Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Permian volcanism'

2009/2010
Questa tesi di dottorato è focalizzata sui meccanismi dei sistemi magmatici che possono causare super-eruzioni, e ha come oggetto una sezione fossile che comprende le zone Ivrea-Verbano e la zona Serie dei Laghi (Italia, Nord-Ovest). Questa ricerca presenta evidenze di una caldera di età Permiana che espone il sistema magmatico fino alla profondità di 25 km. La correlazione delle età delle rocce vulcaniche e plutoniche della crosta media ed inferiore, mette in luce come queste costituiscano l’esposizione di un sistema magmatico che ha alimentato una caldera, e evidenzia la relazione cause-effetto tra l’intrusione di fusi basaltici derivanti dal mantello e il vulcanesimo acido. L’eruzione associata al collasso della caldera è stata di VEI > a 8 (Newhall and Self, 1982) e caratterizzata da una unica unità eruttiva a composizione riolitica. Il collasso della caldera è avvenuto in un campo vulcanico maturo, probabilmente tagliando il bordo di una caldera precedente. Il maggior volume di lave eruttate è composto da dacite alte in silice, i termini meno evoluti sono andesi-basalti. Le caratteristiche della caldera e del campo vulcanico sono simili a caldere formatesi durante la transizione da un regime tettonico compressionale ad uno estensionale-transpressivo. Il lavoro documenta una struttura interna della caldera simile a quella descritta per la caldera Grizzly Peak Colorado, USA (Fridrich et al., 1991) dove le frane escono come cunei dal “caldera wall” con una geometria simile ad un “albero di natale rovesciato” insieme ad una zonazione tra zone ricche di litici a zone di ignimbrite con pochi litici. Dopo il collasso, il riempimento della caldera è stato intruso direttamente da granito senza alcune evidenze di “caldera floor”. La composizione delle rocce della caldera del Sesia è compatibile con una ibridazione tra fusi basaltici derivanti dal mantello e una o più componenti anatettiche. La comparazione dell’eruzione che ha causato il collasso della caldera con le rocce del plutone sottostante non mette in luce una parentela con la zona superiore (Upper Valle Mosso); si aprono quindi nuove problematiche che richiedono ulteriori studi isotopici. Abbiamo documentato due stadi di alterazione idrotermale nel riempimento della caldera del Sesia, uno a più alta temperatura ed uno seguente a più bassa temperatura. Si può osservare che la circolazione idrotermale ha causato impoverimento di silice e un inizio di metasomatismo della roccia. La disposizione areale delle vene di quarzo e delle zone di silicificazione indicano che la deposizione ha interessato i confini tra materiali a differente porosità, in particolare tra la porosa ignimbrite intracaldera e materiali meno porosi come le rocce del “caldera wall” (grandi frane intracaldera ed il granito che ha intruso la caldera). Non abbiamo osservato alcuni dei fenomeni associati alla circolazione idrotermale nel granito che intrude il riempimento della caldera, perciò riteniamo che il contatto sia stato un importante confine alla circolazione dei fluidi idrotermali che circolavano principalmente nel riempimento della caldera.
XXIII Ciclo
1976

In eastern Australia, the New England Fold Belt (NEFB) comprises an ancient convergent margin that was active from the Paleozoic until the late Mesozoic. Considerable effort has been expended in understanding the development of this margin over the past twenty years. However, proposed tectonic models for the orogen have either been too broad, ignoring contradictory local evidence, or too locally specific without paying attention to the 'big picture'. The research presented in this work addresses the issue of appropriate scale and depth of geological detail by studying the NEFB at the terrane-scale. Using one succession, the Silverwood Group of southeast Queensland, this work demonstrates that detailed sedimentological studies and basin analysis at the terrane-scale can help to refine hypotheses regarding the tectonic evolution of the NEFB. The Silverwood Group (Keinjan terrane), located approximately 140 km southwest of Brisbane, Australia, is a succession of arc-related basins that developed within an ancient intraoceanic island-arc during the mid-Cambrian to Late Devonian. From the base of the succession, the group consists of five formations totalling -9700 m. These include the Risdon Stud Formation (2500 m), Connolly Volcanics (2400 m), Bald Hill Formation (2450 m), Ormoral Volcanics (600 m) and the Bromley Hills Formation (1700 m). The Long Mountain Breccia Member (300m) is a separate unit which forms the lower part of the Bromley Hills Formation. The entire succession has been thrust west over the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous Texas beds. Elsewhere, the Silverwood Group is unconformably overlain by and faulted against Early to Late Permian units including the Rokeby beds, Wallaby beds, Tunnel beds, Fitz Creek beds, Eight Mile Creek beds, Rhyolite Range beds and Condamine beds. Of these Permian units, all but the Condamine beds form part of the Wildash Succession. To the west, southwest and south, the Silverwood Group is intruded by the Late Triassic Herries and Stanthorpe Adamellites. All of these sequences and the two plutonic intrusives are unconformably overlain by the Jurassic sediments of the Marburg Sandstone. The Silverwood Group and Texas beds consist of various lithologies including grey, purple- grey, green and green-grey volcaniclastic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones or mudstones, massive and laminated chert, polymict or monomict breccias, muddy breccias, muddy sandstones, and volcanic rocks. Volcanic rocks include various tholeiitic metabasites, dolerite, meta-andesites and infrequent metadacite. In the Silverwood Group, these volcanic rocks are often accompanied by mafic pyroclastic rocks (e.g. peperite and hyaloclastite). Facies analyses of these lithologies has led to the recognition of 19 deep-marine turbiditic and volcanic/volcaniclastic facies that were deposited by three main processes: i) gravity-flow processes (e.g. low- and high-density volcaniclastic turbidites and mass-flows), ii) chemical/biological processes (siliceous oozes- chert) and iii) direct initiation by volcanic processes (e.g. flows, hypabyssal intrusions and associated pyroclastic facies). For the Silverwood Group, the defined facies occur in distinct vertical associations that form recognisable 3rd and 4th-order architectural elements such as channel, levee, suprafan lobe, outer-fan, basin plain, mass transport complex, volcanic flows, syn-sedimentary sills and syn-sedimentary emergent cryptodomes. These architectural elements are represented in a series of deep-marine depositional environments including slope, shelf-edge failure, submarine-fan and subaqueous basaltic volcanoes. The Risdon Stud Formation and parts of the Connolly Volcanics were deposited along a 'normal' clastic or mud, mud/sand-rich and/or sand/mud-rich slope. Both upper and lower slope environments are represented and in both formations, the slope is