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Academic literature on the topic 'Pericarp color1'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pericarp color1"

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Morohashi, Kengo, María Isabel Casas, Maria Lorena Falcone Ferreyra, María Katherine Mejía-Guerra, Lucille Pourcel, Alper Yilmaz, Antje Feller, et al. "A Genome-Wide Regulatory Framework Identifies Maize Pericarp Color1 Controlled Genes." Plant Cell 24, no. 7 (July 2012): 2745–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.098004.

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Chopra, Surinder, Suzy M. Cocciolone, Shaun Bushman, Vineet Sangar, Michael D. McMullen, and Thomas Peterson. "The Maize Unstable factor for orange1 Is a Dominant Epigenetic Modifier of a Tissue Specifically Silent Allele of pericarp color1." Genetics 163, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.3.1135.

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Abstract We have characterized Unstable factor for orange1 (Ufo1), a dominant, allele-specific modifier of expression of the maize pericarp color1 (p1) gene. The p1 gene encodes an Myb-homologous transcriptional activator of genes required for biosynthesis of red phlobaphene pigments. The P1-wr allele specifies colorless kernel pericarp and red cobs, whereas Ufo1 modifies P1-wr expression to confer pigmentation in kernel pericarp, as well as vegetative tissues, which normally do not accumulate significant amounts of phlobaphene pigments. In the presence of Ufo1, P1-wr transcript levels and transcription rate are increased in kernel pericarp. The P1-wr allele contains approximately six p1 gene copies present in a hypermethylated and multicopy tandem array. In P1-wr Ufo1 plants, methylation of P1-wr DNA sequences is reduced, whereas the methylation state of other repetitive genomic sequences was not detectably affected. The phenotypes produced by the interaction of P1-wr and Ufo1 are unstable, exhibiting somatic mosaicism and variable penetrance. Moreover, the changes in P1-wr expression and methylation are not heritable: meiotic segregants that lack Ufo1 revert to the normal P1-wr expression and methylation patterns. These results demonstrate the existence of a class of modifiers of gene expression whose effects are associated with transient changes in DNA methylation of specific loci.
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Zhang, Feng, and Thomas Peterson. "Comparisons of Maize pericarp color1 Alleles Reveal Paralogous Gene Recombination and an Organ-Specific Enhancer Region." Plant Cell 17, no. 3 (February 18, 2005): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.104.029660.

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Robbins, Michael L., PoHao Wang, Rajandeep S. Sekhon, and Surinder Chopra. "Gene Structure Induced Epigenetic Modifications of pericarp color1 Alleles of Maize Result in Tissue-Specific Mosaicism." PLoS ONE 4, no. 12 (December 14, 2009): e8231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008231.

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Robbins, Michael L., Rajandeep S. Sekhon, Robert Meeley, and Surinder Chopra. "A Mutator Transposon Insertion Is Associated With Ectopic Expression of a Tandemly Repeated Multicopy Myb Gene pericarp color1 of Maize." Genetics 178, no. 4 (April 2008): 1859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.082503.

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Wang, Po-Hao, Kameron T. Wittmeyer, Tzuu-fen Lee, Blake C. Meyers, and Surinder Chopra. "Overlapping RdDM and non-RdDM mechanisms work together to maintain somatic repression of a paramutagenic epiallele of maize pericarp color1." PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2017): e0187157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187157.

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Sekhon, Rajandeep S., Po-Hao Wang, Lyudmila Sidorenko, Vicki L. Chandler, and Surinder Chopra. "Maize Unstable factor for orange1 Is Required for Maintaining Silencing Associated with Paramutation at the pericarp color1 and booster1 Loci." PLoS Genetics 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2012): e1002980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002980.

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Zhang, Xin Hua, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Yong Xia Jia, Jie Tang Zhao, and Guo Hua Ma. "Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils from the Pericarps of Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) by Different Extraction Methods." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700132.

