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1
Hefti, Arthur F. "Periodontal Probing." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 8, no. 3 (July 1997): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411970080030601.
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For decades, probing clinical pocket depth and attachment level have been recognized as the dentist's most important tools in diagnosing periodontal health and disease. They are physical methods to measure the distance from the bottom of a pocket to a reference line, usually the gingival margin or the cemento-enamel junction. Probing accuracy and precision are affected by factors like the design of the probe, probing force, probe position, pocket depth, or tissue inflammation. Recently, several new electronic periodontal probes have been developed. They feature high instrument precision, allowing for measurements to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. They control for probing force and permit data to be collected and stored electronically. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize various aspects of periodontal probing. First, the history of periodontal probes will be briefly recollected, and interesting and significant inventions of the past and the present emphasized. Then, the importance of the periodontal tissues relative to probe tip penetration will be reviewed, and the probing performance will be discussed. The paper will conclude with notes on selected statistical issues.
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Martu, Alexandra, C. Popa, I. A. Luchian, Ioana Martu, Cornelia Oanta, and Silvia Martu. "Evaluation of the Efficiency of 2 Types of Periodontal Probing." Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 19, no. 3 (November 1, 2015): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjdm-2015-0054.
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SummaryBackground: The periodontal probing has an important role in clinical examination of the periodontal status; different types of periodontal probes have been described. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate comparatively the efficiency of periodontal probing with conventional periodontal probe and electronic periodontal probe.Material and Methods: We examined 57 patients, each patient being subjected to conventional and electronic probing. We assessed the tolerance degree for each probing type and also the time consumed by probing and periodontal charting.Results: The periodontal probing with the electronic probe revealed superior results regarding the accuracy of the measurements, the tolerance level and the time consumed.Conclusions: The electronic periodontal probing is an exceptionally accurate method in establishing diagnosis and assessing treatment results. The electronic periodontal probe represents an efficient and useful tool for measurements of the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets, and also for determination of the periodontal risk.
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Magnusson, Ingvar. "Computerized periodontal probing." Periodontology 2000 12, no. 1 (October 1996): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1996.tb00079.x.
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Greenstein, Gary. "Probing periodontal pockets." Journal of the American Dental Association 114, no. 4 (April 1987): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1987.0114.
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Clark, W. B., I. Magnusson, Y. Y. Namgung, and M. C. K. Yang. "The Strategy and Advantage in Use of an Electronic Probe for Attachment Measurement." Advances in Dental Research 7, no. 2 (August 1993): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374930070020501.
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Attachment level has been used as the "gold standard" for assessment of the progression of periodontal disease. However, the measurement of attachment level by periodontal probing can be subject to a large number of error sources. Recently, we have designed experiments by using an electronic probe to identify the magnitude of error components due to the instrument, gingival tissue condition, position or probing angle, and time interval between replicate probings. Even with a very careful clinical setting, a few percent of uncontrollable large errors or outliers could not be avoided. A previously used 'option-3' probing scheme to reduce the unexpected large error is justified from the mathematical viewpoint.
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Machado, Ricardo, Monique Muniz da Cunha, Daniel Comparin, Leopoldo Cosme-Silva, Eduardo Donato Eing Engelke Back, and Lucas da Fonseca Roberti Garcia. "Incidence of periodontal compromise in teeth indicated for undergoing endodontic treatment: A clinical study." European Journal of Dentistry 12, no. 03 (July 2018): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_271_17.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of teeth indicated for undergoing endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and nine teeth were evaluated using probing depth tests at three vestibular and three palatine/lingual sites before the patients underwent treatment. Teeth that presented up to 3-mm probing depth were considered as healthy. Those that presented at least one site with probing depth >3 mm were considered periodontally compromised. The data were statistically analyzed by means of applying the Chi-square test, with a level of significance of 5%. Results: Of the total of 209 teeth evaluated, 40 (19.10%) presented periodontal compromise. There was statistically significant difference related to the compromised teeth of patients of the female gender (22.80%) compared with teeth of patients of the male gender (12.30%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Fewer than 20% of the teeth evaluated presented a periodontal compromise. Patients of the female gender presented a higher number of periodontally compromised teeth than patients of the male gender.
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Gehlot, Meenu, Rekha Sharma, Shikha Tewari, Davender Kumar, and Ambika Gupta. "Effect of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health of periodontally compromised patients:." Angle Orthodontist 92, no. 3 (December 9, 2021): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/022521-156.1.
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ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on periodontal parameters in periodontally compromised adult orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods This was a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Thirty-six periodontally compromised adult patients (mean age: 29.67 ± 4.8 years) were randomly allocated to either test (perio-ortho) or control group (perio). After periodontal stabilization in both groups, orthodontic treatment was started in the test group, whereas the control group remained on periodontal maintenance only. Evaluation and comparison of clinical parameters (plaque index [PI]; gingival index [GI]; bleeding on probing [BOP]; probing depth [PD]; clinical attachment level [CAL]) of both groups was assessed at three time intervals: T0 (base line), T1 (at start of orthodontic treatment), and T2 (1 year after start of orthodontic treatment). Radiological parameters (alveolar bone levels [ABL]) were recorded using CBCT at T1 and T2. Results Intragroup analysis showed statistically significant improvement in all clinical and radiological periodontal parameters in both groups (P ≤ .05). Intergroup comparison revealed improvement in the periodontal parameters was not statistically significant between the groups (P ≥ .05). Subgroup analysis showed reduction in the number of moderate and severe periodontitis sites in both groups with significant more gains in ABL in the test group compared to the control group. Conclusions Orthodontic treatment after periodontal stabilization does not have any detrimental effect on periodontal health in adult periodontally compromised orthodontic patients and may add to the benefits achieved by periodontal treatment alone.
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Lima, Rafael Paschoal Esteves, Luíza Fernandes Mendes, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, and Fernando Oliveira Costa. "Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy associated with non-surgical periodontal therapy: a randomized pilot clinical trial." Brazilian Journal of Periodontology 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14436/0103-9393.31.2.077-088.oar.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to assess the effect of photodynamic therapy associated with non-surgical periodontal therapy. METHODS: In this study with a split-mouth design, 12 participants with periodontitis underwent non-surgical periodontal treatment alone or non-surgical periodontal treatment associated with photodynamic therapy. Methylene blue was the photosensitizing agent used. Irradiation with laser irradiation diode (660nm) was performed in one application for 90 seconds in each periodontal pocket. The periodontal parameters bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment level have been assessed at baseline (T0) and 60 days after intervention (T1). Differences in periodontal parameters between T0 and T1 were assessed using the Wilcoxon test. Values of p<0.05 were statistically significant. RESULTS: Photodynamic therapy associated with periodontal treatment led to a greater reduction in bleeding on probing than periodontal therapy alone (p = 0.009), but had no impact on probing depth. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic therapy associated with periodontal treatment was more effective in reducing periodontal inflammation.
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Monteiro, Mabelle Freitas, Hélvis Enri de Sousa Paz, Larissa Bizarre, Gabriela Martin Bonilha, Marcio Zaffalon Casati, and Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin. "Salivary IL-4: A Bleeding Predictor on Probing in Descendants of Severe Periodontitis Patients." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 46, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-46.2.7.
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Objective: Periodontitis in younger patients can cause severe periodontal destruction, and cases are usually more numerous in members of the same family due to the sharing of susceptibility factors. Thus, the use of a familial study design could improve our understanding of initial alterations in periodontal tissue. This observational study aimed to evaluate the salivary inflammatory pattern in descendants of periodontitis patients and identify any correlation with the clinical periodontal condition. Study design: Fifteen children of Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis (GAgP) patients and 15 children with periodontally healthy parents were evaluated for their plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BoP), and probing depth (PD). The concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in unstimulated saliva using the Luminex MAGPix platform. Results: Children from the GAgP group presented higher probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BoP) (p<0.05) and lower release of IL-4 in saliva (p<0.05) than the periodontally healthy group. The cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4 were negatively correlated with the gingival index, while IL-4 was negatively correlated with BoP. A regression analysis revealed that salivary IL-4 and plaque were predictors of BoP. Conclusions: Children of GAgP parents presented lower salivary IL-4 and higher BoP and PD than children from periodontally healthy families. Additionally, salivary IL-4 was a predictor of bleeding on probing in the children, suggesting that the lower presence of this anti-inflammatory cytokine is related to higher clinical inflammation.