speculated to have faced eastwards and prograded away from an active arc located west. Sediments from both successions accumulated at palaeodepths of 1200 to 2000 m. Although sediments from the upper part of the Bald Hill Formation were also deposited on a slope, these sequences have subsequently collapsed into the depocentre to form extensive slump deposits accompanied by olistoliths of older arc crust. The lower part of the Bald Hill Formation formed by similar processes, although the failure was far more extensive (>20 km along strike). This latter part of the formation is interpreted to be a major shelf-edge failure succession. Upper parts of the Bald Hill Formation also accumulated at palaeodepths of 1200 to 2000 m, but the deposition of these sediments occurred farthest from the shelf and at the greatest depth compared to the Risdon Stud Formation and Connolly Volcanics. Lower parts of the Bald Hill Formation were deposited at palaeodepths of approximately 1700 m. Subaqueous basaltic volcanoes are prominent in the Connolly Volcanics, Bald Hill Formation and Ormoral Volcanics. In the Bald Hill Formation, igneous rocks were emplaced into the shelf-edge failure succession as a series of syn-sedimentary sills and cryptodomes. These high-level hypabyssal rocks occasionally became emergent above the sediment-water interface, whereupon they were partially resedimented. In some parts of the Bald Hill Formation, the hypabyssal intrusions were blanketed by basin plain deposits that are contemporaneous with the slumps and olistoliths in the upper part of the formation. The intrusive rocks were emplaced at 1700 m palaeodepth. Unlike the Bald Hill Formation, the Ormoral Volcanics and lower parts of the Connolly Volcanics form thick accumulations of extrusive volcanic and pyroclastic rocks that built a significant volcanic pile. Volcanic and pyroclastic facies within these successions were deposited proximal to their source (0-10 km of vent). Extrusive rocks within the Ormoral Volcanics are thought to be derived from intrabasinal fissure-vents located at palaeodepths of 1700 to 3100 m. Igneous rocks from the Connolly Volcanics, Bald Hill Formation and Ormoral Volcanics have the petrological and geochemical characteristics of back-arc basin basalts (BAB) that were sourced from undepleted to slightly enriched Fertile MORB Mantle-wedge (FMM). The FMM material was variably enriched in trace elements by fluids derived from the subducting slab prior to emplacement of the igneous rocks. Immediately following emplacement, these rocks were hydrothermally metamorphosed under conditions of low-pressure and transitional low to high-temperature (200-300 °C). By contrast, igneous rocks within the Texas beds lack enrichment in subduction components and are characteristic of N-MORB. The Bromley Hills Formation is a sand-rich point-source submarine fan deposited at palaeodepths of 500 to 2000 m. The fan was initiated by a mass transport complex resulting from subaerial collapse of a basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano. The submarine fan is characterised by two repetitive stages of retrogressive sedimentation during which channel-levee elements (inner-fan channels) are overlain by suprafan lobe elements (mid-fan) and then by outer-fan deposits as sea-level rises within the depocentre. Both inner-fan channels and suprafan lobes show centralised stacking patterns with limited lateral migration that indicate the depocentre was laterally restricted during sedimentation (e.g. submarine ridges). The Bromley Hills Formation exhibits all the characteristics typical of an active margin fan that formed by a combination of tectonic stage initiation followed by eustatically controlled regressive deposition. Volcaniclastic sediments of the Silverwood Group range in composition from lithic to lithic- feldspathic wackes and arenites, although they are mainly lithic or feldspathic-lithic wackes and arenites. Many samples are tuffaceous (25-75% pyroclasts), particularly those from the Connolly Volcanics, Ormoral Volcanics and Bromley Hills Formation. Samples in the Bald Hills Formation and Texas beds can be classified as quartz-rich. The majority of the Silverwood Group was sourced from an undissected intraoceanic island-arc, although sediments within the Bald Hill Formation exhibit a provenance that is characteristic of uplift within the arc (recorded as a 'strike-slip continental arc' model). Epiclastic sediments from the Texas beds were sourced from a transitional to dissected continental arc. Formations of the Silverwood Group were mostly deposited in a series of intra-arc basins within an ancient intra-oceanic island arc, although the lowermost formation developed in a marginal basin (Risdon Stud Formation). All of the basins were located east of the active arc (behind the arc), keeping in mind the present location of the Group relative to the Texas-Coffs Harbour megafold. The entire succession formed during four-phases of arc-related basin development that coincide with major changes in the strain regime of the arc. From the base of the succession, these changes are: I) mid Cambrian to late Silurian marginal basin sedimentation- relative compression within the arc (Risdon Stud Formation), II) late Silurian to Early Devonian intra-arc rifting- relative extension within the arc (Connolly Volcanics), Ill) Early to early Middle Devonian basin collapse followed by intra-arc rifting- relative extension to compression (Bald Hill Formation and Ormoral Volcanics) and IV) early Middle to Late Devonian intra-arc submarine fan sedimentation- relative compression (Bromley Hills Formation). Comparing the Silverwood Group against equivalent terranes of Cambrian to Devonian age within the New England Fold Belt (NEFB) suggests that the Gamilaroi terrane, Calliope Volcanic Assemblage, Willowie Creek beds and Silverwood Group all formed as one intraoceanic island-arc during the Early to Late Devonian. Prior to this, significant differences in the sedimentological evolution of these terranes suggests that they occupied different positions relative to each other within the one arc. It is proposed that the NEFB formed as a result of dual west-directed subduction zones during the Cambrian to Middle Devonian period. During this time, a single intraoceanic island-arc located seaward of the Australian craton developed above a west-directed subduction zone. This arc was separated from the craton by a marginal sea. A second west-directed subduction zone was located beneath a continental arc developed on the Australian craton. Cambrian to Early Devonian terranes within and along the Peel Fault are proposed to form a part of the ancient subduction zone present beneath the intraoceanic island-arc (Weraerai and Djungati terranes). Collision of the intraoceanic island-arc occurred during the Late Devonian, at which point west-directed subduction occurred beneath the Australian craton and the accreted intraoceanic island-arc. Following collision, a new continental volcanic arc was established that was active during the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous.

