Journal articles: 'Persian gardens and landscapes'

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Faghih, Nasrine, and Amin Sadeghy. "Persian Gardens and Landscapes." Architectural Design 82, no. 3 (April 5, 2012): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.1403.

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Gachkar, Sadaf, Darya Gachkar, Mozafar Abbaszadeh, Soheila Aghlmand, and Sattar Sattary. "The Characteristics of Persian Historical Gardens (Case Study: Emarat Birooni Garden of Urmia, Iran)." HABITAT 33, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2022.033.3.28.

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Persian gardens are valuable historical and cultural human-built landscapes however, Persian gardens are deteriorating gradually. Thus, comprehensive studies would be helpful in obtaining deeper insights into different aspects and meaning of Persian gardens. The descriptive-analytical approach was used to review the EmaratBirooni garden of Urmia (Campus of Urmia University) as it is the only remnant of Qajar period demonstrating a clear image of the past of the Persian garden model in Urmia. Data were employed through literature review and on-site field study. It was found that the Campus of Urmia University had three historical eras- era 1: Before the garden was purchased by American missionaries, era 2: The settlement of American missionaries, era 3: After American missionaries left and delivered the garden to the government. By examining the periods, it was seen that the survival of the campus stemmed from proper uses in each era. This suggests that new uses suiting the contemporary conditions could be beneficial in protecting historical gardens. In this respect, it is essential to protect historical gardens since these gardens can become a cultural capital to the future generations.

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Khalilnezhad, S. M. R. "Distinctive features of productive landscapes in Persian gardens." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1189 (December 2017): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1189.6.

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Amani-Beni, Majid, Gaodi Xie, Qingjuan Yang, Alessio Russo, and Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad. "Socio-Cultural Appropriateness of the Use of Historic Persian Gardens for Modern Urban Edible Gardens." Land 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010038.

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Historic gardens have the ability to provide several ecosystem services in cities, including provisioning services (i.e., food production). The historic gardens in Iran (known as “Persian Gardens”) have never been considered as places that could be used for food production. As a result, the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the Iranian historic gardens’ spatial and structural layout is suitable for modern urban food gardening. We conducted field studies in six recognized Persian gardens in four provinces of Iran via qualitative analysis according to socio-cultural guidelines drawn from a literature review. The results suggested that combining the elements of formal landscape design, non-edible decorative plants, and traditional artwork would increase the Persian gardens’ attractiveness. Regarding encouraging users to become involved in urban gardening, we found that separating productive units containing edible plants from public units using a central meeting spot populated by aesthetic plants and items may attract ordinary visitors who are interested in gardening without disturbing anyone’s activities. Furthermore, the Persian gardens’ multifunctionality, aesthetic value, and health-promoting qualities constitute a considerable historic achievement in garden design, making the gardens a suitable model for edible urban gardening. The results of this study can enhance our understanding of the Persian gardens’ spatial and structural design and provide practical implications for sustainable urban planning and landscape architecture.

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Razmara, Mina, Hajar Asadpour, and Malihe Taghipour. "HEALING LANDSCAPES: THE EFFECTS OF ITS PARAMETERS ON DIFFERENT GENDER (CASE STUDY: ERAM GARDEN & AZADI PARK OF SHIRAZ-IRAN)." Nature: National Academic Journal of Architecture 7, no. 2 (October 7, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/nature.v7i2a4.

