Academic literature on the topic 'Permanent magnet sychronous generators (PMSG)'

Abstract One of the methods to improve the efficiency of the ship’s propulsion is the increase of efficiency in ship generators by using permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG – Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator). Due to the lack of voltage regulator in PMSG, it is necessary to use power electronic converters to maintain a constant voltage level. One of the modes of operation for a ship’s power plant is a parallel work of generating sets. In the parallel work, there are problems in the fluctuation of active and reactive electrical power between generators. The article presents the concept of using inverters in the IHBI topology, which enables the parallel operation of generating sets with PMSG generators. This solution enables the adjustment of the flow of active and reactive powers between generating sets.

This paper deals with design of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) for diesel engine generators. The PMSG is required to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction of the induced electromotive force (EMF) for the enhancement of power quality. In this paper, a design method is proposed to reduce the THD of the induced EMF for power quality enhancement in the PMSG. First, the selection process for the number of poles and slots is described. Second, the rotor shape design is proposed using an eccentric curve and slit shape. Based on the results of the first process, the optimal rotor shape is selected to achieve the additional THD reduction of the induced EMF. Finally, the performance for the optimal rotor shape is verified through a 2-dimensional finite element analysis (2D FEA) and prototype.

In order to deal with the difficulty of magnetic field adjustment in permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), this paper proposed a novel paratactic structure hybrid excitation synchronous generators (HESG) and presented the basic configuration and its principle. Then, it analyzed three combination methodsof PMSG and the electro-excitation synchronous generators (EESG) in HESG,and also presented calculation way of field current in HESG. Finally, the experimental results proved the correctness of those analyses.

This paper deals with experimental verification and performance analysis of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for wind power generation considering magnetic losses using d-q axis model. The d-q voltage equation of the PMSG is derived. The equations for losses such as copper loss, core loss and mechanical loss are also derived. Finally, by implementing dynamic simulation block diagram for the prediction of generating performance considering losses using MATLAB/SIMULINK, the generating performances of the PMSG are predicted under various speeds and loads. The predicted results are validated extensively by finite element (FE) analyses and measurements.

In the present work, a methodology that allows optimizing the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) design by establishing limit values of magnet radius and length that maximize efficiency for the nominal parameters of the wind turbine is developed. The methodology consists of two fundamental models. One model calculates the generator parameters from the radius of the magnet base, and the other optimization model determines two optimum generators according to the optimization criteria of maximum efficiency and maximum efficiency with minimum weight starting from the axial length and the radius of the magnet base. For the optimization, the numerical method of the golden section was used. The model was validated from a 10 kW PMSG and the results of two optimum generators are presented according to the optimization criteria. In addition, when the obtained results are compared with the reference electric generator, an increase in efficiency of 1.15% and 0.81% and a reduction in weight of 30.79% and 39.15% of the optimized generators are obtained for maximum efficiency and minimum weight, respectively. Intermediate options between the maximum efficiency generator and the minimum weight generator allows for the selection of the optimum dimensioning for the electric generator as a function of the parameters from the wind turbine design.

In this article, a deadbeat predictive control (DB-PC) strategy for permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs)-based modern wind turbines is proposed. The main advantages of the DB-PC technique are its excellent dynamics and its constant switching frequency. However, the main idea of DB-PC is obtaining the actuation voltage for the next sample from the mathematical model of the generator. Therefore, the DB-PC is highly sensitive to mismatches in the parameters of the PMSG. In order to obviate this problem, a disturbance estimator (extended Kalman filter (EKF)) is employed in this work to enhance the robustness of the proposed DB-PC scheme by estimating the total disturbance due to parameter mismatches and adding it to the calculation of the actuation voltage. Furthermore, the same EKF observe the rotor speed and position of the PMSG, i.e., mechanical sensors are not required. Moreover, the EKF is able to reduce the harmonic distortion in the stator currents of the PMSG. The proposed DB-PC strategy is implemented in the laboratory. The experimental results proved the superiority of the proposed DB-PC strategy over the traditional DB-PC technique.

