Academic literature on the topic 'Periphrastic future'
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Journal articles on the topic "Periphrastic future"
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Lowe, John J. "The Sanskrit (Pseudo)Periphrastic Future." Transactions of the Philological Society 115, no. 2 (April 27, 2017): 263–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.12102.
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GRIMM, RICK, and TERRY NADASDI. "The Future of Ontario French." Journal of French Language Studies 21, no. 2 (October 28, 2010): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269510000335.
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ABSTRACTThe present study is a Labovian sociolinguistic analysis of forms used to express the future tense in the spoken French of adolescents residing in Ontario, Canada. Two primary variants are examined: a) the periphrastic future (e.g. elle va partir); and b) the inflected future (e.g. elle partira). The general trend that emerges is that distribution rates of the periphrastic future are markedly higher than previous accounts of the variable and that many speakers are in fact categorical users of the periphrastic form in certain contexts. Note, too, that negation is not a strong predictor for all speakers with respect to the choice of the inflected future, a finding that is in strong contrast to previous analyses of the variable in Laurentian varieties of spoken French in Canada. After presenting the general results, we provide an in-depth analysis of the linguistic and social factors that condition variant use.
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Villeneuve, Anne-José, and Philip Comeau. "Breaking down temporal distance in a Continental French variety: Future temporal reference in Vimeu." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 61, no. 3 (November 2016): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2016.30.
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AbstractThis article examines future temporal reference (FTR) in the French spoken in Vimeu, a rural area of France where French evolved alongside Picard, a Gallo-Romance regional language. Unlike most French varieties, which favour periphrasis, Vimeu Picard favours the inflected form. By comparing French data from Picard–French bilinguals and French monolinguals, we assess the potential effect of Picard contact on Vimeu French. We hypothesized that bilinguals may favour the inflected form more than monolinguals, a hypothesis that was not verified. Instead, education is the best social predictor: speakers with a baccalauréat or higher disfavour the periphrastic future. Regarding linguistic constraints, we expected sentential polarity to constrain FTR (negation favours the inflected form), as in many varieties. Surprisingly, only temporal distance constrains FTR in our data: proximate events favour periphrasis, and do so even more strongly with events to occur within the minute. These results suggest that Vimeu French marks imminence through periphrasis.
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Rosemeyer, Malte, and María Sol Sansiñena. "How sentence type influences the interpretation of Spanish future constructions." Discourse-pragmatic perspectives on interrogatives 29, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 116–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.00040.ros.
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Abstract It is well known that Spanish futurizing morphology is frequently used not to express futurity, but instead to formulate a hypothesis, i.e. express epistemic modality. Although this is possible with both synthetic or periphrastic future marking, the synthetic future tense is more likely to express an epistemic reading than the periphrastic future. This paper explores the relationship between futurizing morphology and sentence type on the basis of a quantitative analysis of about n = 2,700 tokens of synthetic and periphrastic ‘future’ constructions in spoken conversations from Madrid, Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile. On the basis of a bottom-up classification of these tokens regarding their potential to express modal meanings, we demonstrate that polar and partial futurizing interrogatives are more likely to display modal meanings and associated rhetorical effects than futurizing declaratives. This effect is even stronger for synthetic future constructions, due to a conventionalization of specific form-function pairings. Finally, we also document substantial dialectal variation in the use of futurizing morphology.
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Roberts, Nicholas S. "The future of Martinique French: The role of random effects on the variable expression of futurity." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 61, no. 3 (November 2016): 286–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2016.29.
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AbstractThis article adds a Caribbean perspective to the analysis of futurity by presenting a quantitative variationist investigation of the competing forms used by speakers to encode future time in the Frenchdépartement et région d'outre-merof Martinique. The two variants under investigation are the inflected future (je partirai‘I will leave’) and the periphrastic future (je vais partir‘I am going to leave’). In this variety, the periphrastic future is identified as the most frequent variant. Fixed-effects and mixed-effects models furthermore tease apart the complex set of constraints governing variant selection and demonstrate the repercussions of considering speaker and lexical effects when analysing sociolinguistic data. Indeed, once individual speaker and word-level variation are controlled for, the future variable in Martinique French is constrained purely by temporal distance: while the periphrastic future acts as the default option in the majority of time contexts, the inflected future functions asthemarker of distal time.