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Abstrak_ Lanskap penyembuhan menciptakan ruang yang membantu orang mengurangi stres dan meningkatkan kesehatan mental mereka. Dalam budaya Iran, taman bersejarah serta taman kota (dalam beberapa dekade terakhir) dapat bermanfaat untuk menciptakan lanskap penyembuhan. Mempertimbangkan model Canter Place, parameter lanskap penyembuhan disajikan dalam bentuk tiga dimensi: fungsional, persepsi-semantik, dan fisik-visual. Karena pria dan wanita berperilaku berbeda dalam menghadapi lingkungan mereka, penelitian ini mengevaluasi bagaimana taman Persia dan taman kota berpengaruh (dengan dua pola struktural yang berbeda) di antara pria dan wanita. Metode penelitian adalah kuantitatif, dan data dikumpulkan dengan teknik kuesioner. Kemudian, analisis varian variabel Unianova tunggal dalam perangkat lunak SPSS 23 digunakan untuk mengevaluasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan dalam persepsi dimensi dalam penyembuhan antara pria dan wanita. Pemahaman seorang wanita tentang dimensi penyembuhan persepsi-semantik dan fungsional di Azadi Park berbeda dan kurang dari pria. Di Taman Eram, tidak seperti Taman Azadi, tidak banyak perbedaan antara kegiatan pria atau wanita. Secara umum, umpan balik wanita lebih rendah daripada pria, pada parameter penyembuhan lingkungan Azadi Park (struktur lanskap organik). Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk lebih memperhatikan inklusivitas gender dari lanskap penyembuhan perkotaan dalam desain.Kata kunci : Lanskap Penyembuhan; Taman Persia; Taman Kota; Taman Shiraz Eram; Jenis Kelamin. Abstract_ Healing Landscapes are spaces that help people to reduce their stress and improve their mental health. In Iranian culture, historic gardens and urban parks (in recent decades) can be useful to create healing landscapes. Considering the Canter Place model, the parameters of landscape healing presented in the form of three dimensions: functional, perceptual-semantic, and physical-visual. Since men and women behave differently in dealing with their surroundings, this research evaluates how Persian gardens and urban parks effect (with two different structural patterns) among men and women. The research method was quantitative, and data gathered by the questionnaire technique. Then, Unianova single-variable analysis of variance test in SPSS 23 software was used to evaluate the data. The results indicated no difference in the perception of the physical-visual dimension of healing between men and women. A woman's understanding of the perceptional-semantic and functional dimension of healing in Azadi Park was different and less than men. In Eram Garden, unlike Azadi Park, there was not much difference between of men or women’s activities. In general, women's feedback is lower than men, on the environment healing parameters of Azadi Park (organic landscape structure). Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the gender inclusiveness of urban healing landscapes in design.Keywords: Healing Landscape; Persian Garden; Urban Park; Shiraz Eram Garden; Gender.

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Fekete, Albert, and Reza Haidari. "Special aspects of water use in Persian gardens." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausae-2015-0007.

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Abstract The Persian garden is one of the most characteristic and notable element in the Iranian landscape. Considering Iran’s hot and dry climate along with water deficit for plantation, it becomes noticeable how important the art of making gardens is to Iranians. Water is one of the most crucial elements in the Persian garden, and we can state that gardens would be meaningless without it. Garden applications use water with its various abilities such as life, brightness, cleanliness, light, inertia, and motion, which bring forward numerous feelings in the human soul and enhance mental comfort. Also, its various running structures, such as basins, streams, water creeks, and fountains, provide mental comfort and technical functions.

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Kotova, A. V., and E. I. Golosova. "ISLAMIC ETHNOCULTURE IN LANDSCAPE EXPOSITIONS OF BOTANICAL GARDENS." LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA, no. 1 (2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2022-1-5-15.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the world experience in the construction of ethno-cultural gardens, as well as the role and modern tasks of botanical gardens in this direction. In the last few decades, the appeal to the ethno-cultural visualization of horticultural traditions of different countries and peoples has become especially relevant and in demand. In different countries there are gardens in which the national spiritual and utilitarian culture is deeply reflected and they are world famous. These are usually Japanese, Chinese, French, Italian gardens. To a lesser extent, the gardens of Iran, India, and Pakistan are popular and well-known, reflecting the Islamic Garden culture, the origins of which are guessed in Persian Zoroastrianism. Expositions demonstrating the Islamic horticultural tradition are represented in very small numbers in botanical gardens, for example, in Germany or in the USA. In Russia, in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden – the National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a small exhibition project has been developed under the working title "Selsebil Garden". Its relevance is confirmed by the presence of carriers of Islamic culture in the Crimea, where it is represented mainly in architecture.

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Mahmoudi Farahani, Leila, Bahareh Motamed, and Elmira Jamei. "Persian Gardens: Meanings, Symbolism, and Design." Landscape Online 46 (January 31, 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201646.

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Culture and identity in a society can be represented in the architecture and the meanings intertwined with it. In this sense, the architecture and design are the interface for transferring meaning and identity to the nation and future generations. Persian gardens have been evolved through the history of Persian Empire in regard to the culture and beliefs of the society. This paper aims to investigate the patterns of design and architecture in Persian gardens and the meanings intertwined with their patterns and significant elements such as water and trees. Persian gardens are not only about geometries and shapes; but also manifest different design elements, each representing a specific symbol and its significance among the society. This paper seeks to explore Persian gardens in terms of their geometric structure, irrigation system, network construction and pavilions alongside design qualities such as hierarchy, symmetry, centrality, rhythm and harmony. In thesecond stage, the paper investigates the fundamental symbols and their philosophy in the creation of Persian gardens and in relation to the architecture and design.

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Porshnev, V. P. "Landscape gardening art of the Seleucid Empire." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 4 (45) (December 2020): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2020-4-85-92.

