. AYOMI, and SEKARTUTI. "Adult Javanese migrants to Indonesian Papua at high risk of severe disease caused by malaria." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 1 (August 2003): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008422.
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Migrants from Java arrive in hyperendemic Papua, Indonesia lacking exposure to endemic malaria. We evaluated records of evacuation to hospital with a diagnosis of severe malaria from a transmigration village in northeastern Papua. During the first 30 months, 198 residents with severe disease were evacuated (7·5 evacuations/100 person-years). During this period the risk of evacuation for adults (>15 years of age) was 2·8. (95% CI=2·1–3·8; P<0·0001) relative to children, despite apparently equal exposure to risk of infection. Relative risk (RR) for adults was greatest during the first 6 months (RR>16; 95% CI[ges ]2·0–129; P=0·0009), and diminished during the second 6 months (RR=9·4; 95% CI=2·7–32·8; P<0·0001) and the third 6 months (RR=3·7; 95% CI=1·7–7·9; P=0·0004). During the next two 6-month intervals, the RR for adults was 1·6 and 1·5 (95% CI range 0·8–2·6; P<0·18). Adults lacking chronic exposure were far more likely to progress to severe disease compared to children during initial exposure, but not after chronic exposure to infection.
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Taber, Michael John, Stephen Sayle, and Joel Carrol. "The impact of personal protective equipment and breathing apparatus on offshore lifeboat evacuation time." Occupational Ergonomics 10, no. 4 (September 26, 2012): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2012-0202.
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A primary objective of this study was to determine if the 15 minutes of air contained in an emergency breathing apparatus afforded sufficient time to carry out an evacuation from an offshore installation in the event of an uncontrolled hydrogen sulfide (H2S) release. Twenty-four male and 12 female volunteers performed relevant evacuation skills during a simulated evacuation into a 36-person lifeboat. An observational analysis and subjective ratings of difficulty were used to determine potential ergonomic and safety issues. Results indicate that even under the worst-case scenario, all personnel would be able to safely evacuate to the lifeboat and abandon the installation given similar conditions used during this study. It was noted however, that ergonomic improvements to the design of the personal protective and safety equipment could improve usability, thus decrease abandonment times.
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Rowley, MIA, MHS, Elizabeth A., Byron L. Crape, PhD, and Gilbert M. Burnham, MD, PhD. "Violence-related mortality and morbidity of humanitarian workers." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2008.0005.
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Objectives: (1) To determine the rate of violencerelated deaths, medical evacuations, and hospitalizations occurring to national and expatriate staff of participating humanitarian organizations; (2) to describe the distribution of all-cause and causespecific mortality and morbidity of humanitarian workers with regard to possible risk factors.Design: Surveillance study of field-based humanitarian workers; data were regularly collected from headquarters of participating organizations via e-mail and telephone between September 2002 and December 2005.Participants: Eighteen humanitarian organizations reported on any death, medical evacuation, or hospitalization of any national or expatriate staff, for any cause, in any field location during the study period.Interventions: None.Main Outcome Measures: Risk of violencerelated events was calculated as the number of deaths, medical evacuations, and hospitalizations during the study period divided by the total number of field staff for organizations that had staff in those countries where events occurred to the staff of any participating organization. Distribution descriptions are presented as simple proportions.Results: Risk of violence-related deaths, medical evacuations, and hospitalizations was six per 10,000 aid worker person-years.Fifty percent of intentional violence cases were lethal. Intentional violence accounted for 55 percent of all deaths reported, followed by coincidental illness (27 percent) and accidents (15 percent).Conclusions: Aid worker deaths in this group were more frequently caused by intentional violence than either accidents or coincidental illness.The rate of six intentional violence events per 10,000 person-years can be used as a baseline by which to track changes in risk over time.
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Sharma, Sharad, Sri Teja Bodempudi, and David Scribner. "Identifying Anomalous Behavior in a Building Using HoloLens for Emergency Response." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 13 (January 26, 2020): 224–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.13.ervr-224.
