Journal articles: 'Perovskite photovoltaic cells'

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Dai, Xianfeng, Ke Xu, and Fanan Wei. "Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (January 6, 2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.5.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are set to be game changing components in next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency and low cost. In this article, recent progress in the development of perovskite layers, which are the basis of PSCs, is reviewed. Achievements in the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films by various methods and techniques are introduced. The reported works demonstrate that the power conversion efficiency of the perovskite layers depends largely on their morphology and the crystalline quality. Furthermore, recent achievements concerning the scalability of perovskite films are presented. These developments aim at manufacturing large-scale perovskite solar modules at high speed. Moreover, it is shown that the development of low-dimensional perovskites plays an important role in improving the long-term ambient stability of PSCs. Finally, these latest advancements can enhance the competitiveness of PSCs in photovoltaics, paving the way for their commercialization. In the closing section of this review, some future critical challenges are outlined, and the prospect of commercialization of PSCs is presented.

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McDonald, Calum, Chengsheng Ni, Paul Maguire, Paul Connor, John Irvine, Davide Mariotti, and Vladimir Svrcek. "Nanostructured Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101481.

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Over the past decade, lead halide perovskites have emerged as one of the leading photovoltaic materials due to their long carrier lifetimes, high absorption coefficients, high tolerance to defects, and facile processing methods. With a bandgap of ~1.6 eV, lead halide perovskite solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies in excess of 25%. Despite this, poor material stability along with lead contamination remains a significant barrier to commercialization. Recently, low-dimensional perovskites, where at least one of the structural dimensions is measured on the nanoscale, have demonstrated significantly higher stabilities, and although their power conversion efficiencies are slightly lower, these materials also open up the possibility of quantum-confinement effects such as carrier multiplication. Furthermore, both bulk perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites have been demonstrated to form hybrids with silicon nanocrystals, where numerous device architectures can be exploited to improve efficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of perovskite solar cells, and report the current progress in nanoscale perovskites, such as low-dimensional perovskites, perovskite quantum dots, and perovskite-nanocrystal hybrid solar cells.

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Jeon, Il, Kyusun Kim, Efat Jokar, Minjoon Park, Hyung-Woo Lee, and Eric Wei-Guang Diau. "Environmentally Compatible Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells and Their Potential as Light Harvesters in Energy Storage Systems." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082066.

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Next-generation renewable energy sources and perovskite solar cells have revolutionised photovoltaics research and the photovoltaic industry. However, the presence of toxic lead in perovskite solar cells hampers their commercialisation. Lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells are a potential alternative solution to this problem; however, numerous technological issues must be addressed before the efficiency and stability of tin-based perovskite solar cells can match those of lead-based perovskite solar cells. This report summarizes the development of lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells from their conception to the most recent improvements. Further, the methods by which the issue of the oxidation of tin perovskites has been resolved, thereby enhancing the device performance and stability, are discussed in chronological order. In addition, the potential of lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells in energy storage systems, that is, when they are integrated with batteries, is examined. Finally, we propose a research direction for tin-based perovskite solar cells in the context of battery applications.

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Samiul Islam, Md, K. Sobayel, Ammar Al-Kahtani, M. A. Islam, Ghulam Muhammad, N. Amin, Md Shahiduzzaman, and Md Akhtaruzzaman. "Defect Study and Modelling of SnX3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with SCAPS-1D." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051218.

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Recent achievements, based on lead (Pb) halide perovskites, have prompted comprehensive research on low-cost photovoltaics, in order to avoid the major challenges that arise in this respect: Stability and toxicity. In this study, device modelling of lead (Pb)-free perovskite solar cells has been carried out considering methyl ammonium tin bromide (CH3NH3SnBr3) as perovskite absorber layer. The perovskite structure has been justified theoretically by Goldschmidt tolerance factor and the octahedral factor. Numerical modelling tools were used to investigate the effects of amphoteric defect and interface defect states on the photovoltaic parameters of CH3NH3SnBr3-based perovskite solar cell. The study identifies the density of defect tolerance in the absorber layer, and that both the interfaces are 1015 cm−3, and 1014 cm−3, respectively. Furthermore, the simulation evaluates the influences of metal work function, uniform donor density in the electron transport layer and the impact of series resistance on the photovoltaic parameters of proposed n-TiO2/i-CH3NH3SnBr3/p-NiO solar cell. Considering all the optimization parameters, CH3NH3SnBr3-based perovskite solar cell exhibits the highest efficiency of 21.66% with the Voc of 0.80 V, Jsc of 31.88 mA/cm2 and Fill Factor of 84.89%. These results divulge the development of environmentally friendly methyl ammonium tin bromide perovskite solar cell.

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Wang, Fangfang, Qing Chang, Yikai Yun, Sizhou Liu, You Liu, Jungan Wang, Yinyu Fang, et al. "Hole-Transporting Low-Dimensional Perovskite for Enhancing Photovoltaic Performance." Research 2021 (May 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9797053.

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Halide perovskites with low-dimensionalities (2D or quasi-2D) have demonstrated outstanding stabilities compared to their 3D counterparts. Nevertheless, poor charge-transporting abilities of organic components in 2D perovskites lead to relatively low power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thus limit their applications in photovoltaics. Here, we report a novel hole-transporting low-dimensional (HT2D) perovskite, which can form a hole-transporting channel on the top surface of 3D perovskite due to self-assembly effects of metal halide frameworks. This HT2D perovskite can significantly reduce interface trap densities and enhance hole-extracting abilities of a heterojunction region between the 3D perovskite and hole-transporting layer. Furthermore, the posttreatment by HT2D can also reduce the crystal defects of perovskite and improve film morphology. As a result, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can effectively suppress nonradiative recombination, leading to an increasement on photovoltage to >1.20 V and thus achieving >20% power conversion efficiency and >500 h continuous illumination stability. This work provides a pathway to overcome charge-transporting limitations in low-dimensional perovskites and delivers significant enhancements on performance of PSCs.