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The chemical composition of volatile compounds from pericarp oils of Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L., isolated by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The pericarps yielded 2.6 and 5.0% volatile oil by hydrodistillation and n-hexane extraction, and they were colorless and yellow in color, respectively. A total of 66 volatile components were detected. The most prominent compounds were palmitic and oleic acids, representing about 40-70% of the total oil. Many fragrant constituents and biologically active components, such as α- and β-santalol, cedrol, esters, aldehydes, phytosterols, and squalene were present in the pericarp oils. This is the first report of the volatile composition of the pericarps of any Santalum species.
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Cui, Yongxia, Beng Kah Song, Lin-Feng Li, Ya-Ling Li, Zhongyun Huang, Ana L. Caicedo, Yulin Jia, and Kenneth M. Olsen. "Little White Lies: Pericarp Color Provides Insights into the Origins and Evolution of Southeast Asian Weedy Rice." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 4105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.035881.

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Abstract Weedy rice is a conspecific form of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) that infests rice fields and results in severe crop losses. Weed strains in different world regions appear to have originated multiple times from different domesticated and/or wild rice progenitors. In the case of Malaysian weedy rice, a multiple-origin model has been proposed based on neutral markers and analyses of domestication genes for hull color and seed shattering. Here, we examined variation in pericarp (bran) color and its molecular basis to address how this trait evolved in Malaysian weeds and its possible role in weed adaptation. Functional alleles of the Rc gene confer proanthocyanidin pigmentation of the pericarp, a trait found in most wild and weedy Oryzas and associated with seed dormancy; nonfunctional rc alleles were strongly favored during rice domestication, and most cultivated varieties have nonpigmented pericarps. Phenotypic characterizations of 52 Malaysian weeds revealed that most strains are characterized by the pigmented pericarp; however, some weeds have white pericarps, suggesting close relationships to cultivated rice. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Rc haplotypes present in Malaysian weeds likely have at least three distinct origins: wild O. rufipogon, white-pericarp cultivated rice, and red-pericarp cultivated rice. These diverse origins contribute to high Rc nucleotide diversity in the Malaysian weeds. Comparison of Rc allelic distributions with other rice domestication genes suggests that functional Rc alleles may confer particular fitness benefits in weedy rice populations, for example, by conferring seed dormancy. This may promote functional Rc introgression from local wild Oryza populations.
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Pei, Yong, Chenxi He, Huili Liu, Guiping Shen, and Jianghua Feng. "Compositional Analysis of Four Kinds of Citrus Fruits with an NMR-Based Method for Understanding Nutritional Value and Rational Utilization: From Pericarp to Juice." Molecules 27, no. 8 (April 16, 2022): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082579.

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Citrus is one of the most important economic crops and is widely distributed across the monsoon region. Citrus fruits are deeply loved by consumers because of their special color, fragrance and high nutritional value. However, their health benefits have not been fully understood, especially the pericarps of citrus fruits which have barely been utilized due to their unknown chemical composition. In the present study, the pericarp and juices of four typical varieties of citrus fruits (lemon, dekopon, sweet orange and pomelo) were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition. A total of 62 components from the citrus juices and 87 components from the citrus pericarps were identified and quantified, respectively. The different varieties of the citrus fruits could be distinguished from the others, and the chemical markers in each citrus juice and pericarp were identified by a combination of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The nutritional analysis of citrus juices offers favorable diet recommendations for human consumption and data guidance for their potential medical use, and the nutritional analysis of citrus pericarps provides a data reference for the subsequent comprehensive utilization of citrus fruits. Our results not only provide an important reference for the potential nutritional and medical values of citrus fruits but also provide a feasible platform for the traceability analysis, adulteration identification and chemical composition analysis of other fruits.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pericarp color1"

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Cantaluppi, E. "STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE CULTIVARS RICH IN FLAVONOIDS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/472066.

