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Journal articles on the topic 'Periodic Nano-structures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Xu, Jian Ting, and Dong Qing Yuan. "Periodic Nano-Structure Formation with Femtosecond Laser Ablation and Patterning of Silicon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2186.

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Regular micro-apparatus which covered with periodic nano-hole, nano-ridge and ripple structures on silicon bulk were formed by laser micro-machining with tightly focused beam of the femtosecond laser with wavelength of 800 nm, repetition rate of 1 kHz and the pulse length of 130 fs in air. The periodic nano-hole structures which focus with a 20× focusing objective lens (NA = 0.4) is reported. Investigating the relationship between the width of structures and the speed of processing.

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2

Kakushima, K., T. Bourouina, T. Sarnet, G. Kerrien, D. Débarre, J. Boulmer, and H. Fujita. "Silicon periodic nano-structures obtained by laser exposure of nano-wires." Microelectronics Journal 36, no. 7 (July 2005): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2005.04.034.

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3

Xu, Xiaofeng, Laifei Cheng, Xiaojiao Zhao, Jing Wang, Ke Tong, and Hua Lv. "Formation and Evolution of Micro/Nano Periodic Ripples on 2205 Stainless Steel Machined by Femtosecond Laser." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020428.

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The preparation of micro/nano periodic surface structures using femtosecond laser machining technology has been the academic frontier and hotspot in recent years. The formation and evolution of micro/nano periodic ripples were investigated on 2205 stainless steel machined by femtosecond laser. Using single spot irradiation with fixed laser fluences and various pulse numbers, typical ripples, including nano HSFLs (‖), nano LSFLs (⊥), nano HSFLs (⊥) and micro grooves (‖), were generated one after another in one test. The morphologies of the ripples were analyzed, and the underlying mechanisms were discussed. It was found that the nano holes/pits presented at all stages could have played a key role in the formation and evolution of micro/nano periodic ripples. A new kind of microstructure, named the pea pod-like structure here, was discovered, and it was suggested that the formation and evolution of the micro/nano periodic ripples could be well explained by the pea pod-like structure model.

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4

Nakata, Yoshiki. "Nano-Sized and Periodic Structures Generated by Interfering Femtosecond Laser." Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering 3, no. 2 (April 2008): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2961/jlmn.2008.02.0001.

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5

Xu, Xiaofeng, Laifei Cheng, Xiaojiao Zhao, Jing Wang, and Xinyi Chen. "Micro/Nano Periodic Surface Structures and Performance of Stainless Steel Machined Using Femtosecond Lasers." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060976.

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The machining of micro/nano periodic surface structures using a femtosecond laser has been an academic frontier and hotspot in recent years. With an ultrahigh laser fluence and an ultrashort pulse duration, femtosecond laser machining shows unique advantages in material processing. It can process almost any material and can greatly improve the processing accuracy with a minimum machining size and heat-affected zone. Meanwhile, it can fabricate a variety of micro/nano periodic surface structures and then change a material’s surface performance dramatically, such as the material’s wetting performance, corrosive properties, friction properties, and optical properties, demonstrating great application potential in defense, medical, high-end manufacturing, and many other fields. In recent years, the research is gradually deepening from the basic theory to optimization design, intelligent control, and application technology. Nowadays, while focusing on metal structure materials, especially on stainless steel, research institutions in the field of micro and nano manufacturing have conducted systematic and in-depth experimental research using different experimental environments and laser-processing parameters. They have prepared various surface structures with different morphologies and periods with sound performance, and are one step closer to many civilian engineering applications. This paper reviews the study of micro/nano periodic surface structures and the performance of stainless steel machined using a femtosecond laser, obtains the general evolution law of surface structure and performance with the femtosecond laser parameters, points out several key technical challenges for future study, and provides a useful reference for the engineering research and application of femtosecond laser micro/nano processing technology.

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6

Lin, Yi, Jinpeng Han, Mingyong Cai, Weijian Liu, Xiao Luo, Hongjun Zhang, and Minlin Zhong. "Durable and robust transparent superhydrophobic glass surfaces fabricated by a femtosecond laser with exceptional water repellency and thermostability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 19 (2018): 9049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01965g.

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7

Saotome, Yasunori, Suguru Okaniwa, Hisamichi Kimura, and Akihisa Inoue. "Superplastic Nanoforging of Pt-Based Metallic Glass with Dies of Zr-BMG and Glassy Carbon Fabricated by Focused Ion Beam." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2088–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2088.

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This paper introduces a technique for fabricating nano-structures through super plastic nano-forging of metallic glass using nano-scale dies that are fabricated by a focused-ion beam (FIB). FIB-machining characteristics of glassy carbon and Zr-based metallic glass have been studied and are useful for fabricating nano-scale dies because of the isotropic homogeneity of their amorphous structures. We used the dies to nano-forge Pt48.75Pd9.75Cu19.5P22 metallic glass. The thin foil specimens were heated in a small furnace and compressively loaded in a small vacuum chamber. Dies, a die-forged 1μm-diameter micro-gear, and both 800 and 400nm periodic nano-structures for optical applications were demonstrated. We observed the effects of thermal expansion and contact angle between the working material and the die materials on nano-formability. Metallic glasses are highly useful as materials for nano-imprinting and as die materials for FIB nano-machining.