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Fan, Ping, Huan-Xin Peng, Zhuang-Hao Zheng, Zi-Hang Chen, Shi-Jie Tan, Xing-Ye Chen, Yan-Di Luo, Zheng-Hua Su, Jing-Ting Luo, and Guang-Xing Liang. "Single-Source Vapor-Deposited Cs2AgBiBr6 Thin Films for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121760.

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Lead-free double perovskites have been considered as a potential environmentally friendly photovoltaic material for substituting the hybrid lead halide perovskites due to their high stability and nontoxicity. Here, lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films are initially fabricated by single-source evaporation deposition under high vacuum condition. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy characterization show that the high crystallinity, flat, and pinhole-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films were obtained after post-annealing at 300 °C for 15 min. By changing the annealing temperature, annealing time, and film thickness, perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 solar cells with planar heterojunction structure of FTO/TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag achieve an encouraging power conversion efficiency of 0.70%. Our preliminary work opens a feasible approach for preparing high-quality double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films wielding considerable potential for photovoltaic application.

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Wu, Ming-Chung, Ching-Mei Ho, Kai-Chi Hsiao, Shih-Hsuan Chen, Yin-Hsuan Chang, and Meng-Huan Jao. "Antisolvent Engineering to Enhance Photovoltaic Performance of Methylammonium Bismuth Iodide Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13010059.

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High absorption ability and direct bandgap makes lead-based perovskite to acquire high photovoltaic performance. However, lead content in perovskite becomes a double-blade for counterbalancing photovoltaic performance and sustainability. Herein, we develop a methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI), a perovskite-derivative, to serve as a lead-free light absorber layer. Owing to the short carrier diffusion length of MBI, its film quality is a predominant factor to photovoltaic performance. Several candidates of non-polar solvent are discussed in aspect of their dipole moment and boiling point to reveal the effects of anti-solvent assisted crystallization. Through anti-solvent engineering of toluene, the morphology, crystallinity, and element distribution of MBI films are improved compared with those without toluene treatment. The improved morphology and crystallinity of MBI films promote photovoltaic performance over 3.2 times compared with the one without toluene treatment. The photovoltaic device can achieve 0.26% with minor hysteresis effect, whose hysteresis index reduces from 0.374 to 0.169. This study guides a feasible path for developing MBI photovoltaics.

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Shin, Dong, and Suk-Ho Choi. "Recent Studies of Semitransparent Solar Cells." Coatings 8, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8100329.

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It is necessary to develop semitransparent photovoltaic cell for increasing the energy density from sunlight, useful for harvesting solar energy through the windows and roofs of buildings and vehicles. Current semitransparent photovoltaics are mostly based on Si, but it is difficult to adjust the color transmitted through Si cells intrinsically for enhancing the visual comfort for human. Recent intensive studies on translucent polymer- and perovskite-based photovoltaic cells offer considerable opportunities to escape from Si-oriented photovoltaics because their electrical and optical properties can be easily controlled by adjusting the material composition. Here, we review recent progress in materials fabrication, design of cell structure, and device engineering/characterization for high-performance/semitransparent organic and perovskite solar cells, and discuss major problems to overcome for commercialization of these solar cells.

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Liu, Diwen, Qiaohong Li, and Kechen Wu. "Ethylammonium as an alternative cation for efficient perovskite solar cells from first-principles calculations." RSC Advances 9, no. 13 (2019): 7356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00853e.

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Sanders, S., D. Stümmler, J. D. Gerber, J. H. Seidel, G. Simkus, M. Heuken, A. Vescan, and H. Kalisch. "Showerhead-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskite Films for Solar Cell Application." MRS Advances 5, no. 8-9 (2020): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.126.

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AbstractIn the last years, perovskite solar cells have attracted great interest in photovoltaic (PV) research due to their possibility to become a highly efficient and low-cost alternative to silicon solar cells. Cells based on the widely used Pb-containing perovskites have reached power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of more than 20 %. One of the major hurdles for the rapid commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics is the lack of deposition tools and processes for large areas. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an appealing technique because it is scalable and furthermore features superior process control and reproducibility in depositing high-purity films. In this work, we present a novel showerhead-based CVD tool to fabricate perovskite films by simultaneous delivery of precursors from the gas phase. We highlight the control of the perovskite film composition and properties by adjusting the individual precursor deposition rates. Providing the optimal supply of precursors results in stoichiometric perovskite films without any detectable residues.

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Cheng, Yuanhang, and Liming Ding. "Pushing commercialization of perovskite solar cells by improving their intrinsic stability." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 6 (2021): 3233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee00493j.

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This review provides a comprehensive understanding on degradation mechanisms related to intrinsic properties of perovskites and effective strategies for pushing commercialization of perovskite photovoltaic are summarized.

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Sidhik, Siraj, Yafei Wang, Michael De Siena, Reza Asadpour, Andrew J. Torma, Tanguy Terlier, Kevin Ho, et al. "Deterministic fabrication of 3D/2D perovskite bilayer stacks for durable and efficient solar cells." Science 377, no. 6613 (September 23, 2022): 1425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abq7652.

