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Jones, Andrew Thomas. "Regional pulmonary perfusion using electron beam computed tomography." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391623.
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Eck, Brendan Lee. "Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with X-Ray Computed Tomography." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1525187076597075.
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Williams, Michelle Claire. "Computed tomography imaging of the heart." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25852.
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Computed tomography imaging has revolutionised modern medicine and we can now study the body in greater detail than ever before. Cardiac computed tomography has the potential to provide information not just on coronary anatomy, but also on myocardial function, perfusion and viability. This thesis addresses the optimisation and validation of computed tomography imaging of the heart using a wide volume 320-multidetector scanner. Computed tomography coronary angiography now has diagnostic accuracy comparable to invasive coronary angiography. However, radiation dose remains an important concern. It is therefore important to minimise computed tomography radiation dose while maintaining image quality. I was able to demonstrate that iterative reconstruction and patient tailored imaging techniques led to a 39% reduction in radiation dose in computed tomography coronary angiography, while maintaining subjective and objective assessments of image quality. In addition, I demonstrated that diagnostic images can be obtained in 99% of unselected patients presenting with suspected coronary artery disease when using single heart-beat 320- multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography. Computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging can provide additional and complementary information as compared to computed tomography coronary angiography that can aid diagnosis and management. I established both quantitative and qualitative assessment of computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging and validated it against both a clinical “gold-standard”, fractional flow reserve during invasive coronary angiography, and a physiological “gold-standard”, positron emission tomography with oxygen-15 labelled water. Finally, I was able to show that techniques to reduce radiation dose can also be applied to computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging, leading to a 60% reduction in radiation dose, while maintaining image quality. In my thesis, I have established that comprehensive cardiac angiographic and perfusion imaging can be performed with wide volume computed tomography in a broad generalizable population of patients with relatively low radiation exposure. These techniques provide both structural and functional assessments from a single imaging modality that are valid and readily applicable to the clinic in the assessment and management of patients with suspected coronary artery disease.
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Levi, Jacob. "Automated Beam Hardening Correction for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging using Computed Tomography." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1553868329519413.
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Goh, Vicky Joo-Lin. "Perfusion computed tomography (CT) as a determinant and differentiator of colorectal disease." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612137.
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Fieselmann, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Interventional Perfusion Imaging Using C-arm Computed Tomography: Algorithms and Clinical Evaluation / Andreas Fieselmann." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/106773645X/34.
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Willows, Brooke. "Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging In Acute Ischemic Stroke: Do The Benefits Outweigh The Costs?" Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623622.
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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.Current stroke imaging protocol at Barrow Neurological Institute calls for a noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT), a computed tomography angiography (CTA), and a computed tomography perfusion (CTP) at the time of presentation to the emergency department (ED), and follow up imaging includes magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging (MR‐DWI). This information is used to determine the appropriateness and safety of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration. Previous studies have shown the risk for post‐tPA hemorrhagic conversion rises significantly as the size of the infarct core increases. Thus, it is of great importance to have an accurate method of measuring core infarct size in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke. The purpose of our study is to determine if CTP correctly identifies the infarct core and if post‐tPA hemorrhagic conversion is related to the size of the infarct core and/or the accuracy of CTP in identifying the infarct core. The ultimate goal is to improve patient outcomes by decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with tPA administration. This study is a retrospective chart review of all patients who presented to the ED during a one year period with signs and symptoms of acute ischemic stroke who then subsequently received tPA. Imaging was also reviewed, including the NCCT, CTA, CTP, and MRDWI for each patient. In this study, MR‐DWI is used as the gold standard for determining the presence or absence of an infarct core. CTP and MR‐DWI are in agreement of the presence of an infarct core in 7 patients, or 10 percent of the time. Similarly, CTP and MR‐DWI are in agreement of the absence of an infarct core in 31 patients, or 44 percent of the time. In the other 32 patients, CTP and MR‐DWI are in disagreement. The percent correlation between CTP and MR‐DWI was found to be 24 percent with a p‐value < 0.05. As for post‐tPA hemorrhagic conversion, 12 percent of patients had hemorrhagic conversion, and when the hemorrhage rate was compared to the size of the infarct core, the odds of post‐tPA hemorrhagic conversion were 56 times higher in the group of patients with infarct cores larger than one‐third of a vascular territory than in patients with smaller infarct cores with a p‐value < 0.001. Although no significant correlation was found between the accuracy of CTP data and the rate of post‐tPA hemorrhagic conversion, patients with concordant CTP and MR data had a 46% lower likelihood of post‐tPA hemorrhagic conversion than did patients with contradictory CTP and MR‐DWI data. Conclusion: Because patients with infarct cores larger than one‐third of a vascular territory are 56 times more likely to hemorrhage than patients with smaller infarct cores and CTP is less accurate than MR‐DWI in identifying the infarct core in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke, CTP studies should not be part of the acute stroke imaging protocol. Another imaging modality, such as MR‐DWI, may be preferential in the setting of acute ischemic stroke to identify the infarct core.
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Hughes, Tyler John. "A template-based method for semi-quantitative single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42844.
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This thesis presents the template-based quantitative perfusion SPECT (TQPS) method, which is designed for the semi-quantitative analysis in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Unlike traditional methods employing normal patient databases as the healthy standard when quantifying myocardial perfusion defects, the proposed method utilizes a patient-specific template for its healthy standard. In doing so, TQPS aims to overcome a number of the limitations associated with the non-patient-specific nature of normal patient databases.
The TQPS method begins with the construction of a template, which is a 3D digital model of the patient’s healthy heart, using the SPECT reconstructed image. The template is then projected, reconstructed and sampled into the bulls-eye map domain. A ratio of the patient and template bulls-eye images produces a final corrected image in which a patient-specific threshold is applied to identify perfusion defects. Traditional semi-quantitative cardiac measurements, such as the summed stress score and perfusion defect extent were employed for the analysis.
This thesis presents the investigation of TQPS in three phases: method evaluation, optimization, and validation. The first two phases focused on controlled simulation studies in which the assessment was based on how well TQPS was able to quantify myocardial perfusion defects relative to the truth. In these studies, the method was able to spatially define perfusion defects with a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 76%, respectively, while estimating the global perfusion defect size to within 3% of the truth. In the third phase, the aim was to clinically evaluate TQPS relative to an established commercial method (QPS). TQPS exhibited improved specificity relative to the commercial method for the detection of significant coronary artery disease in the left anterior descending artery. The sensitivities for detecting 70% stenosis or greater in the LAD, LCX and RCA territories for QPS and TQPS were 60%, 82%, 75%, and 88%, 94%, 75%, respectively.
In summary, the TQPS method was able to accurately quantify myocardial perfusion defects in SPECT MPI, while exhibiting considerable advantages over a traditional normal database method, particularly in the LAD coronary territory.
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Paolani, Giulia. "Brain perfusion imaging techniques." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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In questo lavoro si sono analizzate due diverse tecniche di imaging di perfusione implementate in Risonanza Magnetica e Tomografia Assiale Computerizzata (TAC). La prima analisi proposta riguarda la tecnica di Arterial Spin Labeling che permette di ottenere informazioni di perfusione senza la somministrazione di un mezzo di contrasto. In questo lavoro si è sviluppata e testata una pipeline completa, attraverso lo sviluppo sia di un protocollo di acquisizione che di post-processing. In particolare, sono stati definiti parametri di acquisizione standard, che permettono di ottenere una buona qualità dei dati, successivamente elaborati attraverso un protocollo di post processing che, a partire dall'acquisizione di un esperimento di ASL, permette il calcolo di una mappa quantitativa di cerebral blood flow (CBF). Nel corso del lavoro, si è notata una asimmetria nella valutazione della perfusione, non giustificata dai dati e probabilmente dovuta ad una configurazione hardware non ottimale. Risolta questa difficoltà tecnica, la pipeline sviluppata sarà utilizzata come standard per l’acquisizione e il post-processing di dati ASL. La seconda analisi riguarda dati acquisiti attraverso esperimenti di perfusione TAC. Si è presa in considerazione la sua applicazione a casi di infarti cerebrali in cui le tecniche di trombectomia sono risultate inefficaci. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è stata la definizione di una pipeline che permetta il calcolo autonomo delle mappe di perfusione e la standardizzazione della trattazione dei dati. In particolare, la pipeline permette l’analisi di dati di perfusione attraverso l’utilizzo di soli software open-source, contrapponendosi alla metodologia operativa comunemente utilizzata in clinica e rendendo le analisi riproducibili. Il lavoro proposto è inserito in un progetto più ampio, che include future analisi longitudinali con coorti di pazienti più ampie per definire e validare parametri predittivi degli outcome dei pazienti.
