Journal articles: 'Pericarp color1'

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Morohashi, Kengo, María Isabel Casas, Maria Lorena Falcone Ferreyra, María Katherine Mejía-Guerra, Lucille Pourcel, Alper Yilmaz, Antje Feller, et al. "A Genome-Wide Regulatory Framework Identifies Maize Pericarp Color1 Controlled Genes." Plant Cell 24, no. 7 (July 2012): 2745–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.098004.

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Chopra, Surinder, Suzy M. Cocciolone, Shaun Bushman, Vineet Sangar, Michael D. McMullen, and Thomas Peterson. "The Maize Unstable factor for orange1 Is a Dominant Epigenetic Modifier of a Tissue Specifically Silent Allele of pericarp color1." Genetics 163, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.3.1135.

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Abstract We have characterized Unstable factor for orange1 (Ufo1), a dominant, allele-specific modifier of expression of the maize pericarp color1 (p1) gene. The p1 gene encodes an Myb-homologous transcriptional activator of genes required for biosynthesis of red phlobaphene pigments. The P1-wr allele specifies colorless kernel pericarp and red cobs, whereas Ufo1 modifies P1-wr expression to confer pigmentation in kernel pericarp, as well as vegetative tissues, which normally do not accumulate significant amounts of phlobaphene pigments. In the presence of Ufo1, P1-wr transcript levels and transcription rate are increased in kernel pericarp. The P1-wr allele contains approximately six p1 gene copies present in a hypermethylated and multicopy tandem array. In P1-wr Ufo1 plants, methylation of P1-wr DNA sequences is reduced, whereas the methylation state of other repetitive genomic sequences was not detectably affected. The phenotypes produced by the interaction of P1-wr and Ufo1 are unstable, exhibiting somatic mosaicism and variable penetrance. Moreover, the changes in P1-wr expression and methylation are not heritable: meiotic segregants that lack Ufo1 revert to the normal P1-wr expression and methylation patterns. These results demonstrate the existence of a class of modifiers of gene expression whose effects are associated with transient changes in DNA methylation of specific loci.

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Zhang, Feng, and Thomas Peterson. "Comparisons of Maize pericarp color1 Alleles Reveal Paralogous Gene Recombination and an Organ-Specific Enhancer Region." Plant Cell 17, no. 3 (February 18, 2005): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.104.029660.

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Robbins, Michael L., PoHao Wang, Rajandeep S. Sekhon, and Surinder Chopra. "Gene Structure Induced Epigenetic Modifications of pericarp color1 Alleles of Maize Result in Tissue-Specific Mosaicism." PLoS ONE 4, no. 12 (December 14, 2009): e8231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008231.

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Robbins, Michael L., Rajandeep S. Sekhon, Robert Meeley, and Surinder Chopra. "A Mutator Transposon Insertion Is Associated With Ectopic Expression of a Tandemly Repeated Multicopy Myb Gene pericarp color1 of Maize." Genetics 178, no. 4 (April 2008): 1859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.082503.

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Wang, Po-Hao, Kameron T. Wittmeyer, Tzuu-fen Lee, Blake C. Meyers, and Surinder Chopra. "Overlapping RdDM and non-RdDM mechanisms work together to maintain somatic repression of a paramutagenic epiallele of maize pericarp color1." PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2017): e0187157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187157.

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Sekhon, Rajandeep S., Po-Hao Wang, Lyudmila Sidorenko, Vicki L. Chandler, and Surinder Chopra. "Maize Unstable factor for orange1 Is Required for Maintaining Silencing Associated with Paramutation at the pericarp color1 and booster1 Loci." PLoS Genetics 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2012): e1002980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002980.

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Zhang, Xin Hua, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Yong Xia Jia, Jie Tang Zhao, and Guo Hua Ma. "Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils from the Pericarps of Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) by Different Extraction Methods." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700132.

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The chemical composition of volatile compounds from pericarp oils of Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L., isolated by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The pericarps yielded 2.6 and 5.0% volatile oil by hydrodistillation and n-hexane extraction, and they were colorless and yellow in color, respectively. A total of 66 volatile components were detected. The most prominent compounds were palmitic and oleic acids, representing about 40-70% of the total oil. Many fragrant constituents and biologically active components, such as α- and β-santalol, cedrol, esters, aldehydes, phytosterols, and squalene were present in the pericarp oils. This is the first report of the volatile composition of the pericarps of any Santalum species.

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Cui, Yongxia, Beng Kah Song, Lin-Feng Li, Ya-Ling Li, Zhongyun Huang, Ana L. Caicedo, Yulin Jia, and Kenneth M. Olsen. "Little White Lies: Pericarp Color Provides Insights into the Origins and Evolution of Southeast Asian Weedy Rice." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 4105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.035881.

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Abstract Weedy rice is a conspecific form of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) that infests rice fields and results in severe crop losses. Weed strains in different world regions appear to have originated multiple times from different domesticated and/or wild rice progenitors. In the case of Malaysian weedy rice, a multiple-origin model has been proposed based on neutral markers and analyses of domestication genes for hull color and seed shattering. Here, we examined variation in pericarp (bran) color and its molecular basis to address how this trait evolved in Malaysian weeds and its possible role in weed adaptation. Functional alleles of the Rc gene confer proanthocyanidin pigmentation of the pericarp, a trait found in most wild and weedy Oryzas and associated with seed dormancy; nonfunctional rc alleles were strongly favored during rice domestication, and most cultivated varieties have nonpigmented pericarps. Phenotypic characterizations of 52 Malaysian weeds revealed that most strains are characterized by the pigmented pericarp; however, some weeds have white pericarps, suggesting close relationships to cultivated rice. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Rc haplotypes present in Malaysian weeds likely have at least three distinct origins: wild O. rufipogon, white-pericarp cultivated rice, and red-pericarp cultivated rice. These diverse origins contribute to high Rc nucleotide diversity in the Malaysian weeds. Comparison of Rc allelic distributions with other rice domestication genes suggests that functional Rc alleles may confer particular fitness benefits in weedy rice populations, for example, by conferring seed dormancy. This may promote functional Rc introgression from local wild Oryza populations.

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Pei, Yong, Chenxi He, Huili Liu, Guiping Shen, and Jianghua Feng. "Compositional Analysis of Four Kinds of Citrus Fruits with an NMR-Based Method for Understanding Nutritional Value and Rational Utilization: From Pericarp to Juice." Molecules 27, no. 8 (April 16, 2022): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082579.

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Citrus is one of the most important economic crops and is widely distributed across the monsoon region. Citrus fruits are deeply loved by consumers because of their special color, fragrance and high nutritional value. However, their health benefits have not been fully understood, especially the pericarps of citrus fruits which have barely been utilized due to their unknown chemical composition. In the present study, the pericarp and juices of four typical varieties of citrus fruits (lemon, dekopon, sweet orange and pomelo) were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition. A total of 62 components from the citrus juices and 87 components from the citrus pericarps were identified and quantified, respectively. The different varieties of the citrus fruits could be distinguished from the others, and the chemical markers in each citrus juice and pericarp were identified by a combination of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The nutritional analysis of citrus juices offers favorable diet recommendations for human consumption and data guidance for their potential medical use, and the nutritional analysis of citrus pericarps provides a data reference for the subsequent comprehensive utilization of citrus fruits. Our results not only provide an important reference for the potential nutritional and medical values of citrus fruits but also provide a feasible platform for the traceability analysis, adulteration identification and chemical composition analysis of other fruits.