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Brown, Esther L., and Javier Rivas. "Variant Choices of Future Time Reference in Galician: The Grammaticalization of [haber (de) + infinitive] as a Window to Diachronic Change." Languages 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2024): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9040142.
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Compared to neighboring Romance languages, Galician currently maintains a more ubiquitous usage of the construction [haber (present) + (de) + infinitive] as a future marker in variation with the periphrastic construction with ir ‘go’ and the morphological future. We examine this under-studied construction to gain a better understanding of Galician grammar and also contribute new data with which to consider diachronic change regarding the grammaticalization of the future from obligation markers. We conduct a variationist analysis of 1589 tokens of future forms in recorded conversations (CORILGA) in order to determine the frequency of usage, patterns of variation, linguistic conditioning and degree of grammaticalization of the periphrastic forms with haber and ir in contrast to the morphological variant. We find evidence to suggest that the periphrastic construction with haber is highly grammaticalized as a future marker and we identify factors of the production context that modulate the grammaticalization process.
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Botsman, Andriy, Olga Dmytruk, and Tamara Kozlovska. "The development of Germanic analytical tenses." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics theory and practice, no. 41 (2020): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2020.41.135-154.
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The stages that encompass the future tense development are singled out as discrete phenomena within the process of the Germanic language development. The Gothic verb system can serve as the background for the investigation of the tense transformations in question. The difficulties of tense examination in the Old Germanic languages were connected with some conceptions about the Indo-Iranian and Greek languages that used to dominate in the scientific circles for a long time. Those conceptions were based on Latin and Greek patterns and postulated the use of present, past and future tenses in all Indo-European languages. The above conceptions were ruined when the study of Tokharian and Hittite demonstrated the use of the present tense for the description of future actions. The idea of losing “the protolanguage inheritance” was proved wrong, and it was incorrect to transfer the complex tense system of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin to other Proto-Indo-European languages. The examination of the tense differentiation in Gothic (as the main source of the Old Germanic language) demonstrates that the Gothic infinitive functioned as a no-particular-time unit, while personal verb forms were involved in performing tense functions. The Gothic present tense verbs represented present and future tenses and no-particular-time phenomena. Some periphrastic forms containing preterite-present verbs with the infinitive occurred sporadically. The periphrastic forms correlated with Greek and Latin patterns of the same future tense meaning. The periphrastic future forms in Gothic often contained some modal shades of meaning. The Gothic present tense functioned as a colony-forming archi-unit and a pluripotential (temporal) precursor. The periphrastic Gothic future forms are recognised as a monopotential (temporal) precursor with some modal meaning. The key research method used in the present article is the comparative historical method. The authors viewed it as the most reliable and appropriate for the study of tense forms.
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COMEAU, PHILIP. "Vestiges from the grammaticalization path: The expression of future temporal reference in Acadian French." Journal of French Language Studies 25, no. 3 (September 26, 2014): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269514000301.
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ABSTRACTThis study presents a variationist analysis of the expression of future temporal reference (variation between the inflected future and the periphrastic future) in a linguistically conservative variety of Acadian French spoken in Baie Sainte-Marie, Nova Scotia, Canada. Results show that Acadian French is distinct from Laurentian French and that the Baie Sainte-Marie variety also differs from other Acadian varieties in some respects. A comparison of the distribution of variants and of the conditioning factors reveals that Acadian and Laurentian varieties have different future temporal reference systems. The Baie Sainte-Marie variety retains vestiges of earlier stages of the grammaticalization of one of the variants, the periphrastic future, not found in other Acadian varieties, thus supporting its characterization as a conservative variety.