Wind energy is one of the primary energy sources that can be used to produce electricity. Indonesia has the potential to harness wind energy to produce electricity due to located on the equator, especially in coastal areas. An alternative to the availability of electricity in remote coastal areas is to use small-scale wind power plants. One component that plays an important role in wind power generation systems is the generator. A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. In small scale wind power plants, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are commonly used as energy conversion machines. In this paper, a PMSG has been designed for small-scale and low-speed wind power generation as an energy conversion machine. PMSG which has been designed has the following specifications: 500 W, three phases, 18 slots, 12 poles, with a rotation speed of 500 rpm. The simulation test results obtained the following data, the output phase-phase maximum voltage of the generator is 38.84 V, and phase maximum voltage is 22.5 V.

Abstract In recent years, the use of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) in ship power plant system has increased. PMSGs are characterized by better properties than the classic and commonly used synchronous generators. In comparison with classic synchronous generators, PMSGs do not have a voltage regulator, and hence as the load increases, the voltage at the output of the generator decreases. The article presents the use of an active voltage inverter with the task to maintain a constant voltage on the receiver along with the load’s increase. Simulation studies confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method were carried out.

In order to deal with the difficulty of magnetic field adjustment in permanent magnet synchronous machines, this paper proposed a novel paratactic structure hybrid excitation synchronous generator (HESG) and presented the basic configuration and its principle. Then, with the analysis of armature reactions, it introduced the detailed working performances of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and the electric excitation synchronous generator (EESG) in HESGunder different field current conditions. We can classify the operating modes of HESGinto three categories: double-generation mode, single-generation mode and generation-motor mode whose boundaries were deduced. Finally, the experimental results proved the correctness of those analyses.

The three phase permanent magnet synchronous generator with full scale converter arrangement has gained significant market share in win energy turbine topology. This is because of the advancement in production of superior magnetic properties and steady decline in price of the magnets. Permanent magnet synchronous generators are of compact in size and light in weight. They become attractive for offshore wind application. But offshore wind energy system has to be not only light weight and compact in size but also reliable operation. The majority of failures of wind turbines are the electrical systems. To increase the reliability of the ordinary three phase wind energy system, a six phase wind energy system is proposed: a six phase permanent magnet synchronous connected to six leg converter. To harness the maximum energy from the wind, the viable option is using variable speed wind turbine. Variable speed operation of drive is achieved by suitable control of generator-converter system.This project deals with the design, simulation and implementation vector control of six phase permanent magnet synchronous generator-converter system. Step by step approach is used to tackle the problem. First the dynamic modeling of six phase permanent magnet in different references frames is studied. Then the time average and switching model of a six leg converter is presented. The different modulation technique of six leg converter is studied. Last the design or tuning of control parameters for the speed and current controllers are done. Dc link voltage control design is also done.After having the theoretical base, the majority of the work is done in preparation of laboratory setup, understanding of FPGA platforms and fighting with sporadic practical problem.Finally, it is of great personal success to be able to model, and control in the laboratory a low speed Non Standard Six Phase PMSG having 33.27 degree separations between the phase groups.

