Relevant bibliographies by topics / Perpendicular NML

Academic literature on the topic 'Perpendicular NML'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Perpendicular NML"

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Nakazawa, H., S. Mitani, K. Takanashi, H. Nakajima, A. Osawa, and H. Fujimori. "Fabrication of (Fe(nML)/Au(nML)) (n=1,2,3) on Au(111) by Monatomic Layer Deposition and Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 20, no. 2 (1996): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.20.353.

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Kar, Rakesh, and Anirban Misra. "Rise of Temperature in Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles Due to Perpendicular Pumping." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2010.1089.

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FU, YU-XI, QUAN XIAO, HONG-FENG GAO, and SHU-RONG WANG. "Stimulus features eliciting visual responses from neurons in the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali in pigeons." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (November 1998): 1079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898156055.

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The purpose of the present study was to find out what particular stimulus features, in addition to the direction and velocity of motion, specifically activate neurons in the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (nLM) in pigeons. Visual responses of 60 nLM cells to a variety of computer-generated stimuli were extracellularly recorded and quantitatively analyzed. Ten recording sites were histologically verified to be localized within nLM with cobalt sulfide markings. It was shown that the pigeon nLM cells were specifically sensitive to the leading edge moving at the optimal velocity in the preferred direction through their excitatory receptive fields (ERFs). Generally speaking, nLM cells preferred black edges to white ones. However, this preference cannot be explained by OFF-responses to a light spot. The edge sharpness was also an essential factor influencing the responsive strength, with blurred edges producing little or no visual responses at all. These neurons vigorously responded to black edge orientated perpendicular to, and moved in, the preferred direction; the magnitude of visual responses was reduced with changing orientation. The spatial summation occurred in all neurons tested, characterized by the finding that neuronal firings increased as the leading edge was lengthened until saturation was reached. On the other hand, it appeared that nLM neurons could not detect any differences in the shape and area of stimuli with an identical edge. These data suggested that feature extraction characteristics of nLM neurons may be specialized for detecting optokinetic stimuli, but not for realizing pattern recognition. This seems to be at least one of the reasons why large-field gratings or random-dot patterns have been used to study visual responses of accessory optic neurons and optokinetic nystagmus, because many high-contrast edges in these stimuli can activate a neuron to periodically discharge, or groups of neurons to simultaneously fire to elicit optokinetic reflex.
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Taylor, J. W., C. P. Sloan, D. A. Holden, G. J. Kovacs, and R. O. Loutfy. "Synthesis and monolayer spreading behaviour of surface-active compounds containing electron- and hole-transporting groups. 2. Carbazole derivatives." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 2142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-333.

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The synthesis of several new surface-active carbazole derivatives is described. These compounds are intended to have applications as hole-transporting materials in thin-film devices assembled by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique. All of the carbazole-containing surfactants gave stable monolayers at the air–water interface with cross sections of 0.35–0.42 nm2/molecule, characteristic of the carbazole ring system oriented perpendicular to the surface with its long axis parallel to the surface. Conditions for Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of multilayers on titanium-coated polyester film were explored. Further characterization of the carbazole derivatives by cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence decay measurements is also described. Keywords: monolayers, Langmuir–Blodgett films, carbazole, surfactants.
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Higley, Debra, Catherine Enomoto, and Heidi Leathers-Miller. "Controls on Petroleum Resources for the Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Province, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York." Mountain Geologist 56, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 323–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.56.4.323.