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Ghafar Samar, Reza, and Tej Bhatia. "The future of ‘future’." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 130–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.16011.gha.
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Abstract Bybee et al. (1994) claimed that grammatical-types like past and future have similar paths of development cross-linguistically. Following another line of research, Poplack (2011), Poplack and Tagliamonte (2000) and Walker et al. (2004) explored the grammaticalization of periphrastic ‘go-future’ in English, French, and Spanish from a variationist perspective and have come to the same conclusion. In this study we explore whether a new Persian future marker, MI_KHA: ‘want/will/going to’, which is gaining ground in this language, can be an instance of the grammatical-types mentioned above, and follows the same path of variation and change as that of English and French. Eight-hundred and one future-referring utterances were collected from natural conversations among Persian native speakers and subjected to variable rule analysis to discover the factors conditioning their use and variation. The findings suggest that the Persian MI_KHA: is not only conditioned by linguistic factors, it also most likely follows a path of development similar to English and French.
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박문성. "The Use of the Periphrastic Future(luṭ) : According to Aṣṭādhyāyī." Journal of Indian Philosophy ll, no. 27 (August 2009): 53–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32761/kjip.2009..27.002.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Periphrastic future"
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Markopoulos, Theodore. "The category 'future' in Greek : a diachronic investigation of three future-referring periphrastic forms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613944.
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Quemere, Françoise. "Marques et marges du futur en français. Expression verbale et valeurs / Défectivité et substitutions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL008.
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Cette thèse se donne pour objet la notion de futurité et recense certaines formes verbales dont le futur complète les siennes. Le futur envisage nécessairement un temps non advenu. Il dispose de marques formelles moins nombreuses que celles affectées à l'expression du passé. Le futur, originellement périphrastique (habeo+infinitif), évolue en futur synthétique, puis se trouve en concurrence avec un futur, périphrastique également, en dynamique diachronique de cycles. La question du morphème -R qu'il partage avec le conditionnel, nourrit régulièrement les débats sur son classement en mode ou en temps. La première partie de la thèse explore les outils linguistiques propres à l'analyse du temps verbal, puis une analyse sémantique vérifie la relation entre les temps et divers effets de sens en discours.La deuxième partie s'attache à combler une certaine défectivité formelle à laquelle le futur remédie via d'autres formes verbales, même si elles ils n'y sont pas systématiquement dédiées, leur sens plein se maintenant. Ces substitutions n'en sont pas vraiment : la variété des expressions du futur relève de la difficulté à concevoir l'avenir. Les constructions en « si » +rais ne doivent pas toutes être prises pour transgressions, aussi elles termineront cette thèse. Sans vœu d'exhaustivité, ce sont ces réalités du futur et leurs représentations que nous nous proposons d'examinerThis thesis attempts to draw a notion of future meaning and counts some verbal forms from which future provides its own. Future necessarily shows to consider a still not occurred time. Variants used to express future temporal reference are fewer compared to past tenses. Future tense, originally periphrastic (habeo+infinitif) moves into a synthetic form, and, concurrently turns out to another future, periphrastic too, along diachronic dynamics by the way of recurring cycles. The point at issue of the -R morpheme shared by conditional tense, participates in recurring debates about its distinguishability into tense or into modal mood. The first part of the thesis takes into account linguistic tools for analyzing verbal tense, then turns on a semantic analysis checking tenses and gathering various usages which works in speech.In a second part, we focus on (to a certain extent) a defective conjugation that future fulfills by verbal answers, even not plainly assigned to future expression, chief meaning subsisting. These substitutions are not really, in the full sense, defined as being that; indeed, variety of expression of future is due to difficulty for visualizing future. “SI utterances” are not all to be considered as infringements, consequently they will conclude this thesis. Without aim of exhaustiveness, here are the grounds of future and their depiction that we attempt to assess
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MELI, GIULIA. "IL DIALETTO DEGLI SHINTE ROSENGRE: ESAME DELLE FONTI E ANALISI DELLA MORFOLOGIA TRA SINCRONIA E DIACRONIA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/694709.