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Realizing solution-processed heterostructures is a long-enduring challenge in halide perovskites because of solvent incompatibilities that disrupt the underlying layer. By leveraging the solvent dielectric constant and Gutmann donor number, we could grow phase-pure two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskite stacks of the desired composition, thickness, and bandgap onto 3D perovskites without dissolving the underlying substrate. Characterization reveals a 3D–2D transition region of 20 nanometers mainly determined by the roughness of the bottom 3D layer. Thickness dependence of the 2D perovskite layer reveals the anticipated trends for n-i-p and p-i-n architectures, which is consistent with band alignment and carrier transport limits for 2D perovskites. We measured a photovoltaic efficiency of 24.5%, with exceptional stability of T 99 (time required to preserve 99% of initial photovoltaic efficiency) of >2000 hours, implying that the 3D/2D bilayer inherits the intrinsic durability of 2D perovskite without compromising efficiency.

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Song, Zhaonng, Chongwen Li, Lei Chen, and Yanfa Yan. "(Invited) Monolithic All-Perovskite Tandem Cells for Unassisted Water Splitting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 48 (October 9, 2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02481800mtgabs.

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The past decade has witnessed a rapid evolution of research on metal halide perovskite-based optoelectronic and energy devices. In light of this remarkable progress, photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells based on halide perovskite photoabsorbers have recently emerged as a promising solar fuel technology. Notably, the bandgap tunability and low-temperature processing make monolithic all-perovskite tandem cells ideal candidates for achieving efficient, cost-effective, unassisted solar-driven water electrolysis devices. Here, we report our progress on fabricating monolithic all-perovskite tandem cells consisting of two solution-processed perovskite subcells for unassisted water-splitting applications. The all-perovskite tandem devices are achieved by monolithically integrating a wide-bandgap (1.7 – 2.1 eV) Pb-based mixed-halide (Br-I) perovskite top subcell and a narrower-bandgap (1.25 - 1.55 eV) bottom subcell based on Pb-based or mixed Pb-Sn iodide perovskites. Varying the halide perovskite composition for each subcell enables us to tailor the photovoltaic performance of the tandem devices. We demonstrate that all-perovskite tandem devices with various bandgap compositions can deliver open-circuit voltages of more than 2 V. The high photovoltage provides a sufficient overpotential to drive unassisted PEC water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of more than 10%. Additionally, we show that proper water-impermeable encapsulants are needed to prevent degradation of the halide perovskite absorbers in an aqueous environment and enable a long operational lifetime.

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Duan, Hsin-Sheng, Huanping Zhou, Qi Chen, Pengyu Sun, Song Luo, Tze-Bin Song, Brion Bob, and Yang Yang. "The identification and characterization of defect states in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite photovoltaics." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 1 (2015): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04479g.

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Fu, Huiying. "Dion–Jacobson halide perovskites for photovoltaic and photodetection applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 20 (2021): 6378–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01061a.

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Bi, Dongqin, Wolfgang Tress, M. Ibrahim Dar, Peng Gao, Jingshan Luo, Clémentine Renevier, Kurt Schenk, et al. "Efficient luminescent solar cells based on tailored mixed-cation perovskites." Science Advances 2, no. 1 (January 2016): e1501170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501170.

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We report on a new metal halide perovskite photovoltaic cell that exhibits both very high solar-to-electric power-conversion efficiency and intense electroluminescence. We produce the perovskite films in a single step from a solution containing a mixture of FAI, PbI2, MABr, and PbBr2(where FA stands for formamidinium cations and MA stands for methylammonium cations). Using mesoporous TiO2and Spiro-OMeTAD as electron- and hole-specific contacts, respectively, we fabricate perovskite solar cells that achieve a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 20.8% for a PbI2/FAI molar ratio of 1.05 in the precursor solution. Rietveld analysis of x-ray diffraction data reveals that the excess PbI2content incorporated into such a film is about 3 weight percent. Time-resolved photoluminescence decay measurements show that the small excess of PbI2suppresses nonradiative charge carrier recombination. This in turn augments the external electroluminescence quantum efficiency to values of about 0.5%, a record for perovskite photovoltaics approaching that of the best silicon solar cells. Correspondingly, the open-circuit photovoltage reaches 1.18 V under AM 1.5 sunlight.

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Tiwari, Yogesh Kumar Dongre and Sanjay. "Perovskite Solar Cells an Efficient, Low Cost, Emerging Photovoltaic Technology." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 33, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2020-33-1-10.

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Organometal halides compound shortly named as perovskite represent an emerging active layer materials for photovoltaic technology. In recent years perovskite shows capability of developing high performance photovoltaic devices with higher efficiency at a low cost. This review article discuss the current status of methylammonium metal halide (perovskite) based photovoltaic devices and provide a comprehensive review of ABX3 device structures, fabrication methods,synthetization, film properties, and photovoltaic performance. The flexibility, simplicity and low cast processing of perovskite solar cell fabrication methods allow using various types of device architectures. The article also focuses on the journey of perovskite solar cell. In 2009 first perovskite solar cell was reported and it shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) of around 3–4%.In 2017 the PCE was reported around 22.1%, now a day (in 2019) 28% power conversion efficiency is reported by Oxford PV’s which is tandem solar cell based on perovskite-silicon. In this article the issue related to efficiency enhancement, stability and degradation mechanism are presented.

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Rong, Yaoguang, Yue Hu, Anyi Mei, Hairen Tan, Makhsud I. Saidaminov, Sang Il Seok, Michael D. McGehee, Edward H. Sargent, and Hongwei Han. "Challenges for commercializing perovskite solar cells." Science 361, no. 6408 (September 20, 2018): eaat8235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat8235.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have witnessed rapidly rising power conversion efficiencies, together with advances in stability and upscaling. Despite these advances, their limited stability and need to prove upscaling remain crucial hurdles on the path to commercialization. We summarize recent advances toward commercially viable PSCs and discuss challenges that remain. We expound the development of standardized protocols to distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic degradation factors in perovskites. We review accelerated aging tests in both cells and modules and discuss the prediction of lifetimes on the basis of degradation kinetics. Mature photovoltaic solutions, which have demonstrated excellent long-term stability in field applications, offer the perovskite community valuable insights into clearing the hurdles to commercialization.