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Dougherty, Timothy M. "Quantitative computed tomography based measures of vascular dysfunction for identifying COPD phenotypes and subphenotypes." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2069.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease almost exclusively related to tobacco smoke. COPD symptoms are typical of numerous other ailments making it difficult to diagnose and track. Technological advancements in CT imaging have allowed clinicians and researchers to expand simple structural information to functional information. These advancements have helped to increase the use of CT imaging in the study of smoking related lung disease.
In this thesis, we investigate observations from a previous study which suggested pulmonary artery constriction in inflamed lung regions promotes emphysema progression in smokers susceptible to emphysema. We use CT data from a 1 year longitudinal study to evaluate the pulmonary artery dimensions in rapid and non-progressing emphysema subjects. We show that the enlargement of arteries predicts emphysema progression and can be used to identify subjects showing signs of rapid emphysema progression.
We attempt to further our ability to use dual energy computed tomography (DECT) for longitudinal and multi-center studies by developing a DECT perfusion blood volume (PBV) imaging protocol with low radiation dose and diluted contrast. We demonstrate that we can reduce radiation dose by up to 34% with the advanced technology of Siemens SOMATOM Force scanner.
Finally, we use DECT PBV imaging to compare perfusion heterogeneity in a multi-center study with both GE and Siemens scanners. We show that perfusion heterogeneity is increased in lung regions showing signs of emphysema, but scanner model/manufacturer appears to be the most important factor as data from the GE scanner had greater noise and thus increased perfusion heterogeneity.
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Petersson, Johan. "Effect of body posture on regional ventilation and perfusion at normal and increased gravity /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-920-3/.
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Strang, Christof. "The Effect of CO2-Pneumoperitoneum on Ventilation Perfusion Distribution of the Lung." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Klinisk fysiologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-149746.
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Laparoscopic operations are a common and popular way for abdominal procedures. They are usually performed by insufflation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the abdominal cavity. However, insufflation of CO2 may interfere with cardiac and circulatory as well as respiratory functions. The CO2-pneumoperitoneum (PP) may cause hypercarbia and acidosis. The direct effects of CO2 and acidosis lead to decreased cardiac contractility, sensitization of the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and systemic vasodilatation. There may even be long-lasting post-operative effects on breathing control. The pneumoperitoneum may also cause several respiratory changes, e.g. decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) and vital capacity (VC), formation of atelectasis, reduced respiratory compliance and increased airway pressure. Still, arterial oxygenation is mostly maintained or even improved during PP. In view of the apparently contradictory results in respiratory mechanics and gas exchange, the present studies were performed to evaluate respiratory changes on gas exchange and ventilation-perfusion distributions during PP in a porcine model. It was demonstrated that atelectasis during anaesthesia and PP may be estimated by an increased arterial to endtidal PCO2-gradient (study I). Perfusion was redistributed away from dorsal, collapsed lung regions when PP was established. This resulted in a better ventilation-perfusion match (study II). Increasing abdominal pressure shifted blood flow more and more away from collapsed lung tissue, decreased pulmonary shunt and improved oxygenation from 8 to 16 mmHg PP, despite an increase of atelectasis formation (study III). CO2-PP enhanced the shift of blood flow towards better ventilated parts of the lung compared to Air-PP. Moreover, sodium natriumprusside worsened the ventilation-perfusion match even more and blunted the effects previously seen with carbon dioxide. CO2 should therefore be the mediator of enhancing HPV during PP. In conclusion, pneumoperitoneum with CO2 causes atelectasis with elimination of ventilation in the dependent lung regions. However, an efficient shift of blood flow away from collapsed, non-ventilated regions results in a better ventilation-perfusion matching and better oxygenation of blood than without PP. A prerequisite for the beneficial effect is the use of carbon dioxide for the abdominal inflation, since it enhances HPV.
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Abubakar, Sofiullah. "The conclusions drawn from ventilation/perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) compared to lung perfusion SPECT and a chest x-ray (CXR) in patients with suspected pulmonary pulmonary thromboembolism." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29578.
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Purpose: There are conflicting results from studies on whether the ventilation (V) scintigraphy can be safely omitted or replaced by a chest x-ray. These studies were based on planar ventilation perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy. We evaluated the value of the V single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) on the final conclusion drawn from a V/Q SPECT and the possible role of the chest x-ray as a surrogate for the V SPECT. Methods Raw data of V/Q SPECT images and chest x-ray acquired within 48 hours over 18 months period were retrieved, reprocessed and reviewed in batches. The V SPECT, Q SPECT and chest x-ray were reviewed separately and in combination. Data on the presence and character of defects and chest x-ray abnormalities were recorded. The V/Q SPECT images were interpreted using the criteria in the EANM guideline and the Q SPECT and chest x-ray images were interpreted using the PISAPED criteria. Agreement between the diagnosis on the V/Q SPECT review and the Q SPECT and chest x-ray review was analysed. Results 21.1% of the patients were classified as 'PE present’ on the V/Q SPECT review whereas 48.9% were classified as 'PE present’ on the Q SPECT and chest x-ray review. Only 5.4% of defects seen on V SPECT had matched chest x-ray lung field opacity. Conclusion Our study showed that the omission of a V SPECT led to a high rate of false positive diagnoses and that the ventilation scan cannot be replaced by a chest x-ray.
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Lukas, Steffen [Verfasser]. "Noise reduction and motion elimination in low-dose 4D myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) : preliminary clinical evaluation of the ASTRA4D algorithm / Steffen Lukas." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202042384/34.
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Fieselmann, Andreas [Verfasser], and Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Hornegger. "Interventional Perfusion Imaging Using C-arm Computed Tomography : Algorithms and Clinical Evaluation = Interventionelle Perfusionsbildgebung mittels C-Bogen-Computertomographie / Andreas Fieselmann. Betreuer: Joachim Hornegger." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021259551/34.
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Jasinowodolinski, Dany. "Estudo da perfusão pulmonar por angiotomografia computadorizada em pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5150/tde-01122014-144947/.
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Introdução: A hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) é uma doença grave da circulação pulmonar, cujo diagnóstico e cuja avaliação funcional dependem do cateterismo cardíaco direito. A tomografia de dupla energia (TCDE), por meio da técnica de decomposição de materiais, permite obter um mapa de Iodo do parênquima pulmonar, que pode ser avaliado de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, e pode ser útil na avaliação da HAP. Objetivos: Avaliar a distribuição de Iodo no parênquima pulmonar, comparando com marcadores hemodinâmicos, marcadores de gravidade e com grupo-controle normopressórico. Métodos: Pacientes com HAP, acompanhados na Unidade de Circulação Pulmonar (InCor-HCFMUSP), foram avaliados por angiotomografia das artérias pulmonares (angioTC) como parte de sua rotina diagnóstica, em modo de dupla energia. O grupo-controle foi composto por pacientes com suspeita clínica de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), com angioTC negativa para TEP e com ecocardiograma normal. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de Iodo no pulmão (mg/mL) por meio de 8 regiões de interesse redondas com 1 cm2 de área, distribuídas ao longo do eixo ântero-posterior do pulmão direito, em 3 níveis predeterminados. Foram obtidas, também, as medidas do ventrículo direito (VD), ventrículo esquerdo (VE), razão VD/VE, diâmetros da aorta (AO) e artéria pulmonar (AP). O realce da artéria pulmonar por meio da TCDE (PAenh) também foi obtido. Os resultados foram comparados entre os grupos, e correlacionados no grupo HAP com parâmetros hemodinâmicos invasivos e marcadores de gravidade. Resultados: O grupo HAP foi composto por 21 pacientes, com idade média de 42 anos, 47,6% em classe funcional I/II. Houve diferença significativa nos diâmetros da AP (p<0,01), VD (p<0,01), e VE (p=0,01), entre os grupos HAP e controle. Também demonstraram diferenças significativas às relações entre os diâmetros AP/AO (p < 0,01) e VD/VE (p < 0,01), entre os grupos. Calibre da artéria pulmonar maior do que 2,9 cm e relação AP/AO maior do que 1,1 cm demonstraram sensibilidade de 90,5% e 87,5%, e especificidade de 100% para o diagnóstico de HP. A PAenh não demonstrou diferenças significativas entre os grupos HAP e controle, contudo se correlacionou significativamente com a medida do débito cardíaco no grupo HAP (r=-0,661, p=0,01). A PAPm demonstrou correlação com a relação AP/AO (r=0,676) e, também, com a relação VD/VE (r=0,679), ambas com p < 0,01. A concentração de Iodo no parênquima foi significativamente menor no grupo HAP em todos os segmentos analisados. O mapa de Iodo demonstrou gradiente progressivo da concentração de Iodo no parênquima pulmonar, de caráter ântero-posterior, em ambos os grupos, de magnitude significativamente menor no grupo HAP. Usando-se o valor de PAenh para correção das medidas de concentração de Iodo, deixa de haver diferença entre os grupos HAP e controle. Conclusões: A TCDE, além das medidas anatômicas obtidas pela técnica convencional, permitiu demonstrar a manutenção do gradiente ântero-posterior da concentração de Iodo em pacientes com HAP, sugerindo que sua menor magnitude seja determinada pelo baixo débito cardíacoBackground: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease of the pulmonary circulation. Right heart catheterization (RHC) is crucial for diagnosis and management of these patients. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) and CT angiography play a crucial role in the diagnostic work-up of pulmonary hypertension. Dual energy computed tomography (DECT) is a technique of acquisition of modern CT scanners that allows obtaining a computed tomography of the pulmonary arteries with low iodine dose, and providing an estimation of iodine distribution in the lungs. Although the search for non-invasive methods for evaluation of PAH is developing, data concerning application of DECT on PAH patients remain scarce. Objectives: To evaluate the iodine distribution in the lungs obtained by DECT in PAH patients and a control group and compare to the hemodynamic profile, and prognostic markers of PAH patients. Methods: 21 patients followed at the Pulmonary Circulation Unit (InCor-HCFMUSP) and submitted to CT angiography were evaluated by DECT. A matched control group was composed by patients routinely referred to CT angiography to rule out pulmonary embolism with negative results and also a normal echocardiogram obtained at the same day. Eight circular 1cm2 ROIs were placed along the anteroposterior axis, at the middle of the right lung and at predetermined levels to measure the Iodine concentration in the lungs. Measurements of the pulmonary artery (PA), ascending aorta (AO), right ventricle (RV) and left ventricles (LV) were obtained, as well as enhancement of the PA (PAenh). Results were compared to the control group, and correlated with hemodynamic parameters in the PAH group. Results: PAH patients averaged 42 y/o, female/male ratio of 7/1, NYA functional classes I/II. Statistically significant differences between PAH patients and controls were found regarding measurements of PA (p < 0,01), RV (p < 0,01), LV (p=0,01), PA/AO (p < 0,01) and RV/LV (p < 0,01). PA diameter greater than 2,9 cm and PA/AO ratio greater 1,1 were diagnostic for pulmonary hypertension with sensitivity/specifity of 90,5%/100% and 87,5%/100%. PAenh showed no statistical difference between PAH patients and controls . A characteristic anteroposterior Iodine concentration gradient was found in all subjects, both PAH patients showed lower Iodine concentration diffusely (p < 0,01). When corrected by PAenh, Iodine gradients showed no statistical difference between PAH patients and controls. PAenh correlates with cardiac output (r=-0,661), and mPaP correlates with PA/AO ratio (r=0,676), RV/LV ratio VD/VE ratio (r=0,679), and p<0,01. Conclusion: Anteroposterior Iodine concentration gradient is preserved in PAH in comparison with controls, but with lower magnitude. This difference was corrected through the multiplication of individual Iodine measurements by PAenh, suggesting that this could be explained by lower blood flow to the lungs of PAH patients. PAenh correlates with cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial pressure correlates with PA/AO and RV/LV in PAH patients. DECT provided conventional anatomic measurements and allowed the characterization of preserved anteroposterior Iodine gradients in PAH patients, with decreased magnitude in comparison with controls, that could be atributed to a lower CO of these patients
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Capuano, Ermanno. "Assessment of Coronary Heart disease In Low Likelihood patients with End Stage kidney disease (ACHILLES) : comparison between Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Myocardial Perfusion Imaging." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25810.
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Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) in predicting Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy (MPS) perfusion defects in low likelihood patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) awaiting transplant. Materials and Methods: In total, 131 consecutive patients with ESRD awaiting transplant were prospectively enrolled in this study (86 men; 54±9years). All patients underwent MPS as per standard of care and in addition non-enhanced CT for calcium scoring (CAC score) and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA). Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of CAC score in predicting MPS perfusion defects were 88%, 35%, 28% and 92%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of CCTA in predicting MPS perfusion defects at the patient level were 55%, 87%, 57% and 87%, respectively, and 48%, 92%, 41% and 94% at the vessel level. The diagnostic performance of CCTA in predicting MPS perfusion defects improved when patients with CAC score higher than 1000 (15/70, 21%) were excluded from the analysis. In patients with positive CAC score up to 1000 sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV at the patient level were 60%, 93%, 75% and 86% respectively. These were 53%, 91%, 36% and 95%, respectively, at the vessel level. Conclusion: Non-enhanced CT for CAC score and CCTA can be considered useful diagnostic tools in the ESRD population, particularly in identifying patients without coronary artery disease. This approach however had limitations in the presence of high CAC score.
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Magalhães, Tiago Augusto. "Angiografia coronariana e perfusão miocárdica de estresse por tomografia computadorizada de 64 colunas de detectores na avaliação luminal intra-stent." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-24042012-165356/.
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A angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) é um exame bem estabelecido no diagnóstico da doença arterial coronariana. Entretanto, segmentos coronarianos submetidos a implante de stent podem apresentar limitação na avaliação luminal. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o valor adicional da perfusão miocárdica por tomografia computadorizada (PMTC) à avaliação anatômica isolada pela ACTC em portadores de stent, tendo o cateterismo (CATE) como referência. Quarenta e seis pacientes (56,9±7,2 anos, 28 homens) com indicação clínica de CATE em até 60 dias foram submetidos à avaliação combinada de ACTC e PMTC, por meio de tomógrafo de 64 detectores (Aquillion 64, Toshiba). A aquisição foi iniciada com a fase de estresse (PMTC) usando-se dipiridamol a 0,56mg/kg/4min e 60ml de contraste a 3ml/s, seguido de reversão com aminofilina 240mg e metoprolol (até 20mg). Em seguida, realizou-se a ACTC com 80-90ml de constraste a 5ml/s. Os dados da PMTC, da ACTC, e do CATE foram analisados por dois observadores independentes, sem informações clínicas dos pacientes. Primariamente analisou-se a ACTC, seguida da avaliação da PMTC. Concluída esta fase, os observadores tinham a possibilidade de reclassificar os segmentos coronarianos submetidos a stent cuja avaliação estivesse limitada ou inadequada por artefatos. A dose total média de radiação foi 15,83±4,93 mSv e todos os exames foram adequados. Um total de 129 segmentos coronarianos foi avaliado na ACTC, bem como os respectivos territórios miocárdicos pela PMTC. Destes, 54 territórios (42%) eram relacionados à presença de stents, sendo 19 com stents de avaliação adequada e 23 com avaliação luminal limitada, porém possível, e 12 segmentos de avaliação inadequada (sem possibilidade de avaliação luminal). Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia para a ACTC isolada nos territórios com stents foram de, respectivamente: 85%, 76%, 85%, 76% e 81%, e com o uso combinado da ACTC + PMTC foram de, respectivamente 88%, 95%, 97%, 83% e 92% (p=0,0314). Nos territórios com stent e avaliação luminal prejudicada (limitada ou inadequada) os valores para análise da ACTC isolada foram de, respectivamente: 83%, 71%, 75%, 80% e 77% e após a análise da ACTC + PMTC foram de, respectivamente: 89%, 94%, 94%, 89% e 92% (p = 0,0441). A avaliação combinada da ACTC + PMTC permitiu melhorar a acurácia diagnóstica da avaliação de obstrução coronariana significativa em pacientes portadores de stents, comparativamente à avaliação isolada da ACTCCoronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA) is a well established examination in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the segments with prior coronary stent implantation may have limited luminal evaluation. The aim of this study is to assess the incremental value of myocardial computed tomography perfusion (myocardial CTP) to the anatomical assessment by coronary CTA alone in patients with stents, using catheterization (CAT) as a reference method. Forty-six patients (56.9 ± 7.2 years, 28 men) referred to CAT by clinical indication within 60 days, were evaluated with combined evaluation of coronary CTA and myocardial CTP through 64-detector CT scanner (Aquillion 64, Toshiba). The acquisition protocol began with the stress phase (myocardial CTP), using dipyridamole to 0.56 mg/kg/4min and 60ml of contrast (3ml/s), followed by a bolus of aminophylline 240 mg and metoprolol (up to 20mg). After, it was performed the coronary CTA wih 80-90ml of contrast (5 ml/s). Data from the myocardial CTP, coronary CTA and CAT were analyzed by two independent observers, with no knowledge to clinical information. The observers reviewed the coronary CTA findings, and in a second time performed the evaluation of myocardial CTP. So, they had the possibility to reclassify segments with coronary stent that were considered with limited or inadequate assessment due to artifacts. Mean total dose of radiation was 15.83 ± 4.93 mSv, and all examinations were interpretable. A total of 129 coronary segments were evaluated by coronary CTA, and also were their correspondent myocardial territories by myocardial CTP. Of these, 54 territories (42%) were related to the presence of stents, 19 stents with adequate evaluation, 23 with limited evaluation, but possible, and 12 with inadequate evaluation (no luminal assessment possible). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy for the coronary CTA in territories with stents were respectively: 85%, 76%, 85%, 76% and 81%, and the combined use of coronary CTA + Myocardial CTP were respectively 88%, 95%, 97%, 83% and 92% (p=0.0314). In territories with impaired luminal stent evaluation (limited or inadequate), the values for analysis of coronary CTA alone were: 83%, 71%, 75%, 80% and 77%, and after analysis of myocardial CTP were, respectively: 89%, 94%, 94%, 89% and 92% (p = 0.0441). The combined evaluation of the coronary CTA and myocardial CTP has improved the diagnostic accuracy of the evaluation of significant coronary obstruction in patients with stents, compared to the assessment of coronary CTA alone
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Moren, Mark G. "Predictive utility of neuropsychological measures and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in the classification of cerebral perfusion deficits in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT)." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1001181.