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Maize is one of the most consumed and appreciated cereals in the world, representing a staple food for many populations; during its diffusion the process of adaptation to different environments and growing conditions, together with human selection, led to the diversification of hundreds different landraces. Nowadays the preservation of maize biodiversity appears crucial given the importance of this species for global food security. Even if the great part of maize varieties cultivated worldwide has white or yellow kernel, several flavonoids compounds such as anthocyanins and phlobaphenes can be accumulated in seeds and in other plant tissues, conferring them a red-purple, blue or brown pigmentation. A few regulatory genes are involved in flavonoids accumulation, inducing a tissue specific pattern of pigmentation. Flavonoids consumption is known to be associated to many beneficial effects on health, especially in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, age-related neurodegenerative diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes, mainly due to their antioxidant activity. Considering the interest for pigmented maize varieties as source of antioxidants in the diet and natural food colorants, in this PhD project we studied the heritability of the main regulatory genes involved in seeds pigmentation. Improved maize varieties able to exert beneficial effects on human health could be developed through a breeding approach, using pigmented maize varieties as donors of the main regulatory genes, thus developing real functional foods that could be introduced in the diet of many people. Three strategies can be followed to develop colored maize varieties rich in flavonoids adapt to the European growing conditions without recurring to a biotechnological approach: the easiest strategy is represented by the rediscovery of the ancient colored landraces still cultivated in restricted areas that could also represent a starting point for future breeding programs. A second strategy can be adopted using colored maize varieties already adapted to the European growing conditions as source of the dominant alleles of the regulatory genes of the flavonoids biosynthetic pathway: booster1 (b1) and purple plant1 (pl1), inducing the accumulation of anthocyanins in the seeds pericarp layer. A third strategy is represented by the use of tropical or subtropical materials as source of dominant alleles of the regulatory genes, in fact the “strong” dominant alleles of the purple plant1 gene inducing the accumulation of very high amounts of anthocyanins, have not been yet discovered in varieties already adapted to our photoperiod. According to the first strategy, in this project two ancient European colored landraces were studied and characterized. The Spanish blue maize variety Millo Corvo was found to accumulate anthocyanins (mainly cyanidin) in the seed aleurone layer, due to the presence of a dominant allele of the red colour1 (r1) gene, as confirmed by mapping and sequencing data. The Italian Nero Spinoso variety was also characterized founding that its dark pigmentation is due to the accumulation of phlobaphenes in the pericarp layer, due to the pericarp colour1 (p1) gene. In collaboration with the municipalities of Esine and Piancogno (BS) and with the “Università della Montagna” (Edolo, BS), the Nero Spinoso has also been included in the “National Register of Varieties of Agricultural and Horticultural Species” as a “Variety of Conservation”. Following the second strategy we performed a breeding program based on backcrossing and selection, using the colored inbreed line Reduno (included in the CPVO register, N° EU 33449), as pollen donor (source of the dominant alleles of the regulatory genes booster1 and purple plant1), and a colourless sweet corn line as recurrent parent, thus obtaining a colored sweet corn rich in anthocyanins and characterized by an higher antioxidant power with respect to the recurrent parent. Regarding the third strategy, considering that colourless varieties, even if lacking in anthocyanins and phlobaphenes, can contain high amounts of other flavonoids, we sampled two South African varieties characterizing them for the first time from the phenotypical and nutritional points of view, in collaboration with the Vaal University of Technology (Vanderbijlpark, Guateng, South Africa). Our results showed a low nutritional value and also a low content of flavonoids, suggesting the possibility of using these varieties in a breeding program aimed to develop improved maize varieties that could represent functional foods for the local population.
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Zhang, Feng. "Organ-specific regulation and molecular evolution of the maize pericarp color1 gene /." 2005.

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Robbins, Michael Lawrence Chopra Surinder. "Tissue-specific patterning specified by a multicopy pericarp color1 allele in maize." 2008. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-2420/index.html.