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8

Yuan, Dong Qing, and Jian Ting Xu. "Periodic Nanostructure on 65Mn Produced by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.490.

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The periodic microstructures on 65Mn plate were induced by the irradiation of the femtosecond laser with the laser wavelength of 800 nm and the pulse length of 130 fs. The parallel periodic ripples structures were observed at the laser fluence of 1 J/cm2 with different pulses number( N=5,50,400,800) which lied parallel to the laser electric polarization field vector. For 400 pulses, the nano-holes arrays were generated to interrupt the consistent ripples structures.For 800 pulses, initial nano-holes evolution to the grooves, which the direction were uncertainly. Further experiments have been made to induce large area consitent ripple structures by scanning, at the laser fluence of 1 J/cm2 with speed v=500μm/s. 2D arrays were induced by accurate processing control

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9

Kawamura, Go, Kazuhiro Ohara, Wai Kian Tan, Hiroyuki Muto, Kazuhiro Yamaguchi, Aldo R. Boccaccini, and Atsunori Matsuda. "Sol-gel template synthesis of BaTiO3 films with nano-periodic structures." Materials Letters 227 (September 2018): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.05.056.

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10

Shaw, Anurupa, Suk Wang Yoon, and Nico F. Declercq. "Investigation of sound diffraction in periodic nano-structures using acoustic microscopy." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5 (November 2013): 4226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4831523.

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11

Wang, Li Hsiang, and Su Hua Yang. "Nano Photoelectric Material Structures – Photonic Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 677 (March 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.677.9.

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Photonic crystals are periodic dielectric structural materials that have photonic band gaps, and are divided into on-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional structures based on their spatial distributions. One-dimensional photonic crystals have already found real-world applications. Three-dimensional photonic crystals are still in the experimental phase in laboratories. Due to their superior characteristics, photonic crystal materials are sure to be widely developed and applied in the future. This paper briefly introduces the principle of photonic crystals, facts about their theoretical research, production and preparation of materials, as well as their related applications. Photonic crystal materials have a lot of potential, and could be one of the most significant materials of this century. Since the concept was proposed in the late 80’s of the previous century, the research and application of photonic crystals has advanced significantly. Currently, photonic crystals are already used in fiber optics as well as semiconductor lasers. This paper introduces the structures of various types of photonic crystals, including photonic crystals with semiconductor and fiber optic material bases, and describes some of the special optoelectronic characteristics and possible applications of photonic crystals. Photonic crystals can be used in the production of many new types of optoelectronic devices. Most significantly, they can dramatically reduce the size of components and result in dense integration. Photonic crystals are expected to have a revolutionary impact on the development of optoelectronic technologies.

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12

Chul Park, Seung, In-Ho Lee, Jun-Hee Na, and Sin-Doo Lee. "Liquid-bridging in particle self-assemblies toward constructing periodic nano-mesh structures and nano-dot arrays." Journal of Applied Physics 114, no. 15 (October 21, 2013): 154302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4825125.

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13

Shastri, Vijayendra, Santanu Talukder, Kaustav Roy, Praveen Kumar, and Rudra Pratap. "Spontaneous Formation of Structures with Micro- and Nano-Scopic Periodic Ripple Patterns." ACS Omega 7, no. 14 (April 3, 2022): 12111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c00364.

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14

Chen, Y. B., and K. H. Tan. "The profile optimization of periodic nano-structures for wavelength-selective thermophotovoltaic emitters." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, no. 23-24 (November 2010): 5542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.06.051.

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15

Mizuno, Akira, Tomomi Honda, Junsuke Kikuchi, Yoshiro Iwai, Naoki Yasumaru, and Kenzo Miyazaki. "Friction Properties of the DLC Film with Periodic Structures in Nano-scale." Tribology Online 1, no. 2 (2006): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2474/trol.1.44.

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16

Huang, Chih-Ling, Chi-Chun Ho, and Yu-Bin Chen. "Development of an energy-saving glass using two-dimensional periodic nano-structures." Energy and Buildings 86 (January 2015): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.048.

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17

Kodama, Shuhei, and Wataru Natsu. "Effects of Electrolyte on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures with Picosecond Laser Pulses." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020327.

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Short-pulsed laser-induced periodic surface structures (SPLIPSSs) have the possibility to control tribology, wettability and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the optimal structure depends on each functionality, which has not been clarified. The hybrid process with a short-pulsed laser and electrochemical machining (SPLECM) is, then, proposed to fabricate micro/nano hybrid structures and to modify the surface composition for providing high functionalities with material surfaces. Electrochemical machining is a well-established micro-elution and deposition method with noncontact between a workpiece and a tool. In this study, the effects of electrolytes on SPLIPSSs were investigated experimentally by the picosecond laser irradiation on 304 stainless steel substrates in various electrolytes. The geometry of SPLIPSSs depended on the types and the concentration of electrolytes. In the case of copper nitrate solution and copper sulfate solution, LIPSSs and spheroidization of copper were obtained. This study demonstrated the possibility of SPLECM to fabricate micro/nano structures and to control surface composition.