Gold-bearing volcanic breccia complexes are the major sources of gold in the Tasman Fold Belt System in north Queensland. The Tasman Fold Belt System represents the site of continental accretion as a series of island-arcs and intra-arc basins with accompanying thick sedimentation, volcanism, plutonism, tectonism and mineralisation. In north Queensland, the fold belt system comprises the Hodgkinson-Broken River Fold Belt, Thomson Fold Belt, New England Fold Belt and the Georgetown Inlier. The most numerous ore deposits are associated with calc-alkaline volcanics and granitoid intrusivesof the transitional tectonic stage of the fold belt system. The formation and subsequent gold mineralisation of volcanic breccia complexes are related to Permo-Carboniferous magmatism within the Thomson Fold Belt and Georgetown Inlier. The two most important producing areas are at Mount Leyshon and Kidston mines, which are high tonnage, low-grade gold deposits. The Mount Leyshon breccia complex was emplaced along the contact between CambroOrdovician metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, and Ordovician-Devonian I-type granitoids of the Lolworth-Ravenswood Block. The Kidston breccia complex is located on a major lithological contact between the Early to Middle Proterozoic . Einasleigh Metamorphics and the Silurian-Devonian Oak River Granodiorite. The principal hosts to the gold mineralisation at the Mount Leyshon and Kidston deposits, are breccia pipes associated with several episodes of porphyry intrusives. The goldbearing magmatic-hydrothermal and phreatomagmatic breccias post-date the development of a porphyry-type protore. The magmatic-hydrothermal breccias were initially emplaced without the involvement of meteoric-hydrothermal fluids, within a closed system. Later magma impulses reached higher levels in the cooled upper magma chamber, where meteoric water invaded the fracture system. This produced an explosive emplacement of phreatomagmatic breccias, as seen at Mount Leyshon. Widespread sericitisation and pyrite mineralisation are common, with cavity fill, disseminated and fracturelveincontrolled gold and base metal sulphides. The Kidston and Mount Leyshon breccia complexes have hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation characteristics of the 'Lowell-Guilbert Model'. However, the argillic zone is generally not well defined. The gold travelled as chloride complexes with the hydrothermal fluids before being deposited into cavities and fractures of the breccias. Later stage epithermal deposits formed at the top of the breccia complexes that were dominantly quartz-adularia-sericite-type. The erosion, collapse and further intrusion of later porphyry phases allowed the upper parts of the breccia complexes to mix with the lower hydrothermal systems. Exploration for gold-related volcanic breccia complexes is directed at identifying hydrothermal alteration. This is followed by detailed ground studies including geological, mineralogical, petrological and geochemical work, with the idea of constructing a 'model' that can be tested with subsequent subsurface work (e.g. drilling). Geomorphology, remote sensing, geochemistry, geophysics, petrology, isotopes and fluid inclusions are recommended exploration techniques for the search of gold-bearing volcanic breccia complexes. Spectral remote sensing has especially become an important tool for the detection of hydrothermal alteration. Clay and iron minerals of the altered rock, within the breccia complexes, have distinctive spectral characteristics that can be recognisable in multispectral images from the Landsat thematic mapper. The best combination of bands, when using TM remote sensing for hydrothermally altered rock, are 3/5/7 or 4/5/7. The breccia complexes have exploration signatures represented as topographic highs, emplaced within major structural weaknesses, associated I-type granitic batholiths, early potassic alteration with overprint of sericitic alteration, and an associated radiometric high and magnetic low. The exploration for gold-bearing volcanic breccia complex deposits cannot be disregarded, because of the numerous occurrences that are now the major gold producers in north Queensland.

L'étude pétrographique et géochimique du volcanisme sub-aérien de la partie supérieure de la série de Redding (Klamath orientales) qui appartient à un système d'arc insulaire intra-océanique permien moyen-permien sup, montre que l'évolution de l'arc permien par rapport à l'arc siluro-dévonien copley-Balaklada se marque principalement par un approfondissement des sources magmatiques et une plus grande contribution sédimentaire à la source

La formation de la chaîne de montagne d'Oman est associée à l'inversion tectonique de la marge continentale arabe qui bordait la partie sud de l'océan Néotéthys entre la fin du Paléozoïque et le Crétacé supérieur. Les unités sous-ophiolitiques des montagnes d'Oman sont étudiées dans le but de caractériser les différents stades de formation de ce segment de marge néotéthysien. L'étude se focalise sur les périodes d'activité volcanique du Permien et du Trias qui ont accompagné la formation de la marge arabe et dont les témoins sont retrouvés sur l'ensemble du domaine sud téthysien (Himalaya, Oman, Méditerranée orientale).