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Armitage, Gary C. "Manual periodontal probing in supportive periodontal treatment." Periodontology 2000 12, no. 1 (October 1996): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1996.tb00078.x.
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Shayeb, Kwthar Nassar A. Al, Wendy Turner, and David G. Gillam. "Periodontal Probing: A Review." Primary Dental Journal 3, no. 3 (September 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/205016814812736619.
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Periodontal probes are the main instruments that are used to assess the status of the periodontium, either for screening purposes or to evaluate periodontal changes throughout the treatment process. With increased knowledge and understanding of periodontal disease, the probes have evolved from a unidimensional manual shape into a more sophisticated computerised instrument. This is due to the need to increase the accuracy and reproducibility of readings and to improve efficiency (time, effort, money). Each probe has characteristic features that makes it unique and, in some cases, specific and limited to use. The aim of this paper is to present a brief introduction to periodontal disease and the methodology of measuring it, followed by probing limitations. The paper will also discuss the methodology of reducing probing error, examiner calibration and probing reproducibility.
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Mishra, Ashank, Mandapathi Priyanka, Koppolu Pradeep, and Krishnajaneya Reddy Pathakota. "Comparative Evaluation of Pain Scores during Periodontal Probing with or without Anesthetic Gels." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5768482.
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Context. The initial periodontal examination which includes full-mouth periodontal probing is one of the discomforting procedures for a patient.Aim.To evaluate the efficacy of two local anesthetic gels in the reduction of pain during periodontal probing using Florida probe in CGP patients in comparison with manual probing.Materials and Methods. Ninety systemically healthy patients with moderate to severe CGP patients were recruited. In each patient, the quadrants were randomly assigned to manual probing with UNC-15 probe, probing with Florida probe, and Florida probing with lidocaine 10% gel and with benzocaine 20% gel. In the quadrants undergoing probing with anesthetic gels, the sites were isolated and the gel was injected using syringe and a blunt-end cannula. Pain was measured using 10 mm horizontal VAS.Statistical Analysis. The analysis was carried out using SPSS version 18. The comparison of mean VAS scores was done using repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test.Results. Mean VAS for manual probing was significantly more than Florida probing. Further, the mean VAS score for Florida probing was higher than the two gels.Conclusion. It is suggested that the gels might be useful in reducing pain experienced during full-mouth periodontal probing in patients with CGP.
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Solomon, Sorina Mihaela, Ana Maria Filioreanu, Carmen Gabriela Stelea, Simona Ionela Grigoras, Irina Georgeta Sufaru, George Alexandru Maftei, Silvia Martu, Mihaela Monica Scutariu, and Cristina Popa. "The Assessment of the Association Between Herpesviruses and Subgingival Bacterial Plaque by Real-time PCR Analysis." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.2.6136.
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This study used a real-time PCR analysis to determine possible correlations between periodontal presence of human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and various putative parodontopathogenic bacteria. The study included 18 patients (aged 18-38 years) with aggressive periodontitis, 12 patients (ages 37 to 62) with chronic periodontitis and 30 periodontally healthy subjects (aged 21-54 years). Clinical periodontal evaluation included plaque index, gingival index, percentage of bleeding on probing sites, and probing depth. In each patient, a subgingival bacterial plaque sample was obtained from the deepest periodontal pocket. The real-time fluorogenic PCR detection system was used to determine the number of infectious agents. Human cytomegalovirus was detected in 17 sites with periodontal lesions and in two healthy periodontal sites, and the Epstein-Barr virus was detected in 19 sites with periodontal lesions and in 3 normal periodontal sites. Positive correlations were found between human cytomegalovirus and P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. rectus. The Epstein-Barr virus positively correlated with P. gingivalis and T. forsythia. Unfavorable changes in environmental exposure or alteration of the immune system genes can periodically suppress the host�s defence against periodontal aggression, which can then result in reactivation of resident herpesviruses and increased pro-inflammatory mediators followed by an increase in pathogenic bacteria.
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Djordjevic, Filip, Dejan Dubovina, Marija Bubalo, Rasa Radosavljevic, and Zoran Bukumiric. "Gingival biotype - comparative analysis of different evaluation methods." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp210318056d.
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Background/Aim. Gingival biotype can have a significant impact on the outcome of the periodontal therapeutic procedures and on the predictability of their aesthetic outcome. There is a strong correlation between the types of biotype and the potential gingival recession after restorative, periodontal and implant surgical procedures. Therefore, accurate identification of gingival biotypes, before initiating these procedures, is one of the significant predictive factors for their success. The aim of this study was to evaluate reliability of accurate gingival biotype determination with the use of visual method, periodontal and trans-gingival probing compared to the direct measurement method. Methods. This prospective study involved 33 patients indicated for the apical root resection in the intercanine sector of the upper jaw. Gingival biotype identification was performed in all of the patients using the following techniques: 1) visual method; 2) periodontal probe technique; 3) trans-gingival probing; 4) direct measurement after flap elevation was performed. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the visual method, periodontal probing method and trans-gingival probing method, in relation to the direct measurement method, used as a gold standard, to discriminate the gingival thickness biotype (thin versus thick). Results. The overall accuracy of the tested diagnostic procedures, compared to direct gingival biotype measurement, was: 66.7% for visual method; 78.8% for periodontal probing; and 97.0% for trans-mucosal probing. Conclusion. Periodontal probing method can be recommended for gingival biotype determination as a routine method, due to the fact that its sensitivity and overall accuracy is higher compared to the visual method. The trans-gingival method, in terms of sensitivity and comprehensive accuracy, almost completely coincides with the direct method, but it is more invasive compared to periodontal probing method and it has to be conducted in local anesthesia.
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Tripathi, Pratiksha, Komal Puri, Ashish Kumar, Manish Khatri, Mansi Bansal, and Mohd Rehan. "Comparison of two different probing systems for evaluation of bleeding on probing (BOP)." IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 6, no. 3 (October 15, 2021): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2021.026.
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: Bleeding on probing (BOP) is the best documented parameter in the monitoring of periodontal health and inflammation of the gingival tissues. It is measured as bleeding provoked by applying a probe to the bottom of a sulcus/pocket. Since BoP may be provoked by trauma to the tissues using a periodontal probe hence, probing pressure can be considered as an important factor in the assessment of bleeding on probing. The purpose of the study was to evaluate bleeding on probing by conventional probe and pressure sensitive probe. : 50 subjects (1400 sites) in this split mouth study were evaluated for bleeding on probing by using a conventional periodontal probe and a manual pressure sensitive probe. Gingival Bleeding Index (Ainamo and Bay 1975) was used in the study for assessment of BOP. : More bleeding sites were found in the quadrant associated with the conventional probe as compared to the sites associated with pressure sensitive probe. : Amount of pressure applied during probing can be a significant factor in assessment the periodontal disease activity.
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Garnick, Jerry J., and Lee Silverstein. "Periodontal Probing: Probe Tip Diameter." Journal of Periodontology 71, no. 1 (January 2000): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.96.
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Daly, Chris, David Mitchell, David Grossberg, John Highfield, and Douglas Stewart. "Bacteraemia caused by periodontal probing." Australian Dental Journal 42, no. 2 (April 1997): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00100.x.
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Ashwath, Balachandran, Durai Aishwarya, Elumalai Agila, Muthukali Shanmugam, Vijayarangan Anitha, and Muthiah Meenakshi. "Evaluation of pain perception on periodontal probing in patients with dental plaque induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis - A cross sectional study, Part I." Journal of Oral Research 11, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2022.034.