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Sekhon, Rajandeep Singh. "Investigation of molecular mechanisms of regulation of maize pericarp color1 by an epigenetic modifier unstable factor for orange1." 2007. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-2306/index.html.

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Davis, Haley N. "Phenotypic diversity of colored phytochemicals in sorghum accessions with various pericarp pigments." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/39253.

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Master of Science
Food Science Institute
Weiqun Wang
Sorghum is a versatile grain that is generally consumed in Asian and African countries but is gaining interest in the United States due to its gluten-free and bioactive compound enriched health benefits. There are many varieties of sorghum that come in a wide range of colors. These genetic factor-depended phenotypic colors are contributed by various phytochemical pigments that reside within different components of the sorghum kernel, especially in the pericarp and endosperm. Various pericarp pigments are reflective of the certain phytochemical levels which may include anthocyanins, carotenoids, and condensed tannins. This article reviews recent studies on the association of pericarp pigments in various sorghum accessions with anthocyanins and carotenoids, respectively. It covers aspects of the potential health benefits of these colored dietary constituents. However, further investigations are warranted to clarify the diversity of these bioactive constituent interactions with genetic and environmental factors. How these phytochemicals correlate to the sorghum pericarp pigments could be important in future use of sorghum as a functional food with potential health benefits.
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Malahlela, Harold Kgetja. "The potential use of uvasys sulfur dioxide sheets and packaging materials to retain 'Mauritius' litchi (litchi chenensis sonn.) fruit red pericarp colour." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2939.

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Thesis (MSc. (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
After harvesting litchi fruit, the red pericarp colour is rapidly lost resulting in discolouration and browning during storage and marketing. To mitigate this challenge, the South African litchi industry uses sulfur dioxide fumigation to retain litchi fruit red pericarp colour during extended storage and shelf-life. However, there are health concerns regarding the commercially used (SO2) fumigation for litchi pericarp colour retention due to high levels of SO2 residues in fruit aril. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the possibility of Uvasys slow release SO2 sheets to retain ‘Mauritius’ litchi fruit red pericarp colour when packaged in plastic-punnets and bags. Treatment factors were two packaging materials (plastic-punnets and bags), six SO2 treatments (control; SO2 fumigation and four SO2 sheets viz. Uva-Uno-29% Na2S2O5; Dual-Release-Blue35.85% Na2S2O5; Slow-Release-36.5% Na2S2O5 and Dual-Release-Green-37.55% Na2S2O5) and four shelf-life periods (day 0, 1, 3 and 5). ‘Mauritius’ fruit were assessed for pericarp Browning Index (BI), Hue angle (ho), Chroma (C*) and Lightness (L*). In this study, an interactive significant effect (P < 0.05) between packaging type and SO2 treatments was observed on ‘Mauritius’ fruit pericarp L*, C* and ho during shelf-life. Fruit stored in plastic-bags and treated with SO2 fumigation showed higher pericarp C* and L*, while SO2 fumigated fruit in plastic-punnets had higher pericarp ho. Lower pericarp BI was observed in SO2 fumigated fruit stored in plastic-bags, which showed less pericarp browning than fruit in other treatments. In general, commercial SO2 fumigation resulted in lower pericarp BI, and higher pericarp L*, C* and ho throughout the storage and shelf-life. Our correlation analyses results further showed that litchi fruit red pericarp colour was better preserved as SO2 treatment levels increased, especially in plastic-bags. In retaining ‘Mauritius’ litchi fruit red pericarp colour, Uvasys SO2 sheets were not effective when compared with commercial SO2 fumigation. However, commercially SO2 fumigated fruit were bleached throughout the storage and shelf-life. Furthermore, fruit from all treatments were spoiled due to decay and mould growth after day 5 of shelf-life. Inclusion of pathogen protectants is important in future research to demonstrate whether Uvasys SO2 sheet-packaging technology can retain ‘Mauritius’ litchi fruit pericarp colour.
Agricultural Research Council and National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Book chapters on the topic "Pericarp color1"

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Davis, Haley, Xiaoyu Su, Yanting Shen, Jingwen Xu, Donghai Wang, J. Scott Smith, Fadi Aramouni, and Weiqun Wang. "Phenotypic Diversity of Colored Phytochemicals in Sorghum Accessions With Various Pericarp Pigments." In Polyphenols in Plants, 123–31. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813768-0.00008-6.

