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1

Summers, Robert, and David Weaver. "Phosphorus Retention of a Permeable Reactive Barrier Surpassed by an Unvegetated Artificial Pond." Environment and Natural Resources Research 11, no. 1 (December 11, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v11n1p25.

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An artificial pond bisected by a phosphorus (P) retentive permeable reactive barrier (PRB) alongside Forrest Highway, Coolup, Western Australia was designed to remove P from farmland runoff. The pond bed was made of subsoil and road construction materials likely to have a relatively high P sorption capacity, and there was no vegetation in the bed of the pond. Flow through the pond was intercepted by the PRB, constructed from a mixture of sand, coarse crushed limestone, and bauxite residue (with 10% phospho-gypsum). The effectiveness of P removal and the impact of the PRB was measured by comparing the concentration of contaminants immediately either side of the PRB with established standards, and against background levels in runoff from surrounding farmland. Using coarse limestone to increase flow through the PRB failed where permeability was insufficient to avoid overtopping of the PRB and the wall had to be lowered to allow by-pass and avoid collapse. The PRB was effective in removing total P (TP); however, the influent TP concentration was low (mean 0.19 mg L -1 ) because most P entering from farmland was retained in the shallow pond upstream of the PRB. Despite this, TP removal by the PRB was 53% (2009–2012). Occasionally, in spring when the pond was stagnant and anaerobic, P was released from the PRB. This minor P release coincided with a minor release of iron, consistent with anaerobic conditions found in the PRB. Although not designed to do so, the shallow pond upstream of the PRB reduced the TP concentration from farmland by 85% (mean 1.26 mg L -1 down to 0.19 mg L -1 ), mainly by reducing filterable reactive P concentration. Some elements (arsenic, cobalt, conductivity, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, pH, selenium, uranium and vanadium) were increased by flow through the PRB, but were low relative to surrounding waters and environmental standards
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2

Hyodo, Fuminori, Kai-Hsiang Chuang, Artem G. Goloshevsky, Agnieszka Sulima, Gary L. Griffiths, James B. Mitchell, Alan P. Koretsky, and Murali C. Krishna. "Brain Redox Imaging Using Blood—Brain Barrier-Permeable Nitroxide MRI Contrast Agent." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28, no. 6 (February 13, 2008): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2008.5.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and compromised antioxidant defense may contribute to brain disorders such as stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. Nitroxides are redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents and antioxidants. The ability of a blood—brain barrier (BBB)-permeable nitroxide, methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl (MC-P), as a magnetic resonance-imaging (MRI) contrast agent for brain tissue redox imaging was tested. MC-P relaxation in rodent brain was quantified by MRI using a fast Look-Locker T1-mapping sequence. In the cerebral cortex and thalamus, the MRI signal intensity increased up to 50% after MC-P injection, but increased only by 2.7% when a BBB-impermeable nitroxide, 3CxP (3-carboxy-2,2,5,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl) was used. The maximum concentrations in the thalamus and cerebral cortex after MC-P injection were calculated to be 1.9±0.35 and 3.0±0.50 mmol/L, respectively. These values were consistent with the ex vivo data of brain tissue and blood concentration obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Also, reduction rates of MC-P were significantly decreased after reperfusion following transient MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), a condition associated with changes in redox status resulting from oxidative damage. These results show the use of BBB-permeable nitroxides as MRI contrast agents and antioxidants to evaluate the role of ROS in neurologic diseases.
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3

Soto-Rios, Paula Cecilia, Kazunori Nakano, Megumu Fujibayashi, Marco Leon-Romero, and Osamu Nishimura. "Lead removal efficiency using biosorbents as alternative materials for permeable reactive barriers." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.223.

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As alternative materials for heavy metal removal, this study investigated biosorbents to determine their suitability for permeable reactive barriers. The lead removal efficiencies of brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) and reed (Phragmites australis) were determined under different conditions (batch and column system). The experimental results for these biomaterials fitted the Langmuir isotherm with high correlation values. It was verified that the influence of temperature on affinity was higher than that on adsorption capacity. While the lead removal efficiency of U. pinnatifida was higher than of P. australis in the batch experiments, lead removal efficiency decreased for both materials at approximately the same time in the column experiments. This indicates that the dominance of the chemical and physical adsorption mechanisms could result in differences in these systems.
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4

Bus, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, and Anna Baryła. "Permeable Reactive Barriers for Preventing Water Bodies from a Phosphorus-Polluted Agricultural Runoff-Column Experiment." Water 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030432.