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Background: Probing of periodontal pockets is an essential part in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. Fifteen to seventy seven percent of untreated periodontal patients experience pain during probing. Hence the aim of this study is to evaluate the pain perceived by patients with gingivitis and periodontitis during periodontal probing. The goals of this study were to compare the patients’ pain perception when using a conventional UNC15 probe and a manual pressure sensitive periodontal probe, and to relate the clinical features of gingivitis and periodontitis to the discomfort associated with periodontal probing. Material and Methods: A total of 475 subjects were recruited into the study. The subjects were initially divided into two groups – Group – A (Gingivitis group - 275 patients) and Group – B (Chronic Periodontitis group -200 patients) according to the AAP 1999 Classification. These two groups were further subdivided into two groups each (Gingivitis – Conventional Probe – GCP, Gingivitis – Manual Pressure Sensitive Probe – GMPS, Periodontitis - Conventional Probe – PCP, Periodontitis – Manual Pressure Sensitive Probe – PMPS) using a computer generated program of random numbers. Results: A significant difference was noted in pain perception when pressure sensitive probe was used compared to conventional UNC-15 probe. Reduced Bleeding on Probing and Pain scores were noted in Chronic periodontitis subjects with use of pressure sensitive probe, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Dentistry has changed its focus towards painless dentistry. In this context, the present study presents data towards use of manual pressure sensitive probes , which offers an advantage of low cost when compared to more advanced computerized systems with reduced pain during periodontal examination. It could result in a positive attitude of the patients towards continuous supportive periodontal therapy thereby monitoring periodontal health.
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Adibrad, Mehdi, Mohammad Shahabuei, and Mahasti Sahabi. "Significance of the Width of Keratinized Mucosa on the Health Status of the Supporting Tissue Around Implants Supporting Overdentures." Journal of Oral Implantology 35, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-09-00035.1.
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Abstract Our objective was to determine the association between keratinized mucosa width and the health status of the supporting tissue around implants supporting overdentures. Sixty-six functioning dental implants were examined. Periodontal parameters measured included gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, mucosal recession, periodontal attachment level, radiographic bone level, and width of keratinized mucosa. A negative correlation was found between keratinized mucosa width and mucosal recession and periodontal attachment level. When data were dichotomized by keratinized mucosa width, the mean gingival index score, plaque index score, and bleeding on probing were significantly higher for those implants with a narrow zone (<2 mm) of keratinized mucosa. A wider mucosal band (≥2 mm) was associated with less mucosal recession and periodontal attachment loss compared with a narrow (<2 mm) band. The absence of adequate keratinized mucosa around implants supporting overdentures was associated with higher plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing, and mucosal recession.
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Navarrete, Cristian, Alejandro Riquelme, Natalia Baksai, Romina Pérez, Claudia González, María Michea, Hans von Mühlenbrock, Emilio A. Cafferata, and Rolando Vernal. "Levels of Pro-Inflammatory and Bone-Resorptive Mediators in Periodontally Compromised Patients under Orthodontic Treatment Involving Intermittent Forces of Low Intensities." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 4807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054807.
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During orthodontic treatment, diverse cytokines, enzymes, and osteolytic mediators produced within the teeth surrounding periodontal tissues determine the rate of alveolar bone remodeling and consequent teeth movement. In patients with teeth presenting reduced periodontal support, periodontal stability should be ensured during orthodontic treatment. Thus, therapies based on the application of low-intensity intermittent orthodontic forces are recommended. To determine if this kind of treatment is periodontally well tolerated, this study aimed to analyze the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 in periodontal tissues of protruded anterior teeth with reduced periodontal support and undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients with periodontitis-associated anterior teeth migration received non-surgical periodontal therapy and a specific orthodontic treatment involving controlled low-intensity intermittent orthodontic forces. Samples were collected before periodontitis treatment, after periodontitis treatment, and at 1 week to 24 months of the orthodontic treatment. During the 2 years of orthodontic treatment, no significant differences were detected in the probing depth, clinical attachment level, supragingival bacterial plaque, and bleeding on probing. In line with this, the gingival crevicular levels of RANKL, OPG, IL-6, IL-17A, and MMP-8 did not vary between the different evaluation time-points of the orthodontic treatment. When compared with the levels detected during the periodontitis, the RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly lower at all the analyzed time-points of the orthodontic treatment. In conclusion, the patient-specific orthodontic treatment based on intermittent orthodontic forces of low intensities was well tolerated by periodontally compromised teeth with pathological migration.
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Ancuța, Codrina, Rodica Chirieac, Eugen Ancuța, Oana Țănculescu, Sorina Mihaela Solomon, Ana Maria Fătu, Adrian Doloca, and Cristina Iordache. "Exploring the Role of Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibitor Tocilizumab in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontal Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040878.
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Background: The aim of our study was to explore the influence of weekly subcutaneous administration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibitor tocilizumab (TCZ) on periodontal status in a local longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD). Methods: We performed a 6-month prospective study in 51 patients with chronic periodontitis and moderate-to-severe RA starting TCZ in accordance with local recommendations. Extensive rheumatologic (clinical activity, inflammatory, serological biomarkers) and periodontal (visible plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss) assessments were done. Changes in RA activity and periodontal status were reassessed after 3 and 6 months. Results: We demonstrated significant correlations between periodontal status, disease activity, and serologic biomarkers (p < 0.05). Tocilizumab significantly improved the gingival index scores and decreased the number of sites with bleeding on probing after only 3 months (p < 0.05), while the probing pocket depth significantly decreased after 6 months; overall, clinical attachment loss presented only slight changes without any statistical significance as well as teeth count and plaque levels (p > 0.05). Conclusion: IL-6 inhibition is able to improve periodontal outcomes in patients with RA and concomitant PD, which is essentially related to a dramatic decrease in serum inflammatory mediators.
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Driny, Alaa M. El, Ahmed A. Salama, Osama S. El-Shal, and Maha M. Mohamed. "Evaluation of the Effect of Two Different Activation Protocols of Periodontal Distractor on the Periodontal Health after Rabid Canine Retraction." Saudi Journal of Oral and Dental Research 7, no. 12 (December 22, 2022): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjodr.2022.v07i12.009.
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Aim: To evaluate the effect of two different activation protocols of periodontal distractor on periodontal health after rabid canine retraction. Objectives: 1) to evaluate the periodontal health of two activations/day of periodontal distractor. 2) To evaluate the periodontal health of four activations/day of periodontal distractor. 3) To compare between two different activation protocols of periodontal distractor on periodontal health. Methods: The study was carried out on 32 canine of 16 female patients (16-22 years of age) requiring extraction of bilateral maxillary first premolars and maximum anchorage. They were divided into two groups. (Group I): Canine retraction was done by periodontal distractor with twice activations per day. (Group II): Canine retraction was done by periodontal distractor with four activations per day. Periodontal distractor was cemented after bilateral maxillary premolar extraction and inter septal bone corticotomy was done. The periodontal health of maxillary canines was evaluated using these parameters before and after retraction: (gingival index, periodontal index and probing depth). All data were explored for normality by using Shapiro Wilk and Kolmogorov Normality test which revealed that all data originated from non-parametric data. Results: for periodontal index and probing depth there was insignificant difference between them in before and after in both groups. For gingival index there was insignificant difference between them in before, while in after group II was significantly higher than group I. Conclusion: In this study, there was increase in all periodontal health parameters including (gingival index, periodontal index and probing depth) after using of periodontal distractor with both protocols of activations denoting gingivitis. The 2 activations/day was better than 4 activations/day for periodontal health during canine retraction by periodontal distractor.
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Ibrahem, Dr Lekaa M. "The association between a marker of oxidative stress in Saliva and severity of periodontal disease." Mustansiria Dental Journal 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v4i1.584.