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18

Li, Chen, Yong Yang, Lijun Yang, Zhen Shi, Pengfei Yang, and Guanghua Cheng. "In Vitro Bioactivity and Biocompatibility of Bio-Inspired Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Surfaces Modified by Combined Laser Micro/Nano Structuring." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071494.

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The bioactivity and biocompatibility play key roles in the success of dental and orthopaedic implants. Although most commercial implant systems use various surface microstructures, the ideal multi-scale topographies capable of controlling osteointegration have not yielded conclusive results. Inspired by both the isotropic adhesion of the skin structures in tree frog toe pads and the anisotropic adhesion of the corrugated ridges on the scales of Morpho butterfly wings, composite micro/nano-structures, including the array of micro-hexagons and oriented nano-ripples on titanium alloy implants, were respectively fabricated by microsecond laser direct writing and femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures, to improve cell adherence, alignment and proliferation on implants. The main differences in both the bioactivity in simulated body fluid and the biocompatibility in osteoblastic cell MC3T3 proliferation were measured and analyzed among Ti-6Al-4V samples with smooth surface, micro-hexagons and composite micro/nano-structures, respectively. Of note, bioinspired micro/nano-structures displayed the best bioactivity and biocompatibility after in vitro experiments, and meanwhile, the nano-ripples were able to induce cellular alignment within the micro-hexagons. The reasons for these differences were found in the topographical cues. An innovative functionalization strategy of controlling the osteointegration on titanium alloy implants is proposed using the composite micro/nano-structures, which is meaningful in various regenerative medicine applications and implant fields.

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19

Fujie, Hiromichi, Kei Oya, Yuki Tani, Kenji Suzuki, and Norimasa Nakamura. "Stem Cell-Based Self-Assembled Tissues Cultured on a Nano-Periodic-Structured Surface Patterned Using Femtosecond Laser Processing." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0055.

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The present study was conducted to determine the effects of a nano-periodic-structured surface on the morphological and mechanical properties of a stem-cell-based self-assembled tissue (scSAT) developed for biological tissue repair. Nano-periodic groove structures were patterned on a pure titanium surface using femtosecond laser processing, and the structure was replicated on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The depth, periodic pitch, and surface roughness (Ra) of the PDMS grooves were 48 ± 21 nm, 522 ± 9 nm, and 17 ± 5 nm, respectively. Human synovial cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, were subjected to 4-time cell passage, and then cultured on the PDMS surface at a density of 4.0 × 105cells/cm2in a growth medium with 0.2 mM ascorbic acid 2-phosphate to produce scSATs (nano-scSAT). For comparison, some of the cells subjected to 4-time cell passage were cultured on either a flat PDMS substrate with 6 ± 1 nm of surface roughness (Ra) (flat-scSAT) or a commercially available cell culture plate of polystyrene (normal-scSAT), at a cell density identical to that in the nano-scSAT group. At 28 days of cell culture, the scSATs were gently detached from the culture plates and subjected to morphological observation and mechanical testing. Microscopic observation revealed that the nano-scSATs exhibited a dense tissue of cells and an extracellular matrix with an anisotropic structure, while the flat- and normal-scSATs exhibited a sparse and isotropic structure. The tangent modulus and tensile strength were significantly higher in the nano-scSATs than in the flat- and normal-scSATs. These results suggest that a nano-periodic-structured surface improves the morphological and mechanical properties of scSATs.

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20

Badria, Adel. "Click Chemistry: A Promising Tool for Building Hierarchical Structures." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 4077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194077.

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The hierarchical structures are utilized at different levels in nature. Moreover, a wide spectrum of nature’s properties (e.g., mechanical, physical and biological properties) has been attributed to this hierarchy. Different reviews have been published to cover the use of click chemistry in building hierarchical structures. However, each one of those reviews focused on a narrow area on this topic, i.e., specific chemical reaction, such as in thiol-ene chemistry, or a specific molecule or compound such as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, or a certain range of hierarchical structures between the nano to micro range, e.g., nanocrystals. In this review, a frame to connect the dots between the different published works has been demonstrated. This article will not attempt to give an exhaustive review of all the published work in the field, instead the potential of click chemistry to build hierarchical structures of different levels using building blocks of different length scales has been shown through two main approaches. The first is a one-step direct formation of 3D micro/macrometer dimensions structures from Pico dimensions structures (molecules, monomers, etc.). The second approach includes several steps Pico ➔ 0D nano ➔ 1D nano ➔ 2D nano ➔ 3D nano/micro/macro dimensions structures. Another purpose of this review article is to connect between (a) the atomic theory, which covers the atoms and molecules in the picometer dimensions (picoscopic chemistry set); (b) “nano-periodic system” model, which covers different nanobuilding blocks in the nanometers range such as nanoparticles, dendrimers, buckyball, etc. which was developed by Tomalia; and (c) the micro/macrometer dimensions level.

