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Journal articles on the topic 'Persion Gulf War'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Aukofer, Frank, Malcolm W. Browne, Cragg Hines, and Joan Lowy. "First person: The Persian Gulf War." Government Information Quarterly 9, no. 4 (January 1992): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-624x(92)90066-u.

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2

Nacos, Brigitte L., and Douglas Kellner. "The Persian Gulf War." Political Science Quarterly 108, no. 1 (1993): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2152508.

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3

Cunningham, Jim. "Researching the Persian Gulf War:." Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 12, no. 1 (October 13, 1993): 53–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j103v12n01_05.

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4

Bernhard, William N., Robert Barish, Mohamed S. Al-Ibrahim, and James P. G. Flynn. "War Crimes during the Persian Gulf War." Military Medicine 157, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/157.12.667.

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5

Stimpson, Nicola J., Hollie V. Thomas, Alison L. Weightman, Frank Dunstan, and Glyn Lewis. "Psychiatric disorder in veterans of the Persian Gulf War of 1991." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 5 (May 2003): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.5.391.

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BackgroundVeterans of the Persian Gulf War of 1991 have reported symptoms attributed to their military service.AimsTo review all studies comparing the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Gulf War veterans and in a comparison group of service personnel not deployed to the Gulf War.MethodStudies of military personnel deployed to the Gulf published between 1990 and 2001 were identified from electronic databases. Reference lists and websites were searched and key researchers were contacted for information. Atotal of 2296 abstracts and 409 complete articles were reviewed and data were extracted independently by two members of the research team.ResultsThe prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 20 studies of Gulf War veterans was compared with the prevalence in the comparison group. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and common mental disorder were higher in the Gulf War veterans. Heterogeneity between studies was significant, but all reported this increased prevalence.ConclusionsVeterans of the Persian Gulf War reported an increased prevalence of PTSD and common mental disorder compared with other active service personnel not deployed to the Gulf. These findings are attributable to the increase in psychologically traumatic events in wartime.

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6

Bakhash, Shaul. "The Persian Gulf." World Politics 37, no. 4 (July 1985): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010346.

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The focus and context of the great powers' interest in the Persian Gulf has altered —often subtly, sometimes dramatically —since Britain established its hegemony in the region in the 19th century. Britain engaged in a lucrative trade, but primarily sought to protect imperial communications and the approaches to India. Today, it is oil that gives the region its strategic importance. For a number of years after World War II, Britain remained the paramount power in the area, maintaining maritime peace, handling the external affairs of the Gulf sheikhdoms, mediating local disputes, dominating trade. Since Britain's withdrawal from the Gulf in 1971, the situation has become somewhat more messy.

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7

Peretz, Don. "Israel since the Persian Gulf War." Current History 91, no. 561 (January 1, 1992): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1992.91.561.17.

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8

Julian, Thomas A., and Williamson Murray. "Air War in the Persian Gulf." Journal of Military History 60, no. 4 (October 1996): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944697.

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9

Kaires, Pamela. "Symptoms in Persian Gulf War Veterans." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, no. 11 (November 1999): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199911000-00002.

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10

Hotopf, Matthew, Michael Ian Mackness, Vasilis Nikolaou, David A. Collier, Charles Curtis, Anthony David, Paul Durrington, et al. "Paraoxonase in Persian Gulf War Veterans." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 45, no. 7 (July 2003): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000071506.96740.39.

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11

Bieliauskas, Linas A., and Scott R. Turner. "FORUM What Persian Gulf War Syndrome?" Clinical Neuropsychologist 14, no. 3 (August 2000): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/1385-4046(200008)14:3;1-p;ft341.

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12

Murray Leisure, Katherine. "Hospitalizations After the Persian Gulf War." Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0404.980434.

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13

Mackness, Bharti, Paul N. Durrington, and Michael I. Mackness. "Low Paraoxonase in Persian Gulf War Veterans Self-Reporting Gulf War Syndrome." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 276, no. 2 (September 2000): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.3526.

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14

Lei, Karen, Valerie Metzger-Smith, Shahrokh Golshan, Jennifer Javors, and Albert Leung. "The prevalence of headaches, pain, and other associated symptoms in different Persian Gulf deployment periods and deployment durations." SAGE Open Medicine 7 (January 2019): 205031211987141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119871418.