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Adjogri, Shadrack J., and Edson L. Meyer. "A Review on Lead-Free Hybrid Halide Perovskites as Light Absorbers for Photovoltaic Applications Based on Their Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 5039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215039.

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Despite the advancement made by the scientific community in the evolving photovoltaic technologies, including the achievement of a 29.1% power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells over the past two decades, there are still numerous challenges facing the advancement of lead-based halide perovskite absorbers for perovskite photovoltaic applications. Among the numerous challenges, the major concern is centered around the toxicity of the emerging lead-based halide perovskite absorbers, thereby leading to drawbacks for their pragmatic application and commercialization. Hence, the replacement of lead in the perovskite material with non-hazardous metal has become the central focus for the actualization of hybrid perovskite technology. This review focuses on lead-free hybrid halide perovskites as light absorbers with emphasis on how their chemical compositions influence optical properties, morphological properties, and to a certain extent, the stability of these perovskite materials.

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Liu, Hongliang, Ling Xiang, Peng Gao, Dan Wang, Jirui Yang, Xinman Chen, Shuti Li, Yanli Shi, Fangliang Gao, and Yong Zhang. "Improvement Strategies for Stability and Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193295.

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Recently, perovskites have garnered great attention owing to their outstanding characteristics, such as tunable bandgap, rapid absorption reaction, low cost and solution-based processing, leading to the development of high-quality and low-cost photovoltaic devices. However, the key challenges, such as stability, large-area processing, and toxicity, hinder the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In recent years, several studies have been carried out to overcome these issues and realize the commercialization of PSCs. Herein, the stability and photovoltaic efficiency improvement strategies of perovskite solar cells are briefly summarized from several directions, such as precursor doping, selection of hole/electron transport layer, tandem solar cell structure, and graphene-based PSCs. According to reference and analysis, we present our perspective on the future research directions and challenges of PSCs.

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Cannavale, Alessandro, Giles E. Eperon, Pierluigi Cossari, Antonio Abate, Henry J. Snaith, and Giuseppe Gigli. "Perovskite photovoltachromic cells for building integration." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 5 (2015): 1578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee00896d.

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Sultana, Najmin Ara, Md Obidul Islam, Mainul Hossain, and Zahid Hasan Mahmood. "Comparative Performance Study of Perovskite Solar Cell for Different Electron Transport Materials." Dhaka University Journal of Science 66, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v66i2.54553.

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In recent times, planar organo-metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved high power conversion efficiency (PCE > 22%). Mixed organic-inorganic halide perovskites, with excellent light harvesting properties, have evolved as a promising class of semiconductors for photovoltaics. In this work, compositional and electrical characterizations of materials used for different layers of PSC have been studied. One dimensional solar cell simulator wx-AMPS is used for numerical simulation of such devices and all simulations are done under AM1.5 illuminations and 300K temperature. Investigating the influences of thickness of electron transport material (ETM), hole transporting material (HTM) and absorber on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs, it is observed that, increase in thickness of perovskite (MAPbI3) results in the increase in PCE of solar cells, whereas increase in thickness of ETM layer results in decrease in the efficiency of the devices. The ETM plays a vital role on the performance of PSC. In this paper, for the first time performances of PSC for three different ETMs (TiO2, ZnO or SnO2) are calculated and analyzed simultaneously with the simulator wx-AMPS. The photovoltaic performances have been explored and efficiencies of 27.6%, 27.5% and 28.02% are reported for perovskite solar cells with TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 as ETM respectively for a specific thickness. Finally, this simulation study concludes that ZnO and SnO2 may be effective alternatives of the commonly used material, TiO2 as they are economically more potential and give somewhat better photovoltaic performance. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(2): 109-114, 2018 (July)

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Tan, Wen Liang, and Christopher R. McNeill. "X-ray diffraction of photovoltaic perovskites: Principles and applications." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 2 (June 2022): 021310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076665.

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Solar cells based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have emerged as the most efficient next-generation thin-film solar cells within just a decade of research and show great promise for commercialization. As control of the thin-film microstructure of the perovskite layer is a key factor enabling high photovoltaic efficiency, good stability, and successful up-scaling of high-quality perovskite thin films for commercialization, a reliable and accurate characterization of the thin-film microstructure is paramount. X-ray diffraction (XRD)-based techniques, including conventional laboratory-based XRD and synchrotron-based grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering, are widely used to probe the microstructure of photovoltaic perovskite thin films. Nevertheless, it is common for these XRD experiments to be poorly executed and diffraction data to be improperly interpreted. This review focuses on principles of XRD techniques and their application for the characterization of the perovskite thin-film microstructure. Fundamentals of XRD techniques are presented with a strong emphasis on best practices in data collection and analysis. Approaches for the reliable and accurate extraction of microstructural information from diffraction data are discussed, including the need for simulating diffraction patterns. Applications of XRD techniques in characterizing perovskite thin films are demonstrated for both three-dimensional and layered hybrid perovskites, covering various microstructural aspects including phase identification and quantification, texture analysis, microstrain, and macrostrain as well as in situ and operando characterization. The additional subtleties and complexities associated with the XRD characterization of layered hybrid perovskites due to a more complex thin-film microstructure are discussed. Common mistakes and pitfalls that lead to misinterpretation of diffraction data are also highlighted.

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Pantaler, Martina, Christian Fettkenhauer, Hoang L. Nguyen, Irina Anusca, and Doru C. Lupascu. "Deposition routes of Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskites for photovoltaic applications." MRS Advances 3, no. 32 (2018): 1819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.151.