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The general purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between neuropsychological tests scores and perfusion deficits, based upon measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) taken from the single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). The study was designed to determine if DAT patients categorized as having left hemisphere, right hemisphere, diffuse, or an absence of perfusion deficits, as measured by SPECT, would be accurately grouped into their respective categories, and if they would exhibit the corresponding neuropsychological deficiencies usually associated with lateral hemispheric asymmetries.Selected subjects were 80 right handed, DAT patients from the North Broward Medical Center - Memory Disorder Center, in Pompono Beach, Florida, who had been administered a neuropsychological test battery, and a SPECT scan.Through several ANOVA's that were calculated for each of the neuropsychological variables, it was concluded that DAT patients who suffered from perfusion deficits exhibited significantly lower levels of neuropsychological functioning than DAT patients without perfusion deficits.These analyses revealed significantly lower levels of neuropsychological performance in the perfusion deficit group on the combination of left hemisphere WAIS-R subtests (Information, Similarities & Vocabulary), WMS - Logical Story (p < .01), WRAT-R Reading, WRAT-R Mathematics, WMS Paired Associates, and the Rey Complex Figure (p < .05).A separate step-wise discriminant function analysis indicated that a combination of the neuropsychological variables could not accurately classify the DAT patients into their respective right hemisphere, left hemisphere, diffuse, or absence of perfusion deficit groups. The discriminant function classified only 32.5% of the grouped cases accurately. Of the original thirteen neuropsychological variables, only Paired Associates immediate recall of the WMS entered the discriminant analysis equation. This accounted for only 23% of the total variability that could be explained by differences between the perfusion deficit groups. In several post hoc ANOVA's using the Bonferroni method of multiple comparisons, it was revealed that the absence of perfusion deficit group scored significantly higher than the other groups on the majority of the left hemisphere neuropsychological measures. However, none of the right hemisphere neuropsychological measures attained significance.Department of Educational Psychology
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Cury, Roberto Caldeira. "Avaliação da perfusão miocárdica de estresse com dipiridamol pela tomografia computadorizada com 64 colunas de detectores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-26052011-151741/.
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A angiotomografia de múltiplos detectores (TC) é um exame útil no diagnóstico de doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Recentemente, a TC foi associada à perfusão miocárdica com estresse (PTC) para detectar DAC. O objetivo é comparar a perfusão miocárdica da TC, após estresse com dipiridamol, com a cintilografia miocárdica (SPECT) na detecção de estenose coronariana significativa (>70%), usando o cateterismo (CATE) como método de referência. Trinta e seis pacientes (62±8,0 anos, 20 homens) com suspeita de DAC e com SPECT positivo em menos de 2 meses foram submetidos a um protocolo de TC para avaliação da PTC e angiografia pela tomografia computadorizada (ATC). TC foi realizada em um equipamento de 64 detectores (Aquillion 64, Toshiba), com uma primeira aquisição com os seguintes parâmetros:100mA,120Kv, 32x1mm colimação e 60ml de contraste a 3ml/s, após estresse com dipiridamol (0,56mg/Kg/4min), seguida de uma aquisição de repouso/ATC após aminofilina e metoprolol (270-400mA, 120Kv,64x0,5mm e 80 ml de contraste a 5ml/s). Observadores cegos e independentes, sem conhecimento prévio dos dados clínicos ou dos exames, realizaram análise visual e quantitativa da perfusão e angiotomografia, além de análise angiográfica quantitativa (QCA) para avaliação do CATE. Todos os pacientes completaram o protocolo sem efeitos adversos com dose de radiação média de 14,7 ± 3,0 mSv e exames interpretáveis. PTC foi positiva em 27 de 36 pacientes (75%). Dos nove casos (25%) com discordâncias (PTC negativa e SPECT positivo), 6 pacientes tinham ATC ou CATE normal e 2 tinham estenose coronariana menor que 50%. Um apresentava stent pérvio e o outro um ramo diagonal com redução luminal de 50%.O terceiro paciente apresentava uma oclusão do ramo ventricular posterior da artéria coronária direita com circulação colateral detectado pela ATC e confirmado pelo CATE. A comparação entre a PTC e o SPECT em uma análise por paciente mostrou boa concordância (Kappa =0,53;p<0,001). Em 26 pacientes com CATE, como referência, os valores diagnósticos foram sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia para a PTC 88,0; 79,3; 66,7; 93,3; 82,1% e para o SPECT 68,8; 76,1; 66,7; 77,8 e 73,1%, respectivamente. A perfusão miocárdica de repouso e estresse após dipiridamol na avaliação de doença aterosclerótica coronariana, associada à angiografia pela tomografia é factível e os resultados foram similares ao do SPECT. A combinação da informação anatômica e perfusional permite identificar os casos positivos do SPECT, sem estenose coronariana significativa.Multidetector computed tomography is a useful method for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Recently, myocardial stress CT perfusion (CTP) was shown to detect myocardial ischemia. Our main objective was to evaluate the feasibility of dipyridamole stress CTP and compare to SPECT perfusion to detect significant coronary stenosis using conventional angiography (CCA) (stenosis >70%) as reference method. Thirty-six patients (62.0±8.0 years old, 20 males) with suspected CAD and < 2 months prior positive SPECT underwent a customized multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) protocol with rest/stress myocardial perfusion evaluation and CTA. MDCT was performed in a 64 scanner (Aquillion 64, Toshiba) with stress perfusion after 0.56mg/kg/4min of dipyridamole (100mA, 120 kV, collimation-32 x 1 mm and 60 ml of iodinated contrast) followed by aminophyline and metoprolol infusion prior to a second rest perfusion/CTA acquisition (270-400mA, 120 kV, collimation-64 x 0,5 mm and 80 ml of iodinated contrast). Independent blinded observers with no knowledge of clinical data or other exams performed visual and quantitative analysis of CTP, CTA, SPECT and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) analysis, that was performed on CCA. All 36 patients completed the CT protocol with no adverse events, mean radiation dose of 14.7 ± 3.0 mSv and with interpretable scans. CTP was positive in 27 of 36 patients (75%). From the 9 (25%) disagreements with normal CTP and positive SPECT, 6 patients had normal CCA or CTA and 2 had no coronary stenosis > 70 %. One had patent stents and the other had a diagonal branch with mild luminal reduction at CCA. The remaining patient had an occluded right posterior lateral branch with collateral flow detect by CTA and confirmed by CCA. Good agreement was demonstrated between CTP and SPECT on a per-patient analysis (kappa 0.53). In 26 patients using CCA as reference, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive values and accuracy for CTP were 88.0, 79.3, 66.7, 93.3%, 82,1% and for SPECT 68.8, 76.1, 66.7, 77.8% and 73,1% respectively. Rest and dipyridamole-stress computed tomography myocardial perfusion is feasible and results are similar to SPECT scintigraphy. The combined anatomical information provided by computed tomography coronary angiography may allow identification of false-positives on perfusion scans.
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Fukuma, Kazuki. "Visualizing prolonged hyperperfusion in post-stroke epilepsy using postictal subtraction SPECT." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263347.
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Júnior, Roberto Nery Dantas. "Avaliação da perfusão miocárdica por TC com 320 colunas de detectores e por PET com Rubídio na investigação da doença arterial coronariana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-12012018-090618/.
