Journal articles: 'Peripheral Circuits'

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Ten Tusscher, Marcel P. M., Henny J. M. Beckers, Gijs F. J. M. Vrensen, and Jan Klooster. "Peripheral neural circuits regulating IOP?" Documenta Ophthalmologica 87, no. 4 (December 1994): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01203340.

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Bowler, N., R. Christian, and R. B. Richter. "Peripheral circuits in infinite binary matroids." Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B 134 (January 2019): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jctb.2018.07.001.

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Oh, Seokjin, Jiyong An, Seungmyeong Cho, Rina Yoon, and Kyeong-Sik Min. "Memristor Crossbar Circuits Implementing Equilibrium Propagation for On-Device Learning." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (July 3, 2023): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071367.

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Equilibrium propagation (EP) has been proposed recently as a new neural network training algorithm based on a local learning concept, where only local information is used to calculate the weight update of the neural network. Despite the advantages of local learning, numerical iteration for solving the EP dynamic equations makes the EP algorithm less practical for realizing edge intelligence hardware. Some analog circuits have been suggested to solve the EP dynamic equations physically, not numerically, using the original EP algorithm. However, there are still a few problems in terms of circuit implementation: for example, the need for storing the free-phase solution and the lack of essential peripheral circuits for calculating and updating synaptic weights. Therefore, in this paper, a new analog circuit technique is proposed to realize the EP algorithm in practical and implementable hardware. This work has two major contributions in achieving this objective. First, the free-phase and nudge-phase solutions are calculated by the proposed analog circuits simultaneously, not at different times. With this process, analog voltage memories or digital memories with converting circuits between digital and analog domains for storing the free-phase solution temporarily can be eliminated in the proposed EP circuit. Second, a simple EP learning rule relying on a fixed amount of conductance change per programming pulse is newly proposed and implemented in peripheral circuits. The modified EP learning rule can make the weight update circuit practical and implementable without requiring the use of a complicated program verification scheme. The proposed memristor conductance update circuit is simulated and verified for training synaptic weights on memristor crossbars. The simulation results showed that the proposed EP circuit could be used for realizing on-device learning in edge intelligence hardware.

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Jiang, Yu Chuan, Fang Quan Yang, and Bao Gang Sun. "Study on Fault Testing System of Photovoltaic Cells." Advanced Materials Research 1022 (August 2014): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1022.151.

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This paper designed a photovoltaic cell fault test system to study the design of wireless sensor networks and related technologies in this article, including the two main parts of the data collection and data aggregation node node design, through the design of the circuit to collect voltammetry data by DHT22 digital temperature and humidity sensors and related peripheral circuits to collect temperature, humidity and light intensity data presented content power circuit design serial communication circuit, and anti-jamming measures.

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Yoshikawa, Nobuyuki. "Front-Line Research on “Cryogenic Digital Circuits for Peripheral Circuits of Quantum Computer”." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 143, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.143.19.

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Okada, M., Y. Yamaguchi, and K. Tsuchiya. "Some considerations for peripheral circuits for bubble memory." Microelectronics Journal 16, no. 4 (July 1985): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2692(85)80078-1.

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Arcourt, Alice, and Stefan G. Lechner. "Peripheral and spinal circuits involved in mechanical allodynia." PAIN 156, no. 2 (February 2015): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460818.62406.38.

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Ruda, M. A. "Altered Nociceptive Neuronal Circuits After Neonatal Peripheral Inflammation." Science 289, no. 5479 (July 28, 2000): 628–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5479.628.

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Fan, Di, Yan Gao, and Qin Guang Cai. "Design of Ultrasonic Processing Circuits in Borehole Sediment Thickness Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.549.

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The ultrasonic technique is a new method for detecting the borehole sediment thickness and has been gradually developed in recent years. However, there are still several key technologies needing to be further studied and developed. This paper focuses on studying and designing the ultrasonic processing circuits including the mono-stable flip-flop circuit, the driving circuit, the amplification filtering circuit and the automatic gain control circuit. Under the environment of Multisim10.0, the designed circuits are simulated. The results show that the deigned ultrasonic driving circuit has a strong driving capacity and is capable of completely meeting the bandwidth requirements in measuring the sediment thickness by ultrasonic. The automatic gain control circuit is capable of strengthening the ultrasonic signal in a time varying mode so that the output signal can be kept stable within the given range. So it has a significant effect on the ultrasonic measurement of sediment; the designed amplification, filter bandwidth and the quality value can all meet the system requirements. Meanwhile, the integrated filter is adopted and few peripheral components are used, therefore, the system design is greatly simplified.

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Kostin, M. S., D. S. Vorunichev, and D. A. Korzh. "COUNTERREENGINEERING OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES." Russian Technological Journal 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2019-7-1-57-79.