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Objectives: This study aims to assess (1) the difference in the prevalence of headaches, pain, and other associated symptoms between Gulf War I (1990–1991) and Post-Gulf War I (1992–2015) veterans who served as active military personnel in the Persian Gulf and (2) how the durations of deployment may affect the prevalence of those symptoms. Methods: With institutional human subject committee approval, veterans who were accepted to the Gulf War Registry at the VA San Diego Healthcare System between July 2013 and June 2015 ( N = 367) were included in this retrospective chart review study and grouped according to the Gulf War period they served under or how long they were deployed to the Persian Gulf. Chi-square was used for categorical data analyses and analysis of variance was conducted for continuous outcomes. All analyses were two-tailed, where applicable, with α = 0.05 and Bonferroni for pairwise group comparisons. Results: Veterans who served during Post-Gulf War I or both Gulf War I and Post-Gulf War I exhibited more pain and neurological symptoms than Gulf War I veterans ( p = 0.005, p = 0.003). In addition, veterans who served ⩾12 months reported more overall pain symptoms and analgesic use than those who served less time ( p < 0.001, p = 0.024). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the length of deployment and Persian Gulf deployment period may play a role in acquiring headaches, pain, and other associated symptoms with increased analgesic consumption.

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15

Wolfe, Jessica, Pamela J. Brown, and John M. Kelley. "Reassessing War Stress: Exposure and the Persian Gulf War." Journal of Social Issues 49, no. 4 (January 1993): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01179.x.

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16

Post, Jerrold M., Marcia Lynn Whicker, James P. Pfiffner, and Raymond A. Moore. "The Presidency and the Persian Gulf War." Political Psychology 16, no. 2 (June 1995): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3791838.

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17

Hales, Robert E. "Psychiatric Lessons From the Persian Gulf War." Psychiatric Services 43, no. 8 (August 1992): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.43.8.769.

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18

Bates, Benjamin R. "Audiences, metaphors, and the Persian Gulf war." Communication Studies 55, no. 3 (September 2004): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510970409388631.

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19

Kroenke, Kurt, Patricia Koslowe, and Michael Roy. "Symptoms in 18,495 Persian Gulf War Veterans." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 40, no. 6 (June 1998): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199806000-00004.

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20

Paletz, David L. "Book Review: The Persian Gulf TV War." Armed Forces & Society 20, no. 3 (April 1994): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x9402000313.

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21

Knoke, James D., Gregory C. Gray, and Frank C. Garland. "Testicular Cancer and Persian Gulf War Service." Epidemiology 9, no. 6 (November 1998): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199811000-00015.

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22

Bennett, Andrew, Joseph Lepgold, and Danny Unger. "Burden-sharing in the Persian Gulf War." International Organization 48, no. 1 (1994): 39–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300000813.

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Why do states contribute to alliances? Is relative size the principal factor influencing the size of contributions, as many studies suggest, or are perceptions of threat, dependencies on other alliance members, and domestic institutions and policies equally important? These questions hold unusual interest in the wake of the cold war. The end of bipolarity promises more ad hoc coalitions, which will widen opportunities for research on alliance burden-sharing beyond the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). At the same time, because the political fault lines of the cold war have disappeared, there are few accepted political criteria for sharing those security burdens that are perceived collectively.

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23

EMBER, LOIS. "War devastates ecology of Persian Gulf region." Chemical & Engineering News 69, no. 10 (March 11, 1991): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n010.p005.

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24

STEELE, RUSSELL W. "A PEDIATRICIAN IN THE PERSIAN GULF WAR." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 10, no. 9 (September 1991): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199109000-00002.

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25

BRIEN, JAMES H. "A PEDIATRICIAN IN THE PERSIAN GULF WAR." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 10, no. 9 (September 1991): 643–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199109000-00003.

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26

Muelenaer, Andre A. "ANOTHER EXPERIENCE IN THE PERSIAN GULF WAR." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 11, no. 1 (January 1992): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199201000-00019.

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27

Hoffer, M. Mark, and Brian Johnson. "Orthopaedic Experience in the Persian Gulf War." Techniques in Orthopaedics 10, no. 3 (1995): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013611-199501030-00016.

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28

Spotts, Leon H. "PERSIAN GULF WAR AND THE JEWISH SCHOOL." Jewish Education 59, no. 3 (December 1992): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15244119208548214.

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29

Nadelhaft, Matthew. "Metawar: Sports and the Persian Gulf War." Journal of American Culture 16, no. 4 (December 1993): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.1993.t01-1-00025.x.