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21

Fu, Wenjing, Xiaodong Yuan, Zhen Wang, Caizhen Yao, and Rongzhu Zhang. "Study on micro-nano structures’ wettability transformation mechanism of femtosecond laser on aluminium alloy." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 10 (April 20, 2020): 2050088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220500885.

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In this work, superhydrophilic surfaces are obtained on LY12 aluminium alloy by irradiation of femtosecond (Fs). First, based on the theory of laser induced surface plasmon polariton, the formation mechanism of micro-nano structures is analyzed. Then the periodic change of the micro-nano structures with different wavelength and incident angle is calculated. According to the theoretical results, the structure period is 600 nm at the vertical incident and incident wavelength with 800 nm, and the experimental results agree with the theoretical results. Furthermore, two different kinds of postprocessing methods are employed to change the superhydrophilic surfaces to superhydrophobic surfaces. All the micro-nano structures are tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle (CA) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). By analyzing the function of the functional groups of C–H, C–F and C–O, the transition mechanism of the surface from superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity is also explored.

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22

Kar, Soumitra, Swadeshmukul Santra, and Subhadra Chaudhuri. "Direct Synthesis of ZnS Nanoribbons, Micro-Sheets and Tetrapods." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 3222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.150.

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ZnS nano and micro structures such as nanoribbons, large sheets and tetrapod shaped crystals were fabricated by direct thermal evaporation of ZnS powder without using any catalyst. Formation of the one dimensional structures such as nanoribbons and micron order sheets was attributed to the vapor-solid growth mechanism. The formation of octahedron nucleus with cubic crystal structures was proposed as the growth unit of the wurtzite crystal structured tetrapods. Appearance of the periodic stacking faults or twining planes in between alternate cubic and hexagonal crystal structured zones along the growth direction of the ribbons provided secondary growth sites for the octahedron nucleus and subsequent crystal growth resulted in to the formation of the tetrapod arrays. These nano/micro structures of ZnS exhibited a green emission band at room temperature.

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23

Impéror-Clerc, Marianne. "Three-dimensional periodic complex structures in soft matter: investigation using scattering methods." Interface Focus 2, no. 5 (February 2012): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0081.

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Three-dimensional periodic complex structures are encountered in various soft matter systems such as liquid crystals, block-copolymer phases and the related nano-structured materials. Here, we review several well-defined topologies: two-dimensional hexagonal phase, three-dimensional packing of spheres, tetrahedral close packing ( tcp ) bi-continuous and tri-continuous cubic phases. We illustrate how small-angle X-ray scattering experiments help us to investigate these different structures and introduce the main available structural models based on both direct and inverse methods.

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24

Sánchez, Vicenta, Fernando Sánchez, Carlos Ramírez, and Chumin Wang. "Non-perturbative analysis of impurity effects on the Kubo conductivity of nano to macroscopic structures." MRS Advances 1, no. 24 (2016): 1779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.3.

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ABSTRACTThe presence of impurities in solids is a source of many interesting effects, particularly relevant in the conductivity, optical properties and specific heat. For instance, in nano-electronics these effects could be useful to develop molecular devices such as novel computer architectures, chemical and biomedical sensors. However, the inclusion of impurities breaks the translational symmetry, restricting the systems that can be addressed theoretically in an exact way to those of few atoms. In this work, we present an alternative way to study the electrical conductance in real-space by means of a renormalization plus convolution method applied on the Kubo-Greenwood formula for multidimensional systems of macroscopic size with site and bond impurities. The results show that the spectral average of conductivity depends strongly on the location of site and bond impurities in periodic chains. Particularly, when the distance between impurities follows the Fibonacci sequence, we find that the spectral average falls following a power law as the number of atoms in the system grows. Finally, we analyze the impurity effects on the conductance spectra of periodic core-shell nanowires with a macroscopic length and periodic and quasiperiodically located impurities.

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25

Sivakumar, Manickam, and Jun Wang. "Controlled Fabrication of Micro/Nano-Structures on Germanium Using Ultrashort Laser Pulses under Ambient Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.440.

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A technique for ordered fabrication of periodic freestanding micro/nanostructures on the crystalline germanium (Ge) <100> surfaces with 1064 nm wavelength ultrashort laser pulses under ambient conditions is presented. The laser radiation fluence used for obtaining the structures is close to the melting threshold (0.1 J/cm2) of Ge. The dimensions of structures range from hundreds of nanometres to a few microns. The orientation of the periodic surface structures depends on laser beam polarization direction. Arrays of structures are formed in rows parallel to the sample movement direction for samples machined with s-polarized laser pulses, but formed in the direction perpendicular to the movement for p-polarized pulses. The structures are fabricated under variable temperatures on sample surface owing to the changed interference between incident and reflected laser beams. A micro-Raman analysis of the processed surfaces shows a minor change in the spectral intensity as compared to the unprocessed surface and the material retains its crystallinity after laser irradiation.