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Greater than 33 trillion cubic feet of gas, 68 million barrels of natural gas liquids (NGL), and 192 million barrels of water have been produced from the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale of the Hamilton Group in the Appalachian Basin. These volumes are from more than 11,700 non-commingled wells. Areas of greatest production and future potential for gas and NGL from the Marcellus Shale are within and near the northeast-trending Rome trough in northern West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Southernmost New York, eastern Ohio, western Virginia, and Maryland also contain petroleum potential and (or) reserves. A confluence of factors enhances gas and NGL reserves and resources in the Marcellus Shale. These include (1) brittleness based on lithofacies composition; (2) thickness and distribution of brittle and organic-rich shale; (3) measured thermal maturity of 1% vitrinite reflectance and greater; (4) at least 2 weight percent total organic carbon; (5) dense and complex fracturing and faulting; (6) presence of evaporite beds in the underlying Silurian Salina Group; (7) potential overpressure; (8) current depths of 1,370 m (4,500 ft) and greater, and (9) predominately horizontal wells with laterals that are oriented to the northwest or southeast, or roughly perpendicular to the direction of maximum horizontal stress, and that cross major fault and fracture sets.
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Bianco, S., M. S. Bianco, M. C. M. D. Pavani, and D. J. Duarte. "Estimativa da área foliar de Ipomoea hederifolia e Ipomoea nil Roth: usando dimensões lineares do limbo foliar." Planta Daninha 25, no. 2 (2007): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582007000200012.

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Com o objetivo de obter uma equação que, por meio de parâmetros lineares dimensionais das folhas, permitisse a estimativa da área foliar de Ipomoea hederifolia e Ipomoea nil, estudaram-se correlações entre a área foliar real (Sf) e os parâmetros dimensionais do limbo foliar, como o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C) e a largura máxima (L), perpendicular à nervura principal. Todas as - equações exponenciais, geométricas ou lineares simples - permitiram boas estimativas da área foliar. Do ponto de vista prático, sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto C x L, considerando-se o coeficiente linear igual a zero. Desse modo, a estimativa da área foliar de I. hederifolia pode ser feita pela fórmula Sf = 0,7583 x (C x L), ou seja, 75,83% do produto entre o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal e a largura máxima, ao passo que, para I. nil, a estimativa da área foliar pode ser feita pela fórmula Sf = 0,6122 x (C x L), ou seja, 61,22% do produto entre o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal e a largura máxima da folha.
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Aji, P. P., F. S. Rondonuwu, and N. A. Wibowo. "Thickness Dependence of Magnetic Switching Dynamics of Barium-Ferrite as A High-Density Perpendicular Magnetic Storage Media." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 13, no. 2 (July 16, 2017): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jpfi.v13i2.8499.

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Micromagnetic study of material thickness dependence of Barium-ferrite nano-dot magnetization dynamics has been performed. The used materials characteristics in this research represent the properties of Barium-ferrite. Barium-ferrite was modeled as a nano-dot with a surface area of 50 50 nm2 and its thickness varies from 5 nm to 100 nm. This nano-dot was simulated using micromagnetic simulator software by solving Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. According to this study, obtained that the Barium-ferrite nano-dot has excellent thermal stability. Magnetization rate of this nano-dot decreases exponentially with the increase of thickness. The fastest magnetization rate observed in 5 nm of nano-dot thickness, meanwhile 45 nm for the slowest rate. Magnetization reversal mode of this Barium-ferrite nano-dot is dominated by domain wall nucleation and propagation. During the propagation of the domain wall, the exchange interaction becomes the main aspect compared to the other contributed energies.
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Ben Haj Amara, A., J. Ben Brahim, G. Besson, and C. H. Pons. "Etude d'une nacrite intercalée par du dimethylsulfoxide et n-methylacetamide." Clay Minerals 30, no. 4 (December 1995): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1995.030.4.03.