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Introdução: Na investigação não invasiva da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), destacam-se a tomografia computadorizada com 320 colunas de detectores (TC320) e a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com Rubídio-82 (PET82Rb), por suas elevadas acurácias. A avaliação por imagem da perfusional miocárdica (MPI) por TC é predominantemente estática, em razão das limitações associadas à radiação ionizante. Avanços tecnológicos, como a reconstrução iterativa, permitiram o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos de aquisição multifásica, com baixa exposição à radiação. Objetivos: Avaliar a concordância entre TC320 multifásica e PET82Rb na avaliação de MPI (visual e semiquantitativa), em repouso e sob estresse farmacológico, em pacientes de risco intermediário para DAC significativa. Como objetivo secundário, avaliar o protocolo da perfusão multifásica na TC320 quanto à segurança, qualidade de imagem e dose de radiação. Métodos: Entre junho e outubro de 2013, foram incluídos, consecutivamente, 45 pacientes com suspeita de DAC significativa referidos para PET82Rb sob estresse com dipiridamol no Departamento de Medicina Nuclear do InCor-HCFMUSP, realizando, posteriormente, a TC320 multifásica volumétrica (cinco fases sob estresse), em um intervalo de até 30 dias. Um paciente foi excluído por descontinuar o protocolo. Os 44 indivíduos tiveram seus escores perfusionais (SSS e SDS) e percentual de miocárdio isquêmico (%MI) calculados para comparação. A análise estatística foi realizada com o programa R. Resultados: A idade média foi 63 anos e o sexo feminino (64%) predominou. A hipertensão foi o principal fator de risco presente (91%), e angina foi o sintoma mais frequente (48%). Uma forte correlação entre os métodos para o SSS (r=0,76, p < 0,001) e moderada para %MI (r=0,64, p<0,001) foram encontradas. Houve alta concordância na identificação de SSS >= 4 (Kappa 0,77, IC 95% 0,55-0,98, p < 0,001) e moderada para SDS >= 2 (Kappa 0,51, IC 95% 0,23-0,80, p < 0,001). Na avaliação por segmento, a concordância foi elevada para identificação de déficits no estresse e no repouso (Kappa 0,75 e 0,82, respectivamente), sendo moderada para sua gravidade (Kappa 0,58 e 0,65, respectivamente). O protocolo multifásico foi diagnóstico, seguro, e com baixa dose de radiação total (9,28 mSv). Oito pacientes apresentaram sintomas, todos considerados leves. Conclusão: Houve concordância significativa entre MPI por TC320 e por PET82Rb na avaliação da DAC significativa em pacientes de risco intermediário. O protocolo de perfusão multifásica por TC320 mostrou-se seguro, diagnóstico e com baixa dose de radiaçãoIntroduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) assessment evolves towards high accuracy non-invasive techniques, such as 320-row MDCT (320-CT) and Rubidium-82 PET (82RbPET). The latter is well established for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and quantitative measurements, while widespread clinical use of 320CT multiphase MPI has been hampered due to high radiation exposure. However, recent technology advances such as the development of iterative reconstruction algorithms made possible the research of new multiphase MPI protocols, with relatively low radiation burden. Objectives: The primary aim was to evaluate the agreement between 82RbPET MPI and contrast-enhanced 320-CT MPI using a multiphase first pass protocol during dipyridamole stress, in patients with suspected CAD. The secondary aim was to determine feasibility, image quality and radiation exposure of this new multiphase volumetric CT protocol. Methods: From June to October 2013 forty five patients referred for MPI evaluation were prospectively enrolled and underwent dipyridamole stress 82RbPET and multiphase 320-CT MPI protocol (five consecutive volumetric acquisitions during stress, and a single rest phase) within 30 days. One patient was excluded for discontinuing the protocol. Perfusional scores (SSS and SDS) and percent myocardium ischemic (%MI) for both methods were calculated for comparison, and statistical analyses were performed using the software R. Results: Mean age was 63 years old, and females were 64% of the sample. Hypertension was present in 91%, and chest pain was the predominant symptom in 48%. A strong correlation between methods regarding SSS was evidenced (r=0.76, p < 0.001), and moderate for %MI (r=0.64, p < 0.001). There was a high agreement for recognizing SSS >= 4 (Kappa 0.77, 95% CI 0.55-0.98, p < 0.001) and moderate for detecting SDS >= 2 (Kappa 0.51, 95% CI 0.23-0.80, p < 0.001). In a per-segment analysis, agreement was high for the presence of perfusion defects during both stress and rest (Kappa 0.75 and 0.82, respectively) and was moderate for impairment severity (Kappa 0.58 and 0.65, respectively). The 320- CT protocol was safe, diagnostic and with low radiation burden (9.3 ± 2.4 mSv). Eight patients referred symptoms during the CT protocol, but those where mild and transient. Conclusions: There was a significant agreement between dipyridamole stress 320-CT MPI and 82RbPET MPI in the evaluation of suspected CAD patients of intermediate risk. The multiphase 320-CT MPI protocol was feasible, diagnostic and with relatively low radiation exposure
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Obeid, Layal. "Biodistribution d'un agent de contraste iodé et impacts dosimétriques : étude pour la radiothérapie stéréotaxique par rayonnement synchrotron." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS029/document.
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Le traitement des gliomes de haut grade représente un réel défi médical. Les techniques de thérapies actuelles sont principalement à visée palliative et leur efficacité est limitée. De nombreuses stratégies thérapeutiques sont explorées pour trouver un traitement curatif. La radiothérapie stéréotaxique par rayonnement synchrotron (SSRT) est une technique innovante dont le principe repose sur l'accumulation sélective d'un élément lourd (Z élevé) dans la tumeur, suivie d'une irradiation stéréotaxique avec un faisceau monochromatique de rayons X, de faible énergie (50-100 keV), issus d'une source synchrotron. Une augmentation de la dose déposée localement dans la tumeur est obtenue grâce au renforcement de l’effet photoélectrique dans ces conditions. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des essais cliniques de phase I et II de la SSRT menés sur des métastases cérébrales, au synchrotron européen à Grenoble. Une injection systémique d’un agent de contraste iodé et un faisceau synchrotron de 80 keV sont utilisés lors de ces essais. L’efficacité de la SSRT repose directement sur la concentration de l’agent de contraste iodé accumulé dans la tumeur, sa stabilité au cours du temps et sa reproductibilité chez le même patient. L’objectif principal de ce travail a été d’évaluer et de modéliser les concentrations d'iode moyennes atteintes dans des métastases cérébrales, d’une part, et d’appréhender les impacts dosimétriques, engendrés par les variations spatiales et temporelles de ces concentrations sur le traitement des patients, d’autre part. Un protocole d'imagerie scanner a été conçu spécifiquement pour cette étude afin de permettre le suivi, temporel et spatial, des concentrations d'iode et l’extraction des paramètres de perfusion cérébrale dans une métastase cérébrale. Une méthodologie d'analyse expérimentale et une modélisation théorique de la bio-distribution d'iode dans des métastases cérébrales ont été développées. Un modèle mathématique reliant les concentrations d'iode aux paramètres de perfusion a été établi, dans le but de prédire les concentrations d'iode chez chaque patient et de réduire la durée du protocole de suivi. La reproductibilité de la prise de contraste a été caractérisée chez des patients à dix jours d’intervalle. Les impacts dosimétriques des écarts de concentrations d'iode observés sur les plans de traitement en SSRT ont été analysés. Ces derniers ont été comparés aux plans de traitement obtenus avec différentes techniques de pointe en radiothérapie afin d’évaluer les performances dosimétriques de la SSRTGliomas treatment is still a challenging disease in medicine. Available treatments are mainly palliative and their efficiency is limited. Since years, many therapeutic strategies have been explored to find a cure. Synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy (SSRT) is an innovative treatment combining the selective accumulation of heavy elements in tumours with stereotactic irradiations using monochromatic medium energy x-rays from a synchrotron source. A localised dose enhancement in brain tumours is obtained due to the reinforced photoelectric absorption in these conditions. This thesis takes part in the framework of phase I/II clinical trials, which are underway at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. These trials are realised on human brain metastasis using venous infusion of iodinated contrast agents and a 80 keV X-ray beam. The radiation dose enhancement depends on the amount of iodine in the tumour, its time course and its reproducibility for each patient. The aim of this work was to evaluate and model the amounts of iodine concentrations reached in brain metastasis, and to analyse the dosimetric deviations caused by spatial and temporal variations of these concentrations during the treatments. A CT cine scan protocol was designed especially for this study in order to extract quantitative iodine concentrations and associated brain perfusion parameters in human brain metastasis, as key parameters for treatment feasibility and quality. An experimental analysis methodology and a theoretical model of iodine biodistribution were developed. A mathematical relationship between iodine concentrations and perfusion parameters was established in order to estimate these concentrations for each patient in the future and to reduce the imaging dose, associated to the prolonged imaging acquisition time. The reproducibility of iodine uptake between the CT planning scan day and the treatment day was assessed (~10 days interval). The impact of iodine concentration variations on reference SSRT dosimetries was analysed. Finally, SSRT treatment plans were compared to those obtained with different cutting-edge radiotherapy techniques in order to evaluate dosimetric performances of SSRT
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Mangili, André Rampinelli. "Estudo radiológico comparativo e pulmonar funcional em crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15916.