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Background: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in saliva and severity of periodontal diseaseMaterial and method: Twenty five periodontitis patients were divided into two subgroups according to severity of periodontal disease (fifteen patients with probing pocket depth (PPD) <6mm and ten patients with PPD>6mm). Clinical examination which included measurement of both PPD and bleeding on probing (BOP) were carried out before and after initial periodontal treatment in addition to assessment of 8-OHdG in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).Result: Salivary level of 8-OHdG in those with PPD >6mm was higher than those with PPD<6mm. Also this study evaluated 8-OHdG levels in GCF, it was detected only in periodontitis patients with PPD>6mm (mean PPD = 7.34) and only in some cases (4 out of 10).Conclusion: These data suggest that periodontally-involved teeth with deep pockets are a major source of salivary 8-OHdG levels may prove to be useful identifying patients with teeth of hopeless prognosis.
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Sharma, Anuradha, Shikha Tewari, Sanjay Tewari, Rajinder Kumar Sharma, Satish Chander Narula, and Ankit Gaur. "Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Intracanal Medicament on Periodontal Healing in Concomitant Endodontic-Periodontal Disease with Communication: A Randomized Clinical Trial." European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdent.2022.3.2.153.
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Background: Chlorhexidine has been extensively used in various periodontal and endodontic infections. However its use in combined endo perio lesion has not been defined clearly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and synergistic effect of chlorhexidine intra canal medicament with combination of comprehensive periodontal therapy in endodontic periodontal lesions.
Materials and Methods: The patients were randomly assigned group 1 and group 2. Both the groups were treated by phase 1 and phase 2 periodontal treatments while group 1patients received conventional root canal treatment and group 2 patients were treated by chlorhexidine intracanal medicament for 6 months. The primary outcome measures are probing pocket depth, relative attachment level and bleeding on probing.
Results: Both groups showed improvement on primary outcome measures. However, group 2 showed significant more reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) and gain in relative attachment level (RAL) after complete 6 months treatment with chlorhexidine. Postoperative measurements from group1 and group 2 showed reductions in mean PPD of 2.63±0.98 and 3.57±1.13 mm, mean BOP reduction of 76.78±31.41and 87.54±22.35 and mean RAL gains of 2.42±1.27 and 3.42±0.94 mm, respectively.
Conclusion: 2% CHX gel used as an intracanal medicament along with periodontal treatment demonstrated more favourable treatment response in terms of periodontal healing.
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Bartha, Valentin, Sahra Steinmacher, Rebekka Wittlinger, Sébastien Boutin, Jan Pauluschke-Fröhlich, Christiane von Ohle, Sara Yvonne Brucker, Thomas Bruckner, and Diana Wolff. "Gain a Baby Lose a Tooth—Is There an Association between Periodontitis and Preterm Birth?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 7183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237183.
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Preterm birth serves as one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality worldwide. The underlying mechanisms that contribute to preterm birth are not yet fully understood. However, an association between periodontitis and preterm birth has been proposed. The periodontal status and presence of periodontal pathogens in women with different birth outcomes have been previously examined. However, varying definitions of periodontitis and different microbiological methods make their interpretation challenging. The aim of this case-control study on women with and without preterm birth was to investigate their periodontal status using the current classification system for periodontal diseases. Moreover, differences in the periodontal microbiome of the study participants were investigated. Therefore, we collected data on oral and periodontal parameters in 77 puerperal women divided into two groups based on gestational age at delivery: 33 patients with preterm birth (PTB, <37 weeks) and 44 patients with term birth (TB, >37 weeks). These data included pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival-bleeding index, DMFT index, and gynecologic and dental history. In addition, their oral microbiome was explored. Median CAL and percentage PPD ≥ 4 mm were significantly higher in the PTB group than in the TB group (p = 0.0128 and p = 0.047, respectively). Birth weight was significantly higher in periodontally healthy women than in those with gingivitis (p = 0.0078) or periodontitis (p = 0.0127). The periodontal microbiome differed significantly between groups. Our results are underlining the possible association between periodontitis and preterm delivery. Women with periodontitis had babies with significantly lower birth weights. The microbiome varied between the groups.
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Gomes Viana, Mariana Vitória, Júlia Santos Cerqueira, and Regina Lucia Seixas Pinto. "APLICAÇÃO DIAGNÓSTICA DE IMAGENS TRIDIMENSIONAIS (3D) NA DOENÇA PERIODONTAL DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES (3D) IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE." Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia 50, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 57–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/revfo.v50i1.37117.
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A doença periodontal é uma doença altamente prevalente na populaçãomundial e se caracteriza pela destruição progressiva do ligamento periodontale reabsorção da crista óssea alveolar interdental e interradicular. Temcomo fatores etiológicos as bactérias do biofilme que associadas aos fatoresgenéticos e ambientais geram uma resposta inflamatória liberam enzimasproteolíticas e danificam o tecido de suporte dental. A avaliação da perdada inserção periodontal por exame clínico é limitada pelos instrumentosde sondagem e condições anatômicas, portanto, imagens radiográficas sãoinevitáveis para determinar a extensão e a gravidade das lesões, pois a representaçãoespacial do osso alveolar tem um valr altamente significativona Periodontia, uma vez que as decisões terapêuticas e as estimativas a longoprazo do prognóstico se fundamentam nele. O exame de imagem maiscomumente utilizado é através de radiografias convencionais, no entantofornece apenas uma visão bidimensional das estruturas tridimensionais,perdendo assim o valor diagnóstico essencial. A imagem tridimensional ou3D, tem se revelado como uma ferramenta clínica, pelo valor altamente informativo.O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em realizar uma revisãode literatura sobre a aplicação diagnóstica da tomografia computadorizadade feixe cônico em lesões periodontais. Periodontal disease is characterized by the progressive destruction of theperiodontal ligament and alveolar bone Crest resorption interdentallyand interradicular, its etiological factors that biofilm bacteria associatedwith genetic and environmental factors generate an inflammatory responsethat release proteolytic enzymes and damage the fabric of dental support. The evaluation of periodontal insertion loss by clinical examinationis limited by probing instruments and anatomical conditions, therefore,x-rays are inevitable to determine the extent and severity of injuries,because the space representation of the alveolar bone has a significantrole in Periodontics, since therapeutic decisions and long-term estimatesof prognosis are based on it. The most commonly used imaging methodis through conventional x-rays, however, provides only a two-dimensionalview of the three-dimensional structures, thereby losing the essentialdiagnostic value. 3D image has proved as a clinical tool for highly informativevalue. The purpose of this study is to conduct a review of the literatureabout the intended use of cone beam computed tomography inperiodontal lesions.
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Priyanto, Rahmavidyanti, Malianawati Fauzia, Ariyati Retno Pratiwi, Neny Roeswahjuni, and Novi Khila Firani. "Hubungan Ekspresi Osteocalcin dan Interleukin-1β dengan Status Inflamasi Periodontal." STOMATOGNATIC - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 19, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/stoma.v19i2.34736.
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Periodontitis is inflammation of the periodontal tissue that can cause progressive damage to the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Clinical examination to determine the degree of damage to the alveolar bone using a periodontal probe instrument or probing. Cellular activity in the gingival crevicular fluid is thought to be a biomarker to determine the inflammatory status of the periodontal tissue. Cellular immune responses suggest the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis. The cytokines observed in this study were the protein Osteocalcin and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). In this study, 67 patients were examined for the condition of their periodontal tissues including the severity of gingivitis and periodontal probing. The gingivitis group was divided into 4 groups, namely normal, mild, moderate, and severe. Meanwhile, for probing samples were grouped based on probing into 3 groups. Group I (0-3 mm), group II (3.1-5 mm) and group III (> 5 mm). GCF was obtained using paper points that were left in the gingival sulcus for 30 seconds. Then paper points are put into cryovial tubes which are sent to the laboratory for ELISA test. The observed data on the expression of Osteocalcin and IL-1β were then performed statistical tests. Osteocalcin and IL-1β expression showed a significant difference with the severity of gingivitis cases. In the other hand, it did not show a significant difference with difference of periodontal pocket depth. Osteocalcin and IL-1β expression associated with the severity of gingivitis cases.