Une reconstitution syn-rift de la plate-forme continentale omanaise est proposée au Permien moyen sur la base de nouvelles observations structurales et stratigraphiques menées dans les massifs du Saih Hatat et du Jabal Akhdar. L'analyse structurale porte en particulier sur les structures extensives synsédimentaires permiennes, et sur la comparaison à l'échelle régionale des variations latérales de faciès et d'épaisseur (Formation Saiq, massifs du Jabal Akhdar et du Saih Hatat). Les structures extensives indiquent des directions d'étirement principalement orientées ENE-WSW. Une composante d'étirement NS est observée localement et associée à des mouvements de très faible ampleur. Le dépliage des séries déformées de la plate-forme indique que ces directions d'extensions correspondent aux directions principales des variations d'épaisseur et de faciès des séries permiennes. Ceci suggère qu'elles représentent les témoins inversés des structures majeures qui ont contrôlé la plate-forme arabe. Les structures observées sont contemporaines de l'épisode volcanique intraplaque du Murghabien, et correspondent à un épisode tectonique court (< 5 Ma).
Le volcanisme du Trias moyen-supérieur omanais met en place de faibles volumes de laves sur différentes parties de la marge continentale arabe. Il est contemporain d'une remobilisation de la marge, associée à des soulevements locaux, et à des glissements gravitaires de la couverture sédimentaire. L'analyse géochimique montre qu'il s'agit d'un magmatisme intraplaque, qui a probablement subi une contamination crustale. Les compositions isotopiques (Nd, Pb) des laves triasiques sont comparables à celles des laves alcalines du Permien, suggèrant une remobilisation du manteau hérité (principalement de l'épisode Permien) plutôt que l'intervention d'un nouveau point chaud.
Finalement, il est proposé un modèle polyphasé pour la formation et l'évolution de la marge continentale omanaise. La formation initiale correspondrait à une marge volcanique associée au point chaud Permien centré sur les trapps du Panjal. Les orientations des structures observées indiquent que ce segment de marge pourrait être situé à l'extrémité septentrionale de l'ouverture Inde-Madagascar/Arabie-Afrique. La remobilisation et le volcanisme triasique pourraient être générés par une réorganisation cinématique du domaine téthysien, lors du début de la collision des blocs cimmériens (Iran) avec la Laurasia.

L'etude petrographique realisee sur l'ensemble des unites lithologiques du bassin permien de lodeve met en evidence le role important du volcanisme dans le remplissage sedimentaire. Ce volcanisme a affinite rhyolitique s'exprime d'une part par des niveaux bien individualises de cinerites (dans le permien gris, gris et rouge et rouge inferieur) et de tuffites (dans le permien rouge superieur), mais aussi par un epandage quasi continu de produits fins, dilues dans les depots et facilement alterables. Il impliquerait l'existence et la proximite d'un important massif volcanique dont l'activite explosive s'est manifestee tout au long de la sedimentation du bassin de lodeve. L'etude geochimique de ces depots volcanoclastiques completee par une etude typologiques des zircons indique une evolution de la nature de ce volcanisme depuis un pole calco-alcalin de type premier cycle de corse durant le permien gris et le permien gris et rouge jusqu'a un pole alcalin de type deuxieme cycle de corse ou de l'esterel durant le permien rouge. La contribution des produits volcaniques dans le remplissage du bassin de lodeve, peut etre estimee a environ 30% ; la finesse de ces reliques volcaniques et leur forte composante vitreuse, ajoutee a l'evolution de leur chimisme au cours du temps, permettent d'expliquer les differentes transformations mineralogiques observees dans les depots. Cet apport volcanique, synchrone avec la sedimentation, serait en particulier a l'origine d'une mise a disposition d'un important stock en uranium dans le bassin de lodeve. La reprise de cet uranium par les differentes phases d'alterations et de circulation hydrothermales aurait conduit aux gisements encore actuellement en exploitation dans le bassin de lodeve

Cette thèse présente une étude pétrographique et géochimique des roches volcaniques (diabases, trachy-andésites, rhyodacites, rhyolites, ignimbrites) permienne des Vosges du Nord en vue de connaître les relations pétrogénétiques entre les différents faciès et le cadre géodynamique de leur mise en place. Deux séries calcoalcalines sont distinguées et l'enrichissement en K::(2)O qui représente un caractère généralisé de ces roches est discuté

Les produits des magmatismes permo-stéphaniens s'organisent soit en séries différenciées d'origine mantellique soit en séries acides d'origine crustale, ils sont d'affinité calco-calcaire à sub-alcaline potassique, ils sont associés généralement aux bassins intracrustaux tardi-varisque et ont certainement joué un rôle important dans la génèse et la mise en place des volcanismes étudiés. Des processus interactifs entre la croûte et le manteau sont responsables de l'enrichissement de la source magmatique en élèments incompatibles

Análises mineralógicas, petrográficas e de palinofácies são registradas em um leito de tonstein associado a camadas de carvão na Jazida do Faxinal, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A integração dos dados revestiu-se de grande importância para atribuir uma origem vulcânica para este argilito caolinítico. O tonstein é uma rocha quase monominerálica, composta predominantemente por caolinita antigênica. Dispersos na massa caolinítica ocorrem os minerais piroclásticos: paramorfos de quartzo-ß bipiramidais euédricos, “splinters” de quartzo transparente, zircão idiomórfico, apatita euédrica, alanita e pseudomorfos de sanidina, os quais são considerados como uma suíte restrita de minerais vulcânicos de tonsteins distais que preservaram durante a diagênese. Os minerais primários e suas feições texturais, bem como as relações de campo, indicam uma origem vulcânica de queda para essa camada. O estudo de palinofácies, inédito para este tipo de rocha, evidenciou uma composição diferenciada da matéria orgânica estruturada ao longo do perfil do tonstein. Análises estatísticas do querogênio de diferentes níveis da camada de tonstein indicaram altas percentagens de fitoclastos (xilema e epiderme) associados à menor representatividade de palinomorfos. Análises microestratigráficas destes níveis demonstraram que a saturação e a precipitação dos palinomorfos foram altamente influenciadas pelo intenso processo de queda de cinzas. O nível basal caracteriza-se por densos aglomerados de esporos e polens, enquanto o topo é marcado pela preservação de fragmentos de colônias de algas Botryococcus evidenciando uma deposição subaquosa desta camada. Alguns fragmentos de epiderme (cutículas) evidenciam, por sua coloração, acentuada alteração termal. Esses dados possibilitaram vincular as peculiaridades do mecanismo de deposição e preservação da matéria orgânica com o processo de formação do tonstein relacionado à rápida precipitação de cinzas vulcânicas. O tonstein intercalado em camada de carvão indica um episódio de sedimentação de tefra durante a deposição da seqüência portadora de carvão no Permiano Inferior no sul da Bacia do Paraná.