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The discovery of Shinto Rosengro brings about new data to the panorama of old settlement Romani varieties in Italy. Discovered by Leonardo Piasere in the early 90s’ and partly published in 2001, the manuscripts witnessing this Neo-Indo-Aryan dialect were arranged from 1892 to 1911. The author, Sigismondo Caccini, was a man who had a strict contact with the community of Shinte Rosengre and took part to its short-range movements through Central Italy. The wide corpus of texts and grammatical descriptions by Caccini consists of six grammars, eighteen tales and four dictionaries counting about four thousand terms. It shows a Sinti variety carrying some peculiar features, which distinguish it from the other old settlement varieties on the Italian ground (Sinti and Abruzzian Romani). This work aims to the description of the morphology of Shinto Rosengro, and to the discussion and possible explanation of some of its peculiarities. It is divided in three main parts. In the first part, a description of the morphology of the word classes of Shinto Rosengro is given (the described classes are: noun, article, adjective, personal pronoun, possessives, demonstratives and verb). Every chapter of this first part is divided into two sections: the first section presents and, if possible, accounts for the forms given by the grammarian Caccini, and shows the evolution of his description; the second section offers a description of the morphology extracted by the texts in Shinto Rosengro, that are considered as the most proximate example of what had to be the actual use of this language. The second part is a collection of five chapters that focus on some peculiar morphological traits of Shinto Rosengro, in order to offer a possible explanation for their genesis. The topics are: the dative/locative syncretism in the noun inflection; the imperfect marker -esta; the periphrastic future built with avra particle; the participle in -men; the abstract derivatives in -ipen/-iben and their distribution. The third part gives a synthetic analysis of some features of Shinto Rosengro, which are presented in relation to the main diagnostic isoglosses proposed by scholars up to now for the classification of Romani dialects. This part focuses especially on the relation of Shinto Rosengro with the geographically nearest old settlement varieties. As a final appendix, the transcription and translation of some unpublished tales of Caccini corpus is proposed.
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Vieira, Maria HermÃnia Cordeiro. "VariaÃÃo entre futuro do presente, futuro perifrÃstico e presente com valor de futuro na mÃdia cearense impressa." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13714.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorNeste trabalho, buscamos analisar, à luz do Sociofuncionalismo, a variaÃÃo entre futuro do presente, futuro perifrÃstico (IR + INFINITIVO) e presente com valor de futuro, considerando condicionamentos linguÃsticos e extralinguÃsticos a partir de dados extraÃdos da mÃdia cearense impressa. Para tanto, testamos trÃs grupos de fatores linguÃsticos formais (extensÃo do vocÃbulo, polaridade e pessoa do discurso), trÃs grupos de fatores linguÃsticos discursivos (marca de futuridade, distanciamento temporal e tipo de verbo) e trÃs grupos extralinguÃsticos (editoria, jornal e origem do dado). Nosso corpus foi coletado a partir de dez exemplares de cada um dos quatro jornais que, atualmente, compÃem a mÃdia cearense impressa, sÃo eles: DiÃrio do Nordeste, O Povo, O Estado CE e Aqui CE. Nos quarenta periÃdicos coletados, encontramos 2.184 dados referente à variÃvel futuro do presente, dos quais, 1181 apresentados sob a forma de futuro do presente sintÃtico, 706 de presente e 297 de perÃfrase. Nossos dados foram submetidos ao programa computacional estatÃstico Goldvarb X, que gerou os pesos relativos que serviram de alicerce para nossa descriÃÃo e anÃlise dos dados. O programa apontou que o futuro do presente à condicionado pelos grupos: tipo de verbo, extensÃo do vocÃbulo, editoria, jornal, origem, distanciamento temporal e pessoa do discurso. A perÃfrase, por sua vez, à condicionada pelos grupos: tipo de verbo, distanciamento temporal, extensÃo do vocÃbulo, pessoa do discurso e polaridade. Por fim, o presente