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26

Li Guo-Long and Li Jin. "The light absorption enhancement in polymer solar cells with periodic nano-structures gratings." Acta Physica Sinica 61, no. 20 (2012): 207204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.207204.

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27

Ponnamma, Deepalekshmi, Velautham Sivakumar, Anton Popelka, Yasser H. A. Hussein, and Mariam Al Ali Al-Maadeed. "Laser induced periodic surface structures on nano metal oxide filled polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposites." Optik 176 (January 2019): 372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.09.058.

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28

Lasagni, A., A. Manzoni, and F. Mücklich. "Micro/Nano Fabrication of Periodic Hierarchical Structures by Multi-Pulsed Laser Interference Structuring." Advanced Engineering Materials 9, no. 10 (October 2007): 872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.200700176.

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29

Alyobi, Mona, and Richard Cobley. "Electron Beam Lithography and Plasma Etching To Fabricate Supports for Studying Nanomaterials." International Journal of Research in Science 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijrs.2017.3.2.18.

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Abstract—The fabrication processes of different nano- structures by electron beam lithography (EBL) and plasma dry etching are shown. The periodic circle and square patterns with different sizes were defined in the resist by EBL and then formed in the substrates by plasma etching. The holes were created with a diameter ranging from 1um to 5um and an etch depth from around 500nm to 1um. The quality and the size of fabricated patterns and their dependence on the etching time were investigated using top-down and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the structures are well-resolved in the patterns with high levels of quality and good size uniformity. The results show that the depth of the structures does not depend on their size or geometry but rather on the etch time. Keywords: EBL,plasma etching,nano-structures.

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30

Gimenez, Aurélien V., Kiang W. Kho, and Tia E. Keyes. "Nano-substructured plasmonic pore arrays: a robust, low cost route to reproducible hierarchical structures extended across macroscopic dimensions." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 10 (2020): 4740–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00527d.

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31

Heinrich, Martin, Bogdan Voisiat, Andrés Fabián Lasagni, and Rüdiger Schwarze. "Numerical simulation of periodic surface structures created by direct laser interference patterning." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 27, 2023): e0282266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282266.

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Surface structuring using nano-second lasers can be used to enhance certain properties of a material or even to introduce new ones. One way to create these structures efficiently is direct laser interference patterning using different polarization vector orientations of the interfering beams. However, experimentally measuring the fabrication process of these structures is very challenging due to small length and time scales. Therefore, a numerical model is developed and presented for resolving the physical effects during formation the predicting the resolidified surface structures. This three-dimensional, compressible computational fluid dynamics model considers the gas, liquid, and solid material phase and includes various physical effects, such as heating due to the laser beam for both parallel and radial polarization vector orientations, melting, solidification, and evaporation, Marangoni convection, and volumetric expansion. The numerical results reveal a very good qualitatively and quantitatively agreement with experimental reference data. Resolidified surface structures match both in overall shape as well as crater diameter and height, respectively. Furthermore, this model gives valuable insight on different quantities during the formation of these surface structures, such as velocity and temperature. In future, this model can be used to predict surface structures based on various process input parameters.

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32

Zehetner, Johann, Alexander Kromka, Tibor Izsák, Gabriel Vanko, Lenka Gajdošová, and Stephan Kasemann. "Fabrication of Diamond Membranes by Femtosecond Laser Ablation for MEMS Sensor Applications." Proceedings 56, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020056013.

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We present the feasibility in fabricating membranes and cantilevers made of diamond grown on Si/SiO2 substrates by femtosecond laser ablation. In the ablation process, we generated nano- and microstructures on the membrane surface. Such laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are useful in tailoring the surface chemistry. In combination with wet or reactive ion etching, smooth membranes were generated.

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33

HONDA, Tomomi, Akira MIZUNO, and Yoshiro IWAI. "The frictional properties of the DLC films with the periodic structures in nano-scale." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.7 (2004): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.7.0_325.

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34

Kikuchi, R., and L. Q. Chen. "Theoretical investigation of the thermodynamic stability of nano-scale systems—I: Periodic layer-structures." Nanostructured Materials 5, no. 3 (March 1995): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(95)00246-b.

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Li, Yanan, and Tianhao Zhang. "Large area uniform femtosecond-laser-induced periodic surface structures fabricated on heated LiNbO₃:Fe." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 020902. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac45a7.

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Abstract The influence of laser fluences and scanning speeds on the morphologies of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on heated LiNbO3:Fe (1000 °C) was investigated under femtosecond (fs) laser scanning irradiation. Laser fluence of 8.5 kJ m−2 and scanning speed of 1 mm s−1 were found to be optimum process parameters, and large-area fs-LIPSS on LiNbO3:Fe with an area of 8 mm × 8 mm were fabricated with these parameters. The wettability of laser-textured LiNbO3:Fe changed to be hydrophilic, and the absorptance was improved substantially in the spectral range of 400–2000 nm. This technique is efficient, and environmentally friendly, which will attract tremendous interest in nano-photoelectron and nano-mechanics.