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ABSTRACTThe lead free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 is an upcoming alternative to lead based perovskites as absorber material in perovskite solar cells. So far, the majority of investigations on this interesting material have focused on polycrystalline powders and single crystals. We present vapor and solution based approaches for the preparation of Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films. Sequential vapor deposition processes starting from different precursors are shown and their weaknesses are discussed. Single source evaporation of Cs2AgBiBr6 and sequential deposition of Cs3Bi2Br9 and AgBr result in the formation of the double perovskite phase. Additionally, we show the possibility of the preparation of planar Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films by spin coating.

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Niu, Tianqi, Qifan Xue, and Hin-Lap Yip. "Advances in Dion-Jacobson phase two-dimensional metal halide perovskite solar cells." Nanophotonics 10, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 2069–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0052.

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Abstract Low-dimensional metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising alternatives to the traditional three-dimensional (3D) components, due to their greater structural tunability and environmental stability. Dion-Jacobson (DJ) phase two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, which are formed by incorporating bulky organic diammonium cations into inorganic frameworks that comprises a symmetrically layered array, have recently attracted increasing research interest. The structure-property characteristics of DJ phase perovskites endow them with a unique combination of photovoltaic efficiency and stability, which has led to their impressive employment in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we review the achievements that have been made to date in the exploitation of DJ phase perovskites in photovoltaic applications. We summarize the various ligand designs, optimization strategies and applications of DJ phase PSCs, and examine the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying their functional behavior. Finally, we discuss the remaining bottlenecks and future outlook for these promising materials, and possible development directions of further commercial processes.

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Park, Hansol, Rajneesh Chaurasiya, Bum Ho Jeong, Perumal Sakthivel, and Hui Joon Park. "Nickel Oxide for Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells." Advanced Photonics Research 2, no. 8 (June 25, 2021): 2000178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202000178.

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Sun, Qiang, Cai Shen, Deyu Wang, Tao Zhang, Huaxia Ban, Yan Shen, Zhipan Zhang, Xiao-Li Zhang, Guanjun Yang, and Mingkui Wang. "Efficient and Stable Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells with Inorganic Perovskite/Carbon Quantum Dot-Graded Heterojunction." Research 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9845067.

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This work reports on a compositionally graded heterojunction for photovoltaic application by cooperating fluorine-doped carbon quantum dots (FCQDs in short) into the CsPbI2.5Br0.5 inorganic perovskite layer. Using this CsPbI2.5Br0.5/FCQDs graded heterojunction in conjunction with low-temperature-processed carbon electrode, a power conversion efficiency of 13.53% for 1 cm2 all-inorganic perovskite solar cell can be achieved at AM 1.5G solar irradiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the highest efficiency reported for carbon electrode based all-inorganic perovskite solar cells so far, and the first report of 1 cm2 carbon counter electrode based inorganic perovskite solar cell with PCE exceeding 13%. Moreover, the inorganic perovskite/carbon quantum dot graded heterojunction photovoltaics maintained over 90% of their initial efficiency after thermal aging at 85° for 1056 hours. This conception of constructing inorganic perovskite/FCQDs graded heterojunction offers a feasible pathway to develop efficient and stable photovoltaics for scale-up and practical applications.

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Furasova, A. D., G. Hix, S. V. Makarov, and A. Di Carlo. "Mesoporous perovskite solar cells with Al- and Zn-based metal-organic frameworks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2015, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2015/1/012042.

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Abstract The improvement of lead halide perovskites solar cells (PSC) by hydrophobic metal-organic frameworks (MOF) is one of the promising tools for modern photovoltaic technology to achieve stable and efficient thin-film devices. To show the MOF applicability for PSC, we incorporate two types of MOF: NH2-MIL-53(Al) and basolite Z1200 in n-i-p mesoporous MAPbI3 based solar cells that can add 2.2% efficiency by increasing main photovoltaic parameters. The simplicity of the proposed MOF’s integration allows to use and adopt this approach to incorporate other frameworks for thin-film perovskite devices.

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Zhang, Yannan, Mengfan Gu, Ning Li, Yalong Xu, Xufeng Ling, Yongjie Wang, Sijie Zhou, et al. "Realizing solution-processed monolithic PbS QDs/perovskite tandem solar cells with high UV stability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 48 (2018): 24693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09164a.

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Among solution-processed photovoltaic materials, lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dots (QDs) possess a highly tunable bandgap and strong infrared absorption, while perovskites show extraordinary external quantum efficiency (EQE) in the visible region, which offers the opportunity to construct an ideal tandem cell of PbS QDs/perovskite.

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Trifiletti, Vanira, Thibault Degousée, Norberto Manfredi, Oliver Fenwick, Silvia Colella, and Aurora Rizzo. "Molecular Doping for Hole Transporting Materials in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010014.

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Hybrid lead halide perovskites have been revolutionary in the photovoltaic research field, reaching efficiencies comparable with the most established photovoltaic technologies, although they have not yet reached their competitors’ stability. The search for a stable configuration requires the engineering of the charge extraction layers; in this work, molecular doping is used as an efficient method for small molecules and polymers employed as hole transport materials in a planar heterojunction configuration on compact-TiO2. We proved the viability of this approach, obtaining significantly increased performances and reduced hysteresis on compact titania-based devices. We investigated the photovoltaic performance correlated to the hole transport material structure. We have demonstrated that the molecular doping mechanism is more reliable than oxidative doping and have verified that molecular doping in polymeric hole transport materials leads to highly efficient perovskite solar cells, with long-term stability.

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Ogundana, I. J., and S. Y. Foo. "Improving the Morphology of the Perovskite Absorber Layer in Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Halide Perovskite MAPbI3 Solar Cells." Journal of Solar Energy 2017 (May 3, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8549847.