Mineralogical and palynofacies analyses are reported from a tonstein layer interbedded with coal seams in the Faxinal coalfield, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Integration of data has far reaching significance for attributing a volcanic origin for this kaolinitic claystone bed. The tonstein is almost monomineralic rock, composed mainly by authigenic kaolinite. Scattered in the kaolinitic mass primary pyroclastic minerals occur: euhedral beta-quartz paramorphs and waterclear quartz splinters, idiomorphic zircons, apatite, allanite and sanidine pseudomorphs; considered as a restricted suite of silicic volcanic minerals of the distal tonsteins which preserved during diagenesis. The primary minerals and their textural features, as well as the field relations, indicate a volcanic air-fall origin. Analyses of the kerogens from different levels of tonstein layer indicate high percentages of phytoclasts combined with very low palynomorph percentages. Microstratigraphic analyses of the tonstein profile demonstrated that saturation and precipitation of palynomorphs were highly influenced by the intense ash-fall process. The preservation of Botryococcus colonies at the top of the tonstein evidenced the subaqueous deposition of this bed. The brown color of several cuticle fragments and tracheids was linked to thermal alteration. The tonstein interbedded in a coal seam indicates an episode of tephra sedimentation during the deposition of the coal-bearing sequence of the Lower Permian in the southern Paraná Basin.

Die einer unterschiedlichen Genese zuordenbaren tektonischen Strukturen, welche sich im Raum des Thüringer Waldes bündeln, formten in einem gerichteten Entwicklungsablauf das komplizierteste und vielseitigste hochoberkarbonisch-unterpermische Strukturgebäude Mitteleuropas. In dieser Arbeit wird der Versuch einer Synthese der strukturellen und der daran geknüpften vulkanogen-sedimentären Entwicklung innerhalb der permokarbonischen Thüringer Wald-Senke und ihres unmittelbaren mitteleuropäischen Umfeldes unternommen. Sie stützt sich dabei maßgeblich auf die Ergebnisse langfristig durchgeführter Kartierungsarbeiten, die in diskontinuierlichen Bearbeitungsphasen seit 1957 bis in die 90er Jahre des vergangenen Jahrhunderts erfolgten. Einbezogen werden die Ergebnisse von insgesamt 54 Forschungs- und Erkundungsbohrungen, die zu einem Großteil im Kontext dieser Arbeiten geteuft worden sind. 36 Bohrprofile werden hier erstmals vollständig beschrieben und publiziert. Neben einer nochmaligen Überprüfung der gesamten lithostratigraphischen Abfolge in der permokarbonischen Thüringer Wald-Senke besteht die Zielstellung der Arbeit in deren Einbindung in die regionale mitteleuropäische strukturelle Entwicklung während dieser Zeitspanne, beginnend bei den potenziellen variszisch-kollisional angelegten Wurzeln der permokarbonischen Strukturen, über ihre weitere tektono-magmatische Ausgestaltung bis hin zur Ausprägung der postvariszischen Großschollenfelderung Mitteleuropas am Ende des Permokarbons.

Die Sedimente des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes gaben schon immer Raum für Spekulationen. Aufgrund ihrer Dominanz an rhyolithischen Geröllen wurden sie über einen langen Zeitraum einheitlich als Postporphyrschutt ausgehalten. Vielfältig wechselnde Faziesbedingungen machten es jedoch notwendig, die Sedimente aufzugliedern. Neuere Erkenntnisse in der Erforschung des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes erfordern eine Überprüfung v. a. der nach KUNERT (1995) aufgestellten allgemeinen stratigraphischen Gliederung der Unterrotliegendsedimente in Halle,- Hornburg,- Sennewitz- und Brachwitz-Formation anhand einiger ausgewählter Beispiele. Der ursprüngliche Gedanke der Diplomarbeit bestand darin, eine Fazies- und eine Geröllanalyse der unterpermischen Abtragungsprodukte des Halle-Vulkanitkomplexes anzufertigen. Zur Verfügung standen zwei Kernbohrungen und zwei Aufschlüsse, sowie diverse Unterlagen zu angrenzenden Bohrungen in der Saale-Senke. Die beiden Oberflächenaufschlüsse Riveufer und Teichgrund sollten stratigraphisch aufgenommen werden, so dass eine Fazieszuordnung möglich ist. Die Bohrung Brachwitz 2/62 wurde mit dem Ziel aufgenommen, neuere Theorien über den Ablagerungszeitraum der Rotliegend-Sedimente in Bezug auf den permokarbonen Vulkanismus zu widerlegen oder zu bekräftigen. Die zweite Bohrung (Kb Lochau 7/65) wurde am Rande mit in die Diplomarbeit einbezogen, da sie das immense Spektrum der spätvulkanischen Aktivitäten im Halle Permokarbonkomplex erweitert. Ergebnis ist eine Neugliederung des Rotliegend im Halleschen Permokarbonkomplex, in der nur noch die Halle-Formation mit ihrem ausgeprägten Vulkanismus und die Hornburg-Formation, stellvertretend für alle jüngeren Abtragungsprodukte des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes, unterschieden werden. Mit einem großen Hiatus folgt anschließend die Eisleben-Formation.