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Yamamoto, Yuko, Toshiya Morozumi, Takahisa Hirata, Toru Takahashi, Shinya Fuchida, Masami Toyoda, Shigeru Nakajima, and Masato Minabe. "Effect of Periodontal Disease on Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 3234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103234.
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Both periodontal disease and diabetes are common chronic inflammatory diseases. One of the major problems with type 2 diabetes is that unregulated blood glucose levels damage the vascular endothelium and cause complications. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetic complications has been reported previously. However, whether periodontal disease affects the presence of diabetic complications has not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the effect of the periodontal disease status on diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Periodontal doctors examined the periodontal disease status of 104 type 2 diabetic patients who visited a private diabetes medical clinic once a month between 2016 and 2018. The subject’s diabetic status was obtained from their medical records. Bayesian network analysis showed that bleeding on probing directly influenced the presence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients. In addition, bleeding on probing was higher in the diabetic retinopathy group (n = 36) than in the group without diabetic retinopathy (n = 68, p = 0.006, Welch’s t-test). Bleeding on probing represents gingival inflammation, which might affect the presence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients who regularly visit diabetic clinics.
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Al-Bayaty, Fouad H., Azwin A. Kamaruddin, Mohd A. Ismail, and Mahmood A. Abdulla. "Formulation and Evaluation of a New Biodegradable Periodontal Chip Containing Thymoquinone in a Chitosan Base for the Management of Chronic Periodontitis." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/397308.
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Objective.This study was performed to develop a biodegradable periodontal chip containing thymoquinone and to evaluate its effectiveness for managing chronic periodontitis.Methods.Chips were formulated from thymoquinone and chitosan. Twelve patients with periodontal pockets measuring ≥5 mm participated in this study. Overall, 180 periodontal pockets were evaluated. At day zero, all patients were treated with full-mouth scaling and root planning. Periodontal pockets were divided into three groups. Group one served as the control group, while group two received plain chitosan chips. Group three received chips containing thymoquinone. Plaque index, bleeding upon probing, periodontal probing pocket depths, and clinical attachment levels were recorded at days 0 and 60.Results.The statistical significance of differences was tested with a paired samplet-test, a Chi-squared test, and a one-way ANOVA. The results indicated significant improvement in plaque index and bleeding upon probing and a reduction in periodontal pockets from baseline in all four groups(P<0.05). Gains in clinical attachment levels were significantly higher(P<0.005)in the group receiving thymoquinone chips compared to other groups.Conclusion.Periodontal chips containing thymoquinone can be used as adjuncts for the treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis.
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Cury, Patricia Ramos, Ney Soares de Araújo, Jon Bowie, Enilson Antonio Sallum, and Marjorie Jeffcoat. "The relationship between radiographic and clinical parameters in periodontal maintenance in class II furcation defects." Brazilian Oral Research 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242004000200005.
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The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between probing and radiographic parameters, and the reliability of repeated longitudinal periodontal probing measurements for early diagnosis of periodontal breakdown in class II furcation defects. Eighteen class II furcation defects in lower molars were included in this study. Standardized radiographs and clinical measurements, relative vertical clinical attachment level (CAL-v) and probing depth (PD) were obtained immediately before periodontal surgeries and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery. A total of 72 pairs of radiographs were subtracted following correction for contrast and planar geometric discrepancies, and the bone loss/gain (in mm) was measured. There was no statistically significant correlation between CAL-v and bone height (BH) measurements. A statistically significant correlation for PD reduction at 24 months and BH increase at 18 months was found (r = 0.5, p < 0.05). These results suggest that clinical measurements and radiographic bone height reflect different features of periodontal destruction and periodontal healing, and repeated longitudinal measurements of vertical clinical attachment level are not reliable for early diagnosis of periodontal breakdown in class II furcation defects.
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Sato, Kaori, Koichi Fukai, and Mari Kato. "A Study on Periodontal Probing Points." Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) 39, no. 4 (1997): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2329/perio.39.405.
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Mombelli, A., and H. Graf. "Depth-force-patterns in periodontal probing." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 13, no. 2 (February 1986): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.1986.tb01444.x.
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Salma, Mst Ummay, Mohammad Arifur Rahman, Fatema Jannath, Nihar Sultana, and Mohammad Anayet Hossain. "Impact of Full Veneer Crown Restoration on the Periodontal Health of Posterior Teeth." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 41, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v41i1.63259.
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Background: Periodontal health plays a vital role in the longevity of prosthodontic restorations. Full veneer crown (FVC) is one of the most common modalities in restoration of single tooth for preservation of function and health of oral tissues. Objectives : The study was done to critically evaluate the impact of FVC restoration providing standard procedures on the periodontal health of posterior teeth, also to observe the changes of periodontal health in terms of their status of gingival index, plaque index, periodontal pocket depth, bleeding on probing in different stages of treatment. Materials & Methods: This prospective study evaluated the impact of FVC on periodontal health of 30 endodontically treated posterior teeth with FVC and 30 contralateral natural teeth of 19 patients in different stages of treatment for 2 years duration in the Dept. of Prosthodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital. To assess the periodontal health gingival index, plaque index, periodontal pocket depth, bleeding on probing were used. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) according to the study Objectives Results: The study Result showed that the mean differences of gingival index and plaque index between abutments and contraleteral natural teeth were non significant (p > 0.05) at baseline, 4th month visit; but the differences were significant (p < 0.05) at 8th month, 12th month visits. Regarding periodontal pocket depth the mean differences between abutments and contraleteral natural teeth found non significant (p > 0.05) throughout the follow up period. Same thing observed in bleeding on probing except 12th month follow up visit, where highly significant (p < 0.01) mean differences observed. Also the study found that the gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, periodontal pocket depth increased a bit in 4th,8th,12th month visits gradually in abutments, which was almost same in contralateral natural teeth in case of gingival index, periodontal pocket depth; and increased a bit in case of plaque index, bleeding on probing. Conclusion : If the FVC is fabricated maintaining all standard procedures equigingival margin with proper marginal adaptation, oral hygiene as well as general health of the patient is maintained although less but there is a chance of detrimental effects on periodontal health in comparison to contralateral natural teeth. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2023; 41: 46-52
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Elsadek, Mohamed Farouk, Badreldin Mohamed Ahmed, Rayan M. Eskandrani, and Tasneem Sobhy Fahmy. "Clinical and Microbiological Outcomes of Topical Aloe Vera Gel vs. Photochemotherapy as an Adjunct to Non-surgical Periodontal Treatment in Periodontitis." Planta Medica International Open 07, no. 03 (June 5, 2020): e100-e105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1159-0738.
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AbstractThe present clinical trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy versus Aloe vera gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on periodontal and microbial outcomes in patients with periodontitis. Eligible patients undergoing nonsurgical periodontal treatment were divided into 3 groups: group 1: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; group 2: Aloe vera gel application; and group 3: scaling and root planing only. Clinical periodontal variables included the assessment of plaque scores, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level gain. Plaque samples were collected to estimate microbial counts of Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). All measurements were recorded at baseline, 3 mo, and 6 mo. Statistical analysis of the given data was performed using the chi-squared test and ANOVA for clinical periodontal and microbiological data. Eighty-seven patients completed the trial. Bleeding on probing showed a significant reduction in group 2 compared with the other groups (p < 0.001). Group 1 showed a statistically significant reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level when compared to group 2 and group 3 (p < 0.05). Group 1 showed a statistically significant reduction in the counts of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis over a period of 3 mo (p < 0.05). The reduction was seen for T. forsythia only following 6 mo (p < 0.05). Group 2 showed a significant reduction for only T. forsythia at 3 mo (p < 0.05). Both antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and Aloe vera gel helped in reducing periodontal inflammation. Aloe vera gel showed additional benefit in reducing bleeding scores, while antimicrobial photodynamic therapy showed additional enhanced activity against periodontal pathogens and periodontal attachment level gain.