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Recently, perovskite solar cells have attracted tremendous attention due to their excellent power conversion efficiency, low cost, simple fabrications, and high photovoltaic performance. Furthermore, the perovskite solar cells are lightweight and possess thin film and semitransparency. However, the nonuniformity in perovskite layer constitutes a major setback to the operation mechanism, performance, reproducibility, and degradation of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, one of the main challenges in planar perovskite devices is the fabrication of high quality films with controlled morphology and least amount of pin-holes for high performance thin film perovskite devices. The poor reproducibility in perovskite solar cells hinders the accurate fabrication of practical devices for use in real world applications, and this is primarily as a result of the inability to control the morphology of perovskites, leading to large variability in the characteristics of perovskite solar cells. Hence, the focus of research in perovskites has been mostly geared towards improving the morphology and crystallization of perovskite absorber by selecting the optimal annealing condition considering the effect of humidity. Here we report a controlled ambient condition that is necessary to grow uniform perovskite crystals. A best PCE of 7.5% was achieved along with a short-circuit current density of 15.2 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.81 V, and a fill factor of 0.612 from the perovskite solar cell prepared under 60% relative humidity.

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Chen, Peng, Jingwei Hou, and Lianzhou Wang. "Metal-organic framework-tailored perovskite solar cells." Microstructures 2, no. 3 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.05.

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tailorable structures and building blocks have demonstrated their advantages in improving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the inferior conductivity of MOFs and their lack of strong chemical interaction with perovskites cause undesirable interfacial charge carrier recombination and then deteriorate the photovoltaic (PV) performance of PSCs. This perspective offers an insightful overview of the versatile functionalities and key merits of MOFs for stabilizing PSCs under various external stimuli in terms of MOF interlayers and MOF-perovskite heterostructures. To tackle the charge transport problem of MOFs, promising strategies are outlined to improve the intrinsic conductivity and chemical coordination of MOFs, with the aim of achieving long-term stable PSCs without compromising their PV performance. The current challenging issues and potential solutions are also discussed to provide a roadmap for MOF-tailored PSCs towards practical applications.

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Moiz, Syed Abdul, Saud Abdulaziz Albadwani, and Mohammed Saleh Alshaikh. "Towards Highly Efficient Cesium Titanium Halide Based Lead-Free Double Perovskites Solar Cell by Optimizing the Interface Layers." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 3435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193435.

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Lead halide perovskites are the most promising compared to the other recently discovered photovoltaic materials, but despite their enormous potential, these materials are facing some serious concerns regarding lead-based toxicity. Among many lead-free perovskites, the vacancy-ordered double perovskite cesium titanium halide family (Cs2TiX6, X = Cl, Br, I) is very popular and heavily investigated and reported on. The main objective of this study is to design and compare an efficient cesium titanium halide-based solar cell that can be used as an alternative to lead-based perovskite solar cells. For efficient photovoltaic requirements, the hole-transport layer and electron-transport layer materials such as PEDOT:PSS and Nb2O5 are selected, as these are the commonly reported materials and electronically compatible with the cesium titanium halide family. For the active layer, cesium titanium halide family members such as Cs2TiCl6, Cs2TiBr6, and Cs2TiI6 are reported here for the devices ITO/Nb2O5/Cs2TiI6/PEDOT:PSS/Au, ITO/Nb2O5/Cs2TiBr6/PEDOT:PSS/Au, and ITO/Nb2O5/Cs2TiCl6/PEDOT:PSS/Au, respectively. To determine the most efficient photovoltaic response, all the layers (PEDOT:PSS, Nb2O5, and active perovskite layer) of each device are optimized concerning thickness as well as doping density, and then each optimized device was systematically investigated for its photovoltaic responses through simulation and modeling. It is observed that the device ITO/Nb2O5/Cs2TiI6/PEDOT:PS/Au shows the most efficient photovoltaic response with little above 18.5% for maximum power-conversion efficiency.

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Rong, Yaoguang, Yue Hu, Sandheep Ravishankar, Huawei Liu, Xiaomeng Hou, Yusong Sheng, Anyi Mei, et al. "Tunable hysteresis effect for perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 11 (2017): 2383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee02048a.

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The tunable hysteresis effect of perovskite solar cells clarifies the importance of the c-TiO₂/perovskite interface, and provides significant insights towards the understanding of this rapidly developing photovoltaic technology.

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Omarova, Zh. "PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY SOLAR CELLS BASED ONCH3NH3SnI3." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 19, no. 2 (40) (June 15, 2022): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022no2/58-64.

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Large-scale deployment of the perovskite photovoltaic technology using such high-performance materials as СH3NH3PbI3may face serious environmental issuesin the future. Implementation of perovskite solar cellbased on Sncouldbe an alternative solution for commercialisation. This paperpresents the results of a theoretical study of a lead-free, environmentally-friendlyphotovoltaic cellusing СH3NH3SnI3as a light-absorbing layer. The characteristics of a photovoltaic cell based on perovskite were modelled using the SCAPS-1D program. Various thicknesses of the absorbing layer were analysed,and an optimised device structure is proposed,demonstratinga high power conversionefficiencyof up to 28% at ambient temperature. The analysis of the thicknesses of the СH3NH3SnI3absorbing layer revealedthat at a thickness of 500 nm, performance is demonstrated with an efficiencyof 27.41 %, a fill factor of 85.92 %, a short circuit current density of 32.60 mA/cm2and an open-circuit voltage of 0.98 V. The obtained numerical results indicate that the СH3NH3SnI3absorbing layer may be a viable replacement forthe standard materials and may form the basis of a highly efficient technology of the environmentally-friendlyperovskite solar cells.