do indicativo à condicionado pelos grupos tipo de verbo, extensÃo do vocÃbulo, distanciamento temporal, editoria, origem, jornal e polaridade. As trÃs variantes ocorrem em todas as editorias, dos quatro jornais. Entretanto, o nÃmero de dados da variante conservadora à maior que o somatÃrio dos dados das duas variantes inovadoras. A pesquisa tambÃm buscou discutir o princÃpio da marcaÃÃo. Todos os grupos extralinguÃsticos atenderam ao princÃpio da marcaÃÃo, com exceÃÃo da origem. Os grupos de fatores linguÃsticos, por sua vez, negaram o princÃpio da marcaÃÃo e atenderam ao princÃpio da expressividade estilÃstica. ConcluÃmos, nos grupos extralinguÃsticos, que a tendÃncia à que as formas mais marcadas ocorram em contextos mais marcados e as menos marcadas em contextos menos marcados. Jà em relaÃÃo aos grupos extralinguÃsticos, o comportamento à de busca por um equilÃbrio discursivo contextual.
In this paper, we analyze, in the light of Socialfunctionalism, the variation between the present future, periphrastic future (IR + INFINITIVE) and present with future value, considering linguistic and extralinguistic conditions from the data extracted from printed media in the state of Cearà . To do so, we tested three groups of formal linguistic factors ( word extension, subject of speech, and polarity), three groups of discursive linguistic factors (point of futurity, temporal distancing, and type of verb) and three extralinguistic groups (editorial, newspaper and source the data). Our corpus was collected from ten copies of each of the four newspapers that currently make up the Cearà printed media, they are: DiÃrio do Nordeste, O Povo, O Estado, and Aqui CE. In the forty periodicals collected we found 2184 data regarding the variable present future, of which, 1181 are presented in the form of synthetic present future, 706 of present, and 297 of periphrasis. Our data were subjected to the statistical computer program Goldvarb X, which spawned the relative weights that served as the foundation for our description and data analysis. The program pointed out that the present future is conditioned by the groups: type of verb, word extension, editorial, newspaper, origin, temporal distancing, subject speech, and polarity. The periphrasis, on the other hand, is conditioned by the groups: type of verb, temporal distancing, Extension of the word, subject speech and Polarity. Finally, the indicative present is conditioned by the type of verb groups, word extension, temporal distancing, editorial, Origin, Newspapers and Polarity. The three variants occur in all the editorials of the four newspapers. However, the number of the conservative variable is greater than the sum of the data from the two innovative variants. All extralinguistic groups attended the principle of marking , except the one of the origin. The groups of linguistic factors , in turn , denied the principle of marking and attended the principle of stylistic expressiveness. We conclude , in extralinguistic groups , the trend is that the more marked forms occur in more marked contexts and less marked in less marked contexts. In relation to extralinguistic groups, the behavior is the seek for a contextual discourse balance.
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Liere, Audrey. "Entre lexique et grammaire : les périphrases verbales du Français." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872100.
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Les périphrases verbales hésitent entre lexique et grammaire. Nous avons choisi d'analyser celles construites sur "aller", "venir" et "être en train de" sous un angle diachronique, de l'origine à nos jours. Ainsi, divers thèmes seront abordés : la question de la grammaticalisation, le choix entre auxiliaire et semi-auxiliaire, l'affaiblissement sémantique, la question de l'auxiliarisation...Les formes prépositionnelles sont étudiées, avec un souci particulier accordé au rôle des prépostitions en question. Nous interrogerons également le statut de ces formes verbales par rapport au système des temps, et nous verrons dans quelle mesure elles sont en concurrence avec certains de ces temps. Par ailleurs, nous nous demanderons si ces périphrases sont à même d'intégrer le système verbal français et, le cas échéant, si elles peuvent acquérir le statu de temps à part entière.