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The paper presents the main results of scientific and practical research in the field of special design reengineering and counterreengineering of radioelectronic devices. Methods and means of special design reengineering of functional modules of multilayer printed circuit boards and case microcircuits are presented. The basic process design for the reengineering of multilayer printed circuits of radioelectronic products is presented. The design is based on the physical principles of destructive and non-destructive decomposing test: mechanical processing and chemical etching, stereolaser structuring, IR imaging electrothermics and X-ray analysis. The article formulates positions and methodology of the circuit analysis of the basic architecture of electrical circuits and signal processes of radio electronic products by the configuration of the printed circuit, its electronic component base and their connected topologies. The article considers methods and techniques for the reengineering of radiotechnical circuits and signals enabling to reproduce the list of the electronic component base and the essential circuit technique, as well as to study the basic circuit characteristics of the appliance in four main modes: functional, in-circuit, peripheral and identification visualization. The methods and means of authentic performance of radioelectronic devices for a number of constructive and radiotechnical identifiers are considered. Technical methods and solutions for counterreengineering of radioelectronic devices have been developed.

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Sun, Yuan Jing, Meng Xiao, Na Na Li, and Cui Ying Yang. "The Design of Intelligent Charger for Electric Car." Advanced Materials Research 619 (December 2012): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.619.78.

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This thesis designed a high degree of intelligence charger to solve the Lead-acid batteries’ problems. The design of charger including two parts, hardware design and software design. PIC16F877 is the core control component in hardware part, on this basis, design the corresponding peripheral circuits .And the designing of hardware circuit and driver software of the whole system is explained in detail.

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Amirany, Abdolah, and Ramin Rajaei. "Spin-Based Fully Nonvolatile Full-Adder Circuit for Computing in Memory." SPIN 09, no. 01 (March 2019): 1950007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010324719500073.

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As CMOS technology scales down toward below 2-digit nanometer dimensions, exponentially increasing leakage power, vulnerability to radiation induced soft errors have become a major problem in today’s logic circuits. Emerging spin-based logic circuits and architectures based on nonvolatile magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) cells show a great potential to overcome the aforementioned issues. However, radiation induced soft errors are still a problem in MTJ-based circuits as they need sequential peripheral CMOS circuits for sensing the MTJs. This paper proposes a novel nonvolatile and low-cost radiation hardened magnetic full adder (MFA). In comparison with the previous designs, the proposed MFA is capable of tolerating particle strikes regardless of the amount of charge induced to a single node and even multiple nodes. Besides, the proposed MFA offers low power operation, low area and high performance as compared with previous counterparts. One of the most important features suggested by the proposed MFA circuit is full nonvolatility. Nonvolatile logic circuits remove the cost of high volume data transactions between memory and logic and also facilitate power gating in logic-in-memory architectures.

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Morrison, Shaun F. "Central control of body temperature." F1000Research 5 (May 12, 2016): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7958.1.

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Central neural circuits orchestrate the behavioral and autonomic repertoire that maintains body temperature during environmental temperature challenges and alters body temperature during the inflammatory response and behavioral states and in response to declining energy homeostasis. This review summarizes the central nervous system circuit mechanisms controlling the principal thermoeffectors for body temperature regulation: cutaneous vasoconstriction regulating heat loss and shivering and brown adipose tissue for thermogenesis. The activation of these thermoeffectors is regulated by parallel but distinct efferent pathways within the central nervous system that share a common peripheral thermal sensory input. The model for the neural circuit mechanism underlying central thermoregulatory control provides a useful platform for further understanding of the functional organization of central thermoregulation, for elucidating the hypothalamic circuitry and neurotransmitters involved in body temperature regulation, and for the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to modulating body temperature and energy homeostasis.

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Sonner, Patrick M., and David R. Ladle. "Early postnatal development of GABAergic presynaptic inhibition of Ia proprioceptive afferent connections in mouse spinal cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 2118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00783.2012.

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Sensory feedback is critical for normal locomotion and adaptation to external perturbations during movement. Feedback provided by group Ia afferents influences motor output both directly through monosynaptic connections and indirectly through spinal interneuronal circuits. For example, the circuit responsible for reciprocal inhibition, which acts to prevent co-contraction of antagonist flexor and extensor muscles, is driven by Ia afferent feedback. Additionally, circuits mediating presynaptic inhibition can limit Ia afferent synaptic transmission onto central neuronal targets in a task-specific manner. These circuits can also be activated by stimulation of proprioceptive afferents. Rodent locomotion rapidly matures during postnatal development; therefore, we assayed the functional status of reciprocal and presynaptic inhibitory circuits of mice at birth and compared responses with observations made after 1 wk of postnatal development. Using extracellular physiological techniques from isolated and hemisected spinal cord preparations, we demonstrate that Ia afferent-evoked reciprocal inhibition is as effective at blocking antagonist motor neuron activation at birth as at 1 wk postnatally. In contrast, at birth conditioning stimulation of muscle nerve afferents failed to evoke presynaptic inhibition sufficient to block functional transmission at synapses between Ia afferents and motor neurons, even though dorsal root potentials could be evoked by stimulating the neighboring dorsal root. Presynaptic inhibition at this synapse was readily observed, however, at the end of the first postnatal week. These results indicate Ia afferent feedback from the periphery to central spinal circuits is only weakly gated at birth, which may provide enhanced sensitivity to peripheral feedback during early postnatal experiences.