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Landscape art of the state of the Seleucid Empire, which inherited a considerable part of the broken-up Alexander of Macedon’s Empire still was not a subject of a separate research. Unlike Ptolemaic Egypt where imperial gardeners managed harmoniously to unite the landscape planning inherited from sacred groves and parks of Hellas with Ancient Egyptian tradition of regular planning, there is no reason to speak about any specific «Seleucid’s style». Nevertheless, landscape art of this dynasty has the great interest to historians of ancient art as it fills a time gap between gardens and parks of an era of Hellenism and further stages of landscape art’s history. Having inherited and having enriched the Persian paradises and Hanging gardens of Babylon, having extended the culture of the Greek policies to the East, it, further, transfers the heritage to gardeners of Parthia and Bactria, Pergamum kingdom, Roman Empire. Article investigates gardens and parks on the cultural space controlled by Seleucid’s on certain regions (Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Persia, Bactria, Syria). The main attention is devoted to the park in Daphne, the suburb of Antiochiaon- Orontes, to the biggest and best-known park of antiquity. The author builds a research both on the saved-up archaeological material, and on the written sources which not always are available in high-quality Russian translations.

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Khosravi, Hamed. "GEOPOLITICS OF TABULA RASA: PERSIAN GARDEN AND THE IDEA OF CITY." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 38, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2014.897017.

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Historically Persian Garden symbolizes a well-ordered landscape, which is mostly associated with the leisure and enjoyment of the kings. However here it is read as inevitable form of built environment within the Iranian plateau. Garden (bāgh) not only creates a minimum condition for a life, but it is the spatial device through which the power of the sovereign dominates the territory. In the harsh landscape of Iran gardens were micro-cosmos; camps that protected life and let it flourish within the tabula rasa. In such a condition any distinction between various forms of life ceases to exist and life becomes the ‘ideal life’, kings represent God and city becomes paradise.

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Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad, Nasim Gholami Rostam, and Sepide Mahdavi. "The Role of the Gestalt Theory in Understanding Persian Architectural Masterpieces, Case Study: Fin-Garden of Kashan." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2013.2.1/11.2.1.13.

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Gestalt theory is one of the most effecting theories. This theory has been used in different fields but until now it is not used about Iranian architecture. Absence of researches about Iranian architecture according to gestalt theory, making analysis shows more up. So present research meantime of explaining gestalt theory and it’s connection with landscape architect means proceed to gestalt theory in this field. The fundamental research questions are: What concepts can be explained according to gestalt? does we able to analyze the historical gardens via this theory? What dimensions will be emphasized more based on gestalt theory about analysis of historical garden? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this theory? To answer these questions, in field theory the research methodology: ”logical reasoning” and in field analysis samples; the research methodology “the diffusion of using combination strategies” are used. After reviewing gestalt theory and expressing the theoretical concepts, concepts related to this theory, in a sample like “Fin-Garden” in Kashan is putting to the analysis. Studies show that, although many years have passed from gestalt theory, they are useful and can be used for landscape architecture and it can unclear aspects of Iranian landscape architecture and putting on recognition.

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Yazdani, Nasim. "The Effects of Cultural Background and Past Usage on Iranian- Australians’ Appreciation of Urban Parks and Aesthetic Preferences." Landscape Online 70 (June 28, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201970.

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To understand how newcomers and established immigrants perceive cultural landscapes that have been imbued with a nationality’s cultural meanings and heritage, exploring the cultural background and landscape myths and values of that immigrants’ community can be a starting point. Examining whether immigrants perceive or prefer those values in a new landscape setting requires a wider understanding of immigrants’ activities, preferences, and expectations.The present paper aims to investigate how Australian urban park landscape settings may be perceived by Iranian immigrants in terms of having aesthetic attributes, and how they use these spaces. It approaches the issue of immigration and park experiences through seeking the links between park settings and the way immigrants see and interpret them based on their cultural, social, and geographical backgrounds. It particularly focuses on Iranian immigrants and Iran’s cultural landscape to explore different views of constructed natural landscapes and their effects on park usage and aesthetic preferences. This study explores how the icons of Iranian cultural landscape (Persian garden), urban park design, and past park use patterns of these immigrants may mediate interactions with new park environments, and how they may contribute to evoke a ‘sense of aesthetic’. It applies survey questionnaire, semi-structured indepth individual interview, and Q methodology with photographs as research methods, and employs theories of ‘place’ and ‘landscape visual characters’ to explore park usage and aesthetic preferences in both contexts: Iran and Australia.Findings of this study highlight the preference of undertaking ‘passive activities’ in urban park landscapes by Iranian research participants and demonstrate that they highly admire the aesthetic and picturesque aspects of Australian park landscapes. However, they miss the characteristics of Iran’s parks as well as the recreational, social, and sporting activities they used to carry out there.

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Langgut, Dafna. "The Citrus Route Revealed: From Southeast Asia into the Mediterranean." HortScience 52, no. 6 (June 2017): 814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11023-16.