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ResumeUne nacrite est intercalée par deux composés organiques polaires: le diméthylsulfoxide (DMSO) et le n-méthylacétamide (NMA). Les deux solvants ont des moments dipolaires très voisins (4 debyes) mais des constantes diélectriques différentes (49 pour le DMSO et 179 pour le NMA). L'intercalation du NMA est plus rapide que celle du DMSO. Les deux complexes homogènes obtenus sont étudiés par diffraction des rayons X, spectroscopie infrarouge et ATD. L'étude par spectroscopie IR a montré que la nacrite expansée par du DMSO se comporte comme la kaolinite expansée par le même solvant. Dans le cas de la nacrite intercalée par du NMA, trois nouvelles bandes d'absorption dues aux vibrations de valence des OH liés par pont hydrogène avec le groupement C=O et situées respectivement à 3500, 3543 et 3589 cm−1 apparaissent. La fréquence v(N-H) du NMA est intermédiaire entre celles du liquide et d'une solution diluée, indiquant une liaison par pont hydrogène probablement avec les oxygènes de la couche tétraédrique du silicate. La diffraction des rayons X sur des échantillons orientés nous a permis d'obtenir 13 réflexions 00l pour chaque complexe. Une étude quantitative, par transformée de Fourier monodimensionnelle dans la direction perpendiculaire au plan du feuillet, a permis de déterminer le nombre de molécules organiques intercalées (une molécule par Si2Al2O5(OH)4) et leur orientation dans l'espace interlamellaire. L'ATD a montré par ailleurs que le complexe Nac.DMSO est plus stable que le complexe Nac.NMA.
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Reiter, A., A. Meinhardt, B. Burkhardt, M. Zimmermann, A. Borkhardt, U. Kontny, G. Mann, and M. Schrappe. "Phase II window study on rituximab in newly diagnosed pediatric mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 10000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.10000.

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10000 Background: Pediatric mature B-cell NHL differ from aggressive B-NHL of adults in terms of biology and treatment outcome. In contrast to adults, rituximab (Rx) is not established in the treatment of pediatric B-NHL has not be determined yet. Even the activity of Rx in pediatric B-NHL is not determined. We conducted a phase II window study to examine the activity of Rx in newly diagnosed pediatric B-NHL. Methods: Eligibility: age < 19 y, CD20 + B-NHL, ≥ 1 measurable lesion/s, informed consent. Exclusion: Lansky performance scale 5, pre-treatment, impaired renal-, heart-, liver-function, hepatitis B, pre-existing disease, pregnancy. Treatment: Rx 375 mg/m2 IV at day 1; concomitant therapy: Rasburicase, steroids only for anaphylaxis, intrathecal (IT) triple drug at days 1, 3 for CNS+ pts only. Begin of chemotherapy at day 5. Response evaluation: product of 2 perpendicular diameters of 1 - 3 index lesions/% blasts in BM/PB within 24 h prior to Rx and at day 5: responder (RP): at least 1 lesion with at least objective effect (decrease of ≥25%) and no progress (increase of ≥25 %) at other sites. Study plan: Simon 2-stage phase II with α and β = 5%. Response rate (RR) for poor activity was set to 45%, for good activity 65%. 33 pts entered the first stage, final evaluation after 79 pts. Results: One hundred thirty-six pts were enrolled from 04/04–08/08. NTC °3/4 toxicities: general condition 16%, fatigue 13%, anaphylaxis (chill/fever/bronchospasm) 6 (1/2/4)%, infection 3%, S-GOT/GPT 10%, acute tumor lysis (ATL) 7%, capillary leakage (0), toxic death (0). Forty-nine pts were not evaluable for response: Withdrawal (anaphylaxis 8, ATL 2, suspected progression, not verified 4, other 2), IT therapy in CNS- pts (8), corticosteroids (3), technical inadequacy of response evaluation (21), no index lesion (1). Of the 87 evaluable pts 37 were RPs (42.5%, 95%-CI 32% - 54%). RR by histology: BL/B-ALL 29/68, DLBCL 6/14, juvenile follicular lymphoma 1/2, PMBCL 1/1, B-NHL nfs 0/2. Fifty pts were non-RPs. Conclusions: Although the RR was lower than requested Rx as single agent is active in pediatric B-NHL. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Krause, M., G. Golla, K. I. Morita, and R. Wielebinski. "NGC 4631: The Unusual Star Forming Region Around CM67 — CO Observations with NMA and Pico Veleta." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 140 (1994): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100020017.