Small signal oscillation has been always a major concern in the operation of power systems. In a generator, the electromechanical coupling between the rotor and the rest of the system causes it to behave in a manner similar to a spring mass damper system. Following any disturbance, such as sudden change in loads, actuations in the output of turbine and faults etc. it exhibits an oscillatory behaviour around the equilibrium state. The use of fast acting high gain AVRs and evolution of large interconnected power systems with transfer of bulk power across weak transmission links have further aggravated the problem of these low frequency oscillations. Small oscillations in the range of about 0.1Hz to 3.5Hz can persist for long periods, limiting the power transfer capability of the transmission lines. These oscillations can be reduced by incorporating auxiliary controllers on generator excitation system. Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) were developed to produce additional damping by modulating the generator excitation voltage. Designing effective PSS for all operating conditions especially in large interconnected power systems still remains a difficult and challenging task. More and more power electronic based controllers have been and will be used in power systems. Many of these controllers such as Static Var Compensators (SVCs), Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs) and Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) etc., are incorporated in power transmission networks to improve its operational capability. In addition, some of the energy storage systems such as Battery Energy Storage systems (BESS), Super conducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES) as well large non-conventional energy sources are also increasingly being integrated with the power grid. With large integration of these devices, there is a significant impact on system stability, more importantly on small signal oscillatory instability of the power system. This thesis primarily focuses on impact of such devices on small signal oscillatory stability of the power systems. More specifically in this thesis small signal stability analysis of a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with a grid connected wind powered Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) has been presented. A SMIB system has been purposely chosen so that general conclusions can be obtained on the behaviour of the embedded STATCOM/Energy Source (ES) system on system stability. With a better understanding of the impact of such a system it would be probably possible to analyze more complicated multimachine power system and their impact on system stability. Small signal model of the complete system which comprises the generator, transmission network, inter connecting STATCOM, the wind power generator and all associated controllers has been developed. The performances of the system following a small disturbance at various operating conditions have been analyzed. To obtain quantitative estimates of the damping and synchronizing torques generated in the system, expressions for damping and synchronizing torque clients have been developed. With these analyses, the relative impact of the STATCOM and STATCOM with ES on system performance have been assessed. It is shown that with active and reactive power modulation capabilities effective and efficient control of small signal oscillations in power systems can be achieved.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και τη μοντελοποίηση ενός αιολικού συστήματος παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας βασισμένο σε σύγχρονη γεννήτρια μόνιμου μαγνήτη (PMSG). Ειδικότερα, παρουσιάζονται και αναλύονται όλα τα τμήματα που αποτελούν το αιολικό σύστημα καθώς και οι λογικές ελέγχου που ακολουθήθηκαν για την αποτελεσματική λειτουργία του. Επιπλέον, μελετάται και μοντελοποιείται μια διάταξη αποθήκευσης ενέργειας από την οποία πλαισιώνεται το αιολικό σύστημα κατά την αυτόνομη λειτουργία του. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται και σχολιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης της λειτουργίας του συστήματος, σε σύνδεση με το δίκτυο και κατά την αυτόνομη λειτουργία του. Για την ανάπτυξη του μοντέλου και την προσομοίωση χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα Simulink/Matlab. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται αναφορά στο ενεργειακό πρόβλημα και μια γενική εισαγωγή στις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας. Επιπλέον, δίνονται διάφορες πληροφορίες γύρω από την αιολική ενέργεια και αναλύονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματα της χρήσης ανεμογεννητριών. Επίσης, παρουσιάζεται η δομή μιας ανεμογεννήτριας και παραθέτονται διάφοροι τύποι ανεμογεννητριών, ενώ δίνονται και οι βασικές σχέσεις μετατροπής της αιολικής ενέργειας σε ηλεκτρική. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται ανάλυση κάθε τμήματος της ανεμογεννήτριας (πτερωτή, σύστημα μετάδοσης κίνησης, γεννήτρια) και παρατίθενται οι εξισώσεις που περιγράφουν τη λειτουργία τους. Επιπρόσθετα, παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος μοντελοποίησης του κάθε τμήματος στο περιβάλλον του Simulink. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δόθηκε στη μελέτη της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας μόνιμου μαγνήτη καθώς παρουσιάζεται με λεπτομέρεια η δομή της καθώς και οι αρχές που διέπουν τη λειτουργία της. Τέλος, δίνονται όλα τα χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη της ανεμογεννήτρια που χρησιμοποιήθηκε στην παρούσα εργασία. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 αρχικά, γίνεται μια γενική παρουσίαση των στοιχείων που αποτελούν τους μετατροπείς, ενώ στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές κατηγορίες μετατροπέων που υπάρχουν και αναφέρονται μερικοί βασικοί τύποι μετατροπέων που βρίσκουν εφαρμογή σε αιολικά συστήματα γενικότερα. Έπειτα, το κεφάλαιο επικεντρώνεται στους μετατροπείς που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στο αιολικό σύστημα της παρούσας εργασίας καθώς εξηγείται ο τρόπος λειτουργίας τους και παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος μοντελοποίησης τους στο Simulink. Έμφαση δόθηκε στον dc/dc μετατροπέα ανύψωσης τάσης που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, όπου γίνεται διαστασιολόγηση και παρουσιάζεται μια μικρή προσομοίωση της λειτουργίας του. Τέλος, παρουσιάζεται, επίσης, το φίλτρο που τοποθετείται στην έξοδο του αντιστροφέα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφονται αναλυτικά η τεχνική διαμόρφωσης εύρους παλμών (PWM) και η τεχνική της ημιτονοειδούς διαμόρφωσης εύρους παλμών (SPWM), οι οποίες και εφαρμόστηκαν για την παλμοδότηση των μετατροπέων. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφονται αναλυτικά οι μηχανισμοί ελέγχου που εφαρμόστηκαν με τη βοήθεια PI ελεγκτών, τόσο στην πλευρά της μηχανής (dc/dc μετατροπέας ανύψωσης τάσης) όσο και στον αντιστροφέα του αιολικού συστήματος. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5 παρουσιάζονται και σχολιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης του αιολικού συστήματος σε σύνδεση με το δίκτυο. Το σύστημα προσομοιώνεται για δύο περιπτώσεις, σε πρώτη φάση γίνεται προσομοίωση του συστήματος υπό σταθερή ταχύτητα ανέμου ίση με 12 m/s και σε δεύτερη φάση προσομοιώνεται η λειτουργία του συστήματος για βηματικές μεταβολές της ταχύτητας του ανέμου. Στο Κεφάλαιο 6 μελετάται η αυτόνομη λειτουργία του αιολικού συστήματος το οποίο, πλέον, πλαισιώνεται με μια διάταξη αποθήκευσης ενέργειας. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζεται το σύστημα αποθήκευσης ενέργειας που χρησιμοποιήθηκε. Συγκεκριμένα η συστοιχία μπαταριών της οποίας δίνονται τα χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη, καθώς και το μοντέλο της στο Simulink. Επίσης, παρουσιάζεται και μοντελοποιείται ο dc/dc μετατροπέας δύο κατευθύνσεων ο οποίος συνδέει τη συστοιχία με το υπόλοιπο σύστημα. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται αναλυτικά ο μηχανισμός ελέγχου που εφαρμόζεται στη διάταξη αποθήκευσης ενέργειας για τον έλεγχο της φόρτισης/εκφόρτισης. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης του αυτόνομου αιολικού συστήματος για σταθερή ταχύτητα ανέμου-μεταβαλλόμενο φορτίο και για μεταβαλλόμενο άνεμο-σταθερό φορτίο.
In this thesis, a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) was studied and simulated. All parts of the WECS are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, control strategies for the generator-side converter and the voltage source inverter are developed. The WECS is simulated both in grid connected and stand-alone mode. In the stand-alone mode, the WECS is supplied with an energy storage system for which a bi-directional buck/boost converter and control strategy was designed. Finally, simulation results are presented and performance of the system in various modes of operation is evaluated. Simulink/Matlab is used for modeling and simulating the WECS. At the beginning of Chapter 1, a discussion of energy crisis and renewable energy sources is held. Furthermore, information about wind energy has been reviewed and its benefits and drawbacks are examined. In addition, the structure of a wind turbine and the principles of converting wind energy into electricity are presented. In Chapter 2 all parts of the wind turbine are studied and its characteristics are specified. Even more, the model of every part in Simulink is presented. Theoretical background, structure and operation principles of PMSG are presented in detail. In Chapter 3, firstly a general presentation of converters components takes place. Then the major existing categories of converter are presented and some basic types of converters, which are generally used in WECS, are mentioned. Moreover, the chapter focuses on the converters that are used in this thesis, explaining the way they operate. After all, their models in Simulink are shown. Emphasis was given to the dc/dc boost converter whose parameters are calculated and its operation is simulated. Finally, there is a presentation of the filter which was placed at the output of the inverter. In Chapter 4, Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) and Sinusoidal Pulse-width Modulation (SPWM) techniques that are used in this thesis are described. Moreover, the control strategy for the generator-side converter with maximum power extraction is presented. The control strategy of the voltage sourced inverter is shown as well. In Chapter 5 simulation results of the grid connected WECS are presented and evaluated. On the first part of the presentation, the WECS is simulated for constant wind speed (12m/s), and in the second part for step-changed wind speed. In Chapter 6 the stand-alone operation of the WECS is studied and supplied with an energy storage system. Initially, there is an analysis of the energy storage system, which was used, and in particular the battery bank, whose characteristics are given. Moreover, a Bi-directional dc/dc Buck-Boost converter which is used to interconnect the battery bank to the dc-link is presented and modeled. Afterwards, there is a detailed description of the control strategy used in order to control charging / discharging of the battery bank. At the end of this chapter, simulation results of two different stand-alone operation modes are presented, one with constant wind speed and variable load and the other one with step-changing wind speed and constant load.