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Hidaka, Mutsuo. "Preface to Special Issue on “Cryogenic Digital Circuits for Peripheral Circuits of Quantum Computers”." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 142, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.142.168.

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Aboitiz, Francisco. "How did vocal behavior “take over” the gestural communication system?" Language and Cognition 5, no. 2-3 (September 2013): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog-2013-0011.

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AbstractIn this commentary, I argue (i) that there are some peripheral homologies between the monkey and the human vocalization systems; (ii) that complex vocal learning can be achieved without need of a voluntary hand grasping circuit; and (iii) that in the monkey there are rudimentary circuits that can convey auditory information into Broca's region, via the “ventral pathway” but also via the arcuate or the superior longitudinal fasciculi.

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Singh, S. "Design and verification of peripheral control circuits in Esterel." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 22, no. 8 (May 8, 2009): 981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpe.1426.

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Neugebauer, Volker, and Igor Ponomarev. "Alcohol withdrawal and pain: Peripheral mechanisms join central circuits." Neuron 112, no. 1 (January 2024): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.006.

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Chen, Xi, Yuan Wang, Antonio Cappuccio, Wan-Sze Cheng, Frederique Ruf Zamojski, Venugopalan D. Nair, Clare M. Miller, et al. "Mapping disease regulatory circuits at cell-type resolution from single-cell multiomics data." Nature Computational Science 3, no. 7 (July 25, 2023): 644–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43588-023-00476-5.

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AbstractResolving chromatin-remodeling-linked gene expression changes at cell-type resolution is important for understanding disease states. Here we describe MAGICAL (Multiome Accessibility Gene Integration Calling and Looping), a hierarchical Bayesian approach that leverages paired single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing from different conditions to map disease-associated transcription factors, chromatin sites, and genes as regulatory circuits. By simultaneously modeling signal variation across cells and conditions in both omics data types, MAGICAL achieved high accuracy on circuit inference. We applied MAGICAL to study Staphylococcus aureus sepsis from peripheral blood mononuclear single-cell data that we generated from subjects with bloodstream infection and uninfected controls. MAGICAL identified sepsis-associated regulatory circuits predominantly in CD14 monocytes, known to be activated by bacterial sepsis. We addressed the challenging problem of distinguishing host regulatory circuit responses to methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections. Although differential expression analysis failed to show predictive value, MAGICAL identified epigenetic circuit biomarkers that distinguished methicillin-resistant from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections.

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Magown, Philippe, Victor F. Rafuse, and Robert M. Brownstone. "Microcircuit formation following transplantation of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons in peripheral nerve." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 1683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00943.2016.

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Motoneurons derived from embryonic stem cells can be transplanted in the tibial nerve, where they extend axons to functionally innervate target muscle. Here, we studied spontaneous muscle contractions in these grafts 3 mo following transplantation. One-half of the transplanted grafts generated rhythmic muscle contractions of variable patterns, either spontaneously or in response to brief electrical stimulation. Activity generated by transplanted embryonic stem cell-derived neurons was driven by glutamate and was modulated by muscarinic and GABAergic/glycinergic transmission. Furthermore, rhythmicity was promoted by the same transmitter combination that evokes rhythmic locomotor activity in spinal cord circuits. These results demonstrate that there is a degree of self-assembly of microcircuits in these peripheral grafts involving embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons and interneurons. Such spontaneous activity is reminiscent of embryonic circuit development in which spontaneous activity is essential for proper connectivity and function and may be necessary for the grafts to form functional connections with muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This manuscript demonstrates that, following peripheral transplantation of neurons derived from embryonic stem cells, the grafts are spontaneously active. The activity is produced and modulated by a number of transmitter systems, indicating that there is a degree of self-assembly of circuits in the grafts.

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Zhang, Bin. "Reconfigurable Morphological Processor for Grayscale Image Processing." Electronics 10, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192429.

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Grayscale morphology is a powerful tool in image, video, and visual applications. A reconfigurable processor is proposed for grayscale image morphological processing. The architecture of the processor is a combination of a reconfigurable grayscale processing module (RGPM) and peripheral circuits. The RGPM, which consists of four grayscale computing units, conducts grayscale morphological operations and implements related algorithms of more than 100 f/s for a 1024 × 1024 image. The periphery circuits control the entire image processing and dynamic reconfiguration process. Synthesis results show that the proposed processor can provide 43.12 GOPS and achieve 8.87 GOPS/mm2 at a 220-MHz system clock. The simulation and experimental results show that the processor is suitable for high-performance embedded systems.