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The late-type edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4631 is known for its high star formation rate and extended radio halo with a uniform magnetic field component ordered predominantly perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy in the inner 6 kpc (assuming a distance of 7.5 Mpc, 1′ = 2.2 kpc) (Hummel et al. 1988; Golla, Ph.D., in preparation). The strongest radio continuum source of NGC 4631 is located at the eastern edge of the central region near a giant HII region complex CM67 (Crillon and Monnet 1969). The magnetic field orientation going out from the central region and especially from the region CM67 as well as the prominent north eastern low frequency radio spur (cf. Hummel et al. 1991) indicate a close connection between the synchrotron emission of the radio halo of NGC 4631 and star forming regions/CM67 in the disk (Golla and Hummel, in preparation). Probably cosmic rays from star forming regions in the disk propagate along the magnetic field Unes into the halo.
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Book chapters on the topic "Perpendicular NML"

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Ajmal Khan, M., and Yasuaki Ishikawa. "Indium (In)-Catalyzed Silicon Nanowires (Si NWs) Grown by the Vapor–Liquid–Solid (VLS) Mode for Nanoscale Device Applications." In Nanowires - Recent Progress. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97723.

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Stacking fault free and planar defects (twin plane) free catalyzed Si nanowires (Si NWs) is essential for the carrier transport in the nanoscale devices applications. In this chapter, In-catalyzed, vertically aligned and cone-shaped Si NWs arrays were grown by using vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mode on Si (111) substrates. We have successfully controlled the verticality and (111)-orientation of Si NWs as well as scaled down the diameter to 18 nm. The density of Si NWs was also enhanced from 2.5 μm−2 to 70 μm−2. Such vertically aligned, (111)-oriented p-type Si NWs are very important for the nanoscale device applications including Si NWs/c-Si tandem solar cells and p-Si NWs/n-InGaZnO Heterojunction LEDs. Next, the influence of substrate growth temperature (TS), cooling rate (∆TS/∆𝑡) on the formation of planar defects, twining along [112] direction and stacking fault in Si NWs perpendicular to (111)-orientation were deeply investigated. Finally, one simple model was proposed to explain the formation of stacking fault, twining of planar defects in perpendicular direction to the axial growth direction of Si NWs. When the TS was decreased from 600°C with the cooling rate of 100°C/240 sec to room temperature (RT) after Si NWs growth then the twin planar defects perpendicular to the substrate and along different segments of (111)-oriented Si NWs were observed.
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Giang Le, Thi. "Self-Assembly of GeMn Nanocolumns in GeMn Thin Films." In Self-Assembly of Nanostructures and Patchy Nanoparticles. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92709.

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This chapter presents the results of growing GeMn nanocolumns on Ge(001) substrates by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The samples have been prepared by co-depositing Ge and Mn at growth temperature of 130°C and Mn at concentration of ~6% to ensure the reproduction of GeMn nanocolumns. Based on the observation of changes in reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns during nanocolumn growth, surface signals of GeMn nanocolumn formation have been identified. Structural analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the self-assembled nanocolumns with core-shell structure extend through the whole thickness of the GeMn layer. Most of nanocolumns are oriented perpendicular to the interface along the growth direction. The nanocolumn size has been determined to be about 5–8 nm in diameter and a maximum height of 80 nm. A phenomenological model has been proposed to explain the driving force for self-assembly and growth mechanisms of GeMn nanocolumns. The in-plane or lateral Mn diffusion/segregation is driven by a low solubility of Mn in Ge while the driving force of Mn vertical segregation is induced by the surfactant effect along the [001] direction.
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Newnham, Robert E. "Acoustic waves I." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0025.

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In this chapter we treat plane waves specified by a wave normal and a particle motion vector . Two types of waves, longitudinal waves and shear waves, are observed in solids. For low symmetry directions, there are generally three different waves with the same wave normal, a longitudinal wave and two shear waves. The particle motions in the three waves are perpendicular to one another. Only longitudinal waves are present in liquids because of their inability to support shear stresses. The transverse waves are strongly absorbed. Acoustic wave velocities (v) are controlled by elastic constants (c) and density (ρ). For a stiff ceramic (c ∼ 5 × 1011 N/m2) and density (ρ ∼ 5 g/cm3 = 5000 kg/m3), the wave velocity is about 104 m/s. For low frequency vibrations near 1 kHz the wavelength λ is about 10 m. The shortest wavelengths are around 1 nm and correspond to infrared vibrations of 1013 Hz. Acoustic wave velocities for polycrystalline alkali metals are plotted in Fig. 23.2. Longitudinal waves travel at about twice the speed of transverse shear waves since c11 > c44. Sound is transmitted faster in light metals like Li which have shorter, stronger bonds and lower density than heavy alkali atoms like Cs. The tensor relation between velocity and elastic constants is derived using Newton’s Laws and the differential volume element shown in Fig. 23.3(a). The volume is equal to (δZ1) (δZ2) (δZ3). Acoustic waves are characterized by regions of compression and rarefaction because of the periodic particle displacements associated with the wave. These displacements are caused by the inhomogeneous stresses emanating from the source of the sound. In tensor form the components of the stress gradient are ∂Xij/∂Zk and will include both tensile stress gradients and shear stress gradients, as pictured in Fig. 23.3(b). The force F acting on the volume element is calculated by multiplying the stress components by the area of the faces on which the force acts.
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Conference papers on the topic "Perpendicular NML"