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Today, citrus orchards are a major component of the Mediterranean landscape and one of the most important cultivated fruits in the region; however, citrus is not native to the Mediterranean Basin, but originated in Southeast Asia. Here, the route of the spread and diversification of citrus is traced through the use of reliable historical information (ancient texts, art, and artifacts such as wall paintings and coins) and archaeobotanical remains such as fossil pollen grains, charcoals, seeds, and other fruit remains. These botanical remains are evaluated for their reliability (in terms of identification, archaeological context, and dating) and possible interpretations. Citrus medica (citron) was the first citrus to spread west, apparently through Persia and the Southern Levant (remains were found in a Persian royal garden near Jerusalem dated to the fifth and fourth centuries BC) and then to the western Mediterranean (early Roman period, ≈third and second centuries BC). In the latter region, seeds and pollen remains of citron were found in gardens owned by the affluent in the Vesuvius area and Rome. The earliest lemon (C. limon) botanical remains were found in the Forum Romanum (Rome) and are dated to the late first century BC/early first century AD. It seems, therefore, that lemon was the second citrus species introduced to the Mediterranean. The contexts of the botanical remains, in relation to elite gardens, show that in antiquity, both citrus and lemon were products representing high social status. Sour orange (C. aurantium), lime (C. aurantifolia), and pummelo (C. maxima) did not reach the Mediterranean until the 10th century AD, after the Islamic conquest. Sweet orange (C. sinesis) was introduced during the second half of the 15th century AD, probably via the trade route established by the Genoese, and later (16th century AD) by the Portuguese. The mandarin (C. reticulata) reached the Mediterranean only in the early 19th century. While citron and lemon arrived in the Mediterranean as elite products, all other citrus fruit most probably spread for economic reasons.

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Curtis, Paul D., Gwen B. Curtis, and William B. Miller. "Relative Resistance of Ornamental Flowering Bulbs to Feeding Damage by Voles." HortTechnology 19, no. 3 (January 2009): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.3.499.

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Many plants have mechanisms of physical or chemical resistance that protect them from herbivores in their environment. Vertebrates such as meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) cause significant damage to ornamental plantings and home gardens. Our goal was to identify flowering bulbs that could be used to design more herbivore-resistant home landscapes. Single-choice feeding trials with captive prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were used to assess the relative resistance of 30 bulb varieties to deter rodents from consuming fresh plant material and freeze-dried, powdered bulb mixed with a preferred food (applesauce). Each fresh bulb and dried-bulb/applesauce mix was offered twice to 12 to 15 pairs of adult prairie voles. Bulb varieties that resulted in the lowest mean consumption were assumed to be the most resistant to feeding activity. With fresh bulbs, only tulips (Tulipa spp.) exhibited no resistance to prairie vole feeding. Dried-bulb/applesauce mixes containing hyacinth (Hyacinth spp.), crocus (Crocus spp.), corn leaf iris (Iris bucharica), dutch and dwarf iris (Iris reticulata), onion (Allium spp.), and squill (Scilla siberica) were also readily consumed, and thus, these bulbs could be damaged at sites with high rodent activity. Daffodil (Narcissus spp.), painted arum (Arum italicum), camass (Camassia leichtlinii), glory-of-the-snow (Chinodoxa forbesii), autumn crocus (Colchicum spp.), crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis), persian fritillaria (Fritillaria persica), snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), and grape hyacinth (Muscari armeniacum) bulbs were resistant to prairie vole feeding in both forms (fresh bulbs and dried-bulb/applesauce mixes). Consequently, all of the specialty flower bulbs tested, except tulip, exhibited some resistance to prairie vole feeding in their fresh form, and could be suitable for designing herbivore-resistant landscapes.

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Fadaie, Honey, and Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani. "The Parameters of Sustainable Landscape in Persian Garden Design." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.320.

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This paper concentrates of results based on study on sustainable parameters in the creation of Persian garden in arid regions of Iran. Persian garden has had special role to moderate local climates for many centuries and nowadays the recognitions of its sustainable features could be a strategy to reduce the total energy consumption. By the analysis of sustainable characteristics of Persian garden, the main goal is to identify sustainable parameters in landscape design for present and future with similar climates could be obtained.

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Rouhani, G. "Persian gardens: then and now." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1315 (July 2021): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1315.100.

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Fallahi, Esmaeil, Pontia Fallahi, and Shahla Mahdavi. "Ancient Urban Gardens of Persia: Concept, History, and Influence on Other World Gardens." HortTechnology 30, no. 1 (February 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04415-19.