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Ma, Yingtao, Mengmeng Zhao, Hongxia Wu, Congying Yuan, Huiyun Li, and Yanzhao Zhang. "Effects of Fruit Bagging on Anthocyanin Accumulation and Related Gene Expression in Peach." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 146, no. 4 (July 2021): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05019-20.

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Fruit bagging is a popular agricultural practice that has been widely used to physically protect fruit. However, the application of fruit bags usually has various effects on fruit quality. In this study, three kinds of paper bags with different colors and transmittance were applied to investigate their effects on the skin coloration and related gene expression of peach (Prunus persica). Our findings showed that bagging treatment inhibited anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of related structural and regulatory genes in the peach pericarp. To a certain extent, the inhibitory effects were negatively correlated with the light transmittance of these paper bags. The expression of MYB10.1 was also suppressed by fruit bagging and was highly consistent with anthocyanin content in peach pericarps, which indicated that MYB10.1 might have a critical role in the light-mediated regulation of anthocyanin production in peach pericarps. These findings further enrich our theoretical knowledge of the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in peach fruit and provide a theoretical basis for common horticultural practices.

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Kostylev, P. I., E. V. Krasnova, and G. A. Sirapionov. "Genetic analysis of the hybrid rice population ‘Mavr × Kontakt’." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 6 (December 24, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2021-78-6-39-44.

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Rice can form not only white-color kernels, but also of red, brown and black colors. In black-color rice kernels, the pericarp contains anthocyanin, which has antioxidant activity and therefore has a positive effect on human health. The purpose of the current study was to develop rice samples with black pericarp. The paper has presented the study results of the hybrid population ‘Mavr × Kontakt’ of the second generation. The variety ‘Mavr’ has a black pericarp, the variety ‘Kontakt’ has a white one. In the process of hybridological analysis there have been identified the patterns of inheritance of the main quantitative traits affecting productivity; there have been identified the best samples, in which formed compact erect panicles and black kernels; there has been selected the initial material for breeding work. The study was carried out in 2020 on the plots of the ES “Proletarskoye” in the Rostov region. There was established that the color of pericarp was inherited according to the type of complementary interaction of two genes. There was found an overdominance and interaction of two pairs of genes of different strengths according to ‘plant height’. There was also seen partial positive dominance, transgressions, and digenic differences of the initial varieties according to ‘panicle length’. According to the traits ‘number of spikelets per panicle’, there was identified overdominance of large values and positive transgression. There were found the forms with well-kerneled panicles. The trait ‘1000 kernel weight’ was characterized by negative dominance and dihybrid cleavage of 9:6:1. There have been selected the best morphotype F2 forms with black pericarp, which possessed optimal plant height, long panicles, larger kernel size, and an average 1000 kernel weight.

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Yan, Jinqiang, Piaoyun Sun, Wenrui Liu, Dasen Xie, Min Wang, Qingwu Peng, Qingming Sun, and Biao Jiang. "Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Association of Mature Fruit Pericarp Color Variation with Chlorophyll and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida)." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092045.

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(1) Background: Wax gourd is an economically important vegetable crop in many tropical and sub-tropical countries in Asia. Fruit color is an important fruit quality trait, but the genetic, biochemical basis and regulatory network of fruit color variation in wax gourd are rarely studied. (2) Methods: In this study, two wax gourd inbred lines with different pericarp colors were used as materials to conduct joint metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses on mature fruit pericarp: B214 with yellow and B227 with dark green color. (3) Results: It was found that the chlorophyll content in the pericarp of B214 was significantly lower than that of B227, consistent with the down-regulation of several genes involved in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, including hemA, hemB, hemC, hemF, chlH, chlI, chlM, POR, and CAO. The 229 metabolites showed differential accumulation levels between B214 and B227, and 4 anthocyanins, 5 flavanones, 25 flavones, 25 flavone C-glycosides, 12 flavonols, and 3 isoflavones were identified. In particular, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, an anthocyanin contributing to the coloration of dark color, showed higher accumulation in B227 than in B214, probably due to the higher expression of genes of F3′H and glucosyl transferases (GTs) in B227. Transcription factors such as MYBs and bHLHs showed differential expressions between the two lines including bHLH14, a homolog of Arabidopsis AtbHLH14 that had significantly higher expression in B227 than in B214. bHLH14 was located in a region where the pericarp color (pc) locus was mapped, suggesting it may be a candidate gene for the pc locus. (4) Conclusions: This work supports the association of chlorophyll and flavonoid synthesis in wax gourd fruit color variation and also provides a good foundation for understanding the regulatory network for wax gourd coloration.

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Kim, Backki, Rihua Piao, Gileung Lee, Eunbyeol Koh, Yunjoo Lee, Sunmin Woo, Reflinur, et al. "OsCOP1 regulates embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134, no. 8 (May 5, 2021): 2587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03844-9.

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Abstract Key message Novel mutations of OsCOP1 were identified to be responsible for yellowish pericarp and embryo lethal phenotype, which revealed that OsCOP1 plays a crucial role in flavonoid biosynthesis and embryogenesis in rice seed. Abstract Successful production of viable seeds is a major component of plant life cycles, and seed development is a complex, highly regulated process that affects characteristics such as seed viability and color. In this study, three yellowish-pericarp embryo lethal (yel) mutants, yel-hc, yel-sk, and yel-cc, were produced from three different japonica cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L). Mutant seeds had yellowish pericarps and exhibited embryonic lethality, with significantly reduced grain size and weight. Morphological aberrations were apparent by 5 days after pollination, with abnormal embryo development and increased flavonoid accumulation observed in the yel mutants. Genetic analysis and mapping revealed that the phenotype of the three yel mutants was controlled by a single recessive gene, LOC_Os02g53140, an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1). The yel-hc, yel-sk, and yel-cc mutants carried mutations in the RING finger, coiled-coil, and WD40 repeat domains, respectively, of OsCOP1. CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis was used to knock out OsCOP1 by targeting its functional domains, and transgenic seed displayed the yel mutant phenotype. Overexpression of OsCOP1 in a homozygous yel-hc mutant background restored pericarp color, and the aberrant flavonoid accumulation observed in yel-hc mutant was significantly reduced in the embryo and endosperm. These results demonstrate that OsCOP1 is associated with embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice grains. This study will facilitate a better understanding of the functional roles of OsCOP1 involved in early embryogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice seeds.

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Wang, Mengli, Ting Chen, Qin Wang, and Yan Shi. "Antioxidant, Bacteriostatic and Preservative Effects of Extractable Condensed Tannins Isolated from Longan Pericarps and Seeds." Plants 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030512.

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In the process of longan production and processing, a large amount of remnants is produced, such as dried longan pericarps and seeds, which have been reported to be rich in polyphenols but not effectively utilized. In this paper, the total phenolic contents in the remnants of longan pericarps and seeds were found to be 39.58 ± 3.54 and 69.53 ± 1.99 mg/g (DW), respectively, accounting for 60–80% of those in fresh samples. The contents of extractable condensed tannins (ECTs) in the remnants of longan pericarps and seeds were 19.25 ± 6.71 mg/g (DW) and 44.59 ± 2.05 mg/g (DW), respectively, accounting for 60–70% of the fresh samples. These data indicate that the polyphenols in the remnants of the sampled longan pericarps and seeds were effectively retained. The antioxidant capacity of ECTs from the longan pericarps and seeds was more than 60% of the fresh samples measured with the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine and ferric reducing ability of plasma methods. Further exploration showed that ECTs from the longan pericarps and seeds had significant inhibitory effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the longan pericarp ECTs on all four studied bacteria was 3 mg/mL. The MIC of longan seed ECTs on Salmonella was 3 mg/mL, and that of the other three bacteria was 1.5 mg/mL. In view of the good antioxidant and antibacterial activities of longan pericarps and seeds, we applied them to the preservation of fresh-cut lotus roots. When the concentration of ECTs in the longan pericarps and seeds was 2 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively, the two kinds of ECTs showed an obvious preservative effect. After the ECT treatment of the lotus roots, their browning degree was reduced, their color was better maintained, their respiration was inhibited and their nutrient loss was reduced. Bacterial reproduction was inhibited, and cell senescence was slowed. Accordingly, the shelf life of ECT-treated fruits and vegetables can be effectively extended. Overall, we can suggest that ECTs from the remnants of dried longan pericarps and seeds could be used as natural preservatives for fresh-cut fruits and vegetables.