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Yan, Rong Ge, Li Hua Zhu, and Qing Xin Yang. "Signal Processing of Giant Magnetostritive Force Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.988.

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Based on the analysis of the principle of giant magnetostrictive force sensor, the signal processing system of the sensor has been designed. First, this paper designs manual and automatic working mode for the giant magnetostrictive force sensor. Using SCM as a micro-controller, its peripheral interface circuits hardware system have been designed, including signal amplification circuit, analog to digital (A/D) conversion interface circuit, LED display interface circuit, determinant keyboard input interface circuit and imposing force control circuit. This system is able to display the numerical value of the imposed force. The software of the whole system is designed. Experiments are conducted to show that the signal processing system works well, which is important to practical application of the giant magnetostritive force sensor.

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Zhao, Yan Ru, Dong Sheng Wang, and Jiu Dong Li. "Design of the Function Units of Electronic Password Lock." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2008.

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The hardware modules of electronic password lock were designed in the paper. The single chip microcomputer AT89S51 was chose as the main control chip to control the operation of the whole system. The 4×4 matrix keyboard was devised and the unlocking circuit was made up of the driving circuit and unlocking part. The alarm circuit was composed of a piezoelectric buzzer and its peripheral circuit. The serial electrically erasable memory chip AT24C02 of ATMEL firm was chose as the memory cell for losing electricity. The power supply circuit including of the commercial power supply circuit, power failure detecting and electronic switching circuit and the battery charging circuit was designed. The module functions of the whole system were combined and the hardware circuits of the electronic password lock were designed successfully.

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Wu, Li, Wen Xu, and Jian Guo. "The Design and Implementation of A Low Cost Temperature Monitor and Control system." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2256.

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In this article, the new method for designing the temperature control system with low vibration for a scanning the given object is proposed. The system uses STC89LE516AD as the CPU, and some peripheral circuits: keypad input circuit, the temperature measurement circuit, and LED display circuit to monitor and control the temperature of the given object. By using a small number of hardware devices and software designation, we realize the function of real-time temperature monitor and control. The results show that our goal to construct the temperature control system for a given object with relatively high precision can be realized by using the proposed method, and the system proved to be strong, low cost, with strong practical.

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Kim, Sun Kwang, Hideaki Hayashi, Tatsuya Ishikawa, Keisuke Shibata, Eiji Shigetomi, Youichi Shinozaki, Hiroyuki Inada, et al. "Cortical astrocytes rewire somatosensory cortical circuits for peripheral neuropathic pain." Journal of Clinical Investigation 126, no. 5 (April 11, 2016): 1983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci82859.

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Rajani, H. P. "Novel Sleep Transistor Techniques for Low Leakage Power Peripheral Circuits." International Journal of VLSI Design & Communication Systems 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/vlsic.2012.3408.

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Li, Yuanyuan, Wenke Lu, Changchun Zhu, Qinghong Liu, Haoxin Zhang, and Chenchao Tang. "Circuit Design of Surface Acoustic Wave Based Micro Force Sensor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/701723.

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Pressure sensors are commonly used in industrial production and mechanical system. However, resistance strain, piezoresistive sensor, and ceramic capacitive pressure sensors possess limitations, especially in micro force measurement. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) based micro force sensor is designed in this paper, which is based on the theories of wavelet transform, SAW detection, and pierce oscillator circuits. Using lithium niobate as the basal material, a mathematical model is established to analyze the frequency, and a peripheral circuit is designed to measure the micro force. The SAW based micro force sensor is tested to show the reasonable design of detection circuit and the stability of frequency and amplitude.

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Wecht, Jaclyn R., William M. Savage, Grace O. Famodimu, Gregory A. Mendez, Jonah M. Levine, Matthew T. Maher, Joseph P. Weir, et al. "Posteroanterior Cervical Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation: Interactions with Cortical and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 5304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225304.

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Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) has demonstrated potential to beneficially modulate spinal cord motor and autonomic circuitry. We are interested in pairing cervical TSCS with other forms of nervous system stimulation to enhance synaptic plasticity in circuits serving hand function. We use a novel configuration for cervical TSCS in which the anode is placed anteriorly over ~C4–C5 and the cathode posteriorly over ~T2–T4. We measured the effects of single pulses of TSCS paired with single pulses of motor cortex or median nerve stimulation timed to arrive at the cervical spinal cord at varying intervals. In 13 participants with and 15 participants without chronic cervical spinal cord injury, we observed that subthreshold TSCS facilitates hand muscle responses to motor cortex stimulation, with a tendency toward greater facilitation when TSCS is timed to arrive at cervical synapses simultaneously or up to 10 milliseconds after cortical stimulus arrival. Single pulses of subthreshold TSCS had no effect on the amplitudes of median H-reflex responses or F-wave responses. These findings support a model in which TSCS paired with appropriately timed cortical stimulation has the potential to facilitate convergent transmission between descending motor circuits, segmental afferents, and spinal motor neurons serving the hand. Studies with larger numbers of participants and repetitively paired cortical and spinal stimulation are needed.