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The history of Persian gardens goes back to a few millennia before the emergence of Islam in Iran (Persia). Designs of Persian gardens have influenced and are used extensively in the gardens of Al-Andalus in Spain, Humayun’s Tomb and the Taj Mahal in India, and many gardens in the United States and other countries around the globe. Bagh in the Persian language (Farsi) means garden and the word Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq) is rooted from the words bagh and daad (meaning “the garden of justice”). Pasargadae, the ancient Persian capital city, is the earliest example of Persian garden design known in human civilization as chahar bagh or 4-fold garden design. Bagh-e-Eram, or Garden of Eden or Eram Garden, is one the most attractive Persian gardens and is located in Shiraz, Iran. There are numerous other urban ancient gardens in Iran, including Bagh-e-Shahzadeh (Shazdeh), meaning “The Prince’s Garden” in Mahan, Golestan National Park near the Caspian Sea; Bagh-e-Fin in Kashan; Bagh-e-El-Goli in Tabriz; and Bagh-e-Golshan in Tabas. The design of each Persian garden is influenced by climate, art, beliefs, poetry, literature, and romance of the country and the region where the garden is located. In addition, each garden may have a gene bank of fruits, flowers, herbs, and vegetables. Although countless gardens were destroyed in the hands of invaders throughout the centuries, Persians have attempted either to rebuild or build new gardens generation after generation, each of which has become a favorite destination to tourists from around the world.

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Mulroy, Michael F., and Joseph M. Neal. "Local Gardens and Global Landscapes." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 36, no. 3 (May 2011): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aap.0b013e3182183583.

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Meisami, Julie Scott. "Allegorical Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition: Nezami, Rumi, Hafez." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no. 2 (May 1985): 229–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800029019.

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A striking feature of medieval Persian poetry is the abundance of nature imagery that permeates every poetic genre, and especially imagery relating to gardens. The royal gardens and parks evoked in the descriptive exordia of the qasīda, the luxuriant gardens of romance that provide settings for tales of love, the spiritual gardens of mystical writings, the flowery haunts of rose and nightingale in the courtly ghazal—all provide eloquent testimony to the importance of the garden in Persian culture.

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Okhovat, Hanie. "Comparison between the impacts of the irrigation systems of Persian Safavid and Italian Renaissance gardens through a descriptive-historical approach." Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo 10, no. 2 (2022): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46284/mkd.2022.10.2.3.

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This article is based on the comparison of the irrigation systems in gardens of two simultaneous periods but formed in two different lands, Italian Renaissance gardens and Persian Safavid gardens. The studies that have been done so far do not explicitly mention the relationship between these two gardens, and this research can be a starting point for referring to historical studies and discovering the possible connections and their effects on each other. The research is qualitative with an interpretive historical approach that seeks to investigate the origins of the irrigation systems of Persian and Italian Villa gardens in the Renaissance period. Methodologically, this study carries out a literature review and case studies by identifying sources in historical bibliographies and archives and by observation in Persian and Italian Renaissance gardens. The result shows some crucial changes occurred to Italian gardens which transformed the form and figure of the gardens. The first and most important one was the creation of running water. According to historical records, two important events are recognised for their impact on the irrigation system: the first was the influence between gardens within and after the Crusader period and the second was Navagaro letters and the impact of Islamic Andalusian gardens on Italian Renaissance gardens.

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Othman, Noriah, Mohd Hisham Ariffin, Noralizawati Mohamed, and Mohd Ali Waliyuddin A. Razak. "Visitors’ Preferences for Malaysian Botanical Gardens’ Landscapes." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 3, no. 12 (July 18, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v3i12.122.

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Botanical gardens are bio-diverse flora-based natural attractions. Visitors to two prominent Malaysian botanical gardens were surveyed about their preferences for human oriented gardens’ landscape designs.There were significant differences in the preferences for garden landscapes with poorly maintained man-made structures and jungle-like garden landscapes(National Botanical Gardens), and the Japanese garden landscape (Penang Botanical Gardens) among Malays, Chinese and Indians (p<0.10). There were significant differences in preferences between males and females (p<0.10) for garden landscapes with man-made structures(National Botanical Gardens) and landscapes having open spaces (Penang Botanical Gardens).Keywords: Landscape, Human Oriented, Botanical Gardens, PreferenceseISSN 2398-4295 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

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Shirvani, Hamid. "The Philosophy of Persian Garden Design: The Sufi Tradition." Landscape Journal 4, no. 1 (1985): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.4.1.23.

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Pernice, Raffaele. "Japanese Gardens and Landscapes, 1650–1950." Japanese Studies 39, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2019.1612237.

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Leone, Mark P. "Issues in historic landscapes and gardens." Historical Archaeology 23, no. 1 (January 1989): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374096.

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Fadaie, Honey, and Vahid Parhoodeh. "Exploration of Sustainable Landscape in Iran: From Persian Garden to Modern Park." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 10, no. 2 (April 2018): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2018.v10.1049.