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30

Erickson, Alan R., Raymond J. Enzenauer, Vance J. Bray, and Sterling G. West. "Musculoskeletal Complaints in Persian Gulf War Veterans." JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 4, no. 4 (August 1998): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124743-199808000-00005.

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31

Schumm, Walter R., Earl J. Reppert, Anthony P. Jurich, Stephan R. Bollman, Farrell J. Webb, Carlos S. Castelo, James C. Stever, et al. "Self-Reported Changes in Subjective Health and Anthrax Vaccination as Reported by over 900 Persian Gulf War Era Veterans." Psychological Reports 90, no. 2 (April 2002): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.639.

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A 1999 study of United Kingdom servicemembers by Unwin, et al. recently found significant relationships between anthrax and other vaccinations, reactions to those vaccines, and later health problems for male current or former active military Gulf War veterans. Likewise, in 2000 Steele and in 1998 Gilroy found possible adverse effects of vaccinations on Gulf War veterans. However, the role of such vaccinations remains controversial; more recent government reports continue to dispute the existence of any data that might reflect adversely on the role of vaccinations on the health of Gulf War veterans. To address this controversy, the current study assessed similar relationships for over 900 Reserve Component Gulf War Era veterans from Ohio and nearby states. Gulf War veterans were more likely to report poorer health than non-Gulf veterans. Female veterans were more likely to report mild or severe reactions to vaccines than male veterans. Those veterans who received anthrax vaccine reported more reactions to vaccines than those who did not receive anthrax vaccine. Declines in long-term subjective health were associated with receipt of anthrax vaccine by Gulf War veterans but not for those who did not deploy to the Gulf, although few of the latter received anthrax vaccine. Regardless of deployment status, veterans who reported more severe reactions to vaccines were more likely to report declines in subjective health. Female veterans reported poorer health during the Gulf War than did male veterans, but sex was not related to veterans' reports of subjective health at subsequent times. It is recommended that servicemembers who experience severe reactions to anthrax vaccine be medically reevaluated before receiving further anthrax vaccine and that careful follow-ups be conducted of those receiving the vaccine currently, in accordance with Nass's 1999 recommendations. We also recommend that safer alternatives to thimerosal (a mercury sodium salt, 50% mercury) be used to preserve all vaccines.

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32

Wright, Geoffrey A. "The Desert of Experience: Jarhead and the Geography of the Persian Gulf War." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 5 (October 2009): 1677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.5.1677.

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The censored media coverage of the Persian Gulf War obscured the region's geography and erased the suffering of combatants and civilians. In contrast, the literature and film on the war emphasize the human rather than the technological dimension of the fighting. The words and images used to represent the foot soldiers' deeply personal experiences are bound to the landscape. This essay sets forth a geographic semiotics of Persian Gulf War combat narratives, which entails the study of an array of geographically oriented codes for making meaning out of wartime experience. The study of geographic signs in these narratives revolves around images and descriptions of the desert, which permeate such literary and filmic accounts of the ground fighting as Anthony Swofford's memoir Jarhead (2003), Sam Mendes's film adaptation Jarhead (2005), and David Russell's Three Kings (1999). Practicing a geographic semiotics of Persian Gulf War combat narratives allows us to rethink the war, to reimagine what its stories might signify—morally as well as politically.

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33

Goldstein, Gerald, Sue R. Beers, Lisa A. Morrow, Wendy Jo Shemansky, and Stuart R. Steinhauer. "A preliminary neuropsychological study of Persian Gulf veterans." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2, no. 4 (July 1996): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700001399.

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AbstractA neuropsychological investigation of 21 Persian Gulf veterans and 38 demographically matched controls was conducted in order to make a preliminary determination concerning presence of neuropsychological deficits associated with the Persian Gulf War experience. The neuropsychological test battery consisted of measures of complex attention, memory, and motor skills previously shown to be sensitive to exposure to environmental toxins. It was found that the Persian Gulf veteran group did not demonstrate substantial impairment, but an impairment index derived from 14 test variables was statistically significantly different from controls in the direction of poorer performance. (JINS, 1996, 2, 368–371.)

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34

Rowe, John Carlos. "The "Vietnam Effect" in the Persian Gulf War." Cultural Critique, no. 19 (1991): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1354311.

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35

Campion, Edward W. "Disease and Suspicion after the Persian Gulf War." New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 20 (November 14, 1996): 1525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199611143352010.

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36

Peace, David L. "Major Maritime Events in the Persian Gulf War." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 82 (1988): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700072979.