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This paper aims to examine the potential of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) as an in-situ removal approach for phosphate polluted agricultural runoff. Four different reactive materials (RMs) of: autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), Polonite®, zeolite and limestone were tested. The study was conducted as a column experiment with a sandy loam soil type charging underlying RM layers with phosphorus (P) and a soil column without RM as a reference. The experiment was carried out over 90 days. During this time the P-PO4 load from the reference column equaled 6.393 mg and corresponds to 3.87 kg/ha. Tested RMs are characterized by high P-PO4 retention equaling 99, 98, 88 and 65% for Polonite®, AAC, zeolite and limestone, respectively. At common annual P loss rates of 1 kg/ha from intensively used agricultural soils, the PRB volume ranged from 48 to 67 m3 would reduce the load between 65 and 99% for the RMs tested in this study.
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5

Choi, Jiyeon, Ardie Septian, and Won Sik Shin. "Influence of Salinity on the Removal of Ni and Zn by Phosphate-Intercalated Nano Montmorillonite (PINM)." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110980.

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The salinity influence on the adsorptions of Ni and Zn onto phosphate-intercalated nano montmorillonite (PINM) were investigated. Single adsorption isotherm models fitted the single adsorption data well. The adsorption capacity of Ni was higher than that of Zn onto PINM at different salinities. The single adsorption parameters from Langmuir model (QmL and bL) were compared with the binary adsorption (QmL* and bL*). The QmL* of Zn was lower than that of Ni. The simultaneous presence of Ni and Zn decreased the adsorption capacities. The single and binary adsorptions onto PINM were affected by the salinity. The competitive Langmuir model (CLM), P-factor, Murali and Aylmore (M−A) models, and ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) were satisfactory in predicting the binary adsorption data; the CLM showed the best fitting results. Our results showed that the PINM can be used as an active Ni and Zn adsorbent for a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) in the remediation of saline groundwater.
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6

Choi, Jiyeon, Ardie Septian, and Won Sik Shin. "The Influence of Salinity on the Removal of Ni and Zn by Sorption onto Iron Oxide- and Manganese Oxide-Coated Sand." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 5815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145815.

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The influence of salinity on the single and binary sorption of Ni and Zn onto iron oxide- and manganese oxide-coated sand (IOCS and MOCS) was investigated at pH = 5. The single sorption experimental data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Sips models, and a nonlinear sorption isotherm was observed (NF = 0.309–0.567). The higher Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (ABET) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of MOCS contributed to the higher maximum sorption capacities (qmL) of Ni and Zn than that of IOCS. The Ni sorption capacities in the single sorption were higher than that in the binary sorption, while the Zn sorption capacities in the single sorption were less than that in the binary sorption. The single and binary sorptions onto both IOCS and MOCS were affected by the salinity, as indicated by the decrease in sorption capacities. Satisfactory predictions were shown by the binary sorption model fitting including P-factor, ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST)–Freundlich, IAST–Langmuir, and IAST–Sips; among these, the P-factor model showed the best fitting results in predicting the influence of salinity of Ni and Zn in the binary sorption system onto IOCS and MOCS. IOCS and MOCS offer a sustainable reactive media in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for removing Ni and Zn in the presence of salinity.
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7

Murphy, Kelsey, Killian Llewellyn, Samuel Wakser, Josef Pontasch, Natasha Samanich, Matthew Flemer, Kenneth Hensley, Dong-Shik Kim, and Joshua Park. "Mini-GAGR, an intranasally applied polysaccharide, activates the neuronal Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system." Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, no. 47 (October 3, 2018): 18242–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra117.001245.