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Xiao, Tianyao, Christopher Bennett, Frederick Mancoff, Jack Manuel, David Hughart, Robin Jacobs-Gedrim, Edward Bielejec, et al. "Heavy-ion-induced displacement damage effects in magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular anisotropy." In Proposed for presentation at the Nuclear & Space Radiation Effects Conference held November 29 - December 30, 2020 in Santa Fe, NM, US. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1831024.

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Fatta, Francesca, Andrea Marraffa, and Claudio Patanè. "Geometrie dello sguardo nel paesaggio calabrese." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11543.

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Geometries of the gaze in the Calabrian landscapeHaving lost their function of sighting as an instrument of strategic control, inclusion and protection from presumed pirate invasions, the coastal towers of Calabria Ultra, represented in the Diary of Wonders of the end of the sixteenth century, called Codice Romano Carratelli, will act as the key and device of the gaze that links the land to the expanse of water. A vast geometric, precise and linear system that will connect, through the gaze, the “terracqueo landscape”, unstable and multiform, continuously changing. The ninety-nine watercolour maps of the Codice are an immense heritage of clues, traces, geometries and measurements on which to think in order to bring to the surface of the earth, military tactics that have become latent in history as a palimpsest. The use of ancient and modern techniques of survey and graphic representation, want to accompany the contemporary traveler to turn his gaze towards new strategies of “reception”, rather than aversion of a silent landscape, where merge and mix. The “stratigraphies of the gaze” are sections perpendicular to the “horizontal plane” of a “living” landscape from which routes, artefacts, signs, traces, fragments of history can be distilled for a widespread cultural regeneration of the territory. The experimental character of this research, recounted in these pages, lies in the application of an innovative strategy of communication and information, based on the creation of cultural routes structured in museums, widespread or located on the coastal landscape of Calabria.
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Jinqui Qin, Weibua Zhou, Daoyu Liu, Ninghai Hu, and Zhongsheng Jin. "Synthesis and x-ray structure of a semiconducting organometallic salt, [FeCp(Tol)]/sub 2/[Ni(nmf)/sub 3/], containing the perpendicular cation and anion stacks." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835511.

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Laribi, Boualem, Abdellaziz Ait Amrane, and Abdellah Hadj-Abdellah. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Development Downstream Four Perforated Plates for Flow Measurement Accuracy." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21062.

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Several plates are described in the standard like a flow conditioners. A numerical simulation is done to study the development of the turbulent flow with the presence of four perforated plates. Three of the perforated plates are described in the standard ISO 5167 namely ZANKER, NOVA and NEL plates. The fourth one is a new design and proposed plate. The main goal is a comparative simulation of the four perforated plates to produce the fully developed pipe flow which is a prerequisite for flow measurement accuracy. The flow is analysed in a circular pipe of 100mm diameter. The disturber used for the simulation is a 90° double bend in two perpendicular planes. The geometry of the perforated plates is different with four types of perforations at different diameters. The flow is insured by air at a Reynolds number of 2.5×105. The numerical analysis is conducted by the CFD code Fluent which is based on the resolution of the Navier-Stokes equations with k-ε like turbulence model. The parameter discussed in this study is the velocity. The results show the effectiveness of perforated plates to obtain the fully developed pipe flow at length z/D=20 downstream the disturbers. Downstream this station the contour seems to reach the fully developed pipe flow like at station z/D=100 where the flow is supposed fully developed, and don’t exhibit any instabilities of the velocity contour. Contrary, in the stations upstream we found instability of the flow structure. From some stations we show how much the turbulent mixing downstream the perforated plates is important to reach the fully developed pipe flow. The effectiveness of CFD code Fluent to predict flow development in different installations is done where good predictions are presented.
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Luttmann, Michel, Jean-Louis Stehle, Jean-Philippe Piel, and Pierre Boher. "High Performance Fourier Transform IR Ellipsometer." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fts.1997.fwb.3.