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Wang, Wenjun, Xianjin Qiu, Ziqi Wang, Tianyi Xie, Wenqiang Sun, Jianlong Xu, Fan Zhang, and Sibin Yu. "Deciphering the Genetic Architecture of Color Variation in Whole Grain Rice by Genome-Wide Association." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040927.

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Whole grain rice is recommended in a natural healthy diet because of its high nutritional and healthful benefits compared to polished or white rice. The whole grain contains the pericarp with many assorted colors (such as brown, red, and black) associated with taste and commercial quality. The color attributes of whole grain or brown rice are usually undesirable and need to be improved. To decipher the genetic basis of color variation in the whole grain rice, we conducted a genome-wide association analysis of three parameters of grain colors (brightness, redness, and yellowness) in a panel of 682 rice accessions. Twenty-six loci were identified for the color parameters, implying that grain color is under polygenic control. Among them, some major-effect loci were co-localized with the previously identified genes such as Rc and Rd. To eliminate the possible mask of Rc on other loci influencing grain color, we performed the association analysis in a subset of the panel that excluded the pigmented (red and black) rice. Eighteen loci or SNPs were detected to be associated with grain color in the subpopulation, many of which were not reported before. Two significant peak SNP regions on chromosomes 1 and 9 were validated using near-isogenic lines. Based on differential expression analysis of annotated genes within the SNP regions and metabolic analysis of pooled extreme samples, we found at least three annotated genes as potential candidates involved in the flavonoid metabolic pathway related to pericarp color. These results provide insights into the genetic basis of rice grain color and facilitate genomic breeding to improve appearance and commercial quality of whole grain rice.

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Vilarinho, Lucianne Braga Oliveira, Derly Jose Henriques da Silva, Ann Greene, Kara Denee Salazar, Cristiane Alves, Molly Eveleth, Ben Nichols, et al. "Inheritance of Fruit Traits in Capsicum annuum: Heirloom Cultivars as Sources of Quality Parameters Relating to Pericarp Shape, Color, Thickness, and Total Soluble Solids." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, no. 6 (November 2015): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.6.597.

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Inheritance of fruit-related traits was studied in a population generated by crossing two heirloom pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars, Round of Hungary and Bulgarian carrot. Inheritance of corrugated pericarp phenotype of ‘Round of Hungary’ behaved as a recessive trait controlled by two genes while round fruit shape behaved as a single gene. Pungent cultivar Bulgarian carrot had significantly higher total soluble solids, titratable acidity, antioxidant activities, and significantly thinner pericarp than fruit of Round of Hungary. Pericarp thickness was related to differences in both cell number and cell size. Analyses of F2 fruit indicated that fruit weight was positively correlated (P < 0.01) to fruit width and pericarp thickness. Fruit width was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) to fruit length and total soluble solids and positively correlated (P < 0.01) to pericarp thickness. Yellow color was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to total soluble solids. Fruit length showed high inbreeding depression and transgressive segregation. Color measurements showed that yellow was correlated to lightness, and the relationships between red and yellow color spaces and carotenoid composition were complex.

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Silva, Danielle Fabíola Pereira da, Leila Cristina Rosa de Lins, Elaine Cristina Cabrini, Beatriz Gonçalves Brasileiro, and Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão. "Influence of the use of acids and films in post-harvest lychee conservation." Revista Ceres 59, no. 6 (December 2012): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2012000600002.

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Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has a high commercial value; however, it has a short shelf-life because of its rapid pericarp browning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shelf-life of 'Bengal' lychee fruits stored after treatment with hydrochloric acid and citric acid, associated with cassava starch and plastic packaging. Uniformly red pericarp fruits were submitted to treatments: 1-(immersion in citric acid 100 mM for 5 minutes + cassava starch 30 g L-1 for 5 minutes), 2-(immersion in hydrochloric acid 1 M for 2 minutes + starch cassava 30 g L-1 for 5 minutes), 3-(immersion in citric acid 100 mM for 5 minutes + polyvinyl chloride film (PVC, 14 µm thick)) and 4-(immersion in hydrochloric acid 1 M for 2 minutes + PVC film). During 20 days, the fruits were evaluated for mass loss, pericarp color, pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity, vitamin C of the pulp and pericarp and activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase of the pericarp. The treatment with hydrochloric acid associated with PVC was the most effective in maintaining the red color of the pericarp for a period of 20 days and best preservation of the fruit. The cassava starch associated with citric acid, and hydrochloric acid did not reduce the mass loss and did not prevent the browning of lychee fruit pericarp.

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Kostylev, P. I., E. V. Krasnova, A. V. Aksenov, and E. S. Balyukova. "Inheritance of quantitative traits of the rice hybrid F₂-F₃ Svetly × Mavr." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2020-69-3-52-57.

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Rice can form not only white, but also red, brown and black kernels. In black rice, pericarp kernels contain anthocyanin, which has an antioxidant effect and is beneficial to human health. The current paper is devoted to the development of new rice lines with black pericarp based on the hybrid Svetly × Mavr. The purpose of the work is to develop new forms of rice with anthocyanin pericarp by a hybridization of varieties with white and black kernels, a genetic analysis of a number of quantitative traits and by a selection of the best variants with compact vertical black-kernel panicles to use them in future breeding work. There has been conducted a genetic analysis of varying quantitative traits affecting the rice productivity. The cleavage by a pericarp color was carried out according to the type of recessive epistasis in a ratio of 9 : 3 : 4. The black color of the pericarp was formed in the presence of two dominant genes Pb and Pp in the genotype, the brown color was due to the Pb gene, the white color was due to the rest combinations of genes. The traits “plant height” and “number of spikelets per panicle” of the hybrids F2 and F3 were inherited by the type of superdomination of large values of the trait controlled by two loci, the interaction of which resulted in transgressive forms. According to the traits “panicle length” and “1000 kernel weight”, there has been identified intermediate monogenic inheritance and two-peaked characteristic frequency distribution curves. There have been identified rice forms with black pericarp color, combining the optimal values of the traits “plant height”, increased “panicle length”, “number of spikelets per panicle” and “1000 kernel weight”. On its basis there has been also developed an initial material for practical breeding. The study was carried out in 2018–2020 on the fields of the EP “Proletarskoye” of the Rostov region.

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Zhou, Jing, Jiaxin Meng, Shuangyu Zhang, Rufei Chi, Cheng Wang, Dongmei Wang, and Houhua Li. "The UV-B-Induced Transcription Factor HY5 Regulated Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Zanthoxylum bungeanum." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052651.