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During emergencies communicating in multi-level built environment becomes challenging because architectural complexity can create problems with visual and mental representation of 3D space. Our Hololens application gives a visual representation of a building on campus in 3D space, allowing people to see where exits are in the building as well as creating alerts for anomalous behavior for emergency response such as active shooter, fire, and smoke. It also gives path to the various exits; shortest path to the exits as well as directions to a safe zone from their current position. The augmented reality (AR) application was developed in Unity 3D for Microsoft HoloLens and also is deployed on tablets and smartphones. It is a fast and robust marker detection technique inspired by the use of Vuforia AR library. Our aim is to enhance the evacuation process by ensuring that all building patrons know all of the building exits and how to get to them, which improves evacuation time and eradicates the injuries and fatalities occurring during indoor crises such as building fires and active shooter events. We have incorporated existing permanent features in the building as markers for the AR application to trigger the floor plan and subsequent location of the person in the building. This work also describes the system architecture as well as the design and implementation of this AR application to leverage HoloLens for building evacuation purposes. We believe that AR technologies like HoloLens could be adopted for all building evacuating strategies during emergencies as it offers a more enriched experience in navigating large-scale environments.
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Shklyaev, A. E., K. V. Maksimov, and K. E. Panteleev. "Magnetic resonance imaging with a stress drinking test as a method of assessing the evacuation function of the stomach." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 11 (January 23, 2023): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-207-11-110-116.
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Aim: to study opportunity of research the evacuation function of the stomach in young people by magnetic resonance imaging with a stress drinking test. Materials and methods: the study group included 20 young people (10 men and 10 women aged 23 ± 1,12 years). At the time of the study, each test person excluded organic and functional pathologies of the gastroduodenal zone. A method of magnetic resonance imaging of the stomach with a stress drinking test (still drinking water at room temperature with a volume of 1000.0 ml) was used. The examination lasted 30 minutes, scanning was carried out every 5 minutes, a total of 7 scans. Based on the obtained three-dimensional images of the DICOM format using the HorosMobile™ application (DICOM medical image viewer), the volumes of fluid in the stomach in dynamics were calculated for each test person in the study group according to the time intervals of the scans performed by the magnetic resonance imaging machine. Systematization and data processing were carried out a Microsoft Excel. A single graph was built for the study group in the Pages graphical editor (iWork productivity suite) based on the obtained data, reflecting the reference volumes of gastric contents relative to the time scale with possible deviations from the average. Results: regardless of the type of physique and shape of the stomach in the studied subjects, the evacuation of a larger volume of fluid (81,53-82,54%) occurred by the 15th minute of the study. Complete evacuation of gastric contents occurs between 25 and 30 minutes of the study. Conclusions: the results obtained by MRI studies of the stomach with a stress drinking test give an idea of the options for normal physiological evacuation of gastric contents in young people, in the absence of organic and functional pathology of the gastroduodenal zone.
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Madhavan, Girish K., Philip Issac, Balakrishnan P. Kunjan, Ajax John, and Tom Jose. "Management of spontaneous intra parenchymal hematomas: a cohort study." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20212702.
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Background: Management of intra parenchymal hematoma is a dilemma for neuroscientists, still a life-threatening entity which needs multidisciplinary approach.13% of all strokes constitutes hemorrhagic. Mortality and morbidity of patients depends on the status of initial presentation. Prognosis of the surgeries may vary from person to person and according to the comorbidities. The aim of the study was to determine effectiveness of decompressive craniectomy (DC) with hematoma evacuation in reducing the mortality.Methods: Patients with spontaneous intra parenchymal hematomas were selected and those having herniation syndrome were considered for surgery. Patients were evaluated after 30 days and 6 months and mortality was calculated.Results: 126 patients were selected for surgery, in that 102 patients underwent DC with hematoma evacuation and 24 patients who were not willing for surgery were considered as control group. Mortality of patients at 30 days of surgical group was 19.6% and 58.3% respectively, while 6 months mortality was 31.3% and 70.8% for surgical and control group.Conclusions: Surgical intervention can effectively reduce the mortality in spontaneous intra parenchymal hematomas.
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Kalachin, S. V. "Predicting the Spread of Panic among People when Evacuating a Building during a Fire." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-10-77-82.
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The possibilities of modern technologies for predicting the spread of panic among people when evacuating a building during a fire are considered. The analysis of well-known studies is presented, which showed that in view of the extreme importance and social danger of panic, studying the mechanism of its development is an important scientific task. It is aimed at solving one of the main fire safety tasks — ensuring safe evacuation of people from the building during a fire. It is established that susceptibility to panic situations primarily depends on the type of temperament of a person. Guided by this, general principles were developed for constructing the methodology of predicting the spread of panic among people when evacuating a building during a fire. It is established that the main method for studying the mechanism of panic development — simulation modeling. It allows to work with a large number of components, and be more realistic, as well as reproduce various scenarios of development without endangering people. Based on the AnyLogic simulator, a simulation system-dynamic model of human temperament was developed, which allows determining quantitative values of parameters characterizing the wave of panic spread among people in case of fire in the building. The combinatorics model was developed for predicting all the likely scenarios of the spread of panic. The results of a computational experiment compiled based on the results of simulation modeling and combinatorics are analyzed. The most dangerous scenario was identified, characterized by the maximum rate of spread of panic among people when evacuating a building during a fire. The results of study can be used to clarify the methodology for calculating the time of evacuation of people from a building in case of fire, as well as to assess the efficiency of the application of existing fire safety measures.