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Mahdi Nejad, Jamal-e.-Din, Hamidreza Azemati, Esmaeil Zarghami, and Ali Sadeghi Habib Abad. "The Role of Water in Persian Gardens." Open Journal of Ecology 07, no. 01 (2017): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2017.71004.

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Brundrett, Nadine. "Roman Tomb Gardens: The Construction of Sacred Commemorative Landscapes." Brock Review 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2011): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/br.v11i2.318.

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Roman tombs were often beautified by commemorative gardens. These loci were the result of a synthesis of religious attitudes towards burials and gardens, and they signified the ancient connection between commemoration and land ownership. These gardens were often termed “farms”, “orchards” or “estates” in epitaphs implying that the cultivated space was as important to the commemorators as the tombs were. The presence of these gardens around tombs offered a pleasant locale for an eternal dwelling, but more importantly they provided a productive garden to help pay for its upkeep. Roman necropoleis were not lonely places, but landscapes filled with exuberant plantings of flowers, fruit trees and vines emblematic of the ideal Roman locus amoenus.

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Brooks, Deborah LaMar. "INTERIOR LANDSCAPES—GARDENS AND THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT." Landscape Journal 14, no. 2 (1995): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.14.2.239.

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Zhang, Donia. "Classical Chinese Gardens: Landscapes for Self-Cultivation." Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.3654.

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McKenzie, Rod C. "American Zoological Gardens: Elements of Metropolitan Landscapes." Journal of Cultural Geography 6, no. 2 (March 1986): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08873638609478527.

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Teasdale, Judith. "Gardens and landscapes in historic building conservation." Journal of Architectural Conservation 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2015.1005338.

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Trubshaw, Bob. "Sacred Gardens and Landscapes: Ritual and Agency." Time and Mind 2, no. 3 (January 2009): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169609x12464529903579.

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Ebrahimi, Ahad Nejad, Farnaz Nazarzadeh, and Elnaz Nazarzadeh. "PERSIAN GARDENS IN COLD AND DRY CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY OF TABRIZ’S HISTORICAL GARDENS." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 10, no. 3 (November 28, 2016): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i3.925.

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Throughout history, gardens and garden designing has been in the attention of Persian architects who had special expertise in the construction of gardens. The appearance of Islam and allegories of paradise taken from that in Koran and Saints’ sayings gave spirituality to garden construction. Climate conditions have also had an important role in this respect but little research has been done about it and most of the investigations have referred to spiritual aspects and forms of garden. The cold and dry climate that has enveloped parts of West and North West of Iran has many gardens with different forms and functions, which have not been paid much attention to by studies done so far. The aim of this paper is to identify the features and specifications of cold and dry climate gardens with an emphasis on Tabriz’s Gardens. Due to its natural and strategic situation, Tabriz has always been in the attention of governments throughout history; travellers and tourists have mentioned Tabriz as a city that has beautiful gardens. But, the earthquakes and wars have left no remains of those beautiful gardens. This investigation, by a comparative study of the climates in Iran and the effect of those climates on the formation of gardens and garden design, tries to identify the features and characteristics of gardens in cold and dry climate. The method of study is interpretive-historical on the basis of written documents and historic features and field study of existing gardens in this climate. The results show that, with respect to natural substrate, vegetation, the form of water supply, and the general form of the garden; gardens in dry and cold climate are different from gardens in other climates.

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Krasilnikova, Elina, Inna Zhuravleva, and Inna Zaika. "Landscape code for therapeutic gardens and therapeutic landscapes." проект байкал, no. 70 (December 17, 2021): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.70.1900.

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The creation of therapeutic gardens and therapeutic landscapes in the structure of landscaping of hospitals and clinics is an important direction in the formation of the landscape and urban planning framework of cities to avoid the consequences of the pandemic. The landscape code of therapeutic gardens and therapeutic landscapes is scientifically grounded practical guidelines for the architectural and landscape design of the territories of healthcare facilities.

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Garcia, Cecília Souza Gontijo, Patrícia Duarte de Oliveira Paiva, Schirley Fátima Nogueira da Silva Cavalcante Alves, and Mariel De Carvalho Rafael Salgado. "Transformations in the gardens and landscapes of the historical Traituba’s Farm." Ornamental Horticulture 23, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i1.953.