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Pericarp color is an important economic characteristic of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Anthocyanins are the main reason for the pericarp’s red appearance in Z. bungeanum. In this study, through the combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome, HY5, whose expression is highly correlated to changes in the anthocyanin content, was screened and identified. Under natural ripening conditions, the Z. bungeanum fruit gradually changed in color from green to red, while bagging resulted in the fruit maintaining its green color. After unbagging, the fruit gradually turned red, and the ZbHY5 expression and anthocyanin content increased. In addition, the leaves changed from green to red after exposure to UV-B radiation, and the ZbHY5 expression and anthocyanin content increased. The transient overexpression of ZbHY5 deepened the redness of the Z. bungeanum leaves and promoted the expression of ZbHY5 and ZbMYB113 as well as anthocyanin accumulation. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) showed that there was an interaction between ZbHY5 and ZbMYB113. These results revealed that under UV-B irradiation, ZbHY5 might regulate the expression levels of the structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis through combination with ZbMYB113, thereby affecting anthocyanin accumulation. This finding provides useful insights for further studies focusing on UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Z. bungeanum.

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Mitcham, Elizabeth J., Kenneth C. Gross, and Timothy J. Ng. "CELL WALL SYNTHESIS IN `RUTGERS', RIN AND NOR TOMATO FRUIT." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1083e—1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1083e.

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Cell wall synthesis during development and ripening of `Rutgers', rin and nor tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit was quantified by monitoring incorporation of 14C into outer pericarp cell walls after pedicel injection of (U-14C) - sucrose. Fruit color (Hunter “a” and “b” values) and firmness (Instron) were also monitored. 14C-Incorporation continued throughout development and ripening in `Rutgers' cell walls and exhibited a transient increase from late maturegreen to the turning stage. Incorporation of 14C into cell walls of rin pericarp tissue was similar to `Rutgers' at 20 days pest-anthesls (DPA) (immature-green) but decreased to a level similar to red `Rutgers' fruit by 35 DPA. Incorporation of 14C into nor pericarp cell walls was low throughout the experimental period (20 to 75 DPA). In contrast to previous reports, rin and nor pericarp tissue exhibitad a decrease in firmness of the outer pericarp. However, the rate of softening was slower than in `Rutgers'. Pericarp tissue from rin and nor fruit at 70 and 75 DPA, respectively, resisted compression as much as pink `Rutgers' pericarp tissue.

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Lee, Gileung, Jae Wan Park, Jisu Park, Ah-Reum Han, Min Jeong Hong, Yeong Deuk Jo, Jin-Baek Kim, Sang Hoon Kim, and Hong-Il Choi. "Comparative Biochemical and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Potential Candidate Genes Related to Pericarp Browning in Red Rice." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010183.

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Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are major phytochemicals in rice, and accumulate abundantly in red pericarp (RP) rice. Consumers and rice breeders are increasingly showing interest in PAs because of their beneficial health effects; however, PA biosynthesis in rice is not well-understood. Therefore, to gain insights into this process, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of grains harvested at 14 days after flowering (DAF; i.e., the stage at which active PA biosynthesis occurs without pericarp color change) and 28 DAF (the stage of late seed development with pericarp color change) from RP and white pericarp rice. In RP rice at 14 DAF, the expression levels of six structural genes (OsCHS, OsF3H, OsF3′H, OsDFR, OsANS, and OsLAR), one modification gene (OsUGT), and one transport gene (OsGSTU34) were significantly upregulated, along with the activation of Rc, the key regulator of PA accumulation in the pericarp. Functional enrichment analysis of 56 differentially expressed genes specifically upregulated in RP rice at 28 DAF revealed the presence of three laccase genes known to cause the browning reaction through oxidation. These results expand our understanding of PA biosynthesis in rice, and provide a genetic basis that will lead to further studies on the genes and underlying molecular mechanisms associated with this process.

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Poulev, Alexander, Joseph R. Heckman, Ilya Raskin, and Faith C. Belanger. "Tricin levels and expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in developing grains of purple and brown pericarp rice." PeerJ 7 (February 18, 2019): e6477. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6477.

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The methylated flavone tricin has been associated with numerous health benefits, including reductions in intestinal and colon cancers in animal models. Tricin is found in a wide range of plant species and in many different tissues. However, whole cereal grains, such as rice, barley, oats, and wheat, are the only food sources of tricin, which is located in the bran portion of the grain. Variation in tricin levels was found in bran from rice genotypes with light brown, brown, red, and purple pericarp color, with the purple pericarp genotypes having the highest levels of tricin. Here, we analyzed tricin and tricin derivative levels in developing pericarp and embryo samples of a purple pericarp genotype, IAC600, that had high tricin and tricin derivative levels in the bran, and a light brown pericarp genotype, Cocodrie, that had no detectable tricin or tricin derivatives in the bran. Tricin and tricin derivatives were detected in both the pericarp and embryo of IAC600 but only in the embryo of Cocodrie. The purple pericarp rice had higher total levels of free tricin plus tricin derivatives than the light brown pericarp rice. When expressed on a per grain basis, most of the tricin component of IAC600 was in the pericarp. In contrast, Cocodrie had no detectable tricin in the pericarp samples but did have detectable chrysoeriol, a precursor of tricin, in the pericarp samples. We also used RNA-Seq analysis of developing pericarp and embryo samples of the two cultivars to compare the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The results presented here suggest that understanding the basis of tricin accumulation in rice pericarp may lead to an approach to increasing tricin levels in whole grain rice. From analysis of gene expression levels in the pericarp samples it appears that regulation of the flavone specific genes is independent of regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. It therefore may be feasible to develop brown pericarp rice cultivars that accumulate tricin in the pericarp.

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Mo, Xiaorong, Chuanwu Chen, Muhammad Riaz, Mohamed G. Moussa, Xiangling Chen, Songwei Wu, Qiling Tan, et al. "Fruit Characteristics of Citrus Trees Grown under Different Soil Cu Levels." Plants 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212943.

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The effects of the increased soil copper (Cu) on fruit quality due to the overuse of Cu agents have been a hot social issue. Seven representative citrus orchards in Guangxi province, China, were investigated to explore the fruit quality characteristics under different soil Cu levels and the relationship between soil-tree Cu and fruit quality. These results showed that pericarp color a value, titratable acid (TA), and vitamin C (Vc) were higher by 90.0, 166.6, and 22.4% in high Cu orchards and by 50.5, 204.2, and 55.3% in excess Cu orchards, compared with optimum Cu orchards. However, the ratio of total soluble solids (TSS)/TA was lower by 68.7% in high Cu orchards and by 61.6% in excess Cu orchards. With the increase of soil Cu concentrations, pericarp color a value and Vc were improved, TA with a trend of rising first then falling, and TSS/TA with a trend of falling first then rising were recorded. As fruit Cu increased, pericarp color a value and TSS reduced and as leaf Cu increased, TSS/TA decreased while Vc was improved. Moreover, a rise in soil Cu enhanced leaf Cu accumulation, and a rise in leaf Cu improved fruit Cu accumulation. Fruit Cu accumulation reduced fruit quality by direct effects, leaf Cu improved fruit quality by direct and indirect effects. Soil Cu affected fruit quality by indirect effects by regulating leaf Cu and fruit Cu. Therefore, reasonable regulation and control of soil Cu concentrations can effectively increase pericarp color, sugar, and acid accumulation in citrus fruit.

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JUNQUEIRA, JOÃO RENATO DE JESUS, FAUSTO ALVES DE LIMA JUNIOR, GISELE SOUZA FERNANDES, MARIA CRISTINA DIAS PAES, and JOELMA PEREIRA. "PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY PASTA INCORPORATED WITH MICRONIZED CORN PERICARP." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n225rc.