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Guo, Xiangjing, Haiying Song, Bairui Du, Shengwang Tan, and Shibing Liu. "Study on Spectral Selective Manipulation Characteristics of Surface Multilevel Micro–Nano Structures by FDTD Simulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052774.

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The optical filter based on the micro–nano structure on the material surface is an important optical device, which is widely used in many fields. The filter is fabricated on the substrate with different shapes and sizes of micro–nano array structure, and the wavelength selectivity is realized by adjusting the processing parameters. In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to simulate the spectral properties of periodic array structures on the Au surface, and the spectral response characteristics of different surface structural parameters to the incident light are obtained. The simulation results show that the periodic pore array has a directional modulation function on the reflectivity and transmittance of the material surface. In the same circular aperture array structure, the wavelength selection ability is proportional to the interval distance of the array period, but the transmission peak linewidth decreases with the increase of the interval distance. The structural spectrum of the cylindrical array is closely related to the structural period. The period of the array structure increases in proportion, the center wavelengths of the reflection and transmission peak of the spectrum are red-shifted. When the height of the array structure increases proportionally, the positions of the center wavelengths of the reflection and transmission peak remain almost unchanged. When the period of the array structure increases, the center wavelength of the reflection and transmission peaks appear red-shifted, and the line width is also narrowed. For the periodic ring array structure, as the inner diameter increases, the reflection peak is significantly red-shifted, and the smaller the ring width, the faster the red-shift of the reflection peak with the wavelength. By controlling the ratio of inner diameter-to-outer diameter, the spectral characteristics of the structured surface can be effectively controlled. These simulation results provide a basis for the preparation of optical filters in the future and a new idea for the study of micro–nano characteristic structures on the surface of materials.

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Park, Tae Wan, Young Lim Kang, Eun Bin Kang, Seungmin Kim, Yu Na Kim, and Woon Ik Park. "Formation of Multiscale Pattern Structures by Combined Patterning of Nanotransfer Printing and Laser Micromachining." Nanomaterials 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2023): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13162327.

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Various lithography techniques have been widely used for the fabrication of next-generation device applications. Micro/nanoscale pattern structures formed by lithographic methods significantly improve the performance capabilities of the devices. Here, we introduce a novel method that combines the patterning of nanotransfer printing (nTP) and laser micromachining to fabricate multiscale pattern structures on a wide range of scales. Prior to the formation of various nano-in-micro-in-millimeter (NMM) patterns, the nTP process is employed to obtain periodic nanoscale patterns on the target substrates. Then, an optimum laser-based patterning that effectively engraves various nanopatterned surfaces, in this case, spin-cast soft polymer film, rigid polymer film, a stainless still plate, and a Si substrate, is established. We demonstrate the formation of well-defined square and dot-shaped multiscale NMM-patterned structures by the combined patterning method of nTP and laser processes. Furthermore, we present the generation of unusual text-shaped NMM pattern structures on colorless polyimide (CPI) film, showing optically excellent rainbow luminescence based on the configuration of multiscale patterns from nanoscale to milliscale. We expect that this combined patterning strategy will be extendable to other nano-to-micro fabrication processes for application to various nano/microdevices with complex multiscale pattern geometries.

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Porta-Velilla, Luis, Neslihan Turan, Álvaro Cubero, Wei Shao, Hongtao Li, Germán F. de la Fuente, Elena Martínez, et al. "Highly Regular Hexagonally-Arranged Nanostructures on Ni-W Alloy Tapes upon Irradiation with Ultrashort UV Laser Pulses." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142380.

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Nickel tungsten alloy tapes (Ni—5 at% W, 10 mm wide, 80 µm thick, biaxially textured) used in second-generation high temperature superconductor (2G-HTS) technology were laser-processed in air with ultraviolet ps-laser pulses (355 nm wavelength, 300 ps pulse duration, 250–800 kHz pulse repetition frequency). By employing optimized surface scan-processing strategies, various laser-generated periodic surface structures were generated on the tapes. Particularly, distinct surface microstructures and nanostructures were formed. These included sub-wavelength-sized highly-regular hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusions, wavelength-sized line-grating-like laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), and larger irregular pyramidal microstructures. The induced surface morphology was characterized in depth by electron-based techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (STEM/TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The in-depth EBSD crystallographic analyses indicated a significant impact of the material initial grain orientation on the type of surface nanostructure and microstructure formed upon laser irradiation. Special emphasis was laid on high-resolution material analysis of the hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusions. Their formation mechanism is discussed on the basis of the interplay between electromagnetic scattering effects followed by hydrodynamic matter re-organization after the laser exposure. The temperature stability of the hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusion was explored in post-irradiation thermal annealing experiments, in order to qualify their suitability in 2G-HTS fabrication technology with initial steps deposition temperatures in the range of 773–873 K.