Mount Chalmers is a Kuroko-style volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposit that is hosted within the Early Permian Berserker beds of central, eastern Queensland. The Berserker beds occur within tectonic units that comprise the New England Orogen. During the Early Permian horst-graben style extension occurred throughout the New England Orogen and across the back arc region. These fault basins accumulated marine sediments, commonly diamictites and volcanics. It is in one of these extensional basins that the sediments. volcaniclastics and volcanics that form the Berserker beds were probably deposited. The Berserker beds are a complex unit of graded, mass flow emplaced, pumiceous breccias, volcanolithic sandstone units, graded polymict, feldspar phyric pumiceous breccias, rhyolite intrusives, coherent to auto-brecciated rhyolite flows and their autoclastic products, andesitic intrusives, lavas and their autoclastic products. In the vicinity of the Mount Chalmers, mine the Berserker beds are represented by a dynamic and constantly evolving stratigraphic succession of proximal and distal volcanics interbedded with distally derived turbidites. A significant feature of this evolving and variable stratigraphy is the cyclic nature of the volcanism that is represented by the change in volcanism from rhyolite dominant to andesitic dominant and back to rhyolite again. The differing volcanic facies indicate that both subaerial and submarine volcanism were occurring within the general vicinity of each other. The Berserker beds contain a diverse invertebrate fauna and trace fossil assemblage. The invertebrate fauna contains bryozoans, echinoderms, brachiopods and molluscs. The fossil assemblage and its mode of preservation are typical of a shallow shelf (near wave base) sand and silt environment. The faunal assemblage indicates a water depth in the range of 50 - 300 m. The trace fossils are mainly temporary fodinichnia (feeding traces) structures and comprise mainly Teichichnus and Planolites, with scattered Rhizocorallium and Zoophycus type burrows. The trace fossils have a restricted faunal diversity, and may be assigned to the Cruziana ichnofacies. This ichnofacies is normally understood as characterising the region between daily wave base and storm wave base, in low to moderate energy regimes. The mineralisation at Mount Chalmers occurs in two main ore lenses, the Main Lode and the West Lode, and one minor lens, the South Lode. The massive sulphide mineralisation occurs on the flank of a rhyolite dome. The massive sulphide mineralisation consists of massive, layered and fragmental sulphides. Underlying the massive sulphide mineralisation is an extensive well developed network stringer veins. Footwall alteration at Mount Chalmers is dominated by silica along with extensive zones of chlorite alteration. Dolomite, sericite and kaolinite alterations are spatially restricted to high angle normal faults. Textural, petrographic and microthermometric investigations of primary fluid inclusions yielded homogenisation temperatures of 160-268°C and salinities of 5-8 NaCl equiv. wt %. Semi-quantitative SEM/WDS microprobe analyses of fluid inclusion decrepitates indicate that the Mt. Chalmers ore fluids were enriched in potassium and calcium but depleted in magnesium relative to seawater. PIXE microanalysis of fluid inclusions in quartz also indicates a significant base metal concentration in these fluids. Cation composition and higher salinities relative to seawater suggests that a magmatic input of ore metals during seawater leaching of the footwall volcanic pile was a distinct possibility. The δ\(^{34}\)S values for pyrite from Mount Chalmers range from -17.6 to -1.6 ‰, with a median value of-5.7 ‰ Chalcopyrite has a narrower range of δ\(^{34}\)S values compared to that for pyrite Both sphalerite and galena have restricted ranges in their δ\(^{34}\)S values compared to pyrite and chalcopyrite. Barite has a broad range in δ\(^{34}\)S values and has a skewed distribution. In combination with the fluid inclusion evidence, the favoured model to explain the δ\(^{34}\)S values in sulphides and barite was hydrothermal fluid that was probably dominated by evolved seawater, but one that had a minor, but significant input of sulphur from a magmatic source. The departures from the "normal" range of δ\(^{34}\)S values to values as low as -17.1 ‰ can be explained by the hydrothermal fluid interacting with biogenic sulphur within microniches within the sediments as the fluids passed through the volcano-sedimentary pile. Mount Chalmers has a very narrow range of 6 180 values (+9.1 to +9.8 ‰). Modelled w/r ratios for both open and closed systems indicate that the Mount Chalmers hydrothermal fluid was dominated by seawater, with the possibility of the minor input of magmatic fluid. Calculated high water fluxes over a short time period (5,000 years) indicates that high water/rock ratios (≥1) prevailed throughout most of the life the Mount Chalmers hydrothermal system. Palaeontological evidence shows that the Berserker beds were deposited in a shallow-submarine environment (≤300 m). Contact relationships between the volcanics and sedimentary facies reveals that peperitic facies are widespread. Silicic and mafic magmas have intruded at shallow levels into volcano-sedimentary pile. The Mount Chalmers VHMS mineralisation is spatially and temporally associated with the intrusion of a rhyolitic lava dome(s) into the volcano-sedimentary pile. Studies to date on modern and ancient VMS deposits have indicated that a minimum water depth between 1,000 to 1,500 m is required to prevent boiling of hydrothermal fluids and therefore concentrate metal deposition on the seafloor. However, these minimum water depths are in strong disagreement with the minimum water depth as suggested by the palaeontological and fluid inclusion evidence for the Mt. Chalmers VHMS deposit, indicating that is possible for a hydrothermal system to form an exhalative VHMS in a shallow-marine environment. Fluid inclusion and isotopic evidence suggests that there was a minor but significant input of metals, vapour and S from a magmatic source.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The Antler and Sonoma orogenies occurred along the southwest-trending passive Pacific margin of North America during the Paleozoic concluding with the accretion of the McCloud Arc. A southeast-trending sinistral transform fault truncated the continental margin in the Permian, becoming a locus for initiation of an east-dipping subduction zone creating the Sierran magmatic arc. Constrained in age between two early Triassic tuff layers, the volcanic clasts in the breccia of Frog Lakes represent one of the earliest records of mafic magmatism in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Tholeiitic rock clasts found in the breccia of Frog Lakes in the Saddlebag Lake pendant in the east central Sierra Nevada range in composition from 48% to 63% SiO2. Boninites produced by early volcanism of subduction initiation by spontaneous nucleation at the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc are more depleted in trace element concentrations than the clasts while andesites from the northern volcanic zone of the Andes produced on crust 50 km thick have similar levels of enrichment and provide a better geochemical modern analogue. Textural analysis of the breccia of Frog Lakes suggest a subaqueous environment of deposition from a mature magmatic arc built on continental crust > 50 km thick during the Triassic. The monzodiorites of Saddlebag and Odell Lakes are temporal intrusive equivalents of the breccia of Frog Lakes and zircon geochemistry indicates a magmatic arc petrogenesis.