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ABSTRACT Pastas are generally accepted all over the world, mainly because they are versatile, cheap and easy-to-prepare. They are not nutritionally balanced, since they provide mainly carbohydrates. As a result of this, it is important to use ingredients which could improve the nutritional deficiencies, without affecting the technological and sensorial characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of using wheat semolina and micronized corn pericarp (MCP), on the proximate composition, cooking quality and color of spaghetti type pasta. Spaghetti pasta was produced using wheat semolina with the incorporation of micronized corn pericarp, at levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30%. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the formulated samples with regards to the contents of moisture and lipid, cooking time, weight gain and volume increase. As observed, supplementation with micronized corn pericarp presented significant difference on the contents of proteins, minerals, dietary fiber and solid soluble loss of the spaghetti pasta (p < 0.05). With increase in micronized corn pericarp concentration, the color difference became accentuated. The use of MCP appears to be viable, providing a nutritionally enriched product without further impairment on pasta quality.

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Goncharova, Yulia, and Nadezhda Gapishko. "Interrelation of nutrient values with rice pericarp color." Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University 1, no. 72 (2018): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21515/1999-1703-72-97-100.

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Hall, C. B. "Firmness of Tomato Fruit Tissues According to Cultivar and Ripeness." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 4 (July 1987): 663–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.4.663.

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Abstract The firmness of tissues of a transverse equatorial slice of fruits of ‘Flora-Dade’, ‘Walter’, ‘MH-1’, and ‘Homestead 24’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was determined at different stages of ripeness by use of an Instron Food Testing System. The outer, radial, and inner pericarp tissues of ‘Flora-Dade’ and ‘MH-1’ were firmer than those of ‘Walter’ when ripened 6, 8, or 10 days at 20°C after incipient color formation. ‘Walter’ tissues were intermediate in firmness between ‘MH-1’ and ‘Flora-Dade’ at the mature green stage, but had softened much more than either at the incipient color stage. Most of the softening of the tissues of the three cultivars had occurred by 4 days after incipient color. The placental tissue of ‘Homestead 24’ fruit was much firmer than that of ‘Walter’ and ‘Flora-Dade’ over a period of 7 to 19 days after incipient color stage, although the outer pericarp tissue was much softer than that of the latter two.

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Fuchs, Y., G. Zauberman, R. Ronen, I. Rot, A. Weksler, and M. Akerman. "THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LITCHI FRUIT PERICARP COLOR RETENTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 343 (June 1993): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.343.6.

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Fang, Huarong, Peng Wang, Wanhao Wang, Jiechun Peng, Jieming Zheng, Guangwei Zhu, Chuan Zhong, and Wenjin Yu. "Fine Mapping and Identification of SmAPRR2 Regulating Rind Color in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 3059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043059.

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Rind color is an economically important agronomic trait in eggplant that impacts consumer preferences. In this study, bulked segregant analysis and competitive allele-specific PCR were employed to identify the candidate gene for eggplant rind color through constructing a 2794 F2 population generated from a cross between “BL01” (green pericarp) and “B1” (white pericarp). Genetic analysis of rind color revealed that a single dominant gene controls green color of eggplant peel. Pigment content measurement and cytological observations demonstrated that chlorophyll content and chloroplast number in BL01 were higher than in B1. A candidate gene (EGP19168.1) was fine-mapped to a 20.36 Kb interval on chromosome 8, which was predicted to encode the two-component response regulator-like protein Arabidopsis pseudo-response regulator2 (APRR2). Subsequently, allelic sequence analysis revealed that a SNP deletion (ACT→AT) in white-skinned eggplant led to a premature termination codon. Genotypic validation of 113 breeding lines using the Indel marker closely linked to SmAPRR2 could predict the skin color (green/white) trait with an accuracy of 92.9%. This study will be valuable for molecular marker-assisted selection in eggplant breeding and provides theoretical foundation for analyzing the formation mechanism of eggplant peel color.

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Kostylev, Pavel, E. Krasnova, A. Aksenov, and E. Balyukova. "Analysis of the inheritance of pericarp color and other characters in the rice hybrid Kuboyar × Gagat." Agrarian Bulletin of the 200, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-200-9-32-41.

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Abstract. Rice can form not only white, but also red, brown and black grains. In black rice, pericarp grains contain anthocyanins, which have antioxidant activity and are beneficial to human health. The purpose of the work is to study the inheritance of the black color of the pericarp and other qualitative traits in the intersubspecific hybrid of rice Kuboyar × Gagat, the selection of the best recombinant forms combining early ripeness, a compact erect panicle and black grain, the creation of the source material for practical selection. Methods The studies were carried out on hybrids of the first and second generation from crossing a white-grain variety of rice Kuboyar with black-grained Gagat in 2018–2019 in the Separate Division “Proletarskoye” of the Rostov Region. Results. A genetic analysis of the inheritance of the duration of the growing season, qualitative signs of coloring of flower scales and rice grains, and spinousness was carried out. In the second generation, 54 photosensitive non-flowering plants and 128 normal ones broke out, which indicates the interaction of four dominant genes in the genotype. The splitting according to the color of the pericarp was carried out according to the trihybrid scheme according to the type of com-plementarity in the ratio of 27 black: 21 brown: 16 white. The black color of the pericarp was formed when three dominant genes Kala1, 3, and 4 were present in the genotype, brown was determined by the Kala4 gene, and white by the remaining combinations of genes. According to the color of flowering scales, the cleavage occurred according to the digrid pattern: 9 black: 3 yellow with black apiculus: 4 straw yellow. Although the parental varieties were boneless, 39 spinous forms appeared in F2 with three complementary dominant genes An-a, An-b, An-c and inhibitor I, the remaining 89 plants were boneless. The best recombinant forms were selected, combining the optimal values of plants and panicles and black grain, the source material for practical selection was created.

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de Oliveira, Lívia de Lacerda, Lícia Camargo de Orlandin, Lorena Andrade de Aguiar, Valeria Aparecida Vieira Queiroz, Renata Puppin Zandonadi, Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho, and Lúcio Flávio de Alencar Figueiredo. "Gluten-Free Sorghum Pasta: Composition and Sensory Evaluation with Different Sorghum Hybrids." Foods 11, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 3124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11193124.

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Although whole grain (WG) sorghum is affordable and a healthier alternative to gluten-free pastas (GFPa), sorghum diversity requires evaluation for application in pasta. We aimed to develop GFPa using six sorghum hybrids. White commercial flour (WCF) and sorghums with brown (BRS 305 and 1167048), red (BRS 330 and BRS 332), and white (CMSXS 180) pericarp colors. Total phenolic content (TPC), total condensed tannins (TAN), total antioxidant activity (TAA—FRAP and DPPH), resistant starch (RS), cooking properties, texture, and sensory evaluation were carried out in sorghum pasta. The statistical analyses were ANOVA, Tukey and Friedman test, and multiple factorial analyses. Brown sorghum GFPa showed the best results for bioactive compounds (RS (1.8 and 2.9 g/100 g), TPC (69.9 and 42.8 mg/100 g), TAN (16.9 and 9.4 mg proanthocyanidin/100 g), TAA for FRAP (305 and 195 mM Teq/g), and DPPH (8.7 and 9.0 mg/mL)), but also the highest soluble solids loss (8.0 g/100 g) and lower flavor acceptance for BRS 305. BRS 332 was highlighted for its higher flavor acceptance and intermediary phenolics content. The most accepted pasta was obtained with WCF, and the least accepted with the brown BRS 305. Sweetness (SWE), soluble starch (SS), and DPPH were associated with liking. The main negative variables were WG_flavor, brown color, FRAP, sandy surface (SAN), WG_odor, and TAN. Sorghum hybrids of different pericarp colors are feasible for GFPa production, leading to differences in pasta quality. SAN and GRA, associated with disliking in antioxidant-rich GFPa, could be improved by milling process adjustments. Increasing the SS proportion and SWE with flavors can contribute to the balance between liking and nutritional advantages.