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The historic garden should be considered one that has cultural significance, being not only the squares and public gardens, but also its first manifests found in the form of orchard garden and vegetable garden in the historic farms of Brazil. Traituba’s Farm located in southern Minas Gerais, on the Royal Road route, is considered an important historical farm that emerged in the eighteenth century during the settlement process of this region. It was in the same period, that current rural landscape from southern Minas Gerais, composed of several other historic farms and the historic rural gardens began their formation process. The aim of this study was to conduct a historical and cultural rescue of the gardens and landscapes of the Traituba’s Farm. With this rescue, characterize and analyze their landscapes in their different ages, as well as identify and understand the main morphological changes of its gardens included in the architectural complex of the farm. This study focused on the period between 1725 and 2013. To trace the historical, cultural and landscape evolution, it was made researches through site visits, interviews, bibliographic and iconographic research, always following the principles of studies of historic gardens. Traituba’s Farm since its formation was always a region icon, because of its wealth, power and intense trade. Its landscapes have undergone many changes and are characterized initially as a pastoral model, then the bucolic and picturesque style, after the construction of the new farmhouse. With the decline of its activities, decades later the model that remained was the picturesque and pastoral as its origin. For a long time, its gardens were presented as orchards gardens and vegetable gardens with utilitarian characteristics, influenced by the Portuguese culture. Just in 1950s the front yard received a significant intervention and new species were planted where that the design can be seen until today. The significance of this paper is due to the historical value of the Traituba’s Farm, the magnificence of its architectural ensemble, peculiarity of gardens and landscapes, and great cultural representation in the region

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Fernández-Cañero, Rafael, José Ordovás, and Miguel Ángel Herrera Machuca. "Domestic Gardens as Water-wise Landscapes: A Case Study in Southwestern Europe." HortTechnology 21, no. 5 (October 2011): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.5.616.

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Spain has undergone a period of uncontrolled urban expansion in a relatively short time-span, affecting people's quality of life in negative ways with significant impacts on the environment and land resources such as water and energy. Many new residential areas have low-density development, based on single-family houses with private gardens. These gardens are usually relatively small in size, but when considered as a whole, they make a substantial contribution to urban green spaces and have an important impact on the local environment. Although this includes a large variety of benefits, gardens demand a significant quantity of resources, including irrigation water, which is also important and should be taken into account. This paper analyzes features and management practices in domestic gardens, their relationships to garden design, and the attitudes of owners with regard to more sustainable alternatives. In addition, the main features of private gardens are examined. For this study, in-person interviews were conducted with homeowners who possess domestic gardens in the region of Aljarafe in southern Spain. The features of the gardens surveyed proved to be highly variable and related to several factors, such as the area of the gardens. Results seem to indicate that owners are reluctant to implement measures to lower water consumption in garden irrigation, apparently because of a lack of knowledge regarding more sustainable design alternatives. Homeowners who had prior knowledge of the principles of xeriscaping were significantly more open to applying these principles in practical ways.

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Hansen, Gail. "Manual for the Design and Implementation of Teaching and Demonstration Gardens." EDIS 2015, no. 7 (October 9, 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ep524-2015.

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Teaching and demonstration gardens are places where the public can learn about different types of gardens and landscapes. This 10-page fact sheet discusses the various types of gardens, how to plan and develop a demonstration garden, logistical and design considerations, and educational programming. Written by Gail Hansen, and published by the UF Environmental Horticulture Department, July 2015.

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Hayden-Smith, Rose. "Book Review: World’s Fair Gardens: Shaping American Landscapes." Public Historian 35, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2013.35.4.100.

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Campbell, Katie. "THE VANGUARD LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS OF MARTHA SCHWARTZ." Art Book 12, no. 2 (May 10, 2005): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8357.2005.00552.x.

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Gröning, Gert, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn. "The Myth of Plant-Invaded Gardens and Landscapes." Études rurales, no. 185 (September 1, 2010): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesrurales.9153.

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Parodi, L. E. "Islamic Gardens and Landscapes * By D. FAIRCHILD RUGGLES." Journal of Islamic Studies 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/etq029.

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Wescoat, James L. "Water and Work in Mughal Gardens and Landscapes." Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 3, no. 1 (October 24, 2022): 112–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26666286-12340027.

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Abstract Laborers and draft animals played underexamined roles in building and operating the waterworks of Mughal gardens and landscapes. This article analyzes four sources of evidence about water-related work: Mughal paintings; historical texts on the political economy of Mughal waterworks; historical sources assessed in relation to modern estimates of human and animal energy needed to build and operate the waterworks; and historical sources considered in relation to the work of natural waters shaping land and society in material and cultural terms. Taken together, these four lines of inquiry provide a unified framework for research on Mughal waterworks and livelihoods.

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Lennon, Jane L. "Binna Burra and O'Reilly's: Gardens in the Scenic Rim." Queensland Review 10, no. 2 (November 2003): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s132181660000338x.

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The gardens of the two settlements in the Lamington National Park – Binna Burra and O'Reillys – are cultural landscapes in a much loved area of the Scenic Rim of Queensland's border with NSW. The concept of cultural landscapes in the World Heritage and national contexts was introduced at the 2002 Australian Garden History Society conference in Hobart. This paper examines the evolution of two gardens within a national park – one evolving from a farm and one designed to accompany a rainforest holiday centre – and the acceptance of cultural values in natural areas.