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Didar, Niloofar, and Maghsoud Abbaspour. "Integrated Evacuation and Rescue Management System in Response to Fire Incidents." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 8, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2023.8.1.2946.
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Indoor evacuation and rescue systems are necessary for responding to unexpected events. In the event of fire incidents, finding a proper evacuation route planning for impacted people as an immediate response and a real-time rescue planning for the trapped people is challenging. Several approaches are developed to provide an evacuation or rescue system by integrating building data and BIM models. However, none of them took the issues of both evacuation and rescue into account, and the provided solutions are not properly aware of dynamic environmental change variables derived from remotely sensed data. In this research, an evacuation and rescue management system is designed based on the integration of dynamic data of fire progress, people status, and routing data. This system consists of two stages: dynamic evacuation and dynamic rescue with priority assessment. First, the environmental data is gathered and integrated with the static building data. Then, leveraging a risk assessment method, the level of rout safety is evaluated and a dynamic risk-aware rout planning is generated for each person to evacuate safely and fast. Finally, in the rescue stage, rescuers are assigned to the trapped people using a priority assessment method so that the success rate of rescue operation increases. The same rout risk assessment is used to develop route planning for rescue team to ensure their safety. A system framework and architecture is proposed as a reference for emergency response systems and the system is evaluated over two state of art baselines under several scenarios in AnyLogic. The results demonstrates that dynamic evacuation and rescue with priority assessment approach helps to save more people, reduce total time, lower the risk of human injury and efficiently assigns relief resources to the trapped users.
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Sun, Yingying, and Katsuya Yamori. "Risk Management and Technology: Case Studies of Tsunami Evacuation Drills in Japan." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 2982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10092982.
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Evacuation drills have been developed as part of many risk management programs. However, very few studies have paid attention to the process of evacuation drills. This study employs action research to examine a tsunami risk management strategy called the single-person drill, and applies new technologies in presenting related outcomes presented as multiscreen movies. The drill targets vulnerable people (i.e., older adults), during which a single evacuee moves to a shelter with the aid of a Global Positioning System (GPS) device. Evacuation routes, destination, and duration were used as parameters in an agent-based evacuation simulation shown on movies. The drill has been conducted 58 times in a coastal community (Okitsu, Kochi Prefecture), and 59 multiscreen movies were produced. An analysis of the effectiveness of the drill and related movies was done by collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Results showed that, with a total of 163 respondents of a semistructured interview, 70.0% of residents were familiar with the drill, and 22.0% wanted to try it. The drill helped elderly people to improve self-efficacy in tsunami risk management, and generated two-way risk communication between experts and participants. This paper contributes new insights into understanding the importance of technology in tsunami risk management.
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Pankratov, Alexander, Valentina Komyak, Kyazimov Tahir oglu Kyazim, Vladimir Komyak, Olexandr Tarasenko, Oleksiy Antoshkin, Iurii Mishcheriakov, and Mykhailo Dolhodush. "Building a model and an algorithm for modeling the movement of people carrying goods when they are evacuated from premises." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 4 (111) (June 29, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.233916.
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Evacuation is often the only way to save a person who is in a life-threatening situation. At present, evacuation software is used to simulate the movement of human flows, which does not always reflect the real processes of their movement. Therefore, it is a relevant task to build models for modeling the movement of human flows for different types of emergencies, different categories of human movement, and various spatial forms of their representation. Such a task arises when evacuating people from premises for various functional purposes. During evacuation, people often carry some goods. When people move carrying some goods, their horizontal projection takes a more complex shape than an ellipse or circle considered in earlier studies. Moreover, in practice, there is often a task to model the movement of people taking into consideration the maximum permissible distances between them. This paper reports the new quasi-phi functions of interaction between the ellipse and rectangle accounting for the maximum allowable distances between them. The proposed mathematical apparatus has made it possible to formalize the interaction between objects, thereby enabling the construction of a well-substantiated mathematical model, as well as the methods and algorithms for modeling the movement of people carrying some goods. The possibility to simulate the movement of people with certain objects has shown taking into consideration the maximum permissible distances between them. A test example of the movement of people along four corridors was simulated, in each of which there were 28 people subsequently merging into one flow. Given the uniform distribution of three types of cargo: «backpacks», «suitcases», and «bags on wheels», the movement slowed down by about 4 %. When half of the evacuees had «bags on wheels» that can move away from people at arm’s length, the slowdown was about 6 %.