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A bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa é considerada uma complicação rara da bronquiolite viral aguda, ocorrendo em aproximadamente 1% dos casos. No entanto, observa-se que em países situados no hemisfério sul essa doença vem ocorrendo com maior freqüência. É uma doença que se caracteriza por obstrução fixa e irreversível do fluxo aéreo, como conseqüência de lesão irreversível dos bronquíolos, com formação de áreas de fibrose e preenchimento da luz bronquiolar por tecido fibroso e ocorre com maior freqüência no sexo masculino. Este estudo compreendeu um grupo de 25 pacientes já estudados por Zhang et al. com diagnóstico de bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa, com o objetivo de realizar exames de imagem e compará-los com aqueles obtidos na época do primeiro estudo, a fim de identificar a evolução da doença, em termos de imagem, no período de tempo entre os dois estudos. Também foram realizados testes de função pulmonar. O estudo compreendeu um total de 21 pacientes do sexo masculino e 4 do sexo feminino. Para a comparação, foi criado um escore, o qual foi utilizado nos exames de imagem do estudo contemporâneo e também nos exames de imagem do primeiro estudo, onde maiores pontuações identificariam maior grau de lesão pulmonar. Foram obtidos exames de Tomografia Computadorizada de Alta Resolução (TCAR), cintilografia pulmonar perfusional e radiografias de tórax de todos os pacientes do estudo. As variáveis estudadas na TCAR foram espessamento de paredes brônquicas, bronquiectasias, atelectasias, áreas de hipo e hiperatenuação de parênquima pulmonar, padrão de granularidade, espessamento de septos conjuntivos e consolidação As variáveis estudadas ao radiograma convencional de tórax foram espessamento de paredes brônquicas, bronquiectasis, atelectasias, consolidação, rarefação de vasculatura pulmonar, retificação de cúpulas diafragmáticas, deformidade de caixa torácica e aumento de espaço retroesternal. Na cintilografia pulmonar perfusional foram avaliados o grau de déficit pulmonar perfusional nesse grupo de pacientes. Ao compararmos 22 exames de TCAR dos dois períodos de tempo, observamos que através da aplicação do escore, 17 (77,2%) pacientes reduziram seus valores no escore do estudo contemporâneo quando comparado ao escore do estudo anterior, 2 (9%) permaneceram com os mesmos valores e 3 (13,6%) apresentaram piora no valor dos escores. Ao compararmos exames de radiogramas de tórax de 25 pacientes, nos dois períodos de tempo, observamos que 14 (56%) apresentaram no estudo contemporâneo um aumento nos valores do escore, 8 (32%) reduziram o valor do escore e 3 (12%) permaneceram com os mesmos valores nos dois períodos de tempo. Ao compararmos os exames de cintilografia perfusional dos 25 pacientes, observamos que houve grande variabilidade nas lesões, tendo estas desaparecido em 5 (20%) pacientes, permanecido em 19 (76%) e com ausência em ambos os estudos em apenas 1 (4%) paciente. Nas provas de função pulmonar a alteração mais freqüentemente observada foi o distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo, com variáveis graus de aprisionamento aéreo na pletismografia. Observamos então neste estudo que houve um diferente grau de evolução das lesões com o passar do tempo nesse grupo de pacientes, sendo que alguns apresentaram melhora em determinadas variáveis aos estudos de imagem, outros tiveram uma estabilização das lesões e outros apresentaram piora das lesões no decorrer de tempo entre os dois estudos. No entanto, observamos também que a bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa não apresenta uma evolução fatal de curso rápido como se acreditava anteriormente, variando sua evolução de forma não uniforme entre os pacientes.Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans is described as a rare complication of acute viral bronchiolitis, occurring in approximately 1% of patients. However, it has been shown that in some countries in the South Hemisphere this illness occurs more frequently. It is characterized by fixed and irreversible obstruction of airflow, as a consequence of irreversible damage to the bronchioles, causing areas of fibrosis and scarring in the bronchiolar lumen. Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans has been shown to occur more frequently in males. The present study included 25 patients, who had already been diagnosed as having postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans and who were previously studied by Zhang and cols. The objectives of the present study were to perform image studies in the same patients, in order to investigate the evolution of this illness by comparing the results obtained from both studies. Tests of pulmonary function were also considered in the present study. For comparison, a score was created to study radiological images more carefully and it was applied to both studies. Bigger scores meant a greater degree of pulmonary lesions. High resolution computed tomography, pulmonary perfusion scans and chest radiographs were performed in all patients of this study. We concluded that the evolution of this illness developed distinctly in this group of patients; some presented improvement in some variables, others had a stabilization of pulmonary lesions and others presented worsening of lesions. However, we also observed that postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans does not present with a uniform evolution, being apparently more benign than previously thought. The majority of patients presented stabilization of the illness with permanence of the lesions in the TCAR, which is the best exam to be performed together with radiological studies within this group of patients. The pulmonary function tests showed an obstructive pattern which was the most commonly observed alteration, and showed variable degrees of air trapping in body plethismography.
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Godoy, Gustavo Khattar de 1978. "Análise quantitativa da doença arterial coronariana obstrutiva por tomografia computadorizada de 64 detectores e pela cinecoronariografia e sua correlação com o equivalente isquêmico detectado pela cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica = Quantitative coronary artery stenosis assessment by multidetector CT and invasive coronary angiography for identifying patients with myocardial perfusion abnormalities." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308698.
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Orientadores: Celso Darío Ramos, João Augusto LimaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Este trabalho consiste na comparação de diferentes métodos de imagem utilizados na prática clínica para a detecção da doença coronariana isquêmica, umas das maiores causas de mortalidade nos países desenvolvidos, utilizando como base o estudo multicêntrico Internacional, Core 64. Através de uma análise retrospectiva foram selecionados 63 pacientes de um total de 405 do estudo principal Core 64 que tinham realizado, além da Tomografia Computadorizada e da Cinecoronariografia, a Cintilografia de Perfusão Miocárdica com o objetivo principal de avaliar a correlação anatomofisiológica entre os diferentes métodos de imagem na avaliação da patologia coronariana de causa obstrutiva. Para isto, foram identificados através da avaliação anatômica quantitativa, tanto pela tomografia quanto pela cinecoronariografia, a presença de estenoses coronarianas causando obstruções entre 30 e 80% do lúmen arterial e correlacionados com a presença de defeitos perfusionais quantificados pela cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica equivalentes ao mesmo território coronariano. Após a análise estatística constatou-se que tanto a tomografia como a cinecoronariografia apresentam sensibilidade e especificidade apenas moderadas para prognosticar as alterações perfusionais detectadas pela cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica, no entanto, ambos os métodos são complementares e de fundamental importância na prática clínica para a manejamento diagnóstico e terapêutico dos pacientes portadores da doença coronariana isquêmica
Abstract: This work is related to a comparison between different modalities of imaging in the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease causing myocardial ischemia one of the biggest cause of death in developed countries using as base a multicenter trial Core 64. A retrospective analysis was performed using a subgroup of 63 patients of a total of 405 to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography Angiography (MDCTA) and Conventional Coronary Angiography in detecting myocardial ischemia identified by Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (SPECT). Threshold of 30-80% of coronary artery stenosis identified by MDCTA and conventional coronary angiography were settled and correlated to the presence of myocardial ischemia of the same coronary artery territory. After statistical analyses a similar modest accuracy for quantitative coronary arterial stenosis assessment by both QCTA and QCA for identifying patients with myocardial perfusion were found, however either MDCTA, conventional coronary angiography and SPECT are complementary methods and play an import roll not only diagnosing but guiding clinical treatment in patients with coronary artery disease
Doutorado
Clinica Medica
Doutor em Clínica Médica
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Fahel, Mateus Guimarães. "Integração do estudo anatômico coronariano através da angiotomografia/escore de cálcio ao estudo funcional de perfusão miocárdica pelo PET-CT utilizando rubídio na investigação da doença arterial coronariana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-12012018-094159/.