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37

STORCK, WILLIAM. "PERSIAN GULF WAR: Chemical firms brace for effects." Chemical & Engineering News 69, no. 3 (January 21, 1991): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n003.p004.

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38

Macris, Jeffrey R. "The Persian Gulf Theater in World War II." Journal of the Middle East and Africa 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2010): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21520841003689068.

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39

O'Neill, Bard E., and Ilana Kass. "The Persian gulf war: A political‐military assessment." Comparative Strategy 11, no. 2 (April 1992): 213–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495939208402872.

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40

Dillingham, Timothy R., Steven E. Braverman, and Praxedes V. Beiandres. "Persian Gulf War Amputees: Injuries and Rehabilitative Needs." Military Medicine 159, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/159.10.635.

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41

Smialek, James L., Frances A. Archer, and Ralph G. Garlick. "Turbine airfoil degradation in the persian gulf war." JOM 46, no. 12 (December 1994): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03222663.

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42

Damrosch, Lori Fisler. "Constitutional Control of Military Actions: A Comparative Dimension." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 1 (January 1991): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203561.

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Throughout history, decisions to go to war have been made by a handful of individuals in powerful positions. American constitutionalists from James Madison’s day through our own have tried to establish a better system of deciding for war, by shifting the locus of responsibility from one person to a broadly representative group. The Persian Gulf crisis has shown all too vividly what dangers lie in the persistence of processes that put awesome amounts of force at the disposition of single individuals, and how much is at stake in developing and nurturing structures of deliberation and accountability.

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43

Shepherd, Gary, and Gordon Shepherd. "Political Attitudes of the American Professoriate Toward the Persian Gulf War." American Review of Politics 14 (April 1, 1993): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1993.14.0.71-95.

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Based on a national random sample of 657 college professors, indexes were constructed to measure faculty support for U.S. military involvement in the 1991 Persian Gulf War (IRAQHAWK), justifications for U.S. military actions (USJUST), opposition to the war (IRAQDOVE), justifications for Iraqi actions (IRAQJUST), and willingness to consider active protest against the war (GULFPROTEST). Principal findings showed that (1) college professors were less supportive of the war than the American public as a whole, (2) faculty liberalism was associated with greater disapproval of the war, (3) faculty responses to the war varied by academic discipline, with those in the social sciences and humanities least likely to support the war, and (4) cohort effects were relatively weak, but older faculty were most likely to support the war. Implications of this last result are discussed with respect to a statistically dominant cohort of Vietnam generation faculty in contemporary academia.

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44

Urnovitz, Howard B., James J. Tuite, Jean M. Higashida, and William H. Murphy. "RNAs in the Sera of Persian Gulf War Veterans Have Segments Homologous to Chromosome 22q11.2." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.3.330-335.1999.

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ABSTRACT Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used for polyribonucleotide assays with sera from deployed Persian Gulf War veterans with the Gulf War Syndrome and a cohort of nonmilitary controls. Sera from veterans contained polyribonucleotides (amplicons) that were obtained by RT-PCR and that ranged in size from 200 to ca. 2,000 bp. Sera from controls did not contain amplicons larger than 450 bp. DNA sequences were derived from two amplicons unique to veterans. These amplicons, which were 414 and 759 nucleotides, were unrelated to each other or to any sequence in gene bank databases. The amplicons contained short segments that were homologous to regions of chromosome 22q11.2, an antigen-responsive hot spot for genetic rearrangements. Many of these short amplicon segments occurred near, between, or in chromosome 22q11.2 Alu sequences. These results suggest that genetic alterations in the 22q11.2 region, possibly induced by exposures to environmental genotoxins during the Persian Gulf War, may have played a role in the pathogenesis of the Gulf War Syndrome. However, the data did not exclude the possibility that other chromosomes also may have been involved. Nonetheless, the detection of polyribonucleotides such as those reported here may have application to the laboratory diagnosis of chronic diseases that have a multifactorial etiology.

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45

Lehman, Darrin R. "Continuing the Tradition of Research on War: The Persian Gulf War." Journal of Social Issues 49, no. 4 (January 1993): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01178.x.

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46

علوان, أ. م. د. سطام حسين. "American hegemony over the Persian Gulf oil After the 1991 Gulf War and the Gulf War III in 2003." مجلة العلوم السياسية, no. 51 (February 20, 2019): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30907/jj.v0i51.102.