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Cheng, Cheng-Chung, Hung-Chieh Chung, Nobuyoshi Kawabata, Miho Seike, Masato Hasegawa, Shen-Wen Chien, and Tzu-Sheng Shen. "Walking Speed in a Motorbike Lane Considering the Density of Evacuees and Motorbikes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 12580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412580.
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In countries with a high motorbike utilization rate, road tunnels can feature motorbike lanes, bringing an additional risk to evacuation from tunnels during a fire or emergency. To better understand the walking speed in motorbike lanes to enhance risk assessment in tunnels, in the present study, we conducted evacuation experiments to investigate the influence of motorbike and evacuee density on the walking speed of motorbike users. According to the experimental results, the walking speed was slightly reduced even when the evacuee density was relatively lower (around 0.1 person/m2). To further analyze the influence of motorbikes in the lane, the walking speed decreased significantly with the increase in motorbike density. The decrease in walking speed presented an exponential relationship with evacuee and motorbike density. Considering this exponential relationship, nonlinear regression was applied to estimate the parameters of the walking speed model. The proposed model consisting of the evacuee density, motorbike density, and free walking speed as variables can serve as an approach to describe the walking speed of motorbike lane evacuation in tunnels.
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Kim, Hyuncheol, Jaeho Han, and Soonhung Han. "Analysis of evacuation simulation considering crowd density and the effect of a fallen person." Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 10, no. 12 (January 21, 2019): 4869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01184-7.
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Tymchuk, O., and E. Midoian. "EVACUATION ROUTE PLANNING MODEL BASED ON THE FUZZY ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM." Energy and automation 2023, no. 3 (2023): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya3(67).2023.132.
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The construction of evacuation routes from urban areas has become an urgent task in the modern world, as the number of emergencies is constantly increasing. Standard route planning algorithms do not meet the requirements of fast and efficient evacuation because they do not fully consider the environmental parameters and have a high computational complexity, and erroneous results can have critical consequences, including loss of life. The paper proposes a model of finding an optimal evacuation route in emergencies in urban areas based on a modified ant colony optimization algorithm: an ant (a person or a vehicle) is allowed to start moving from several possible vertices of the graph, as well as to end the route at several available vertices. It is connected with the fact that there are usually multiple evacuation start points and destinations. The transitions matrix is built using additional parameters, the uncertainty of which is taken into account using the methods of computing with words and the theory of type-2 fuzzy sets and systems. For modeling, in the paper such additional parameters as the quality of the road surface, the number of road lanes, the level of traffic jams, and the distance to the epicenter of the emergency were used. The proposed model was implemented and applied in one of the quarter of Kyiv.
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Faroqi, H., and M. S. Mesgari. "AGENT-BASED CROWD SIMULATION CONSIDERING EMOTION CONTAGION FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROBLEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 11, 2015): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-193-2015.
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During emergencies, emotions greatly affect human behaviour. For more realistic multi-agent systems in simulations of emergency evacuations, it is important to incorporate emotions and their effects on the agents. In few words, emotional contagion is a process in which a person or group influences the emotions or behavior of another person or group through the conscious or unconscious induction of emotion states and behavioral attitudes. In this study, we simulate an emergency situation in an open square area with three exits considering Adults and Children agents with different behavior. Also, Security agents are considered in order to guide Adults and Children for finding the exits and be calm. Six levels of emotion levels are considered for each agent in different scenarios and situations. The agent-based simulated model initialize with the random scattering of agent populations and then when an alarm occurs, each agent react to the situation based on its and neighbors current circumstances. The main goal of each agent is firstly to find the exit, and then help other agents to find their ways. Numbers of exited agents along with their emotion levels and damaged agents are compared in different scenarios with different initialization in order to evaluate the achieved results of the simulated model. NetLogo 5.2 is used as the multi-agent simulation framework with R language as the developing language.