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Shirmohammadi, Adileh, Masoumeh Faramarzi, Ashkan Salari, Mehrnoosh Sadighi Shamami, Amir Reza Babaloo, and Zohreh Mousavi. "Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum albumin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis." Journal of Advanced Periodontology & Implant Dentistry 10, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/japid.2018.004.
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Background. Albumin is a protein whose serum levels decrease in inflammatory conditions such as periodontal diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate changes in serum albumin levels in patients with and without periodontal diseases prior and subsequent to non-surgical periodontal treatment and its relationship with clinical parameters of periodontal disease.Methods. Twenty patients diagnosed as having chronic periodontitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects, referring to Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, were selected. Serum albumin levels and clinical variables of periodontal disease (probing pocket depth, gingival index, bleeding index, clinical attachment level and plaque index) were determined before treatment and three months subsequent to non-surgical periodontal treatment. Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses (mean ± SD). Serum levels of albumin and clinical parameters were compared between the two groups with independent-samples t-test. Paired-samples t-test was applied to compare the variables before and after treatment in the case group. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05.Results. The mean serum albumin level of chronic periodontitis patients (3.62±0.11 mg/dL) exhibited a significantly lower value compared to subjects who were periodontally healthy (4.17±0.29 mg/dL), with the serum albumin levels increasing significantly three months postoperatively (3.78±0.33 mg/dL), approaching the level in subjects who were periodontally healthy (P<0.05).Conclusion. Decreases and increases in serum albumin levels under the effect of periodontal disease and its treatment indi-cated an inverse relationship between the albumin levels of serum and chronic periodontitis.
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Maria Caroline Rios Piecha, Taciane Menezes da Silveira, Caroline Fernandes e Silva, and Natália Marcumini Pola. "Influence of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the glycemic control of type 2 diabetic patients: case reports." RSBO 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 423–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v18i2.1625.
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Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus present a bidirectional relationship in which one condition may influence the other. It is assumed that non-surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planning) could decrease the pro-inflammatory mediators, restoring periodontal health and the balance of glycemic control. Objective: To report the glycemic control of two type-2 diabetes patients with periodontal disease, who received non-surgical periodontal therapy and supportive periodontal therapy. Case report: Both patients were initially evaluated, and the delineated treatment plan included prophylaxis, manual scaling and root planning sessions and oral hygiene instructions. The patients were evaluated at baseline and after 30- and 60-days post-treatment, for the clinical parameters (visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and dental mobility) and 90-days post treatment for the glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in periodontal clinical parameters in both patients, as well as a decrease in their glycemic indices. Conclusion: Non-surgical periodontal therapy promoted improvement of periodontal parameters and also systemic health of individuals.
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Nainee, Neha, Sheetal Sanikop, and Abhilasha Jha. "Estimation of interleukin-17 levels in gingival crevicular fluid from healthy individuals, chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204237.
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Background: Chronic Periodontitis (CP) is an infectious disease resulting in inflammation of supporting tissues of the teeth. A number of pro-inflammatory cytokines are formed against periodontopathogenic microorganisms. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, implicated in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.Methods: A total of 25 periodontally healthy subjects (Group 1), 25 patients with gingivitis (Group 2) and 25 patients with CP (Group 3) were included for the study based on clinical examination. Gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded in all subjects.Results: The levels of IL-17 increased from healthy to gingivitis to periodontitis patients. A positive correlation was found with the IL-17 and the clinical parameters like gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss.Conclusions: There is a strong association between the levels of IL-17 with periodontal disease as well as with its severity and its possible use as a biomarker for inflammatory periodontal disease.
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Sakamoto, Marcelo Yudi, Mariana Oliveira, Nayara Flores Macedo, and Humberto Osvaldo Schwartz-Filho. "Periodontal Surgery for Correction of Gingival Smile: a Case Report Analysis of Periodontal Parameters after 2 Years." Journal of Health Sciences 23, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2021v23n1p79-83.
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AbstractGingival smile is a term used to describe an aesthetic condition in which excessive gingival exposure at the jaw level occurs during smile. There are several factors related to its etiology, the most common is the altered passive eruption of anterior superior teeth. To correct this disharmony, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary, and the treatment plan depends on a correct diagnosis and assessment for a better prognosis. The present study aims to describe a clinical case where periodontal surgical techniques were used to correct this condition. Female patient, 25 years old, with aesthetic complaint of the amount of gum exposed when smiling and diagnosed with altered passive eruption. Clinical crown augmentation surgery was performed on the anterior superior teeth. After 1 and 2 years, periodontal clinical parameters (probing bleeding, probing depth, clinical attachment level, crown length, keratinized mucosa width and plaque index) were reassessed, through clinical examination, digital photographic monitoring and measurement tools. In two years, it was possible to note the stability of the results achieved, maintaining values similar to those of the immediate postoperative period. The case report confirmed the success of the clinical crown augmentation surgery and the periodontal parameters stability evaluated after 2 years.
Keywords: Periodontics Surgery. Gingivectomy. Aesthetics.
ResumoSorriso gengival é o termo utilizado para descrever uma condição estética em que ocorre uma exposição gengival excessiva ao nível da maxila, durante o sorriso. Há diversos fatores relacionados a sua etiologia, sendo a mais comum a erupção passiva alterada dos dentes ântero-superiores. Para correção dessa desarmonia é necessária uma abordagem multidisciplinar, sendo o plano de tratamento dependente de um correto diagnóstico e avaliação para um melhor prognóstico. O presente estudo tem objetivo de descrever um caso clínico onde técnicas cirúrgicas periodontais foram utilizadas para correção dessa condição. Paciente gênero feminino, 25 anos de idade, com queixa estética da quantidade de gengiva exposta ao sorrir e com diagnóstico de erupção passiva alterada. Foi submetida a cirurgia de aumento de coroa clínica nos dentes antero-superiores. Após 1 e 2 anos foram reavaliados os parâmetros clínicos periodontais (sangramento a sondagem, profundidade de sondagem, perda de inserção, comprimento da coroa, largura da mucosa queratinizada e índice de placa), através de exame clinico, acompanhamento digital fotográfico e ferramentas de medição de imagem. Em dois anos, foi possível constatar a estabilidade dos resultados alcançados, mantendo valores semelhantes aos do pós-operatório imediato. O relato de caso confirmou o sucesso da cirurgia de aumento de coroa clínica e a estabilidade dos parâmetros periodontais avaliados após 2 anos.
Palavras-chave: Periodontia. Cirurgia. Gengivectomia. Estética.
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Mester, Alexandru, Leonardo Mancini, Enrico Marchetti, Mihaela Baciut, Simion Bran, Ondine Lucaciu, Grigore Baciut, et al. "The Presence of Periodontitis in Patients with Von Willebrand Disease: A Systematic Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 6408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146408.
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The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the available evidence on the assessment of periodontal disease in patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD). An electronic search in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) was conducted by three independent reviewers to identify cross-sectional, cohort, and clinical trial studies. Studies considered eligible for this review were evaluated according to the quality and risk assessment tool proposed by the CLARITY Group at McMaster University. In order to analyze the possible correlation of VWD patients and periodontitis and their susceptibility to bleeding during the periodontal screening phase, periodontal parameters evaluated were probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). After a screening of 562 articles, three articles were selected for the qualitative analysis. Within the limitation of our review, VWD patients are not more susceptible to periodontitis as compared with non-VWD patients. Nevertheless, bleeding on probing and gingival index needs to be carefully taken into consideration during periodontal screening of VWD due to the possible presence of false positives.
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Ambadi, Sahla, and Anuroopa Pudukulangara. "Accuracy of Periodontal Screening and Recording as a Screening Tool for Assessing Periodontal Status and Estimation of Periodontal Treatment Needs and Its Comparison with Routine Periodontal Examination." Journal of Health Sciences & Research 6, no. 2 (2015): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10042-1017.