Books on the topic "Periphrastic future"
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Speyer, Augustin. Periphrastic verb forms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0015.
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The origin of periphrastic verb forms in German is seen in the context of an articulated grammaticalization theory, where grammaticalization is understood as a series of a semantic change (‘bleaching’, read as: stripping of semantic features) followed by a syntactic reanalysis with subsequent extension. The development of several German periphrastic forms is illustrated under this view, focusing on the passive, the periphrastic perfect, and the future tense. Two waves of grammaticalization are distinguished, one in OHG (passive, perfect), one in MHG (future tense). Differences in the ordering frequencies of the non-finite and finite part of the verb form between some forms suggest structural differences, which might mirror different stages in the grammaticalization process.
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Danckaert, Lieven. Latin corpus linguistics and the study of language change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses some methodological aspects of the corpus work that constitutes the empirical foundation of this book. It starts by addressing the question why one would want to use corpus methods in the first place. Next, the Latin text corpus, which is reported on in the upcoming chapters, is presented on. To show that this corpus can indeed be considered a reliable source of information on how the Latin language evolved in the period from 200 BC to 600 AD, a case study is offered on the diachronic development of a particular type of periphrastic construction with esse ‘be’. Specifically, it is shown that the spread of future perfects of the type amatus fuero can be nicely fitted onto an S-curve, suggesting that the corpus reliably reflects the actual spoken language. The chapter concludes with some remarks on the distinction between synchronic and diachronic variation.
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Gisborne, Nikolas. Defaulting to the new Romance synthetic future. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0007.
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This chapter explores the emergence of the new synthetic Romance future from a periphrasis involving habeo and the infinitive of a verb, addressing the question of how to model such a change in a theory of language which has a Word and Paradigm theory of morphology. The theoretical discussion is conducted in Word Grammar, a theory of language structured around a default inheritance architecture that treats language as a knowledge representation model, in a symbolic network. It is explicitly mentalist, and the account of the changes involved draws on WG’s mentalism, particularly to explore how language learners set defaults on the basis of their models’ grammars’ outputs which may be different from the defaults of their models’ grammars. The two phenomena that this chapter addresses from the point of view of morphological theory are periphrasis (and whether it can be formalized within a paradigm) and the status of clitics.
Book chapters on the topic "Periphrastic future"
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Swain, Angela, Juan Berríos, and Matthew Kanwit. "Chapter 3. Exploring future-in-the-past variation in Seville and Caracas." In Innovative Approaches to Research in Hispanic Linguistics, 58–80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.38.03swa.
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Research on Spanish future-time expression has revealed a diachronic rise for the periphrastic future. However, future-in-the-past expression remains understudied. Two common variants are the periphrastic future in the imperfect (e.g., iba a bailar ‘I was going to dance’) and the conditional (e.g., bailaría ‘I would dance’). Our study is unique in assessing future-in-the-past expression through a controlled task able to elicit greater token counts and its consideration of data beyond Spain. In this exploratory study, we analyzed residents of Seville, Spain and Caracas, Venezuela via a written contextualized task, examining linguistic predictors (temporal distance, polarity, and verb type). Results echo research on future-time expression: the periphrastic form has gained traction and has developed through analogous predictors. Moreover, findings reveal notable cross-variety similarity.
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Enrique-Arias, Andrés, and Marina Gomila Albal. "Testing Twitter data on a morphosyntactic variable." In Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 176–96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/scl.110.08enr.
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This research investigates the distribution of the morphological future cantaré (MF) and periphrastic future voy a cantar (PF) in Latin American Spanish compared to Peninsular Spanish through an analysis of Twitter data collected in six Spanish-speaking cities. Due to the written nature of the social network Twitter, rates of the MF in the data are much higher than those found in studies based on sociolinguistic interviews. While the Twitter results in our study do not confirm the alleged higher prevalence of the MF in Spain compared to Latin America, the data shows systematic variation patterns that reflect internal factor groups that have been explored in previous studies on the expression of futurity (temporal proximity to the speech act, and epistemic certainty) as well as register.