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Introdução: A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) persiste com alta morbimortalidade. Várias modalidades diagnósticas não-invasivas estão disponíveis para sua avaliação, incluindo escore de cálcio coronariano (EC), angiotomografia coronariana (AngioTC) e tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com rubídio (PET-CT82Rb), com ótimas sensibilidade e especificidade. A integração destes métodos em um exame híbrido permite delinear extensão anatômica e funcional da aterosclerose, possibilitando diagnósticos mais corretos. Objetivo: Avaliar anatomia coronariana e perfusão miocárdica de pacientes suspeitos ou portadores de DAC com tecnologia híbrida (PETCT82Rb e AngioTC/EC), testando a hipótese da maior acurácia do método híbrido em relação aos métodos isolados, correlacionando com desfecho de IAM/óbito cardíaco após 24 meses. Métodos: Foram incluídos 54 pacientes dos ambulatórios de cardiologia do Instituto do Coração (InCor-HCFMUSP), que realizaram estudo híbrido no departamento de Medicina Nuclear do InCor entre maio e outubro de 2013. A carga aterosclerótica coronariana foi contabilizada pelo escore de cálcio; a quantidade de lesões coronarianas, o grau de redução luminal e a composição das placas foram avaliados através da AngioTC; isquemia/fibrose pelo PET-CT82Rb foi contabilizada através do SDS (summed difference score) do estresse e repouso e a reserva de fluxo coronariana (RFC) foi considerada reduzida quando menor que 2mL/min/g. Após 24 meses, foi realizado contato telefônico e avaliação do prontuário dos pacientes, sendo pesquisado infarto agudo do miocárdio/óbito cardíaco como desfecho clínico principal. Resultados: Dentre os participantes, houve predomínio de homens (61,3%), com idade média de 55,5 ± 12,3 anos. A maioria apresentava sobrepeso/obesidade (76%), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (70,4%) e/ou dislipidemia (61,1%). O protocolo durou uma média de 52,2 ± 3,5 min e a dose total média de radiação foi 12,29 ± 2,88 mSv. A média do EC total foi 127,3 ± 249,0, sendo que 24% da amostra possuíam EC maior que 100. Houve predomínio de placas de ateroma mistas (51,3%), com 13% dos pacientes apresentando lesões angiograficamente significativas ( >= 50%). Oito pacientes apresentaram resultado alterado na análise perfusional qualitativa/semiquantitativa (14,8%), metade com isquemia e metade com fibrose. A RFC estava reduzida globalmente em 18,5% dos pacientes e de forma segmentar em 5,6%. Após 24 meses, 9,3% dos pacientes apresentaram infarto, 60% destes fatais. Houve concordância no máximo moderada dos métodos avaliados com a RFC (Kappa = 0,514; p= 0,001). Quanto ao desempenho dos métodos para ocorrência de IAM em 24 meses, foi demonstrada elevada acurácia da RFC para tal finalidade, com AUROC de 0,963 (IC95% 0,912 - 1,000; p= 0,001), com melhor ponto de corte de 1,975 mL/min/g. Não foi identificada alteração na sensibilidade ou no valor preditivo negativo quando a RFC foi agregada aos outros métodos, inclusive houve redução do valor preditivo positivo e da especificidade em relação à RFC isoladamente. Conclusão: O método híbrido não apresentou maior acurácia que a RFC pelo PET-CT82Rb isoladamente na predição de IAM em dois anos de acompanhamento, todavia, a tomografia cardíaca agrega informações importantes capazes de influenciar a conduta clínica nos pacientes não isquêmicos e possivelmente modifica desfechos em médio/longo prazoIntroduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) persists with high morbidity and mortality. Several non-invasive diagnostic imaging modalities are available for its evaluation, including coronary calcium score (CS), coronary CT angiography (AngioCT) and positron emission tomography with rubidium (82Rb PET-CT), with excellent sensitivity and specificity. The integration of these methods into a hybrid examination allows delineating the anatomical and functional impact of atherosclerosis, enabling more accurate diagnoses. Objective: To evaluate coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion of patients with suspected or known CAD with hybrid technology (82Rb PET-CT and AngioCT/CS), testing the hypothesis of the greater accuracy of the hybrid method in relation to the isolated methods, correlating with myocardial infarction/cardiac death outcome after 24 months. Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients referred from the Cardiology outpatient clinics of the Heart Institute (InCor-HCFMUSP) to perform CAD assessment in a hybrid study in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of InCor, between May and October 2013, were enrolled. The coronary atherosclerotic burden was accounted by CS; the amount of coronary lesions, stenosis severity and plaque composition were evaluated through AngioCT; 82Rb PET-CT perfusional analysis was evaluated through the rest and dipyridamole stress summed difference score (SDS) and the coronary flow reserve (CFR) was considered impaired when < 2mL/min/g. After 24 months, the composite outcome of myocardial infarction and cardiac death was evaluated through telephone contact and patient\'s medical records. Results: From the 54 enrolled patients, mean age was 55.5 ± 12.3 years and 61% were male. Most patients presented overwheight/obesity (76%), systemic arterial hypertension (70%) and/or dyslipidemia (61%). The protocol lasted an average of 52.2 ± 3,5 min and mean radiation dose was 12.29 ± 2,88 mSv. The mean total CS was 127.3 ± 249.0, and 24% of the patients were above 100. There was a predominance of patients with mixed atheroma plaques (51.3%) and 13% presented angiographically significant lesions ( >= 50%). Eight patients presented perfusion impairment in the qualitative/semi-quantitative perfusion analysis (14.8%), half with ischemia and half with fibrosis. The CFR was globally reduced in 18.5% of the sample and in a segmental manner in 5.6%. After 24 months of follow-up, 9.3% of the patients had a myocardium infarction, 60% of these were fatal. A maximum of moderate agreement was found between the methods and CFR (Kappa = 0.514, p= 0.001). Regarding the performance of the different methods for predicting infarction in 24 months, CFR reached high accuracy, with AUROC of 0.963 (95% CI 0.912 - 1.0; p= 0.001), with a cutoff point of 1.975 mL/min/g. No variation in neither sensitivity nor negative predictive value was identified when the other methods were added to CFR, instead, there was a reduction in positive predictive value and specificity in relation to unaided CFR. Conclusion: There was no incremental value of the hybrid method when compared to isolated CFR 82Rb PET-CT for the prediction of myocardial infarction in two years follow-up. However, cardiac CT aggregates important information capable of influencing clinical management of nonischemic patients and possibly modifies medium/long-term cardiac outcomes
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Kamran, Mudassar. "Applications of novel imaging protocols and devices in interventional neuroradiology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ccb2550c-cb28-42f1-bd95-4dcee4ec1ff4.
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The historical development, current practice, and the future of interventional neuroradiology are intricately linked to the advancements in the imaging and devices used for neuroendovascular treatments. This thesis explores the advanced imaging potential of the C-arm imaging systems used in the neurointerventional suite and investigates the initial clinical experience with a new flow diverter device to treat the intracranial aneurysms. A cohort of aneurysmal SAH patients who developed delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) were prospectively studied with a new parenchymal blood volume (PBV) research protocol C-arm CT examination concurrent with a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination that included perfusion and diffusion weighted sequences. Using a robust quantitative volume-of-interest analysis, it was demonstrated that C-arm CT PBV measurements are in agreement with MR-PWI CBV and CBF, and the PBV represents a composite perfusion parameter with both blood-flow (≈60%) and blood-volume (≈40%) weightings. Subsequently, using a voxel-wise ROC curve analysis and MR-DWI, it was shown that using optimal thresholds, C-arm CT PBV measurements allow reliable demarcation of the irreversibly infarcted parenchyma. For evaluation of ischaemic parenchyma, the PBV measurements were reliable for moderate-to-severe ischaemia but were prone to underestimate the mild-to-moderate ischaemia. A catalogue of reference mean PBV measurements was then created for various anatomical regions encompassing the whole brain after excluding any locations with ongoing ischaemia or infarction. Next, using an ROI-based analysis of the C-arm CT projection data, steady-state contrast concentration assumption underlying the PBV calculations was investigated. It was demonstrated that for clinical scans, the ideal steady-state assumption is not fully met, however, for a large majority of C-arm CT examinations the temporal characteristics of TDCs closely approximate the expected ideal steady-state. The degree to which the TDC of a C-arm CT scan approximates the ideal steady-state was found to influence the resulting PBV measurements and their agreement to MR-CBV. Moreover, the temporal characteristics of TDCs showed inter-subject variation. Finally, the C-arm CT cross-sectional soft tissue images were demonstrated to be of adequate quality for the assessment of ventricles and for the detection of procedural vessel rupture. These findings advance the understanding of the nature of PBV parameter, establish the optimal PBV thresholds for infarction, provide reference PBV measurements, and highlight the limitations of C-arm CT PBV imaging. The work is of considerable clinical significance and has implications for implementation of C-arm CT PBV imaging in the interventional suite for management of patients with acute brain ischaemia. In regards to the initial clinical experience with the flow diversion treatment of intracranial aneurysms, the procedural, angiographic, and clinical outcomes were studied. Several pertinent technical and clinical issues were highlighted for this new treatment approach. Based on the observations made during this work, a new grading schema was then developed to monitor the angiographic outcomes after flow diversion treatment. Using the angiographic data for patients treated with FD, the new grading schema was demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive to register gradual aneurysm occlusion and evaluate parent artery patency, with an excellent inter-rater reliability and applicability to various aneurysm morphologies. This work (largest multi-centre series at the time of its publication) informed the interventional neuroradiology community about the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of flow diversion treatment. Additionally, it provided a sensitive and reliable scale to evaluate the angiographic outcomes after flow diversion treatment, in both research and clinical practice.
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Bohner, Georg. "Schlaganfall-Bildgebung mittels Mehrschicht-Spiral-CT." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15190.