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Oxidative stress triggers and exacerbates neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Various antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, but these agents have little efficacy due to poor blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Additionally, single-modal antioxidants are easily overwhelmed by global oxidative stress. Activating nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream antioxidant system are considered very effective for reducing global oxidative stress. Thus far, only a few BBB-permeable agents activate the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant system. Here, we discovered a BBB-bypassing Nrf2-activating polysaccharide that may attenuate AD pathogenesis. Mini-GAGR, a 0.7-kDa cleavage product of low-acyl gellan gum, increased the levels and activities of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) under oxidative stress in mouse cortical neurons, and robustly protected mitochondria from oxidative insults. Moreover, mini-GAGR increased the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of Nrf2 similarly to known Nrf2 activators. Mechanistically, mini-GAGR increased the dissociation of Nrf2 from its inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a protein kinase C (PKC)- and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1)-dependent manner. Finally, 20-day intranasal treatment of 3xTg-AD mice with 100 nmol of mini-GAGR increased nuclear p-Nrf2 and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) levels in hippocampal neurons, reduced p-tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide–stained neurons, and improved memory. The BBB-bypassing Nrf2-activating polysaccharide reported here may be effective in reducing oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in AD.
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8

Schwarz, Alex O., and Bruce E. Rittmann. "The diffusion-active permeable reactive barrier." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 112, no. 1-4 (March 2010): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.12.004.

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9

Thiruvenkatachari, R., S. Vigneswaran, and R. Naidu. "Permeable reactive barrier for groundwater remediation." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 14, no. 2 (March 2008): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2007.10.001.

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10

Banasiak, Laura Joan, Buddhima Indraratna, Glenys Lugg, Udeshini Pathirage, Geoff McIntosh, and Neil Rendell. "Permeable reactive barrier rejuvenation by alkaline wastewater." Environmental Geotechnics 2, no. 1 (February 2015): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/envgeo.13.00122.

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11

Molfetta, Antonio Di, and Rajandrea Sethi. "Clamshell excavation of a permeable reactive barrier." Environmental Geology 50, no. 3 (March 8, 2006): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0215-3.

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12

Tigue, April Anne, Roy Alvin Malenab, and Michael Angelo Promentilla. "A systematic mapping study on the development of permeable reactive barrier for acid mine drainage treatment." MATEC Web of Conferences 268 (2019): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926806019.

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Acid mine drainage is a result of exposure of sulfide ore and minerals to water and oxygen. This environmental pollutant has been considered the second biggest environmental problem after global warming. On the other hand, permeable reactive barrier is an emerging remediation technology which can be used to treat acid mine drainage. However, the effectiveness of this proposed remediation technology greatly depends on the reactive media. Also, treatment of acid mine drainage using permeable reactive barrier is still in the infancy stage, and long-term performance is still unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to identify what have been studied, addressed and what are currently the biggest challenges and limitations on the use of permeable reactive barrier for acid mine drainage treatment. Through systematic mapping approach, the results have shown that the reactive media used in permeable reactive barrier can be categorized into five namely iron-based, organic-based, inorganic minerals-based, industrial waste-based, and combined media. The data revealed that majority of the papers which is about 40% use combined media as the reactive substrate. The future direction is toward the use of combined media as a reactive material for AMD treatment, for instance, use of geopolymer with mine tailings and silts as reactive media in combination with organic-based media
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13

Bus, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Karczmarczyka, and Anna Baryła. "Phosphorus reactive materials for permeable reactive barrier filling – lifespan estimations." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 244 (2021): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27905.

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14

Bus, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Karczmarczyka, and Anna Baryła. "Phosphorus reactive materials for permeable reactive barrier filling – lifespan estimations." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 245 (2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.27905.

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15

Oliveira, M., Ana Vera Machado, and Regina Nogueira. "Development of Permeable Reactive Barrier for Phosphorus Removal." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1365.

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Permeable reactive barriers were developed for phosphorus removal. The barrier consists in an organic-inorganic hybrid material, which allows water and others species to flow through it, while selectively removes the contaminants. Polyethylene oxide (POE) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were used as the organic and the inorganic parts, respectively. The hybrid material was obtained by sol-gel reaction, using aluminium isopropoxide as inorganic percursor in order to attain Al2O3. The hybrid material produced was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The previous tests for phosphorus removal have shown the effectiveness capacity of the developed material to remove it.
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16

He, Qianfeng, Shihui Si, Jun Yang, and Xiaoyu Tu. "Application of permeable reactive barrier in groundwater remediation." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 06021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913606021.

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As a new in-situ remediation of groundwater, compared with the traditional “pump and treat” technology, the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) has the advantages of low cost, no external power, the small disturbance to groundwater, small secondary pollution and long-term operation, this paper introduces the basic concept of PRB, technical principle, structure type, the principle of active materials selection and mechanisms of remediation, design and installation factors, it provides ideas for further research and application of PRB technology in groundwater remediation projects in China.
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17

Lee, Jejung, Andrew J. Graettinger, John Moylan, and Howard W. Reeves. "Directed site exploration for permeable reactive barrier design." Journal of Hazardous Materials 162, no. 1 (February 2009): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.026.