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Tseng, Yi-Tzu, Yu-Ting Tseng, and Chia-Ching Wu. "Photovoltaic Performance of CH3NH3PbI2Cl Perovskite Solar Cell." Applied Functional Materials 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35745/afm2022v02.02.0003.

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Perovskite solar cells have attracted extensive research attention recently as they are promising high-performance solar cells with long-time stability at a low cost. In this study, we demonstrated a one-step solution approach to prepare the CH3NH3PbICl2 perovskite layer by adding lead chloride (PbCl2) to the standard methylamine iodide (MAI) precursor solution and annealing process of the perovskite layer at different temperature. Finally, the Ag/Spiro-OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI2Cl /mp-TiO2/c-TiO2/FTO/Glass perovskite solar cell was successfully fabricated by using solution processing.

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Naamane, Aziz. "Photovoltaic: Perovskite fever: Is Perovskite the future of solar cells?" Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/resd.2020.06.1.001.

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Long, Yi, Kun Liu, Yongli Zhang, and Wenzhe Li. "Ambient Air Temperature Assisted Crystallization for Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113398.

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Inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites, as alternative light absorbers for organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells, have attracted more and more attention due to their superb thermal stability for photovoltaic applications. However, the humid air instability of CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSCs) hinders their further development. The optoelectronic properties of CsPbI2Br films are closely related to the quality of films, so preparing high-quality perovskite films is crucial for fabricating high-performance PSCs. For the first time, we demonstrate that the regulation of ambient temperature of the dry air in the glovebox is able to control the growth of CsPbI2Br crystals and further optimize the morphology of CsPbI2Br film. Through controlling the ambient air temperature assisted crystallization, high-quality CsPbI2Br films are obtained, with advantages such as larger crystalline grains, negligible crystal boundaries, absence of pinholes, lower defect density, and faster carrier mobility. Accordingly, the PSCs based on as-prepared CsPbI2Br film achieve a power conversion efficiency of 15.5% (the maximum stabilized power output of 15.02%). Moreover, the optimized CsPbI2Br films show excellent robustness against moisture and oxygen and maintain the photovoltaic dark phase after 3 h aging in an air atmosphere at room temperature and 35% relative humidity (R.H.). In comparison, the pristine films are completely converted to the yellow phase in 1.5 h.

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Huang, Gao, Zhang, Tian, Zhang, and Liu. "Influence of Film Quality on Power Conversion Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells." Coatings 9, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100622.

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Abstract: Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a high-efficiency, low-cost form of solar technology because of the abundance of useful materials and a simple fabrication procedure relative to other photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, the perovskite material shows decent electron and hole mobilities, a wide absorption range, and long exciton diffusion length. So far, many groups have focused on the research of perovskite thin-film solar cells, and these perovskite solar cells have been deemed to be one of the leading next generation photovoltaic technologies. However, there are several problems that restrict the enhancement of perovskite solar cell performance such as their poor uniformity and low crystallinity. Herein we summarize and discuss the role of film quality on power conversion efficiency, and effect of fabrication condition on the light absorbance of perovskite film.

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Monga, K., R. Rani, and S. Chaudhary. "Recent Advances in Tin-based Hybrid Organic-Inorganic PSCs: Additives for Improved Stability and Performance." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012019.

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Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) materials are progressing as potential candidates for the future generation of photovoltaics. Despite the most efficient photovoltaic performance, lead-based perovskite materials are not considered for commercialization due to the high toxicity of lead. One of the promising alternatives is tin (Sn)-based perovskites, which exhibits equivalent ionic size as lead and outstanding absorption properties. However, Sn-based perovskite materials have stability and low-performance issues because of the easy oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+and fast crystallization. This paper gives a focused overview of the notable recent studies to address the stability and low-performance challenges of Sn-based hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (Sn-HOIP) materials for solar cells by using functional additives. To date, the addition of SnF2 additive in the methylammonium tin iodide-based PSCs has shown the highest efficiency of 7.78% and maintains 70% of original efficiency over 200-hours. In the case of formamidinium tin iodide-based PSCs, the addition of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride significantly increases the power conversion efficiency to 11.40% from 5.60% for a pristine device. However, further improvement in the stability and efficiency of Sn-based PSCs requires a molecular-level understanding of the role of existing and new candidates of additives tailored for evolving Sn-HOIP materials.

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Kong, Jaemin. "Advanced Polymer and Perovskite Solar Cells." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020615.

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Dang, Truyen Hai, Sangmo Kim, Maro Kim, and Chung Wung Bark. "Enhancing Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells by TiCl4 Treatment on the Surface Roughness of the Titanium Dioxide Layer." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 3806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19239.

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Perovskite solar cells have been attracting extensive attention because of their superior photovoltaic performances and lower costs as compared to those of prevailing photovoltaic technologies. There are four main interfaces in perovskite solar cells: flourine-doped tin oxide/electron transport layer, electron transport layer/perovskite layer, perovskite layer/hole transport layer, and hole transport layer/metal electrode. Among them, the interface between the perovskite layer (general formula RPbX3) and electron transport layer significantly affects the power conversion efficiency. In this study, a layer of TiO2, which is the most popular metal oxides used for perovskite solar cells applications, was deposited as the electron transport layer. To enhance the perovskite solar cells performance, surface treatment was performed with TiCl4 (80 mM). To investigate the effect of TiCl4 treatment, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was performed on the perovskite film. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and performance of perovskite solar cells have been also evaluated in this paper. The results indicated that the TiCl4 treatment significantly improved the perovskite solar cells performance.

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Oku, Takeo, Masaya Taguchi, Satsuki Kandori, Atsushi Suzuki, Masanobu Okita, Satoshi Minami, Sakiko Fukunishi, and Tomoharu Tachikawa. "Development of Polysilane-Inserted Perovskite Solar Cells." Materials Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2020-07834.