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Spectroscopic ellipsometry is a well established technique for the optical characterization of bulk materials, deposited thin films and surface layers [1]. It is based on the measurement of the change of the polarization state of light after reflection on a sample. This change is directly related to the complex ratio ρ defined by : ρ = r p / r s = tanψe j Δ , where r p and r s are respectively the reflection coefficients of the waves parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence. A. Rosëler has been the first to combine Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) to a classical rotating polariser or analyser ellipsometer [2]. The optical set-up of such an apparatus consists of a light source, an Michelson interferometer, a polariser, a sample, an analyser and a detector set. The accuracy of this ellipsometer is affected by polarization defects of the different components, particulary those of the wire grid used as polariser and analyser. Many procedures have been proposed recently to take into account imperfect components [2,3,4] such as interferometric residual polarization, polariser and analyser non nul attenuation coefficients and detector set dichroism. However, those procedures have some limitations and do not take in consideration the detector set non linearity. Our new ellipsometer is based on SOPRA’s compagny rotating analyser ellipsometer VASE-FTIR model 3 [5]. The use of special polariser and analyser allowed us to get an accuracy better than 1% in straight line without sample on the sample holder. We have observed however a slight shift on the cosΔ spectrum. This behaviour is induced by the detector set non linearity. Assuming a quadratic non linearity we have been able to correct the ellipsometric spectrum in real time. The accuracy in straight line reaches a few 1/1000 over the whole spectral range, which is very good in the IR.
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Panjaitan, J. "Novel Approach on Thin Bed Reservoir Case Study from Muda Formation, Natuna Basin." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-g-244.

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The presence of shale in thin beds reservoirs affects formation evaluation where the standard conventional log analyses are not designed to properly correct this effect. The conventional logging tools, with low vertical resolution, are not able to characterize these thin beds. This implies that log values do not represent the true bed or layer properties, but rather an average of multiple beds. Muda Formation are characterized by thin bed layers, made up of clastic rock sequences with dominant lithology of sandstone inter-bedded with shale, siltstone, and organic material as confirmed by drilling cuttings, logs response, and also supported by observation from sidewall cores. There are many uncertainties related to the presence of thin beds, primarily sand, silt, shale or their combination in term of their petrophysical properties and lateral extent. Inadequate reservoir characterization can cause significant amounts of oil and gas to remain unidentified. Accurate petrophysical parameters determination play an important role in the development plan of a field. The lateral and vertical variations in the petrophysical properties of the reservoir lead to different scenarios of the field development. The study of Muda Formation in this structure has integrated the sidewall core and log data. The contribution of the thin sand laminae to the average log response resulted in underestimating the porosity (Ф) and hydrocarbon saturation (Sh). The advanced measurement, like the resistivity anisotropy, proved quite useful as the vertical and horizontal resistivity across these beds leading to measurable electrical anisotropy. The resistivity measured perpendicular to the bedding is significantly higher than resistivity measured parallel to the bedding. The situation occurs due to high resistivity sand layers interbedded with low resistivity shale layers. The true sand porosity and hydrocarbon saturation were calculated using the laminated sand shale sequence and calibrated with core data. The study led to the more realistic petrophysical estimation of the sand shale laminae. A combination and integration of high-resolution image log for sand count, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for porosity evaluation and triaxial resistivity for volumetric model through Laminated Sand Analysis approach are found useful to solve thin bed reservoir issue.
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