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18

Morgan, Lynn A., Don Ficklen, and Mary Knowles. "Site characterization to support permeable reactive barrier design." Remediation Journal 15, no. 4 (2005): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.20060.

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19

Lachowicz, Jean E., Michel Demeule, Anthony Regina, Sasmita Tripathy, Christian Che, Jean-Christophe Currie, Simon Lord-Dufour, Emilie Houle, and Jean-Paul Castaigne. "Using ANG4043, a brain-penetrant anti-HER2 mab, to increase survival in a murine intracranial breast tumor model." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e13013-e13013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e13013.

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e13013 Background: Treatments for metastatic brain tumors originating from HER2-positive breast disease are limited due to the inability of most anti-tumor agents to enter the brain. While the selectively permeable blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts access of therapeutics such as mAbs to the brain, transcytosis of hormones, nutrients, and other homeostatic modulators is mediated by endogenous receptors such as LRP1, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. We have created a family of peptides (Angiopeps) that are recognized by LRP1 and enter the brain via transcytosis. Using these proprietary Angiopeps, we have created novel, brain-penetrant Peptide-Drug Conjugates. An iterative process of linker selection and reaction condition optimization led to the discovery of ANG4043, consisting of the Angiopep An2 attached to a trastuzimab biosimilar. This brain-penetrant peptide-mAb conjugate, which displays HER2 binding affinity and in vitro anti-proliferative properties similar to that of the native mAb, was tested in a murine model of breast tumor brain metastases. Methods: Athymic nude mice were stereotactically implanted 1.5 mm anterior and 2.5 mm lateral to bregma with 1X106 BT-474 cells twelve days prior to initiation of drug treatment. Body weight and morbidity/mortality were monitored daily. Results: Median survival in the control group was 45 days, compared with 68 days and 80 days for the 5 mg/kg (p = 0.0005) and 15 mg/kg (p = 0.0003) groups, respectively, demonstrating a 52% and 78% improvement over the control group. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that ANG4043 increases survival in a mouse HER2-positive intracranial tumor model. These results extend the validation of An2 conjugation beyond small molecules and peptides to include larger molecules such as therapeutic mAbs for development of new brain-penetrant anti-tumor therapeutics.
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20

Ludwig, Ralph D., Rick G. McGregor, David W. Blowes, Shawn G. Benner, and Keith Mountjoy. "A Permeable Reactive Barrier for Treatment of Heavy Metals." Ground Water 40, no. 1 (January 2002): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02491.x.

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21

Richards, Peter. "Seven‐year performance evaluation of a permeable reactive barrier." Remediation Journal 18, no. 3 (March 2008): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.20172.

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22

Muegge, John P., and Paul W. Hadley. "An evaluation of permeable reactive barrier projects in California." Remediation Journal 20, no. 1 (December 2009): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.20228.

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23

Vesela, Lenka, Jan Nemecek, Martina Siglova, and Martin Kubal. "The biofiltration permeable reactive barrier: Practical experience from Synthesia." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 58, no. 3-4 (October 2006): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.06.013.

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24

Xue, Fengjiao, Yujie Yan, Ming Xia, Faheem Muhammad, Lin Yu, Feng Xu, YanChyuan Shiau, Dongwei Li, and Binquan Jiao. "Electro-kinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil by a three-dimensional electrode coupled with a permeable reactive barrier." RSC Advances 7, no. 86 (2017): 54797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10913j.

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25

Slater, Lee, and Andrew Binley. "Evaluation of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) integrity using electrical imaging methods." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 3 (May 2003): 911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1581043.