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Elgabra, Hazem, Amna Siddiqui, and Shakti Singh. "Design and Simulation of Bipolar 4H-SiC Memory Architecture for High Temperature Applications." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.953.

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The increasing demand for electronics in harsh environment applications has inspired investigation of silicon carbide (SiC)-based devices and circuits, due to its superior electrical properties. Several researchers have demonstrated the viability of 4H-SiC control circuitry by developing small scale logic circuits entirely in 4H-SiC. However, development and design of memory elements, which is a critical component in any electronic system, is still not fully explored. To bridge this gap, this paper presents, a complete bipolar, static random access memory (SRAM) column that includes the memory cell and the peripheral circuitry, designed to exploit the unique properties of SiC. Simulation results for the proposed memory show stable operation across a wide range of temperatures (27 °C – 500 °C) with good noise margins and access speeds while running at a supply voltage as low as 5 V. This work validates the potential of developing memory architectures in 4H-SiC, paving the way for realizing small-sized digital systems for harsh environments.

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Lay, Mark, and Xinzhong Dong. "Neural Mechanisms of Itch." Annual Review of Neuroscience 43, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-083019-024537.

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Itch is a unique sensation that helps organisms scratch away external threats; scratching itself induces an immune response that can contribute to more itchiness. Itch is induced chemically in the peripheral nervous system via a wide array of receptors. Given the superficial localization of itch neuron terminals, cells that dwell close to the skin contribute significantly to itch. Certain mechanical stimuli mediated by recently discovered circuits also contribute to the itch sensation. Ultimately, in the spinal cord, and likely in the brain, circuits that mediate touch, pain, and itch engage in cross modulation. Much of itch perception is still a mystery, but we present in this review the known ligands and receptors associated with itch. We also describe experiments and findings from investigations into the spinal and supraspinal circuitry responsible for the sensation of itch.

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Fong, Harmony, Jing Zheng, and Deborah Kurrasch. "The structural and functional complexity of the integrative hypothalamus." Science 382, no. 6669 (October 27, 2023): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adh8488.

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The hypothalamus (“hypo” meaning below, and “thalamus” meaning bed) consists of regulatory circuits that support basic life functions that ensure survival. Sitting at the interface between peripheral, environmental, and neural inputs, the hypothalamus integrates these sensory inputs to influence a range of physiologies and behaviors. Unlike the neocortex, in which a stereotyped cytoarchitecture mediates complex functions across a comparatively small number of neuronal fates, the hypothalamus comprises upwards of thousands of distinct cell types that form redundant yet functionally discrete circuits. With single-cell RNA sequencing studies revealing further cellular heterogeneity and modern photonic tools enabling high-resolution dissection of complex circuitry, a new era of hypothalamic mapping has begun. Here, we provide a general overview of mammalian hypothalamic organization, development, and connectivity to help welcome newcomers into this exciting field.

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Sritharan, Srihari Y., Enrique Contreras-Hernández, Andrew G. Richardson, and Timothy H. Lucas. "Primate somatosensory cortical neurons are entrained to both spontaneous and peripherally evoked spindle oscillations." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00471.2019.

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Recurrent thalamocortical circuits produce a number of rhythms critical to brain function. In slow-wave sleep, spindles (7–16 Hz) are a prominent spontaneous oscillation generated by thalamic circuits and triggered by cortical slow waves. In wakefulness and under anesthesia, brief peripheral sensory stimuli can evoke 10-Hz reverberations due potentially to similar thalamic mechanisms. Functionally, sleep spindles and peripherally evoked spindles may play a role in memory consolidation and perception, respectively. Yet, rarely have the circuits involved in these two rhythms been compared in the same animals and never in primates. Here, we investigated the entrainment of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) neurons to both rhythms in ketamine-sedated macaques. First, we compared spontaneous spindles in sedation and natural sleep to validate the model. Then, we quantified entrainment with spike-field coherence and phase-locking statistics. We found that S1 neurons entrained to spontaneous sleep spindles were also entrained to the evoked spindles, although entrainment strength and phase systematically differed. Our results indicate that the spindle oscillations triggered by top-down spontaneous cortical activity and bottom-up peripheral input share a common cortical substrate. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brief sensory stimuli evoke 10-Hz oscillations in thalamocortical neuronal activity and in perceptual thresholds. The mechanisms underlying this evoked rhythm are not well understood but are thought to be similar to those generating sleep spindles. We directly compared the entrainment of cortical neurons to both spontaneous spindles and peripherally evoked oscillations in sedated monkeys. We found that the entrainment strengths to each rhythm were positively correlated, although with differing entrainment phases, implying involvement of similar networks.