Die einer unterschiedlichen Genese zuordenbaren tektonischen Strukturen, welche sich im Raum des Thüringer Waldes bündeln, formten in einem gerichteten Entwicklungsablauf das komplizierteste und vielseitigste hochoberkarbonisch-unterpermische Strukturgebäude Mitteleuropas. In dieser Arbeit wird der Versuch einer Synthese der strukturellen und der daran geknüpften vulkanogen-sedimentären Entwicklung innerhalb der permokarbonischen Thüringer Wald-Senke und ihres unmittelbaren mitteleuropäischen Umfeldes unternommen. Sie stützt sich dabei maßgeblich auf die Ergebnisse langfristig durchgeführter Kartierungsarbeiten, die in diskontinuierlichen Bearbeitungsphasen seit 1957 bis in die 90er Jahre des vergangenen Jahrhunderts erfolgten. Einbezogen werden die Ergebnisse von insgesamt 54 Forschungs- und Erkundungsbohrungen, die zu einem Großteil im Kontext dieser Arbeiten geteuft worden sind. 36 Bohrprofile werden hier erstmals vollständig beschrieben und publiziert. Neben einer nochmaligen Überprüfung der gesamten lithostratigraphischen Abfolge in der permokarbonischen Thüringer Wald-Senke besteht die Zielstellung der Arbeit in deren Einbindung in die regionale mitteleuropäische strukturelle Entwicklung während dieser Zeitspanne, beginnend bei den potenziellen variszisch-kollisional angelegten Wurzeln der permokarbonischen Strukturen, über ihre weitere tektono-magmatische Ausgestaltung bis hin zur Ausprägung der postvariszischen Großschollenfelderung Mitteleuropas am Ende des Permokarbons.

Die Sedimente des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes gaben schon immer Raum für Spekulationen. Aufgrund ihrer Dominanz an rhyolithischen Geröllen wurden sie über einen langen Zeitraum einheitlich als Postporphyrschutt ausgehalten. Vielfältig wechselnde Faziesbedingungen machten es jedoch notwendig, die Sedimente aufzugliedern. Neuere Erkenntnisse in der Erforschung des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes erfordern eine Überprüfung v. a. der nach KUNERT (1995) aufgestellten allgemeinen stratigraphischen Gliederung der Unterrotliegendsedimente in Halle,- Hornburg,- Sennewitz- und Brachwitz-Formation anhand einiger ausgewählter Beispiele. Der ursprüngliche Gedanke der Diplomarbeit bestand darin, eine Fazies- und eine Geröllanalyse der unterpermischen Abtragungsprodukte des Halle-Vulkanitkomplexes anzufertigen. Zur Verfügung standen zwei Kernbohrungen und zwei Aufschlüsse, sowie diverse Unterlagen zu angrenzenden Bohrungen in der Saale-Senke. Die beiden Oberflächenaufschlüsse Riveufer und Teichgrund sollten stratigraphisch aufgenommen werden, so dass eine Fazieszuordnung möglich ist. Die Bohrung Brachwitz 2/62 wurde mit dem Ziel aufgenommen, neuere Theorien über den Ablagerungszeitraum der Rotliegend-Sedimente in Bezug auf den permokarbonen Vulkanismus zu widerlegen oder zu bekräftigen. Die zweite Bohrung (Kb Lochau 7/65) wurde am Rande mit in die Diplomarbeit einbezogen, da sie das immense Spektrum der spätvulkanischen Aktivitäten im Halle Permokarbonkomplex erweitert. Ergebnis ist eine Neugliederung des Rotliegend im Halleschen Permokarbonkomplex, in der nur noch die Halle-Formation mit ihrem ausgeprägten Vulkanismus und die Hornburg-Formation, stellvertretend für alle jüngeren Abtragungsprodukte des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes, unterschieden werden. Mit einem großen Hiatus folgt anschließend die Eisleben-Formation.:Inhalt Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitender Teil 1 1.1 Einleitung 1 1.2 Aufgabenstellung und Problematik 1 1.3 Geographischer Überblick über die Bohrungen und Aufschlüsse 2 2. Regionalgeologischer Teil 4 2.1 Aufbau des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes 4 2.2 Beckenentwicklung des Permokarbons im Bereich des Halle- Vulkanitkomplexes 5 2.3 Historischer Rückblick über die Einstufung der Rotliegend-Formationen im Halle Vulkanitkomplex 