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The permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a promising in‐situ technology for treatment of hydrocarbon‐contaminated groundwater. A PRB is typically composed of granular iron which degrades chlorinated organics into potentially nontoxic dehalogenated organic compounds and inorganic chloride. Geophysical methods may assist assessment of in‐situ barrier integrity and evaluation of long‐term barrier performance. The highly conductive granular iron makes the PRB an excellent target for conductivity imaging methods. In addition, electrochemical storage of charge at the iron–solution interface generates an impedance that decreases with frequency. The PRB is thus a potential induced polarization (IP) target. Surface and cross‐borehole electrical imaging (conductivity and IP) was conducted at a PRB installed at the U.S. Department of Energy's Kansas City plant. Poor signal strength (25% of measurements exceeding 8% reciprocal error) and insensitivity at depth, which results from current channeling in the highly conductive iron, limited surface imaging. Crosshole 2D and 3D electrical measurements were highly effective at defining an accurate, approximately 0.3‐m resolution, cross‐sectional image of the barrier in‐situ. Both the conductivity and IP images reveal the barrier geometry. Crosshole images obtained for seven panels along the barrier suggest variability in iron emplacement along the installation. On five panels the PRB structure is imaged as a conductive feature exceeding 1 S/m. However, on two panels the conductivity in the assumed vicinity of the PRB is less than 1 S/m. The images also suggest variability in the integrity of the contact between the PRB and bedrock. This noninvasive, in‐situ evaluation of barrier geometry using conductivity/IP has broad implications for the long‐term monitoring of PRB performance as a method of hydrocarbon removal.
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Indraratna, Buddhima, Punyama Udeshini Pathirage, and Laura Joan Banasiak. "Remediation of acidic groundwater by way of permeable reactive barrier." Environmental Geotechnics 4, no. 4 (August 2017): 284–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/envgeo.14.00014.

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27

Golab, Alexandra N., Buddhima Indraratna, Mark A. Peterson, and Stephen Hay. "Design of a Permeable Reactive Barrier to Remediate Acidic Groundwater." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2006, no. 1 (December 2006): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2006ab051.

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28

Hosseini, S. Mossa, B. Ataie-Ashtiani, and M. Kholghi. "Bench-Scaled Nano-Fe0 Permeable Reactive Barrier for Nitrate Removal." Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 31, no. 4 (July 19, 2011): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01352.x.

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29

Kennedy, Lonnie G., and Jess W. Everett. "Field application of biogeochemical reductive dechlorination by permeable reactive barrier." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 14, no. 4 (2014): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2014.066590.

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Richards, Peter. "Construction of a permeable reactive barrier in a residential neighborhood." Remediation Journal 12, no. 4 (September 2002): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.10046.

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31

Ribeiro, André, André Mota, Margarida Soares, Carlos Castro, Jorge Araújo, and Joana Carvalho. "Lead (II) Removal from Contaminated Soils by Electrokinetic Remediation Coupled with Modified Eggshell Waste." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.256.

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Electrokinetic remediation deserves particular attention in soil treatment due to its peculiar advantages, including the capability of treating fine and low permeability materials, and achieving consolidation, dewatering and removal of salts and inorganic contaminants like heavy metals in a single stage. In this study, the remediation of artificially lead (II) contaminated soil by electrokinetic process, coupled with Eggshell Inorganic Fraction Powder (EGGIF) permeable reactive barrier (PRB), was investigated. An electric field of 2 V cm-1was applied and was used an EGGIF/soil ratio of 30 g kg-1 of contaminated soil for the preparation of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) in each test. It was obtained high removal rates of lead in both experiments, especially near the cathode. In the normalized distance to cathode of 0.2 it was achieved a maximum removal rate of lead (II) of 68, 78 and 83% in initial lead (II) concentration of 500 mg-1, 200 mg-1 and 100 mg-1, respectively. EGGIF (Eggshell Inorganic Fraction) proved that can be used as permeable reactive barrier (PRB) since in all the performed tests were achieved adsorptions yields higher than 90%.
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Faisal, Ayad Abdulhamza, and Zaman Ageel Hmood. "Modeling and Simulation of Cadmium Removal from the Groundwater by Permeable Reactive Barrier Technology." Journal of Engineering 20, no. 04 (June 19, 2023): 134–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2014.04.09.