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Popova, Gergana, and Andrew Spencer. "Relatedness in Periphrasis." In Periphrasis. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0008.
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Bulgarian has several relevant verbal constructions, and this chapter concentrates on those where one instance of periphrasis is embedded within another. For example, the (periphrastic) future perfect has a periphrastic form of the verb ‘be’ as one component, giving a construction with embedded periphrasis. The formal account proposed for these nested constructions combines a realizational approach to morphology with a lexical non-transformational framework for syntax. While periphrasis constitutes part of the morphological paradigm, and the relatedness of different periphrastic constructions can be understood in terms of the cross-categorization of features, the syntactic structure of these constructions does not mirror the same nesting. To solve this mismatch, and to capture the nesting effect, a set of rules for Bulgarian periphrastic forms is proposed, involving realization rules which are a composition of two separate rules. The complexity of nested periphrases receives a formal account, shedding light on the syntax-morphology interface more generally.
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Stump, Gregory. "Periphrasis in the Sanskrit Verb System*." In Periphrasis. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0005.
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Ancient Sanskrit had two tenses of particular interest: periphrastic perfect and periphrastic future. At first glance, they are rather similar: both realize a particular value of tense through a combination of a lexical verb (devoid of personal agreement) and an agreeing auxiliary. There are, however, important differences which are revealed in this chapter: the periphrastic future is available for every verb, and can be distinguished from the synthetic future on semantic grounds, while the periphrastic perfect is available only for certain verbs, and these do not make up a semantically homogeneous group. A formal analysis is proposed, within Paradigm Function Morphology, for the two periphrastic tenses. It is demonstrated that a morphological rather than a purely syntactic account is preferable here. The verbs with a periphrastic perfect make up a conjugation class; on the other hand, the periphrastic future is formalized as a morphosyntactic property whose default realization is periphrastic.
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Bonami, Olivier, and Gert Webelhuth. "The Phrase-structural Diversity of Periphrasis." In Periphrasis. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0006.
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Periphrastic constructions in related and well-studied languages such as English, German, and French exhibit significant diversity in their syntactic structure. In English the main verb combines with its complements first, whereas in German the main verb combines with the auxiliary first. French demonstrates that it is possible to have diversity even within one language. Two periphrastic tenses in French — the perfect and the near future — correspond to two distinct phrase structure configurations. This chapter argues that different syntactic configurations show the same level of paradigm integration in the relevant language, and thus the theory of periphrasis should not depend on the particular phrase structure. It presents a formal account for the phrase-structural diversity of periphrases using Paradigm Function Morphology as the inflectional component for an HPSG account.
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Mooney, Damien. "Future temporal reference in French and Gascon." In Variation and Change in Gallo-Romance Grammar, 258–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840176.003.0012.
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This study presents a variationist sociolinguistic analysis of the expression of future temporal reference (FTR) in two related varieties of Gallo-Romance, French and Gascon, that find themselves in a situation of long-term language contact. In both languages, the inflected and periphrastic futures are used as alternative ways of expressing FTR; this study identifies the linguistic and social constraints that condition variability between the two forms in spontaneous speech data, with the aim of investigating bilateral grammatical transfer between French and Gascon. The discussion considers the ongoing grammaticalization of periphrastic constructions in both languages, as well as evidence for the existence of a bilingual grammatical system in which cognate variables in each language and constraints on variability are stored in the same abstract mental representation.
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Machan, Tim William. "Policy and Politics." In Language Anxiety, 130–85. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199232123.003.0004.