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Frary, A., S. Doganlar, A. Frampton, T. Fulton, J. Uhlig, H. Yates, and S. Tanksley. "Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for improved fruit characteristics from Lycopersicon chmielewskii chromosome 1." Genome 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-122.

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The near-isogenic line (NIL) TA1150 contains a 56-cM introgression from Lycopersicon chmielewskii chromosome 1 and has several interesting phenotypic characteristics including fruit with orange color, high levels of soluble solids, thick pericarp, small stem scars, and good firmness. A set of overlapping recombinant lines (subNILs) was developed and field tested to fine map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling these traits. The results indicated that the solids, pericarp thickness, and firmness QTL are distinct from the color locus. Several of the QTL mapped in this study, including the soluble-solids QTL, probably correspond to QTL mapped in other wild species of tomato. However, analysis of a set of TA523 subNILs containing complementary introgressions from Lycopesicon hirsutum chromosome 1 suggests that this wild species may contain a different locus for improved soluble solids. Thus, it might be possible to combine the L. chmielewskii and L. hirsutum alleles for these loci in a single line with the potential for extremely highly soluble solids. The TA1150 subNIL TA1688 contains the smallest introgression of the solids locus (approximately 19 cM), as well as the pericarp thickness and firmness QTL, with a yield that was equivalent to two of the three control lines. Isolation of recombinant subNILs from TA1688 should break the linkage between orange color and high solids and provide a small introgressed segment for marker-assisted breeding and genetic improvement of processing tomato.Key words: tomato, QTL, soluble solids, Brix, colour.

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Pauli, Robert E., Theodore Goo, and Nancy J. Chen. "Growth and Compositional Changes During Development of Lanzone Fruit." HortScience 22, no. 6 (December 1987): 1252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.6.1252.

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Abstract Lanzone (Lansium domesticum Correa) growth was sigmoidal after a delay of 100 days in which little growth occurred. Fruit growth was greatest between 115 and 130 days from anthesis, just before the pericarp changed color from green to yellow. During the 20 days that pericarp color changes occurred, there was an increase in total sugars from 30 to 180 mg·g−1 fresh weight. This change in sugars paralleled the increase in total soluble solids. Just before this period, total ethanol soluble phenols declined from 12 to 2 mg·g−1 fresh weight and was associated with loss of astringency. A slight decline in titratable acidity from 38 to 21 meq/100 g fresh weight was related to a loss of citric, malic, and succinic acids. At the edible stage, the citric and succinic acids were the major organic acids. Potassium was the major counter ion.

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D'Souza, Mervyn C., Morris Ingle, and Suman Singha. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHROMATICITY VALUES AND LYCOPENE CONCENTRATION IN TOMATO FRUITS." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 735A—735. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.735a.

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Lycopene is the predominant carotenoid pigment in tomatoes and primarily responsible for red color. Spectrophotometric procedures for lycopene evaluation although accurate are time consuming and destructive. The objective of this study was to relate chromaticity values (L*,a*,b*) measured using a Minolta Chroma Meter CR-200b portable tristimulus calorimeter with lycopene concentrations in the pericarp of 'Celebrity', 'Mountain Delight' and 'Early Pick' tomatoes. Fruit were selected to encompass varying maturities from green to red ripe and were obtained from a commercial source. Lycopene from individual skin disks or pericarp plugs corresponding to each location of color measurement was extracted in acetone and measured spectrophotometrically at 503 nm. The L* value (a measure of lightness) or a* value (a measure of redness) was determined to be well correlated with lycopene concentration in all 3 cultivars. The linear regression of the lycopene concentration on the ratio of (a*/b*) provided the best R for all cultivars (0.75).

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Kostylev, P. I., E. V. Krasnova, A. V. Aksenov, and E. S. Balyukova. "GENETICS OF THE TRAITS IN THE RICE HYBRID ‘SVETLY X MAVR." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-63-3-30-35.

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Rice can form not only white, but also red, brown and black kernels. In black rice pericarp contains anthocyanin pigment, which has antioxidant activity and is beneficial to human health. The article is devoted to the development of new rice lines with black pericarp on the basis of the hybrid ‘Svetly × Mavr’. The purpose of the work is to develop rice new lines with black seed vessel on the genetic background of the variety ‘Svetly’. There has been carried out a genetic analysis of varying quantitative traits that affect rice productivity. Cleavage by pericarp color occurred according to the dihybrid scheme according to the type of recessive epistasis in the ratio 9:3:4. The black color of the pericarp was formed with the presence of two dominant Pb and Pp genes in the genotype, the brown one was determined by the Pb gene, and the white one was determined by the other combinations of genes. Inheritance of plant height occurred according to the overdominance of large values of the trait. Parental forms differed in the allelic state of two pairs of genes. Along the panicle length, there has been determined partial negative dominance and monogenic differences of the hybridized varieties. According to ‘number of spikelets per panicle’, there has been identified an overdominance of a larger value of the trait and the interaction of two pairs of genes. According to ‘1000-kernel weight’, there has been established partial dominance of large values of the trait and monogenic differences of the initial parental forms. There have been selected the best recombinant forms combining a compact erect panicle and grains with a black seed vessel, and there has been developed starting material for practical breeding. The study was carried out on the fields of the Experimental Station “Proletarskaya” of the Rostov Region in 2018.

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ŞİRİN, EMRAH, KUDDİSİ ERTUĞRUL, and TUNA UYSAL. "Achene Micromorphology of the Genus Cyanus Mill. (Compositae) in Turkey and its Taxonomic Importance." Phytotaxa 313, no. 1 (July 11, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.313.1.5.

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Micro- and macromorphological achene features of 20 knapweeds taxa from Turkey were searched using light and scanning electron microscopy. The achene surface was examined in detail for each taxon and a dendogram was established by numerical analyses derived from the observed micromorphological features. Cyanus pinardii was distinguished by epappose while Cyanus depressus was distinguished by longer pappus than achene. The results indicated that the examined taxa had very high variations in their achene surface. According to the results, pericarp texture and color, hilum position and pappus hairs could be used for taxonomical diagnosis of the Cyanus taxa. The hairiness of the surface and elaiosome in the basal of pericarp were characteristic in all Cyanus taxa.

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CACHERO, TITO, and BEATRIZ BELONIAS. "MORPHO-ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench var. 'Smooth Green') FRUIT AND SEED DURING DEVELOPMENT." Science and Humanities Journal 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.110.3.