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The removal of cadmium ions from simulated groundwater by zeolite permeable reactive barrier was investigated. Batch tests have been performed to characterize the equilibrium sorption properties of the zeolite in cadmium-containing aqueous solutions. Many operating parameters such as contact time, initial pH of solution, initial concentration, resin dosage and agitation speed were investigated. The best values of these parameters that will achieved removal efficiency of cadmium (=99.5%) were 60 min, 6.5, 50 mg/L, 0.25 g/100 ml and 270 rpm respectively. A 1D explicit finite difference model has been developed to describe pollutant transport within a groundwater taking the pollutant sorption on the permeable reactive barrier (PRB), which is performed by Langmuir equation, into account. Computer program written in MATLAB R2009b successfully predicted meaningful values for Cd+2 concentration profiles. Numerical results show that the PRB starts to saturate after a period of time (~120 h) due to reduce of the retardation factor, indicating a decrease in percentage of zeolite functionality. However, a reasonable agreement between model predictions and experimental results of the total concentration distribution of Cd2+ species across the soil bed in the presence of zeolite permeable reactive barrier was recognized.
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33

Peng, Shengjie, Xiaodong Wang, and Xiaohui Zhang. "Research progress of in-situ remediation of polluted soil and groundwater by electrokinetic and permeable reaction barrier." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 02043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014302043.

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The combination of electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive barrier (EK-PRB combined remediation technology) is a new green technology for in-situ removal of soil and groundwater pollutants. This technology combines the advantages of electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive barrier technology, and can deal with different types of organic and inorganic pollutants. It has the characteristics of convenient installation, simple operation, no secondary pollution, etc., and has broad development and application prospect. This paper introduces the technical principle of EK-PRB, summarizes the latest research results on the remediation of heavy metal, organic matter and nitrate contaminated soil and groundwater by the electrokinetic remediation and PRB. Finally,the technical problems of combinated remediation were pointed out, and development and application direction of this technology was noted.
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34

Meng, Ruihong, Tan Chen, Yaxin Zhang, Wenjing Lu, Yanting Liu, Tianchu Lu, Yanjun Liu, and Hongtao Wang. "Development, modification, and application of low-cost and available biochar derived from corn straw for the removal of vanadium(v) from aqueous solution and real contaminated groundwater." RSC Advances 8, no. 38 (2018): 21480–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02172d.

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Faisal, Ayad Abdulhamza, Talib Rasheed Abbas, and Salim Hrez Jassam. "Iron Permeable Reactive Barrier for Removal of Lead from Contaminated Groundwater." Journal of Engineering 20, no. 10 (July 9, 2023): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2014.10.03.

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The possibility of using zero-valent iron as permeable reactive barrier in removing lead from a contaminated groundwater was investigated. In the batch tests, the effects of many parameters such as contact time between adsorbate and adsorbent (0-240 min), initial pH of the solution (4-8), sorbent dosage (1-12 g/100 mL), initial metal concentration (50-250 mg/L), and agitation speed (0-250 rpm) were studied. The results proved that the best values of these parameters achieve the maximum removal efficiency of Pb+2 (=97%) were 2 hr, 5, 5 g/100 mL, 50 mg/L and 200 rpm respectively. The sorption data of Pb+2 ions on the zero-valent iron have been performed well by Langmuir isotherm model in compared with Freundlich model under the studied conditions. Finite difference method and computer solutions (COMSOL) multiphysics 3.5a software based on finite element method were used to simulate the one-dimensional equilibrium transport of lead through sand aquifer with and without presence of barrier. The predicted and experimental results proved that the reactive barrier plays a potential role in the restriction of the contaminant plume migration and a reasonable agreement between these results was recognized.
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Budihardjo, M. A., R. P. Safitri, B. S. Ramadan, A. J. Effendi, S. Hidayat, Y. V. Paramitadevi, B. Ratnawati, and A. Karmilia. "A bibliometric analysis of permeable reactive barrier enhanced electrokinetic treatment for sustainable polluted soil remediation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012034.

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Abstract Research on soil remediation continues to develop, one of which is electrokinetic remediation combined with a permeable reactive barrier as a medium to prevent the migration of metals removed from the anode and cathode spaces. Thus, it is hoped that there is no need for reprocessing the residue resulting from electrokinetic remediation. This study aims to conduct a bibliographical analysis related to electrokinetic remediation coupled by permeable reactive barriers for heavy metal contaminated soil and to examine the effect of using various types of reactive barrier materials and their placement on the pollutants removal in the soil. Based on the results of bibliographic analysis, 26 relevant scientific articles were obtained, and the most publications in 2020 with 27% additional article publications are found. China and Environmental Science and Pollutant Research are the countries and journals that contribute the most to publications related to EK-PRB on heavy metal polluted soils.
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37

Schwarz, Alex, and Norma Pérez. "Long-term operation of a permeable reactive barrier with diffusive exchange." Journal of Environmental Management 284 (April 2021): 112086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112086.