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ABSTRACT Aims Conventional periodontal examination methods used for the determination of periodontal disease and assessment of disease severity, though precise and effective for diagnostic purposes, are time-consuming. The current study is aimed at checking the accuracy of periodontal screening and recording (PSR) as a diagnostic index in assessing periodontal diseases and to compare it with routine periodontal examination. Materials and methods Study population consisted of 100 subjects in which both PSR and routine periodontal examination and recording are carried out. Results It was observed that lesser time was required to record PSR index (mean: 2.20 minutes) when compared to routine periodontal examination (mean: 15.28 minutes). Also the probing depth and bleeding on probing had similar findings in all subjects examined (100%), whereas a 10 and 7% difference was seen with respect to presence of calculus and/ or defective margins. Conclusion It can be concluded that PSR is accurate enough as a diagnostic index and can be used as a time saving screening tool for periodontal examination. How to cite this article Ambadi S, Pudukulangara A. Accuracy of Periodontal Screening and Recording as a Screening Tool for Assessing Periodontal Status and Estimation of Periodontal Treatment Needs and Its Comparison with Routine Periodontal Examination. J Health Sci Res 2015;6(2):33-36.
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To, Tony N. F., A. Bakr M. Rabie, Ricky W. K. Wong, and Colman P. McGrath. "The adjunct effectiveness of diode laser gingivectomy in maintaining periodontal health during orthodontic treatment." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 1 (May 16, 2012): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/012612-66.1.
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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of diode laser gingivectomy as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal treatment in the management of periodontal health among patients receiving fixed orthodontic appliance therapy (FOAT). Materials and Methods: Thirty patients undergoing FOAT with gingival enlargement were block randomized into two treatment groups. The test group received diode laser gingivectomy (940-nm diode laser, ezlase, Biolase Technology Inc) as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal treatment. The control group received nonsurgical periodontal treatment only. For both groups, five periodontal parameters were assessed at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months: Plaque Index, Gingival Index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and Gingival Overgrowth Index. Intra- and intergroup variations in the periodontal parameters were determined over time. Results: Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in periodontal health over the study period (P < .05). However, significant improvements in periodontal health were evident earlier among the test group subjects (P < .05). The magnitude of improvement in periodontal health compared to baseline was greater in the test group than in the control group for Gingival Overgrowth Index at 1 month (P < .001) and 3 months (P < .05), Gingival Index at 3 months (P < .05) and 6 months (P < .05), and probing pocket depth at 1 month (P < .05). Conclusions: Nonsurgical periodontal management with or without the adjunct use of lasers can be effective in the management of gingival health problems among patients receiving FOAT. The adjunctive use of lasers can produce an earlier and greater improvement in gingival health.
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de Almeida, Ana Lúcia Pompéia Fraga, Marly Kimie Sonohara Gonzalez, Sebastião Luiz Aguiar Greghi, Paulo César Rodrigues Conti, and Luiz Fernando Pegoraro. "Are Teeth Close to the Cleft More Susceptible to Periodontal Disease?" Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 46, no. 2 (March 2009): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/07-226.1.
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Objective: To evaluate whether teeth close to the cleft area present higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease than teeth in other regions. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo. Patients: There were 400 individuals with complete unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate, aged 15 to 49 years, without any previous periodontal treatment. Main Outcome Measures: All clinical parameters were evaluated in six sites for each tooth. The arithmetic means were calculated for each sextant. Results: Of the sextants, 86.75% presented means of probing depth smaller than or equal to 3 mm. No sextant exhibited means of probing depth greater than or equal to 6 mm. There was a statistically significant difference (p < .001) in probing depth according to age, types of cleft, and sextant; 95.87% of sextants presented mean attachment levels smaller than or equal to 3 mm. The sextant with cleft did not present higher means of probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and gingival index. There was gingival bleeding in 99.08% of the sample and plaque in 97.40%. The type of cleft was not an important factor influencing the prevalence of periodontal disease. Age seems to be an important factor influencing the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease for all aspects investigated. Conclusions: Periodontal disease in individuals with clefts occurred in a similar manner as observed in other populations. The presence of the cleft does not seem to increase the prevalence of the disease.
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Souza, Suelen Pamato Gonçalves, Marceli Vieira Martins, Gustavo Otoboni Molina, Jefferson Ricardo Pereira, Marcelo Tomás Oliveira, and Janaina Salomon Ghizoni. "INFLUENCE OF HORMONAL VARIATION ON PERIODONTAL TISSUES DURING PREMENSTRUAL AND PREOVULATORY PERIODS." Journal of Research in Dentistry 2, no. 2 (May 3, 2014): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v2e22014129-37.
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the hormonal influence on periodontal tissues in two moments: premenstrual and preovulatory, in women whose are in the reproductive phase between 18 and 45 years. The sample is composed by 30 women, who were analyzed following the inclusion criteria as: not pregnant women, who are not using contraceptive or other means of hormonal replacement, who were not in the menopause and who did not present systemic diseases. The periodontal exams were accomplished in two periods: premenstrual and preovulatory, when it was verified bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) indexes. The premenstrual period obtained greater bleeding on probing index when compared with preovulatory period, showing a statistically significant difference. However, in spite of the probing depth measurements have been greater in the premenstrual period (1.684 ± 0.4728) than in the preovulatory one (1.679 ± 0.4749); the differences were not statistically significant. Basing on the results and according to the methodology used, it was possible conclude that the hormonal variation influences on periodontal tissues.
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Lin, C. Y., F. Chen, A. Hariri, C. J. Chen, P. Wilder-Smith, T. Takesh, and J. V. Jokerst. "Photoacoustic Imaging for Noninvasive Periodontal Probing Depth Measurements." Journal of Dental Research 97, no. 1 (September 7, 2017): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034517729820.
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The periodontal probe is the gold standard tool for periodontal examinations, including probing depth measurements, but is limited by systematic and random errors. Here, we used photoacoustic ultrasound for high–spatial resolution imaging of probing depths. Specific contrast from dental pockets was achieved with food-grade cuttlefish ink as a contrast medium. Here, 39 porcine teeth (12 teeth with artificially deeper pockets) were treated with the contrast agent, and the probing depths were measured with novel photoacoustic imaging and a Williams periodontal probe. There were statistically significant differences between the 2 measurement approaches for distal, lingual, and buccal sites but not mesial. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that all bias values were < ±0.25 mm, and the coefficients of variation for 5 replicates were <11%. The photoacoustic imaging approach also offered 0.01-mm precision and could cover the entire pocket, as opposed to the probe-based approach, which is limited to only a few sites. This report is the first to use photoacoustic imaging for probing depth measurements with potential implications to the dental field, including tools for automated dental examinations or noninvasive examinations.
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Gupta, Amit, Nidhi Gupta, Nitul Jain, Rakesh Garg, Gaurav Atreja, and Satinder Walia. "Development of noninvasive procedure for monitoring blood glucose level using gingival crevicular bleeding." Serbian Dental Journal 60, no. 3 (2013): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1303124g.
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Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic periodontitis are common chronic diseases in adults. It is usually necessary to provide a sample of capillary blood to measure blood glucose level in diabetics. However, it is possible to obtain blood during periodontal probing without any discomfort. The aim of the study was to evaluate accessibility of chair side noninvasive screening method for blood glucose level in DM during routine periodontal examination. Material and Methods. 15 non diabetics and 15 newly onset type 2 diabetic patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were selected for the study after meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Periodontal pocket probing was performed using Williams Graduated periodontal probe. Blood oozing from gingival sulcus of anterior teeth following periodontal pocket probing was collected with a stick of glucose self monitoring device. As control, finger stick capillary blood was taken. Results. Statistically significant correlation was observed between the blood glucose level in gingival crevicular blood (GCB) and peripheral fasting blood (PFB) in diabetic subjects. The mean GCB glucose level in diabetic subjects was 172.27?5.02 mg/dL while mean PFB glucose level was 167.80?8.87 mg/dL. The correlation coefficients for diabetic and non diabetic subjects were r=0.715 and r=0.619, respectively. Conclusion The results suggested that blood oozing during routine periodontal examination may be used for DM screening in dental office without the need for any extra procedure.