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Thiry, Louise, Maxime Lemieux, Olivier D. Laflamme, and Frédéric Bretzner. "Role of DSCAM in the development of the spinal locomotor and sensorimotor circuits." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00557.2015.

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Locomotion is controlled by spinal circuits that generate rhythm and coordinate left-right and flexor-extensor motoneuronal activities. The outputs of motoneurons and spinal interneuronal circuits are shaped by sensory feedback, relaying peripheral signals that are critical to the locomotor and postural control. Several studies in invertebrates and vertebrates have argued that the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) would play an important role in the normal development of neural circuits through cell spacing and targeting, axonal and dendritic branching, and synapse establishment and maintenance. Although there is evidence that DSCAM is important for the normal development of neural circuits, little is known about its functional contribution to spinal motor circuits. We show here that adult DSCAM2J mutant mice, lacking DSCAM, exhibit a higher variability in their locomotor pattern and rhythm during treadmill locomotion. Retrograde tracing studies in neonatal isolated spinal cords show an increased number of spinal commissural interneurons, which likely contributes to reducing the left-right alternation and to increasing the flexor/swing duration during neonatal and adult locomotion. Moreover, our results argue that, by reducing the peripheral excitatory drive onto spinal motoneurons, the DSCAM mutation reduces or abolishes spinal reflexes in both neonatal isolated spinal cords and adult mice, thus likely impairing sensorimotor control. Collectively, our functional, electrophysiological, and anatomical studies suggest that the mammalian DSCAM protein is involved in the normal development of spinal locomotor and sensorimotor circuits.

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BAUMANN, R. C. "SOFT ERRORS IN COMMERCIAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 14, no. 02 (June 2004): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156404002363.

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The once-ephemeral soft error has recently caused considerable concern for manufacturers of advanced silicon technology as this phenomenon now has the potential for inducing the highest failure rate of all other reliability mechanisms combined. We briefly review the three radiation mechanisms responsible for causing soft errors in commercial electronics and the basic physical mechanism by which ionizing radiation can produce a soft error. We then focus on the soft error sensitivity trends in commercial DRAM, SRAM, and peripheral logic devices as a function of technology scaling and discuss some of the solutions used for mitigating the impact of soft errors in high reliability systems.

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Zhang, Feng Ying, and Yun Hua Gao. "Study on Green Gas Data Detection System." Advanced Materials Research 722 (July 2013): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.322.

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This paper describes a wireless gas data detection system, based on CC1010 MCU as the core controller design measurement circuit of indoor air quality. IF in the air pollutants such as smokes and doors, TGS gas sensor sensitive to perceived pollutants transferred to the receiving device through the wireless function after CC1010 MCU treatment analysis. The system has the function of wireless data transmission, small size, high sensitivity, good stability, low cost, long life and other advantages of the peripheral circuits required little devices can be widely used in enclosed spaces such as indoor, automobile air pollution detection.

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Tanaka, Masamitsu, and Yuki Yamanashi. "Current Status and Issues of Superconductor Peripheral Circuits for Quantum Computers." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 142, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.142.175.

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Malik, S., K. J. Singh, R. K. Brayton, and A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. "Performance optimization of pipelined logic circuits using peripheral retiming and resynthesis." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 12, no. 5 (May 1993): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.277605.

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Takashima, Y., L. Ma, and D. D. McKemy. "The development of peripheral cold neural circuits based on TRPM8 expression." Neuroscience 169, no. 2 (August 2010): 828–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.039.

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Kuraedov, V. I. "Applying Genetic Algorithm for test pattern generation process optimization." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 51, no. 1 (April 17, 2024): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2024-51-1-113-122.

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Objective. Comprehensive integrated circuit (IC) verification plays a crucial role in preventing costly errors and delays in product development cycle. It includes testing interaction and compatibility of different system elements, such as central processing unit, memory and various peripheral devices. Validating IC’s compliance to the functional requirements list may take up to 70% of the design process duration. This proportion grows with complexity and size of the device under development. Consequently, the essential tasks that integrated circuit developers face are research and development of methods for cutting design complexity and reducing implementation time.Method. Conducted research regarding usage of genetic algorithm for error discovery, which could lead to a failure in the end product.Result. Collected data regarding the amounts of victims and target errors for each fault of types stuck-at-0 and stuck-at-1 for circuits from ISCAS’85 and ISCAS’89 benchmarks. It has been discovered that the proposed method is more effective in comparison to random vector generation to an extent of target errors amount for every benchmark.Conclusions. Accumulated results allow for the algorithm usage during IC design in order to reduce time consumption for circuitry validation and improve on test kits quality.