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Carney, Daniel, Halldor Svavarsson, Hafez Hemmati, Alexander Fannin, Jae Yoon, and Robert Magnusson. "Refractometric Sensing with Periodic Nano-Indented Arrays: Effect of Structural Dimensions." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040897.

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Fabrication and sensor application of a simple plasmonic structure is described in this paper. The sensor element consists of nano-patterned gold film brought about from two-dimensional periodic photoresist templates created by holographic laser interference lithography. Reflectance spectroscopy revealed that the sensor exhibits significant refractive index sensitivity. A linear relationship between shifts in plasmonic resonances and changes in the refractive index were demonstrated. The sensor has a bulk sensitivity (SB) of 880 nm/refractive index unit and work under normal incidence conditions. This sensitivity exceeded that of many common types of plasmonic sensors with more intricate structures. A modeled spectral response was used to study the effect of its geometrical dimensions on plasmonic behavior. A qualitative agreement between the experimental spectra and modeled ones was obtained.

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Рупасов, А. Е., П. А. Данилов, А. А. Ионин, Н. А. Смирнов, С. И. Кудряшов, А. А. Руденко, А. Н. Путилин, and Р. А. Заколдаев. "Формирование и оптические свойства нанорешеток на поверхности фторида кальция, генерируемых при фемтосекундном лазерном воздействии." Оптика и спектроскопия 129, no. 8 (2021): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2021.08.51204.1998-21.

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Femtosecond laser structuring of dielectrics is an urgent problem for the creation of optical elements. In this work, we performed femtosecond laser nanostructuring of the calcium fluoride surface with the formation of self-organizing periodic gratings with subwavelength periods of the order of 200 and 350 nm. During the work, the dependence of the period of the structures on the wavelength of laser radiation was established, which was confirmed by the simulation results. The structures show a decrease in transmission over the entire visible range, predominantly due to diffraction and light scattering. Keywords: direct laser recording, femtosecond laser pulses, surface functional nano- and micro-optical structures, diffraction.

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41

Steinbauer, Miloslav, Roman Pernica, Jiri Zukal, Radim Kadlec, Tibor Bachorec, and Pavel Fiala. "MODELING ELECTROMAGNETIC NANOSTRUCTURES AND EXPERIMENTING WITH NANOELECTRIC ELEMENTS TO FORM PERIODIC STRUCTURES." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 10, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.2383.

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We discuss the numerical modeling of electromagnetic, carbon-based periodic structures, including graphene, graphane, graphite, and graphyne. The materials are suitable for sub-micron sensors, electric lines, and other applications, such as those within biomedicine, photonics, nano- and optoelectronics; in addition to these domains and branches, the applicability extends into, for example, microscopic solutions for modern SMART elements. The proposed classic and hybrid numerical models are based on analyzing a periodic structure with a high repeatability, and they exploit the concept of a carbon structure having its fundamental dimension in nanometers. The models can simulate harmonic and transient processes; are capable of evaluating the actual random motion of an electric charge as a source of spurious signals; and consider the parameters of harmonic signal propagation along the structure. The results obtained from the analysis are utilizable for the design of sensing devices based on carbon periodic structures and were employed in experiments with a plasma generator. The aim is to provide a broader overview of specialized nanostructural modeling, or, more concretely, to outline a model utilizable in evaluating the propagation of a signal along a structure’s surface.

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Zaumseil, Peter, Yuji Yamamoto, Joachim Bauer, Markus Andreas Schubert, Jana Matejova, Grzegorz Kozlowski, Thomas Schroeder, and Bernd Tillack. "Characterization of Structural Defects in Germanium Epitaxially Grown on Nano-Structured Silicon." Solid State Phenomena 178-179 (August 2011): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.178-179.43.

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Selective epitaxial growth of germanium (Ge) on nano-structured Si(001) wafers is studied to evaluate the applicability of the nano-heteroepitaxy (NHE) approach on Ge-Si system. Based on a gate spacer technology established in advanced silicon microelectronics periodic arrays of nano-scaled Si islands are prepared, where Ge is deposited on top by reduced pressure CVD. The spacing of these structures is 360 nm. The structural perfection of the deposited Ge is investigated by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It is found that SiO2used as masking material is responsible for the suppression of the desired strain partitioning effect according to NHE. Even for 10 nm oxide thickness, the lattice of Ge layers deposited on Si nano-islands relaxes completely by generation of misfit dislocations at the interface. The occurrence of additional structural defects like stacking faults and micro twins can be controlled by suited growth conditions.

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Biswas, Rana, Akshit Peer, and Yu Zhang. "(Invited) Enhancement of Light Emission in Luminescent Structures within Nano-Arrays." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 20 (July 7, 2022): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01201087mtgabs.