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Abstract In the first chapter, when discussing theories of language change, I quoted Roger Lass’s characteristically witty and insightful observation that linguistic change ‘occurs over ‘‘geological’’ time, beyond the capacity of humans to act, since no actor can see the consequences of his actions. A speaker engaged in a change is not an agent, but a victim.’1 Lass’s perspective is that of a historical linguist interested in structural changes like consonant shifts and syntactic elaboration, and from this perspective ‘geological time’ is indeed an apt metaphor. Including the exceptions accounted for in Verner’s Law, for example, the consonantal changes designated as the First Consonant Shift probably required at least half a millennium for completion, while the expansion of English periphrastic verb phrases, whereby modals like should came to create progressive structures like should have been going, took place over several centuries. Any one speaker at any one moment in either change might well be aware of the existence of variation, with certain eighteenth-century speakers already saying something like the house is being built, even as others retained the historical the house is building or the house is on building. Speakers might associate variants with particular social groups, or know that they are socially stigmatized, or suspect, like H. G. Wells and many of the verbal hygienists described by Deborah Cameron, that they can extrapolate the linguistic future, whether utopian or dystopian, from what they hear around them.
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Paoli, Sandra, and Sam Wolfe. "The GO-future and GO-past periphrases in Gallo-Romance." In Periphrasis and Inflexion in Diachrony, 123–44. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870807.003.0005.
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Investigating Gallo-Romance GO-past and GO-future periphrases, this chapter proposes that they originate from the same construction, in which the basic spatial meaning of GO is reinterpreted as temporal posteriority. Building on an intuition by Bres and Labeau (2013a) that the periphrasis itself is devoid of tense, the two temporal outcomes are derived through anchoring of the prospective movement to different reference frames: while the GO-past periphrasis is interpreted by anaphoric linking to the past events that surround it, the GO-future periphrasis is linked deictically to speech time. Assuming the same underlying construction for both periphrases and focusing on the component of posteriority has the advantage of maintaining the widely attested generalization that structures with verbs of motion grammaticalize into future grams.
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Finbow, Tom, and Paul O’Neill. "Koinéization and language contact." In Periphrasis and Inflexion in Diachrony, 381–412. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870807.003.0015.
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This chapter explores how Portuguese has historically been both the recipient and disseminator of morphosyntactic innovations as a result of both dialect mixing and language contact. Drawing on notions of koinéization to explain the observed simplification, levelling, and subsequent mixing in both the European and Brazilian Portuguese paradigms, we compare the verbal and pronominal paradigms of singular and plural address in Galician, European Portuguese, and varieties of spoken Brazilian Portuguese. We contend that the same mechanisms, whereby the most frequent, transparent, and least marked forms prevail, are responsible for the different mixed paradigms in all varieties, but that change and simplification is more intense in Brazil, with extreme variation and morphological overabundance, for sociohistorical reasons. In exploring Portuguese-as-disseminator, we examine how Brazilian Portuguese has stimulated morphosyntactic change in Nheengatu, the most widely spoken language in Amazonia until the end of the nineteenth century and which is still spoken by a multi-ethnic population in north-west Brazil. We consider alignment of pronominal and number systems and new diachronic data on the grammaticalization of the Nheengatu GO future, revealing how Brazilian Portuguese is contributing to hybridization in languages that historically have exhibited quite different typologies.
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Lee, John A. L. "Auxiliary θє́λω." In The Language of the Papyri, 15–34. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199237081.003.0002.
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Abstract The future tense in Modern Greek is formed with Łæ subjunctive, as for example, θɑϒρɑˊϕω. This form of expression has its origin in a periphrasis with θє́λω. The ultimate base is θє́λω infinitive, with θє́λω in its original meaning ‘wish to ’, which evolves into an expression of simple futurity. The development is parallel to that in many languages, among them of course English, in which futurity is expressed by an auxiliary that originally meant ‘wish/want ‘; or to put it in terms of grammaticalization, the lexical item ‘wish/want ‘ has evolved along the cline of grammaticality to a grammatical function, namely, to express futurity. The detailed history of the development in the Byzantine period is not the concern of this paper and will be touched on only briefy. It is more complicated than one might have expected, and debate continues on the details.