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Uchikoga, Shuichi. "Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Transist or Technologies for System-on-Glass Displays." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 11 (November 2002): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.277.

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AbstractThe elimination of conventional peripheral LSI (large-scale integration) drivers is considered essential to the development of future low-cost, energy-efficient, lightweight, and thin displays. System-on-glass (SOG) displays are a type of display with various functional circuits integrated on a glass substrate. Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) make the integration of circuits possible because they can be assembled into complex, high-current driver circuits. Furthermore, LTPS TFTs are attracting attention for driving organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). This article introduces present and future LTPS TFT technologies for SOG displays.

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Jiang, Xiang Ju, and Er Lin Liu. "Design of Matrix Converter Vector Control System Based on DSP and CPLD." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.184.

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Matrix converter is a kind of power electric converter by AC-AC transformation with its excellent input and output characteristics.After analysis of matrix converter system structure in the paper,a digital signal processor based on DSP and CPLD is designed. The design includes the hardware structure and the program flowsheet.DSP and CPLD is the core of the matrix converter - Asynchronous motor vector control system, including system main circuit, other peripheral hardware circuit, control and protection circuits, software design process and so on. The hardware control strategy and software realization scheme of the system are discussed in detail. The experimental results verify that the control strategy of the system is valid and the design of the software and hardware are reasonable.

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Mohanta, Sarajo K., Changjun Yin, Christian Weber, Cristina Godinho-Silva, Henrique Veiga-Fernandes, Qian J. Xu, Rui B. Chang, and Andreas J. R. Habenicht. "Cardiovascular Brain Circuits." Circulation Research 132, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 1546–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.123.322791.

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The cardiovascular system is hardwired to the brain via multilayered afferent and efferent polysynaptic axonal connections. Two major anatomically and functionally distinct though closely interacting subcircuits within the cardiovascular system have recently been defined: The artery-brain circuit and the heart-brain circuit. However, how the nervous system impacts cardiovascular disease progression remains poorly understood. Here, we review recent findings on the anatomy, structures, and inner workings of the lesser-known artery-brain circuit and the better-established heart-brain circuit. We explore the evidence that signals from arteries or the heart form a systemic and finely tuned cardiovascular brain circuit: afferent inputs originating in the arterial tree or the heart are conveyed to distinct sensory neurons in the brain. There, primary integration centers act as hubs that receive and integrate artery-brain circuit–derived and heart-brain circuit–derived signals and process them together with axonal connections and humoral cues from distant brain regions. To conclude the cardiovascular brain circuit, integration centers transmit the constantly modified signals to efferent neurons which transfer them back to the cardiovascular system. Importantly, primary integration centers are wired to and receive information from secondary brain centers that control a wide variety of brain traits encoded in engrams including immune memory, stress-regulating hormone release, pain, reward, emotions, and even motivated types of behavior. Finally, we explore the important possibility that brain effector neurons in the cardiovascular brain circuit network connect efferent signals to other peripheral organs including the immune system, the gut, the liver, and adipose tissue. The enormous recent progress vis-à-vis the cardiovascular brain circuit allows us to propose a novel neurobiology-centered cardiovascular disease hypothesis that we term the neuroimmune cardiovascular circuit hypothesis.

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Vanneste, Sven, Anusha Mohan, Hye Bin Yoo, Yuefeng Huang, Alison M. Luckey, S. Lauren McLeod, Michel N. Tabet, et al. "The peripheral effect of direct current stimulation on brain circuits involving memory." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eaax9538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9538.

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An ongoing debate surrounding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the scalp is whether it modulates brain activity both directly and in a regionally constrained manner enough to positively affect symptoms in patients with neurological disorders. One alternative explanation is that direct current stimulation affects neural circuits mainly indirectly, i.e., via peripheral nerves. Here, we report that noninvasive direct current stimulation indirectly affects neural circuits via peripheral nerves. In a series of studies, we show that direct current stimulation can cause activation of the greater occipital nerve (ON-tDCS) and augments memory via the ascending fibers of the occipital nerve to the locus coeruleus, promoting noradrenaline release. This noradrenergic pathway plays a key role in driving hippocampal activity by modifying functional connectivity supporting the consolidation of a memory event.

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Farah, Carl. "Developmental role of DSCAM in spinal locomotor circuits." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 2137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00487.2016.

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Studying the development of spinal circuitry is essential in understanding the motor behaviors that arise from them. In their study, Thiry et al. ( J Neurophysiol 115: 1338–1354, 2016) show that loss of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) leads to locomotor impairments that may stem from specific changes in spinal connectivity altering the balance of central and peripheral excitatory drive onto spinal motoneurons. These findings as well as additional insights and future directions are discussed in the context of the recent literature.