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"TABLE 11 Common Methods of Processing Sorghum for Use in Livestock Feed Category Type of process Procedure Characteristics Mechanical action Grinding/Rolling Particle size reduction using hammer, Most commonly used, least expensive. plate, pin, or roller mills. Increase feed efficiency and digestibility by 10-20% of whole grain. Wet process Reconstitution Increase grain moisture to 25-30%. Wet Improves feed efficiency about 10-15% grain is anaerobically stored for 2-3 over dry ground grain due to higher weeks prior to grinding and feeding. protein and energy digestibility. Early harvest Grain is harvested at 20-30% moisture Similar to reconstitution. and stored anaerobically or with organic acids (e.g., propionic). Grain is ground prior to or after storage. Soaking Soak grain in water for 12-24 h. Feed Tendency for grain to ferment or sour. whole or crush. Only limited use. Heat and moisture Steam-rolling Grain subjected to live steam (180°F) Slight increase over dry rolling. Reduces 3-5 min then rolled. fines and dust. Steam-flaking Grain exposed to high moisture steam Most common method in feedlots. Thin for 5-15 min to reach 18-20% flaking of sorghum increases moisture. Then grain is rolled to digestibility and feed efficiency equal desired flake thickness. to that of reconstitution. Pelleting Ground grain is conditioned with steam, Reduces dust, improves palatability, forced through a die, and pellets are uniformity, and handling of feeds. cooled. Prevents segregation of micronutrients. Exploding Grain exposed to high-pressure steam, Similar to puffing of cereals for breakfast the starch is gelatinized, the pressure foods. Feed efficiency is similar to is decreased, and rapid expansion of steam flaked or reconstituted grain. the kernel occurs. Hot dry heat Popping Hot, dry air expansion of grain. Bulk Ruptures endosperm increasing starch density is low. Density is increased availability. Feed efficiency is similar by spraying with water and rolling to steam flaking or reconstitution. sometimes. Micronizing Heat grain with gas-fired infrared Feed efficiency similar to steam flaking, burners to the point of eversion exploding or popping. Bulk density followed by rolling through a roller similar to steam-flaked grain. mill. From Refs. 14, 43, 44, and 86. sorghums, especially waxy endosperm types, have im-sorghum production is consumed directly by humans proved feed-processing properties [62]. [71,88]. Moist, dry, and semi-moist pet foods contain sorghum at For the production of most traditional foods, sorghum is various levels depending upon the formulation. The avail-decorticated using a wooden mortar and pestle. Hand-ability of new food-type sorghums with light color and decortication is a laborious chore generally done by house-bland flavor will lead to more use of sorghum in pet foods. wives. Sorghums with thick pericarp and hard endosperm are preferred because they are easier to decorticate [93]. In some instances, mechanical dehullers are used to service Xl. PROCESSING FOR FOOD small villages and urban areas. Milling yields are related to A. Traditional Food Systems kernel hardness, size, and shape. Most of the sorghums are milled to remove 10-30% of the original weight. The use Sorghum is processed into many different traditional foods of diesel or electrically powered abrasive mills for de-around the world (Table 12). About 30-40% of world hulling and grinding has been increasing slowly." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 180–92. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pericarp color1"

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Novianti, C., S. Purbaningsih, and A. Salamah. "The effect of different pericarp color on seed germination of Centella asiatica (L.) urban." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2015 (ISCPMS 2015): Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4946967.

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Reports on the topic "Pericarp color1"

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Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.

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Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.
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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.

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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10
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