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Šantrůčková, Markéta, Katarína Demková, Jiří Dostálek, and Tomáš Frantík. "The Potential of Manor Gardens for Natural Habitats Conservation." Journal of Landscape Ecology 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2019-0005.

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Abstract Historical gardens established around manors form an integral part of the European cultural landscape. Recent studies have revealed that manor gardens may serve as local hotspots of biodiversity and provide cultural ecosystem services within urban areas but also in rural landscapes. As a consequence of dramatic land-use changes in recent centuries, followed by a significant loss and degradation of natural habitats, manor gardens often serve as refugia for organisms within the cultural landscape. To compare the proportion of natural habitats in manor gardens with the surrounding landscape, intensively used and semi-natural landscapes were distinguished within a grid using Coordinated Information on the Environment (CORINE) land cover data for the Czech Republic. One hundred manor gardens were randomly selected, followed by a grid overlay of data from the Natura 2000 mapping system. Proportions of natural habitats were calculated for each garden in relation to the surrounding landscape. The results confirmed that manor gardens, compared with the surrounding landscape, play an important role in the conservation of natural habitats, especially in areas with a high level of human impact. For the gardens studied, occurrences of the following natural habitat types from the Natura 2000 system were recorded: forests (25.4 % of the garden area), secondary grasslands (4.4 %), streams and water bodies (1.6 %) and wetlands and riverine vegetation (0.5 %). The proportion of natural habitats within the gardens compared to the surrounding areas was significantly higher in the majority of cases.

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Dennis, Simone, and Megan Warin. "Domestic Temporalities: Sensual Patterning in Persian Migratory Landscapes." Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology 7, no. 2 (September 2007): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2007.11433952.

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Davis, Dick. "Mrs. Carter's Pudding, or Real English Toads in Imaginary Persian Gardens: On Translating Persian Poetry." Translation Review 50, no. 1 (March 1996): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07374836.1996.10523682.

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Chen, Jinwen, Weiran Tian, and Ying Huang. "Construction Strategy of Regional Plant Landscape in Urban Gardens." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 05036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019405036.

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By sorting out the problems existing in the construction of plant landscapes in urban gardens, the designer plans tree species, characteristics, spaces, colours, etc. from the perspective of ecosystem balance, applies local rich native plants, and explores the construction strategies of regional plant landscapes in urban gardens. Taking the city of Guilin as an example, the article analyses the construction features of the band green landscape of the two rivers and four lakes scenic spot, summarizes the construction characteristics of the regional plant landscape of Guilin, promotes the construction of an ecological garden city, and meets the people’s beautiful environmental needs.

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Golubić, Stjepko, and Bojana Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci. "Greenequality - Determination of Socio-Spatial Urban Landscape Typology." Prostor 26, no. 2 (56) (December 21, 2018): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.26.2(56).4.

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This paper explores the history of limitations in use and accessibility of city landscapes. Case study analysis covers six examples of parks and residential square gardens. Mutual comparison offers a new socio-spatial urban landscape typology, which precedes the selection of models of rehabilitation for city landscapes. The results show that designed landscapes are used not only to mitigate, but also to intensify socio-spatial inequality.

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Athanasiadou. "Historic Gardens and Parks Worldwide and in Greece: Principles of Acknowledgement, Conservation, Restoration and Management." Heritage 2, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 2678–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2040165.

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The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Florence Charter 1981 on Historic Gardens sets the first guidelines for the definition of a historic garden, in which sites such as large parks, whether formal or landscape, are included. Since then, there is a continuous effort worldwide on issues of historic garden acknowledgement, conservation, restoration and management. Countries with garden and park tradition, such as the U.K., USA, France and others, have several sites registered and protected. Furthermore, historic garden and park associations exist in Italy, Spain and Portugal, among other nations. In Greece, there is no specific official policy or association regarding historic parks, gardens or landscapes. Greek law includes historic gardens and parks within the spectrum of works of art, places of outstanding natural beauty and historic places/lands for partial or absolute protection, and, thus, attempts in identifying historic landscapes fall generally in other categories, but law specified for historic gardens. However, in both the Greek ratification of the European Landscape Convention and the European Biodiversity directives, there are aspects one could interpret as very useful for the acknowledgement and policy-making on historic gardens and parks. In this paper, an overview on historic gardens and parks abroad and in Greece is attempted, along with aspects of acknowledgement, protection, conservation, restoration and management. Finally, a first attempt on methodological outlines for the acknowledgement and conservation of historic gardens and parks in Greece is presented.

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Kavanagh, Jean S. "Therapeutic Landscapes: Gardens for Horticultural Therapy Coming of Age." HortTechnology 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.2.104.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Persian gardens and landscapes'

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