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Itoh, Kiyoo. "Trends in low-voltage embedded-RAM technology." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 15, no. 1 (2002): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0201001i.

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First, trends in the gate-oxide thickness of MOSFET for DRAM and MPU are discussed to clarify the strong need for low-voltage operation of embedded RAMs. Then, modern peripheral logic circuits for reducing leakage currents and DRAM/SRAM cells to cope with the ever-decreasing signal charges are described. Finally, needs for developments of subthreshold-current reduction circuits for use in active mode, memory-rich SoC architectures, and gain cells and non-volatile cells are emphasized.

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Nezuka, Tomohiro, Takafumi Fujita, Makoto Ikeda, and Kunihiro Asada. "A Binary Image Sensor for Motion Detection." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (October 20, 2000): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0508.

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This Paper proposes a binary image sensor for motion detection. The sensor detects motion vectors using block-matching method. Each pixel of the image sensor has a shift register. Exclusive OR(XOR) circuits in each pixel compare the shifted image of the previous frame and the image of the current frame. The outputs of the XOR circuits are converted to current value. The current-sum circuits calculate the current-sum of pixel outputs. The current-sum of a matching block represents the sum of absolute difference. The motion vector is obtained by routine of shifting image of the previous frame and comparing the sum of absolute difference. The chip was fabricated using 1.2um 2-Metal 2-Poly-Si CMOS technology and composed of 32 × 32 pixel array and peripheral circuits in a 7.3mm × 7.3mm die.

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Takabatake, M., J. Ohwada, Y. A. Ono, K. Ono, A. Mimura, and N. Konishi. "CMOS circuits for peripheral circuit integrated poly-Si TFT LCD fabricated at low temperature below 600 degrees C." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 38, no. 6 (June 1991): 1303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.81621.

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Niu, Dao Sen, Xiao Dong Liu, Shou Qun Sun, and Yang Liu. "Verification of Fault Control Measures Based on Fault Injection for MCU Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.325.

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To verify the validity of fault control measures, a verification platform with software fault injection and hardware fault injection is developed to conduct fault diagnosis measures for MCU control system. For the faults occurring in the internal units of a controller, program debugger is employed to simulate software or hardware faults by varying the data; for the faults occurring in peripheral circuits, a circuit of fault-settings is employed to simulate hardware faults, i.e., open-/short-circuit and electrical level variation. This verification platform is applied to evaluate software measures to control the faults/errors in accordance with IEC60335/IEC60730/UL1998/CSA22.2.08, and a case of induction cooker is presented shows how it works. Experimental results show that the verification platform runs stably and accurately, and has a big value in practice.

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Chen, Xin Fa, Yujuan Si, Yi Zhao, and Shi Yong Liu. "A New AC-Driving Method for Active-Matrix OLED Displays." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1901.

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The lifetime of organic light-emitting devices can be influenced by the OLED material and structure, electrode material, driving mode and so on. Among all these factors, OLED driving method has been regarded as one of the most important factors, and it is well known that ac-driving mode improves the lifetime of OLED, especially pulse-driving mode with a reversed-biased voltage on OLED. In this article, a new ac-driving mode for Active-Matrix OLED is proposed on basic fabrication of two-TFT current source pixel circuit. Simulation has been done on the pixel and 1×4 matrix circuits, and simulation results have demonstrated that OLED is in reversed-biased state during recovery time. At last, a practical peripheral circuit that can provide achieve an ac-driving mode has been designed.

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Yang, Xiao Qiang, Ya Ming Gao, Xiao Long Wang, and Jun Han. "Distributed High-Precision Field Testing System of Construction Machinery Based on CAN Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.825.

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The main objective of this work is development of a type of status parameter testing system based on CAN bus for construction machinery. Various difficulties due to over-abundant parameters of testing and controlling, many different types of transducer, changes and anomalies in the operation temperature and harsh EMI environment are considered in the accomplishment. The design of intelligent field testing node is demonstrated in detail. The intelligent node consists of embedded microcontroller AT89C52, high-precision signal conditioning circuits, CAN interface module and other peripheral circuits. The intelligent node uses software auto-zero correction and full-scale correction as well as the method of second-degree parabola interpolation to deal with the non-linear characteristic of the measured data. Hence, it implements the high-precision detection and measurement. In addition, the intelligent connects to the host computer via CAN bus to form a distributed high-precision status parameters testing system. The hardware circuit of operation status parameters measurement and communication interface circuit are developed and described, and the software is also accomplished with C language and LabVIEW. The system has the advantages of simple structure, reliable performance, significant capability of real time processing, powerful anti-jamming performance and so forth. Meanwhile, the system has great application prospect.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Peripheral Circuits'

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