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Nanostructures can dramatically alter the light emission in luminescent structures by strongly altering the photonic densities of states at the location of the luminescent emitter. We describe and develop two complementary platforms that tailor luminescent emission through i) quantum dots in nanocup arrays and ii) corrugated nanoarrays in organic light-emitting structures. We fabricated nanocup arrays with pitch ~750 nm by replica molding in polymer molds. A thin non-conformal gold film was sputter-deposited on the polymer film with angle-directed deposition. The gold film was continuous with a variation of spatial thickness, with the film being optically thin at the bottom of the nanocup [1]. Optical measurements revealed an extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) peak at a wavelength slightly smaller than the pitch. Although no holes were etched in the film the optically thin metal at the bottom allowed resonant light transmission. This is a simple pathway to fabricate large area (>cm2) nano-arrays with EOT without expensive lithography which limits such nano-arrays to very small areas. Quantum dots were embedded in these nanoarrays and revealed a marked reduction of photo-luminescence lifetime by ~4 compared to the control samples, when the emitting wavelength was tuned to the optical resonance of the nanoarray. Scattering matrix and FDTD simulations both show an enhancement of the field by a factor >100. The optically enhanced field in nanocups enhanced the spontaneous emission of embedded quantum dots. The simulated Purcell factor is enhanced by >80 at the bottom of the nanocup, and by a factor of 3-15 averaged over the nanocup height, in agreement with measured photoluminescence lifetimes that decreased by a factor of ~4 for a quantum dot ensemble. We also study and simulate light emission from organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) -where only 20% of the light is emitted to air and remainder (~80%) is trapped as internally waveguided modes and surface plasmon modes at the cathode-organic interface. We develop rigorous scattering matrix simulations [2] to demonstrate the emission of light can be increased by enhancement factors >3, when the OLEDs are integrated with periodic nanoarrays. The emissive region conformally follows the periodicity of the nano-array. The periodic nanostructures diffract trapped waveguided modes and plasmonic modes to the air cone and are a pathway to achieving light outcoupling efficiencies exceeding 60%. The predicted dependence of the outcoupled light emission on the pitch and height of the nano-arrays will be presented. Acknowledgements: Partially supported by NSF grants CMMI-1265844 and CMMI-170648. References: [1] A. Peer and R. Biswas, Nanoscale 8, 4657 - 4666 (2016) [2] Y. Zhang, R. Biswas, ACS Omega 6, 13, 9291–9301 (2021). Figure 1

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NIGO, Fumitaka, Masaki HASHIDA, Shuji SAKABE, and Mitsuhiro KUSABA. "Periodic Surface Nano-Structures on Silicon Solar Cells Produced by Non-Thermal Excimer Laser Processing." Review of Laser Engineering 47, no. 3 (2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.47.3_160.

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45

Beckemper, Stefan. "Generation of Periodic Micro- and Nano-structures by Parameter-Controlled Three-beam Laser Interference Technique." Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering 6, no. 1 (March 2011): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2961/jlmn.2011.01.0011.

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Godinho, M. H., A. C. Trindade, J. L. Figueirinhas, L. V. Melo, P. Brogueira, A. M. Deus, and P. I. C. Teixeira. "Tuneable micro- and nano-periodic structures in a free-standing flexible urethane/urea elastomer film." European Physical Journal E 21, no. 4 (December 2006): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2006-10070-8.

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Yamaguchi, Masaki, Shojiro Suzuki, Shinya Sasaki, Tsuyoshi Chiba, Nobuyuki Itoh, and Morihisa Hoga. "Fabrication of nano-periodic structures and modification of the Wenzel model to estimate contact angle." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 212 (June 2014): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2014.03.006.

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Liu, Zhaoqian, Jinxing Li, Bingrui Lu, Yifang Chen, Ran Liu, Gaoshan Huang, and Yongfeng Mei. "Novel techniques for modifying microtube surfaces with various periodic structures ranging from nano to microscale." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 31, no. 1 (January 2013): 011806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4772769.

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Zhang, K., J. Deng, Y. Xing, Y. Lian, and G. Zhang. "Periodic nano-ripples structures fabricated on WC/Co based TiAlN coatings by femtosecond pulsed laser." Surface Engineering 31, no. 4 (January 8, 2015): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294414y.0000000448.

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Trtica, M., D. Batani, R. Redaelli, J. Limpouch, V. Kmetik, J. Ciganovic, J. Stasic, B. Gakovic, and M. Momcilovic. "Titanium surface modification using femtosecond laser with 1013–1015 W/cm2 intensity in vacuum." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 1 (November 27, 2012): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000924.

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AbstractThe response of titanium surface irradiated with high intensity (1013 – 1015 W/cm2) Ti:sapphire laser was studied in vacuum. Most of the reported investigations were conducted with nano- to femtosecond lasers in gas atmospheres while the studies of titanium surface interacting with femtosecond laser in vacuum are scarce. The laser employed in our experiment was operating at 800 nm wavelength and pulse duration of 60 fs in single pulse regime. The observed surface changes and phenomena are (1) creation of craters, (2) formation of periodic surface structures at the reduced intensity, and (3) occurrence of plasma in front the target. Since microstructuring of titanium is very interesting in many areas (industry, medicine), it can be concluded from this study that the reported laser intensities can effectively be applied for micromachining of the titanium surface (increasing the roughness, formation of parallel periodic surface structures etc.).

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