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Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench commonly known as lady finger or okra, is a popular tropical plant that produces green, slender, finger-shaped fruits. The fruits are commonly harvested when young and consumed as green vegetable. The study primarily investigated the morphological, anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the lady finger or okra var. 'Smooth Green' whole fruit, its pericarp and seeds. Based on these data, the fruit's optimal stage of maturity for harvest was determined. Fruits were collected at different developmental stages starting at 3 days after anthesis (DAA) and every 3 days thereafter until th the 24 day when further growth in size was no longer evident. Morphological parameters were measured in situ using intact fruits. Fresh and dry weights were measured using destructive samples. Histological procedures were used to examine anatomical features of the pericarp. The Alkali Trapping Method was used to monitor respiratory activity of the developing fruits. The okra plants started to flower at 48 days after sowing. A tiny fruit was formed immediately the day after anthesis and continued to grow in size and weight reaching full mature size at day 24. Growth in fresh weight of the whole fruit, the pericarp and the seed followed a double sigmoidal pattern while seed growth was linear. Young fruits had high moisture but low dry matter content while older ones had low moisture and high dry matter content. Young fruits were light green in color, more rounded in diameter and more hairy while older ones were deep green in color, became increasingly ribbed and glossy or less hairy as they matured. Anatomically, young pericarp had smaller and tightly compact cells becoming larger and bulkier with increasing age. Based on the results, okra is best harvested and consumed as fresh green vegetable when it is young at 9 DAA, when it is light green and immature, when it is about 16.8 cm in length, about 1.9 cm in diameter, has high moisture content of about 92%, when its pericarp tissues and seeds are soft, translucent and spongy and has lower respiration rate which ensures longer shelf life and good eating quality

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Funnell, Deanna L., and Jeffrey F. Pedersen. "Association of Plant Color and Pericarp Color with Colonization of Grain by Members of Fusarium and Alternaria in Near-Isogenic Sorghum Lines." Plant Disease 90, no. 4 (April 2006): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0411.

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White sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain from tan plants is more desirable for human or animal consumption. Colonization by Fusarium and Alternaria spp. was assessed for near-isogenic lines differing in wound response (purple or tan) and pericarp color (red or white) in field-grown grain and in greenhouse-grown plants. Seeds were screened on a semi-selective medium for Alternaria and Fusarium. Significantly fewer fungal colonies were obtained from tan plants with white seed, and fewer numbers of Alternaria colonies were obtained from white seed, regardless of plant color, from an irrigated field, while there were no differences in fungal composition of seeds grown at a nonirrigated field. Screening of seed from the nonirrigated field on Fusarium semi-selective medium yielded fewer Fusarium isolations from seed grown on purple plants compared with seed from tan plants. When inoculated with Alternaria sp. and F. moniliforme, there can be no differences in lesion lengths on tan/white plants when compared with purple/red plants in most assays; in one assay, tan/white plants had smaller lesion lengths following inoculation with F. moniliforme. These results suggest that plants with white seeds were as resistant as plants with the red pericarp trait to colonization by Alternaria and Fusarium spp. However, the results also suggest that under appropriate environmental conditions seed from tan plants may be more susceptible to Fusarium spp. than seed from purple plants.

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Kibria, Md Golam, Kawser Parveen Chowdhury, Ariful Haque Ashik, and Md Esrafil Hossain Riyad. "Wound Healing Functionality of Mangosteen Extracts on Viscose Fabric." Textile & Leather Review 5 (April 11, 2022): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2022.15.

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The aim of this study was to introduce novel dressing with different extracts of mangosteen for quick blood clotting and wound healing. Insufficient use of natural biomaterials for blood clotting and wound healing in the medical textile sector has been observed. In order to improve the situation, viscose woven fabrics treated with mangosteen leaf, peel and pericarp extract were examined. Fresh mangosteens were collected from local market and different pastes were prepared by using an electric blender. The pretreated viscose woven fabrics were dyed with these pastes using glycerin as mordant. After the sample preparation, an antibacterial test, odor test, blood clotting test, strength test, color fastness tests were done. The treated samples exhibited good antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria and mild antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria, especially the fabrics treated with mangosteen leaf and pericarp. Besides, the treated samples did not create annoying odors as like the untreated one. To justify healing properties, implementations of the samples were done on a rabbit. Leaf and pericarp treated fabrics exhibited good blood clotting in comparison with untreated fabric. All the treated samples exhibited average to good color fastness to wash and rubbing properties with sufficient tensile strength. Morphological changes of the treated and untreated fibers were examined by SEM and FTIR analysis and the results clearly showed the differences in the untreated and treated samples. The experiments were carried out in an environment friendly way which indicates the production and processing of these dressing materials can have an enormous contribution to sustainable operations and products for the development of medical textiles sector.

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George Chu, C. L., S. K. Eric Leung, and Masahiro Kawaji. "Reversibility of lychee pericarp red color in relation to pericarp pH, activity of polyphenol oxidase, and particle size of brown pigment." Fruits 59, no. 1 (January 2004): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2004002.

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DICK, J., and V. SHATTUCK. "INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON BLOTCHY RIPENING IN PROCESSING TOMATOES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-052.

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The effect of potassium fertilization on blotchy ripening in processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated. Potassium treatments up to 624 and 590 kg ha−1 in 1983 and 1984 decreased the incidence of blotchy fruit. Differences in blotch susceptibility occurred among commercial cultivars. Potassium fertilization and cultivar are factors influencing pericarp color in processing tomatoes.Key words: Tomato, blotchy ripening, potassium

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Chabaane, Yosra, Muhammad Haseeb, and Betty Benrey. "Domestication of Chili Pepper Has Altered Fruit Traits Affecting the Oviposition and Feeding Behavior of the Pepper Weevil." Insects 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070630.

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The pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii, Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most destructive pests of chili pepper. It causes extensive damage on varieties selected for consumption. However, the occurrence of this pest on wild and ornamental peppers remains unknown. We investigated the consequences of chili domestication on the feeding and oviposition of A. eugenii on fruits and flowers. We used plants of one wild accession, Bird Eye Pepper, five ornamental varieties (Pops Yellow, Black Pearl, Sedona Sun, Chilli Chilli, and Salsa Deep), and two domesticated varieties selected for consumption (Scotch Bonnet and Jalapeño). First, we characterized the plants according to their fruit and flower sizes, pericarp thickness, capsaicin level, fruit position, and flower color. Then, we evaluated the susceptibility of fruits and flowers to A. eugenii. Overall, domestication increased fruit and flower sizes and pericarp thickness, altered capsaicin levels, and altered fruit position and flower color. Weevils laid more eggs and caused more feeding damage on varieties selected for consumption than on wild and ornamental plants. Our results add to the growing literature on the consequences of crop domestication on herbivores. This knowledge could be integrated into breeding programs to select varieties resistant against the pepper weevil.

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Miyajima, Daiichiro. "Zinnia Seed Harvest Time Affects Germination and Plant Growth." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.687.

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Seeds of `Kumamotonokagayaki'(Kk), `Goldenball' (Gb), and `Purple Gem' (PG) (Zinnia violacea Cav.) were harvested at various stages of maturity and subsequent seed and plant performance were evaluated. The largest increase in ovule or embryo length and width occurred from 0 to 10 days after pollination (DAP). The seed weight was unchanged after 23, 25, and 30 DAP for Kk, Gb, and PG, respectively. The pericarp color was completely green from seeds harvested 20 DAP, while the seeds harvested from 30 to 35 DAP contained a mixture of green and brown seeds. Pericarp color change from green to brown was not a reliable index to harvest seeds. The percentage germination increased from seeds harvested from 10 to 19 DAP for all cultivars. From 20 to 40 DAP, germination was unaffected and >90%, while the rate of germination as measured by days to visible germination decreased slightly. Seeds harvested 20 to 40 DAP produced plants with similar growth and quality characteristics. Considering a 20- to 30-day difference between the first and last floret to open in a capitulum, capitula should be harvested 50 days after anthesis for good seed quality and to prevent shattering.