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Since the end of World War II, the United States of America began to look at the Gulf States and Iraq due to the possession of huge quantities of oil, after taking the American oil depletion in order to tighten control over the oil of these countries, has pursued various means, political and military, in the framework of its strategy So that it could achieve this control, which focused on control of production and prices, for the conviction that those who control oil impose control over the political decision of the countries of the world.

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47

Biela, Leon Julius. "Disarming the periphery: Inter-war arms control, British imperialism and the Persian Gulf." Journal of Modern European History 19, no. 4 (November 2021): 469–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16118944211051864.

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Drawing on research on the international disarmament efforts of the inter-war years as well as on arms control in the empires, this article argues that arms control in the imperial periphery was an integral and very tangible part of the inter-war years’ international disarmament policies. It demonstrates that arms control in the periphery was conceived by the imperial actors involved as a pivotal part of the disarmament policies and that the disarmament policies had far-reaching consequences for the imperial periphery. The study uses archival sources to investigate the arms control in the Persian Gulf as a case study for the consequences of the disarmament policies in the imperial periphery. By analysing the goals and ends British imperial actors sought to achieve through arms control and particularly arms trade controls in the Gulf, this approach deepens the understanding of imperial disarmament policies beyond the mere assessment that they were somehow important to imperialism. It moreover diversifies and rectifies the understanding of the ‘peace’ that was to be achieved by the inter-war disarmament. Furthermore, it analyses the concrete practices and measures that arose out of the inter-war disarmament policies as well as their effects on the actual arms trade in the Gulf. Based on these results, the study investigates how actors from the Gulf itself positioned themselves within these developments, how and why they did or did not take part in them and how the Gulf's societies in general dealt with the disarmament efforts. Hence, by shifting the level of analysis to the imperial periphery itself, the study seeks to expose the global dimension of disarmament policies and their effects on the region, its inhabitants and the imperial order, thereby stressing the importance of this perspective for a comprehensive understanding of inter-war disarmament.

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48

Fiedler, Nancy, Gozde Ozakinci, William Hallman, Daniel Wartenberg, Noel T. Brewer, Drue H. Barrett, and Howard M. Kipen. "Military deployment to the Gulf War as a risk factor for psychiatric illness among US troops." British Journal of Psychiatry 188, no. 5 (May 2006): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.5.453.

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BackgroundSeveral studies document an excess of psychiatric symptoms among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. However, little is known about the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in those who were deployed to that conflict.AimsTo compare the 12-month prevalence and associated risk factors for DSM Axis I psychiatric diagnoses between random samples of Gulf War-deployed veterans and veterans of the same era notdeployed to the Persian Gulf (era veterans).MethodInterview data from 967 Gulf War veterans and 784 era veterans were examined to determine current health status, medical conditions, symptoms and Axis I psychiatric disorders. Logistic regression models evaluated risk factors for psychiatric disorder.ResultsGulf War veterans had a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses, with twice the prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression. Lower rank, female gender and divorced or single marital status were significant independent predictors of psychiatric disorder.ConclusionsDeployment to the Gulf War is associated with a range of mental health outcomes more than 10 years after deployment.

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49

Gumuła, Piotr. "<i>The Discourse of Propaganda: Case Studies from the Persian Gulf War and the War on Terror </i> by John Oddo (A Book Review)." Review of International American Studies 14, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.12465.

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50

Minshall, D. "Gulf War Syndrome: a review of current knowledge and understanding." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 100, no. 3 (December 2014): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-100-252.

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AbstractThe 1991 Persian Gulf War was a resounding military success for coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait following the Iraqi invasion. The medical legacy we have from the conflict is the poorly understood, yet remarkable, phenomenon of Gulf War Syndrome, which surfaced soon after.Epidemiological research has proven beyond doubt that Gulf War veterans report a wide variety of symptoms, in excess of appropriately matched control subjects, and experience worse general health. Numerous toxic environmental hazards have been suggested as causes of Gulf War Syndrome, yet exhaustive scientific study has failed to provide conclusive proof of any link. No novel or recognised disease has been found to account for the symptomatic burden of veterans, and the optimal treatment remains uncertain.This understanding can be added to from an anthropological perspective, where the narratives of those afflicted provide further insight. The nature of military life was changing at the time of the Gulf War, challenging the identity and beliefs of some veterans and causing socio-cultural distress. The symptomatic presentation of Gulf War Syndrome can be considered an articulation of this disharmony. Gulf War Syndrome can also be considered within the group of post-combat disorders such as shellshock, the like of which have occurred after major wars in the last century. With the current withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Defence Medical Services (DMS) should heed the lessons of history.

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