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38

Kim, Young-Hun, and Myung-Chul Kim. "Development of Activity Enhanced Zero Valent Metals for Permeable Reactive Barrier." Journal of Environmental Science International 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jes.2003.12.2.201.

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Moraci, Nicola, Stefania Bilardi, and Paolo S. Calabrò. "Fe0/pumice mixtures: from laboratory tests to permeable reactive barrier design." Environmental Geotechnics 4, no. 4 (August 2017): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenge.15.00002.

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Chiemchaisri, Chart, Wilai Chiemchaisri, and Chayanid Witthayapirom. "Remediation of MSW landfill leachate by permeable reactive barrier with vegetation." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 9 (March 10, 2015): 1389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.111.

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This research was conducted to investigate in situ treatment of leachate by pilot-scale permeable reactive barrier (PRB) with vegetation. Two different types of PRB media, with and without the presence of ferric chloride sludge, for the removal of pollutants were examined. The composite media of PRB comprised a clay and sand mixture of 40:60%w/w (system 1) and a clay, ferric chloride sludge and sand mixture of 30:10:60%w/w (system 2). The system was operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.028 m3/m2.d and hydraulic retention time of 10 days. The results showed that the performance of system 2 was better in terms of pollutant removal efficiencies, with average biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total Kjeldahl nitrogen removals of 76.1%, 68.5% and 73.5%, respectively. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analyses of water samples and sequential extraction of PRB media suggested the removal of humic substances through the formation of iron–organic complex. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the treatment of PRB were 8.2–52.1 mgCH4/m2.d, 69.1–601.8 mgCO2/m2.d and 0.04–0.99 mgN2O/m2.d. The use of system 2 with vegetation resulted in lower GHG emissions. The results show that PRB with vegetation could be used as a primary treatment for leachate from closed landfill sites.
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41

Bartlett, T. R., and S. J. Morrison. "Tracer Method to Determine Residence Time in a Permeable Reactive Barrier." Ground Water 47, no. 4 (July 2009): 598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00544.x.

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42

Johnson, R. L., R. B. Thoms, R. O’Brien Johnson, J. T. Nurmi, and P. G. Tratnyek. "Mineral Precipitation Upgradient from a Zero-Valent Iron Permeable Reactive Barrier." Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 28, no. 3 (June 2008): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2008.00203.x.

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Van Nooten, Thomas, Dirk Springael, and Leen Bastiaens. "Microbial Community Characterization in a Pilot-Scale Permeable Reactive Iron Barrier." Environmental Engineering Science 27, no. 3 (March 2010): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2009.0271.

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Courcelles, Benoît, Arezou Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi, Daniel Gouvenot, and Annette Esnault-Filet. "Influence of Precipitates on Hydraulic Performance of Permeable Reactive Barrier Filters." International Journal of Geomechanics 11, no. 2 (April 2011): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000098.

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Serrenho, A., O. Fenton, M. Rodgers, and M. G. Healy. "Laboratory study of a denitrification system using a permeable reactive barrier." Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, no. 1 (April 2010): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470010002311.

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Morrison, Stan J., Paul S. Mushovic, and Preston L. Niesen. "Early Breakthrough of Molybdenum and Uranium in a Permeable Reactive Barrier." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 6 (March 2006): 2018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052128s.

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Yang, Ji, Yuling Guo, Decai Xu, Limei Cao, and Jinping Jia. "A controllable Fe0–C permeable reactive barrier for 1,4-dichlorobenzene dechlorination." Chemical Engineering Journal 203 (September 2012): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.07.031.

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Ono, Yusaku, Mikio Kawasaki, Yoichi Watanabe, Masato Yamada, Kazuto Endo, and Yoshiro Ono. "Horizontal Permeable Reactive Barrier for Improving the Water Quality within Landfills." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 19, no. 3 (2008): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.19.197.

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Mumford, K. A., J. L. Rayner, I. Snape, and G. W. Stevens. "Hydraulic performance of a permeable reactive barrier at Casey Station, Antarctica." Chemosphere 117 (December 2014): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.091.

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Folch, Albert, Marcel Vilaplana, Leila Amado, Teresa Vicent, and Glòria Caminal. "Fungal permeable reactive barrier to remediate groundwater in an artificial aquifer." Journal of Hazardous Materials 262 (November 2013): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.004.

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