10 2.4 Neueste Entwicklungen in der Erforschung des Saale-Beckens 15 2.4.1 Die Ablagerungen der Halle-Formation 15 2.4.2 Die Ablagerungen der Sennewitz-Formation 16 2.4.3 Die Ablagerungen der Hornburg-Formation 17 2.4.4 Die Ablagerungen der Brachwitz-Formation 19 2.4.5 Die Ablagerungen der Eisleben-Formation 20 2.4.6 Aktuelle Stratigraphische Gliederung 22 2.5 Die späte Phase des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes und ihr Bezug zur Diplomarbeit 23 3 Arbeitsmethodik 24 3.1 Aufnahme der Bohrungen Brachwitz 2/62 und Lochau 7/65 24 3.2 Aufnahme des Aufschlusses am Teichgrund bei Döblitz 26 3.3 Aufnahme des Aufschlusses am Riveufer im Stadtgebiet von Halle 26 4. Vulkanische und sedimentäre grobklastische Transport- und Ablagerungssysteme 27 4.1 Vulkanische Massentransporte 27 4.1.1 Pyroklastische Ablagerungen 27 4.1.1.1 Pyroklastische Fallablagerungen 28 (1) Aschefallablagerungen 28 (2) Bimsführende Fallablagerungen 29 (3) Scoriaführende Fallablagerungen 29 4.1.1.2 Pyroklastische Stromablagerungen 29 (1) Bimsführende pyroklastische Stromablagerungen oder Ignimbrite 29 (2) Block- und Aschestromablagerungen 31 (3) Scoriaführende pyroklastische Stromablagerungen 32 4.1.1.3 Pyroklastische Surge-Ablagerungen 32 (1) Surgeablagerungen durch Aschewolken 32 (2) Ablagerungen am Boden der pyroklastischen Surge 33 (3) Ablagerungen an der Basis der pyroklastischen Surge 33 4.1.2 Explosive vulkanische Eruptionen 33 (1) Hawaiianische Eruptionen 34 (2) Plinianische Eruptionen 34 (3) Strombolianische Eruptionen 35 (4) Vulkanianische und Surtseyanische Eruptionen 35 4.1.3 Produkte phreatomagmatischer Eruptionen 36 (1) Maare 37 (2) Tuffkegel und Tuffringe 37 4.1.4 Tephraablagerungen 38 4.2 Sedimentäre Massentransporte 39 4.2.1 Alluviale Fächer 40 4.2.2 Schichtfluten 42 4.2.3 Flußsyteme 42 4.2.4 Überflutungsebenen 43 4.2.5 Deltas und Ästuare 44 5. Lithologien und Faziestypen 45 6. Aufschlüsse und Bohrungen 45 6.1 Aufschlußkomplex am Riveufer im Stadtteil Giebichenstein in Halle 48 6.1.1 Allgemeine Aussagen 48 6.1.2 Das Faziesmodell eines verflochtenen Flußsystems 48 (1) Ausbildung von Rinnen 48 (2) Einfallen der Rinnen 50 (3) Prallhänge 50 (4) Seitenanschnitte an beiden Enden des Aufschlusses 51 6.1.3 Ein tuffgefülltes Spaltensystem als syn- bis postsedimentäres Ereignis 52 6.1.4 Interpretation 53 6.2 Aufschluß am Teichgrund bei Döblitz 55 6.2.1 Allgemeine Aussagen 55 6.2.2 Sedimentäre Lithofaziestypen und -assoziationen 56 6.2.3 Dokumentation der einzelnen Aufschlüsse 56 6.2.3.1 Aufschluß T1 56 (1) Detaildarstellung Aufschluß am Teichgrund T1-1 56 6.2.3.2 Aufschluß T2 59 6.2.3.3 Aufschluß T3 59 6.2.4 Fazielle Diskussion 59 6.3 Kernbohrung Brachwitz BrwSk 2/62 südöstlich der Ortschaft Friedrichsschwerz 61 6.3.1 Allgemeine Informationen 61 6.3.2 Erläuterungen zu den Lithofaziestypen 61 (1) SFT-B1 Konglomerat der Eislebenformation 61 (2) SFT-T1 Sedimentäre Brekzie 61 (3) SFT-T4 Mittel- bis Grobsandstein 62 (4) SFT-B2 Schluffstein 62 (5) VFT-T0 Rhyolith, brekziös/ VFT-T1 Porphyrbrekzie, monomikt 63 (6) VFT-B12 Porphyrbrekzie mit Obsidianmatrix 64 (7) VFT-B2 Porphyrbrekzien, oligomikt und polymikt 64 (8) VFT-B3 Mittelsand, vulkanogen 65 (9) VFT-B5 Schluffstein, brekziiert 66 6.3.3 Auswertung 66 6.4 Kernbohrung Lochau 7/65 südöstlich Halle 68 6.4.1 Allgemeines 68 6.4.2 Erläuterungen zu den Vulkanischen Faziestypen 68 (1) VFT-L1 Aschentuff 68 (2) VFT-L2 Surges 69 (3) VFT-L3 Surge oder Explosionsbrekzie 70 (4) VFT-L4 Explosionsbrekzie mit Tuffzwickelfüllung 71 (5) Tuff mit einzelnen Ballistischen Bomben 72 6.4.4 Beispiel Ha-Lo7/17 73 6.4.5 Diskussion 74 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 76 8. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 78 9. Anhang Anlage 1: Allgemeines Anlage 2: Teichgrund bei Döblitz Anlage 3: Riveufer im Stadtzentrum von Halle (Saale) Anlage 4: Kb Brachwitz 2/62 Anlage 5: Kb Lochau 7/65