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Figliuzzi, M. M., S. Sestito, D. Pacifico, L. Parentela, and Carlo Rengo. "Relationship between Macrovascular and Microvascular Hemodynamics Assessed by Spectrophotometry in Periodontal Diseases." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (June 3, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9925198.
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Objective. The aim of this study is to identify a possible link between macrovascular hemodynamic status and microvascular hemodynamic indices in patients with periodontal disease. Methods and Materials. Seventeen adult patients are recruited on a voluntary basis at the Dentistry Department of the “Mater Domini” University of Catanzaro, with sampling that determines the lipid profile, blood glucose, inflammatory mediators, blood plasma viscosity: anamnesis, blood pressure measurement, and detection of anthropometric parameters: eco-Doppler of the carotid arteries and brachial arteries with noninvasive measurements of hemodynamics and evaluation of inflammation and periodontal circulation with a noninvasive spectroscopic technique. The subjects underwent a dental inspection with periodontal proves. The different indices of periodontal disease were evaluated. Results. The sites with high probing depth differ from the healthy ones, showing low oxygen saturation and a notable increase in tissue edema, but no correlation between macro- and microvascular values was found. Conclusion. Periodontal probing and spectroscopic examination showed the correlation between low oxygen saturation levels and tissue edema values with probing depth; however, no correlation between macrovascular hemodynamic status and microvascular hemodynamics indices was found probably given the heterogeneity of the population under consideration, the low number of data gathered, and the small sample size.
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Jasmine, Malhotra, Gopalkrishna Pratibha, Prabhu Krishnananda RV, Datta Priyanka, Pentapati Kalyana C, and Varadan Manjusha. "Scaling vs Comprehensive Periodontal Therapy in Reducing Serum Lipid Levels in Patients with Hyperlipidemia." RGUHS Journal of Dental Sciences 13, no. 3 (2021): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26715/rjds.13_3_5.
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Chronic inflammatory conditions, such as periodontitis, have shown adverse lipid profiles. The periodontal bacterial burden can induce systemic levels of inflammatory mediators precipitating dyslipidemia. Several studies have provided convincing data linking periodontitis, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Based on these findings, this study gauged the impact of comprehensive periodontal care with surgical therapy on standard periodontal clinical indices, and parameters such as the Body-Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Hip circumference ratio (WHR), and serum lipid levels. Thirty patients with high lipid levels and chronic periodontitis were allocated randomly to group A, receiving complete periodontal therapy, and group B, with scaling only. Apart from BMI and WHR, plaque, and gingival indices, probing depth, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were recorded before and after three months of intervention. Data analysis utilized the paired t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Patients receiving complete periodontal treatment showed significantly reduced post-therapy lipid levels (TC, LDL), standard clinical indices (plaque and gingival indices) and probing depth, Body mass index, and waisthip ratio (p< 0.05) compared to their respective baseline levels. Plaque index, Gingival index and probing depth were observed to correlate with total cholesterol levels. Therefore, alleviating conditions with persistent inflammation is essential to manage borderline hyperlipidemia.
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Checchi, Vittorio, and Gaia Pascolo. "Microbiological Response to Periodontal Therapy: A Retrospective Study." Open Dentistry Journal 12, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010837.
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Background:Periodontitis is a multifactorial infection caused by a complex of pathogenic bacterial species that induce the destruction of periodontal structures.Objective:The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and bacterial load of six periodontal pathogens bacteria, measured at initial visit and after osseous surgery in patients affected by chronic periodontitis and treated between 2005 and 2007.Methods:This cohort study was carried out on a sample of 38 consecutive patients affected by severe chronic periodontitis, diagnosed at baseline on the basis of probing depths equal to 6.68 ± 1.47 mm. On each subject, a microbiological test was performed before periodontal initial therapy and after osseous surgery (one year later). Five compromised teeth were chosen for each patient (the same teeth, before and after surgery), for a total of 190 teeth. Real-time PCR based analysis computed total bacterial load of the samples and quantified six periodontal pathogens:Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia,Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatumandPrevotella intermedia. Data collection was made consulting medical charts.Results:Pocket probing depth reduction after surgery was 4.50 ± 1.54 mm (p=0.0001). The mean number of sites with bleeding at baseline was 2.08 ± 1.17 and 0.58 ± 1.00 after surgery (p=0.001). The mean number of sites with suppuration at baseline was 0.26 ± 0.86 and 0 after surgery (p=0.02). Cell count of each pathogen and total cell count were significantly higher at baseline than after surgery. Almost all bacteria presented a mean percentage reduction equal to that of the total count, except forAaandPi,which seemed to show a greater resistance. The difference of bacterial load, both before and after surgery, between smokers and non-smokers was not statistically significant (p<0.05). A statistically significant correlation was detected between pocket probing depth variation and bleeding on probing variation before and after the surgery, controlling for age (r=0.6,p=0.001). No significant correlations were observed between pocket probing depth and bacterial loads, except forPg(r=0.5,p=0.001),Tf(r=0.6,p=0.001) andTd(r=0.4,p=0.02).Conclusions:Reduction of presence and bacterial load of the examined periodontal pathogens bacteria after osseous surgery, along with periodontal pocket reduction, appeared to be essential to achieve and maintain periodontal stability over years.
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Farook, Fathima F., Ka Ting Ng, Nuzaim MNM, Wen J. Koh, and Wan Y. Teoh. "Association of Periodontal Disease and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis." Open Dentistry Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601913010478.
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Introduction: Several articles have suggested a potential synergistic relationship between periodontal disease and systemic inflammatory diseases, such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus. However, the associations between periodontal disease and PCOS population remain unclear in the literature. Objective: The primary aim of this review is to examine the associations between periodontal disease and PCOS with different scoring methods, namely clinical attachment loss, probing depth, gingival index, percentage of bleeding on probing and plaque index. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL were systematically searched for observational studies and case-control studies from its inception until 2nd June, 2019. Case reports, case series, non-systematic reviews and trials published as abstracts were excluded. Results: Four articles (614 subjects) were included for analysis. Out of 614 subjects, 329 PCOS patients were compared to 285 healthy subjects. In comparison to healthy cohort, women with PCOS had a statistically significant increase in clinical attachment loss (MD: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.13-0.55, ρ=0.002), probing depth (MD: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.21-0.48, ρ<0.001), gingival index (MD: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.70-1.11, ρ<0.001) and percentage of bleeding on probing (MD: 34.41, 95% CI: 20.23-48.59, ρ<0.001). No difference was demonstrated in plaque index (MD: 0.42, 95% CI: -0.29-1.12, ρ=0.24) for both PCOS and healthy cohort. Conclusion: PCOS is significantly associated with a higher severity of the periodontal disease. This association should be emphasized during the management of PCOS patients, by including referral to dentists or periodontists for regular mechanical debridement of plaque and periodontal maintenance.
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Raaj, Vaibhava, Sakshi Raina, Romshi Raina, Manisha Mallik, Nikhil Raj, and Toshi. "Changes in clinical periodontal parameters after removal of fixed orthodontic appliances." Archives of Dental Research 12, no. 1 (July 15, 2022): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.adr.2022.006.
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The placement of orthodontic appliances influences plaque growth and maturation. Significant differences in biofilm formation and periodontal reaction between different bracket types and between bonded teeth compared with control teeth have been reported, however, have reported significant attachment loss during orthodontic treatment.In patients with a history of periodontitis resulting in displaced teeth, possible orthodontic tooth movements include changes in alignment, space redistribution, and intrusion. To see the changes in clinical periodontal parameters after removal of fixed orthodontic appliancesAfter debonding of braket at dental clinic and before final polishing, probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed on the first molars and central incisors of both arches. Probing depth decreased in the right maxillary first molar. Plaque index and gingival index also got deceased. Bleeding on Probing reduced significantly. Buccal probing depth returned to < 3 mm in the first month and interproximal depth in the second month. The mean gingival index was 0.5 after 2 months. Bleeding on probing in half of the teeth was negative after the first month and in other half in the second month.