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Khan, Muhammad Rafiullah, Chongxing Huang, Yasser Durrani, and Ali Muhammad. "Chemistry of enzymatic browning in longan fruit as a function of pericarp pH and dehydration and its prevention by essential oil, an alternative approach to SO2 fumigation." PeerJ 9 (June 14, 2021): e11539. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11539.

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Background Longan fruit is a rich source of bioactive compounds; however, enzymatic browning of pericarp and microbial decay have limited its postharvest life. SO2 has widely been used to overcome these limitations; however, due to safety and regulatory concerns, alternative means should be identified. In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of thymol (TH) essential oil were investigated against the enzymatic browning and decay of longan fruit. Methods Fruits were coated with TH (4%) for 5 min, sealed in polyethylene (PE) packages and stored at 4 °C for 42 d. Fruits immersed in distilled water (DW) and stored in PE were used as control. Results TH extended the postharvest life of longan to 42 d than 28 d in DW. TH residues decreased from 142 to 11.17 mg kg–1, while no residues were found at day 42. TH significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the respiration rate, inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activities, sustained high phenols/flavonoids and prevented pericarp browning (BI) than DW. TH also effectively (P ≤ 0.05) maintained the color values, firmness of peel and aril, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), inhibited decay incidence (DI) and resulted in lower ethanol content than DW. BI as a function of pericarp pH was highly correlated; pH and BI (r = 0. 97), with PPO (r = 0.93) and with water loss (r = 0.99). A high coefficient of correlation of BI was found with the pericarp pH, enzymes, phenolic, water loss and decay incidence with ethanol. TH could be the best alternative to SO2 and other synthetic preservatives.

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Wang, Fu Juan. "Chinese Date Grading Based on Computer Vision." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 3283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.3283.

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In order to implement the accuracy and robust classification of Chinese dates according to size and color based on computer vision techniques on line, the method of classification according to size and color for Chinese date was studied. Taking the black rollers as background, the Chinese date images were pre-segmented by double thresholds in RGB color space. Through morphological operation, contour trace and region fill, the whole Chinese date target was obtained. the maximum diameter value was used to be the character value for size classification. The difference of saturation and hue of pericarp area in HIS color space was the color grading criteria. The results indicated that the accuracy of diameter measurement is 1.92mm, Experiment results proved the methods is effective to classify Chinese date by size and shape.

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Leif, John W., Orvin C. Burnside, and Alex R. Martin. "Efficacy of CGA-92194 and Flurazole in Protecting Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) from Herbicide Injury." Weed Science 35, no. 4 (July 1987): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500060537.

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Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted during 1984 through 1986 to examine the efficacy of the seed protectants CGA-92194 {α-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methyl)imino]benzacetonitrile} and flurazole [2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid] for protecting grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] from alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], and propachlor [2-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenylacetamide] injury. In the field, CGA-92194 and flurazole protected sorghum from injury, stand reduction, and yield loss due to alachlor and metolachlor. In general, sorghum was protected with either antidote, and protected response to alachlor or metolachlor was similar to sorghum subjected to propachlor. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the response of bronze and yellow pericarp color to seed protectants, six sorghum hybrids to these antidotes, and the effects of cool soil temperature on the early seedling vigor of sorghum protected with the antidotes. The response of sorghum with yellow and bronze pericarp color was similar when compared across antidotes. However, there were differences among the sorghum hybrids when compared across protectants. The potential of CGA-92194 and flurazole to protect against alachlor injury was reduced when sorghum was grown in cool soil.

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Widyayanti, Setyorini, Panjisakti Basunanda, Suyadi Mitrowihardjo, and Kristamtini Kristamtini. "Keragaman Genetik dan Heritabilitas Beberapa Karakter Agronomi Populasi Galur F4 Padi Beras Hitam." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 1, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v1n3.2017.p191-199.

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The F4 black rice progenies and their two parents’ varieties were evaluated for their heritability and genetic variability at Padasan, Pakembinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta from May until September 2016. The purpose of this study is to determine genetic diversity, heritability estimates and genetic advance.The genetic materials used in this study consisted of 48 lines of F4 with their parents, local black rice and Situbagendit. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block designed with two replications. Seeds of each F4 progenies and their parents were sown 1 m × 2 m length of plot with 20 cm × 20 cm plant spacing. Genetic parameters estimatesd were calculated for heritability and genetic advance. Plant population of each F4 progenies and their parents were 40 plants in each replication. The result showed that there were 11 progenies had an early day to maturity potential, 21 F4 progenies had a moderate plant height (60-95 cm), 13 progenies had a potential number of tillers per hill (10.26 to 18.76), 9 F4 progenies had a high number of filled grains per panicle (> 80% filled grains), and 7 F4 progenies had a potential of 1000-grain weight (g). Plant height had the highest coefficient of variability. Days to flowering, days to maturity, and pericarb color had the highest heritability estimates followed by plant height (70.6%). Plant height and pericarb color had the highest genetic advances, namely 21.7% and 49.2%, respectively. In relation to improve agronomic characters, plant height and pericarb color had a highest heritability and genetic advance also a wide genetic variability.

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Wang, Yue-zhi, Mei-song Dai, Shu-jun Zhang, and Ze-bin Shi. "Exploring Candidate Genes for Pericarp Russet Pigmentation of Sand Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) via RNA-Seq Data in Two Genotypes Contrasting for Pericarp Color." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): e83675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083675.

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Espinosa-Trujillo, Edgar, Ma del Carmen Mendoza-Castillo, Fernando Castillo-González, Joaquín Ortiz-Cereceres, Adriana Delgado-Alvarado, and Alfredo Carrillo-Salazar. "ACUMULACIÓN DE ANTOCIANINAS EN PERICARPIO Y ALEURONA DEL GRANO Y SUS EFECTOS GENÉTICOS EN POBLACIONES CRIOLLAS DE MAÍZ PIGMENTADO." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 32, no. 4 (December 28, 2009): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2009.4.303-309.

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En México hay amplia diversidad genética y fenotípica del maíz (Zea mays L.) para color de grano debido a la presencia de antocianinas y otros pigmentos. En este estudio se estimaron los efectos maternos (EM) y la aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) que inciden sobre el tamaño del pericarpio y de la capa de aleurona, así como sobre su capacidad para acumular antocianinas, en semilla de la generación F1 de las cruzas posibles entre seis poblaciones criollas de maíz de colores de grano: púrpura (Rojo-1), azul (Azul-1), morado (Azul-2), rojo (Rojo-2), Amarillo y Blanco. Se observó una relación entre el color del grano y el contenido de antocianinas. El progenitor Rojo-1 presentó el mayor contenido de antocianinas (1269 mg kg-1 de grano), del cual 90.2 % se acumuló en el pericarpio; este progenitor superó a los demás progenitores en por lo menos 70.7 %. Hubo diferencias (P ≤ 0.05) entre las 30 cruzas y los seis progenitores en el peso de pericarpio y del grano; en los contenidos de antocianinas en el pericarpio, en la aleurona y en el grano; y en el grosor del pericarpio y de la aleurona. Los EM y la ACG tuvieron la mayor importancia sobre las características estudiadas, y Rojo-1 y Azul-1 fueron los progenitores sobresalientes.

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Pfeiffer, Brian K., and William L. Rooney. "Inheritance of Pericarp Color, Nutritional Quality, and Grain Composition Traits in Black Sorghum." Crop Science 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.04.0224.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pericarp color1'

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