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Won, Jong Seok, Sang Gyoon Kim, and Dae Yoo Go. "A Study on Improving Safety Consciousness for Managers and Visitors of Publicly Used Establishments in Seoul." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2022.18.1.99.
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Publicly Used Establishments(PUE) are crowded by an unspecified number of people. The event of an accident such as a fire can cause great damage to life and property in PUE. The most important point is to strengthen the safety consciousness and increase evacuation capability of managers and visitors in PUE. This is because the primary responsibility for the initial response to a fire lies with the person concerned. Previous studies focused on managers of PUE, and few studies have diagnosed the actual situation for visitors. Therefore, we selected 200 managers and 300 visitors as the subjects of our study. we surveyed their recognitions and experiences. The research contents in this study are as follows. First, by reviewing the literatures related to safety culture, we divided them into three elements(experience and awareness, knowledge and competence, physical and institutional environment), and designed measurement tools. Second, we surveyed safey consciousness and diagnosed evacuation capability. Third, we derived the main implications from the survey and the diagnosis, and compared the difference in perception between managers and visitors. Finally, we proposed policies on improving safety consciousness for managers and visitiors of PUE in terms of evacuation capability.
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Rajan, K. S. "MODELLING EVACUATION STRATEGIES UNDER DYNAMIC CONDITIONS DUE TO OBSTACLE LOCATIONS BASED ON A SEMANTIC 3D BUILDING MODELS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W2-2023 (December 13, 2023): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w2-2023-671-2023.
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Abstract. The evacuation path from inside a building to safe point outside becomes highly unpredictable due to changes in the local geometry or presence of obstacles during a disaster like a fire. During emergencies, Evacuees need appropriate information and hence prediction of an unobstructed path, as it emerges, needs to be computed well. Understanding the exits with its allowable people flow rate; the type - door or alternative exit such as windows, balconies, etc.; and its role as a node in the graph network is important to ensure safe and timely evacuation from a building. The study here evaluates how obstacles present in the evacuation route affect the removal of the last person. These obstacles, such as furniture, decrease the flow rate at which evacuees can escape. A subspace model is proposed for geometric spaces or carpet areas containing obstacles and is used to compute the shortest obstacle-free paths. The occupancy is considered within the subspaces containing obstacles. The proposed method clearly shows that a graph-based path generation using a subspace model improves the computation time, can be dynamically adapted, and can be scalable across geometric spaces. The results clearly show the impact of the obstacles, with a 2× to 6× rise when compared to obstacle-free scenarios.
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Stachoň, Zdeněk, Petr Kubíček, Hana Švedová, Jie Shen, Xinqian Wu, and Milan Konečný. "Evaluation of Map Signs for Evacuation Purposes." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-347-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> An increasing number of population brings increasing vulnerability of the society to different disasters and emergencies. The maps provide spatial information, which is useful on different levels of decision making during emergencies from strategic planning to single person decision making. To fit the user needs maps can be optimized for a particular user, user group, available technology or external conditions.</p><p>Evacuation is a crucial part of the process dealing with most of the emergencies. In case of building the standard ISO 23601:2009, Safety identification &ndash; Escape and evacuation plan signs was developed to provide the guidelines for the design, materials, installation and other attributes of the evacuation plans. It is mostly based on the ISO 7010:2003, Graphical symbols &ndash; Safety colours and safety signs &ndash; Safety signs that are widely used in the buildings all around the world. The symbols were designed with the purpose to attract user attention under any circumstances and across the different cultural background. It can be a disadvantage in case of cartographic visualization, while the symbols on the map are not easy to identify the anchor point, increase the graphics clutter of the map (see figure 1).</p><p>In our research, we have decided to focus on the evaluation of user’s abilities to use and understand of designed evacuation signs and plans. As the standard is intended to be used worldwide, we have designed study focused on the comparison of the understanding to the meaning of evacuation symbols in general and also in the form of cartographic visualization. We have designed the user study performed in the first step in Nanjing (China) and in Brno (Czech Republic) in order to verify the cross-cultural universality of evacuation symbols. There were about seventy participants in China and seventy participants in the Czech Republic, who performed similar tasks. The tasks consist of separate symbol meaning selection, a separate symbol meaning estimation, identification of a particular symbol on the map and basic interpretation of the map content. The original and modified map signs were used as stimuli in case of cartographic visualization. Results were statistically processed and discussed. The results bring a new perspective on the standardized cartographic visualization for purposes of building evacuation.</p>