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Perovskite solar cells, in which decaphenylcyclopentasilane (DPPS) layers were formed on the surface of a CH3NH3PbI3-based perovskite layer, were developed. The photovoltaic properties were improved by controlling the annealing temperature of the perovskite layer. For perovskite layers annealed at high temperatures in the range of 180–220 °C, the perovskite crystals were densely formed and the surface coverage of the perovskite layer was improved. The DPPS-laminated devices suppressed the formation of PbI2 crystals, and the stability was improved by the DPPS layer. Furthermore, the conversion efficiencies were improved over extended periods of time.

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Strachala, David, Josef Hylský, and Jiri Vaněk. "Influence of Moisture on Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells." ECS Transactions 81, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/08101.0191ecst.

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Park, Nam-Gyu. "Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology." Materials Today 18, no. 2 (March 2015): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.07.007.

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Ozerova, Victoria V., Ivan S. Zhidkov, Aleksandra Boldyreva, Nadezhda N. Dremova, Nikita A. Emelianov, Gennady V. Shilov, Lyubov A. Frolova, et al. "Spectacular Enhancement of the Thermal and Photochemical Stability of MAPbI3 Perovskite Films Using Functionalized Tetraazaadamantane as a Molecular Modifier." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030669.

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Perovskite solar cells represent a highly promising third-generation photovoltaic technology. However, their practical implementation is hindered by low device operational stability, mostly related to facile degradation of the absorber materials under exposure to light and elevated temperatures. Improving the intrinsic stability of complex lead halides is a big scientific challenge, which might be addressed using various “molecular modifiers”. These modifiers are usually represented by some additives undergoing strong interactions with the perovskite absorber material, resulting in enhanced solar cell efficiency and/or operational stability. Herein, we present a derivative of 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane, NAdCl, as a promising molecular modifier for lead halide perovskites. NAdCl spectacularly improved both the thermal and photochemical stability of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films and, most importantly, prevented the formation of metallic lead Pb0 as a photolysis product. NAdCl improves the electronic quality of perovskite films by healing the traps for charge carriers. Furthermore, it strongly interacts with the perovskite framework and most likely stabilizes undercoordinated Pb2+ ions, which are responsible for Pb0 formation under light exposure. The obtained results feature 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane derivatives as highly promising molecular modifiers that might help to improve the operational lifetime of perovskite solar cells and facilitate the practical implementation of this photovoltaic technology.

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Höcker, Julian, David Kiermasch, Philipp Rieder, Kristofer Tvingstedt, Andreas Baumann, and Vladimir Dyakonov. "Efficient Solution Processed CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with PolyTPD Hole Transport Layer." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 74, no. 8 (August 27, 2019): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2019-0127.

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AbstractThe organic and hydrophobic polymer poly[N, N′-bis(4-butilphenyl)-N, N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine] (polyTPD) represents a promising hole transport layer (HTL) for perovskite photovoltaics due to its suitable energy levels, whereby its highest occupied molecular orbital level matches well with the valence band level of methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) perovskite. However, processing a perovskite layer from the solution on the surface of this organic material, is found to be difficult due to the surface properties of the latter. In this study, we evaluate efficient p-i-n type MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells employing differently processed polyTPD layers. We found that the surface coverage of the MAPbI3 perovskite layer strongly depends on the preparation method of the underlying polyTPD layer. By varying the solvents for the polyTPD precursor, its concentration, and by applying an optimised two-step perovskite deposition technique we increased both the surface coverage of the perovskite layer as well as the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the corresponding solar cell devices. Our simple solvent-engineering approach demonstrates that no further interface modifications are needed for a successful preparation of efficient planar photovoltaic devices with PCEs in the range of 15 %–16 %.

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Shi, Yantao, Xiangyuan Wang, Hong Zhang, Bo Li, Huilan Lu, Tingli Ma, and Ce Hao. "Effects of 4-tert-butylpyridine on perovskite formation and performance of solution-processed perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 44 (2015): 22191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05988g.

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Song, Tze-Bin, Qi Chen, Huanping Zhou, Chengyang Jiang, Hsin-Hua Wang, Yang (Michael) Yang, Yongsheng Liu, Jingbi You, and Yang Yang. "Perovskite solar cells: film formation and properties." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 17 (2015): 9032–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta05246c.

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Allalla, Madhu, Naman Shukla, Sweta Minj, and Sanjay Tiwari. "Study of Design and Device Modeling of Double layered Perovskite Solar Cells." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 35, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2022-35-1-5.

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Recently, organic-inorganic perovskite-based solar cells have become a revolution in photovoltaic field due to their unique properties. Several studies were focused on perovskite solar cells based on Pb perovskite layer as lead provides strong absorption of photons and have high efficiency. However, the factor of toxicity, stability and ecological challenges of these devices is the main challenge to the progress in commercial production. In this, study and numerical modeling of perovskite solar cells using an alternative candidate which is tin as a perovskite material has been carried out. This later is investigated in order to overcome the toxicity, stability and ecological challenges effects on perovskite solar cells, as they exhibit similar photovoltaic performances as Pb-perovskite solar cells. Therefore, the effect of single and double absorbent i.e. CH3NH3SnI3 and CH3NH3SnBr3 and no Hole Transport Layer is studied and investigated to enhance the conversion efficiency of perovskite devices. The obtained simulation results illustrate that perovskite solar cells based on no HTL and double absorbent layer exhibit 21.3% of power conversion efficiency compared to that with other HTL materials. Thus, adding double absorbent layer in perovskite solar cell design possibly will be considered as novel designing for future Sn-perovskite solar cells. The numerical simulation was performed using 1DSolar Cell Capacitance Simulator (1D- SCAPS).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Perovskite photovoltaic cells'

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