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Es wurde der Einsatz der Mehrschicht-Spiral-CT (MS-CT) zur zerebralen Perfusionsbildgebung und zur zerviko-zerebralen Angiographie bei Schlaganfallpatienten evaluiert. Bei 52 Patienten mit klinischen Zeichen einer akuten Ischämie wurde im Mittel 3,4 Stunden nach Symptombeginn an einem MS-CT Gerät eine CT-Perfusion (CTP) durchgeführt. Parameterbilder der zerebralen Blutperfusion (CBP), des zerebralen Blutvolumens (CBV) und der mittleren Transitzeit (MTT) wurden generiert, Perfusionsstörungen ermittelt und mit bildgebenden sowie klinischen Verlaufskontrollen korreliert. Eine CT-Angiographie (CTA) wurde initial bei 12 Patienten angewandt, um die Eignung des Untersuchungsprotokolls zu prüfen. Darüber hinaus wurden bei 45 Patienten mit Zeichen einer akuten zerebrovaskulären Insuffizienz die Ergebnisse der CTA mit denen anderer bildgebender Modalitäten (Magnetresonanz-Angiographie, digitale Subtraktionsangiographie, Dopplerultraschall) verglichen. Perfusionsbilder konnten von 44 Patienten generiert werden, hiervon entwickelten 22 Patienten einen im Verlauf gesicherten Infarkt. An Hand der MTT-Bilder konnten ischämische Veränderungen mit einer Sensitivität von 95 % erfasst werden, die Spezifität war mit 100 % für die CBV-Bilder am höchsten. Patienten mit Infarkt zeigten seitenvergleichend eine signifikante Reduktion der CBP in ischämischen Arealen. Die Ausdehnung der CBV Reduktion ergab die beste Korrelation mit dem endgültigen partiellen Infarktvolumen. Mit der CTA konnte anfänglich bei 12 / 12 Patienten, später bei 43 / 45 (96 %) eine umfassende Darstellung des zerviko-zerebralen Gefäßsystems erreicht werden, wobei in 22 Infarktpatienten die zu Grunde liegende Gefäßpathologie erkannt werden konnte. Das evaluierte Protokoll zur Perfusionsbildgebung mittels Mehrschicht-Spiral-CT ist zur frühzeitigen Erkennung und Quantifizierung einer akuten zerebralen Ischämie geeignet und bietet zusammen mit der CTA, welche das gesamte zerviko-zerebrale Gefäßsystem verlässlich visualisieren kann, die Möglichkeit einer umfassenden Bildgebung mittels MS-CT bei Schlaganfallpatienten.The application of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MS-CT) in the diagnostic assessment of stroke patients using cerebral perfusion imaging and cervicocerebral angiography was evaluated. Fifty-two patients with clinically suspected acute ischemia underwent CT perfusion (CTP), performed 3.4 hours, on average, after the onset of symptoms, by using MS-CT. Perfusion images of the cerebral blood perfusion (CBP), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated. The amount and extension of perfusion disturbances were measured and correlated with the outcome. CT angiography (CTA) was initially performed on twelve patients to verify the suitability of the examination protocol. In addition, forty-five patients with signs of acute cerebrovascular insufficiency underwent CTA. CTA findings were compared with those of other imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging, digital subtraction angiography, doppler ultrasonography). Of 44 patients in whom perfusion maps could be generated, 22 developed infarction confirmed at follow-up. On MTT-maps ischemic changes could be detected with the highest sensitivity (95%). Specificity was highest (100%) for CBV-maps. Patients with infarction showed significant reduction of CBP in ischemic tissue compared to the contra lateral hemisphere. Extension of CBV reduction showed the best correlation with final infarct volume. Initially in twelve out of twelve patients, later in 43 out of 45 (96%), the cervicocranial vascular system could be comprehensively visualized using CTA. In 22 stroke patients the underlying vascular pathology could be detected. CT perfusion using multi-slice CT is a suitable tool for the early identification and quantification of acute cerebral ischemia. Multi-slice CT angiography permits reliable visualization of the cervicocranial vascular system. Together these tools offer comprehensive assessment of stroke patients by means of multi-slice CT.
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Nomura, Cesar Higa. "Correlação entre angiotomografia de coronárias e PET-CT com rubídio na avaliação da doença isquêmica do coração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-06092017-130921/.
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Introdução: Na investigação não invasiva da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), destacam-se como métodos anatômicos de acurácia elevada a tomografia computadorizada (TC) para avaliação do Escore de Cálcio (EC) e a angiotomografia de coronárias (Angio-TC), e como método funcional a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com Rubídio-82 (PET com 82Rb). As informações destes métodos se complementam e apresentam grande capacidade de ajudar na decisão terapêutica. Entretanto, muitas vezes, apenas um destes métodos está disponível na prática clínica, com destaque para a recente expansão da Angio-TC. Objetivos: Avaliar dois métodos diagnósticos não invasivos de referência quanto a análise anatômica e funcional coronariana e demonstrar a correlação entre a carga aterosclerótica pelo EC e o grau de obstrução coronariana pela Angio-TC com alterações de perfusão miocárdica através do PET com 82Rb. Material e Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 96 pacientes com suspeita de DAC significativa que realizaram PET com 82Rb sob estresse farmacológico no Departamento de Radiologia/Medicina Nuclear do InCor-HCFMUSP no período de junho a outubro de 2013, e que foram submetidos a Angio-TC dentro de até 30 dias. Placas coronarianas pela Angio-TC foram caracterizadas quando extensão, severidade e composição. Isquemia pelo PET com 82Rb foi definido como diferença entre os escores de estresse e repouso (SDS) maior ou igual a 2, e reserva de fluxo miocárdico (RFM) reduzido quando menor que 2. Resultados: Houve equilíbrio na distribuição do sexo (51% feminino), com média de idade de aproximadamente 59 anos. A hipertensão foi o fator de risco predominante (85%), seguida de dislipidemia (72%) e diabetes (35%). Angina foi o sintoma mais frequente (48%). As doses totais de radiação dos exames de TC foram relativamente baixas, sobretudo quando realizado no aparelho de 320 detectores (média de 2,79 mSv). A média do EC foi de 209,98 ± 488,68. O EC, principalmente quando maior que 400, teve forte associação com isquemia (razão de chances: 35,2; intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%: 6,4 - 193,4). Estenose coronariana obstrutiva ( > 50%) pela Angio-TC também se correlacionou com maior risco de isquemia, especialmente quando a lesão detectada foi maior que 70% (razão de chances: 24,8; IC 95%: 7,6 - 80,3). Após ajustes para demais variáveis, tanto EC quanto estenose coronariana permaneceram associadas de forma independente. A combinação destas duas avaliações teve bom desempenho no diagnóstico de isquemia (área sobre a curva: 0,85; IC 95%: 0,74 - 0,95). Com relação à composição de placas, pacientes com RFM diminuída tiveram uma proporção significativamente maior de placas não-calcificadas e mistas do que aqueles com RFM preservada (p=0,006). Mais importante, estes tipos de composição de placa estiveram de forma independente associados com redução da RFM (razão de chances: 1,48; IC 95% 1,11 - 2,04). Conclusão: A Angio-TC e o EC se mostraram importantes preditores anatômicos, isolados e associados, na identificação de isquemia utilizando o PET com 82Rb como referência. Placas mistas e não-calcificadas se correlacionam com redução de RFM. Estas informações tem um importante papel na estratificação de risco cardiovascular de pacientes com DACBackground: In the investigation of coronary artery disease (CAD), two highly accurate non-invasive methods play central roles, being the Coronary Computed Tomography (CTA) with Calcium Score (CS) the preferred exam for anatomical assessment, and Rubidium-82 PET-CT (82Rb PET/CT) for functional perfusional analysis. This information enables decision-making for clinicians on most settings, but unfortunately, only one of these exams is available on most medical centers, mostly CTA, which is now widely used worldwide. Objectives: To evaluate two reference non-invasive methods for CAD assessment, and demonstrate the correlation between plaque burden and anatomical stenosis degree, seen on CTA with CS, with the perfusional profile seen on 82Rb PET/CT. Methods: 96 individuals who performed 82Rb PET/CT for the evaluation of significant CAD at the Nuclear Medicine Department of the Heart Institute (InCor) of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School from June to October 2013 were included. CTA was performed during PET or scheduled during the next 30 days on a different scanner for the remaining patients. Coronary plaques on CTA/CS were then evaluated regarding extension, composition and flow-limiting stenosis degree. 82Rb PET/CT perfusion impairment was defined as present when rest and stress score difference (SDS) was >= 2, or when quantitative myocardial flow reserve (MFR) was under 2. Results: Mean age was 59 years old, and gender was balanced in the sample (female 51%). Hypertension was the most prevalent CAD risk factor (85%), followed by dyslipidemia (72%) and diabetes (35%). Chest pain was present in almost half the population (48%). Effective radiation exposure was low, especially when CTA was performed on the 320MDCT scanner (mean 2,79 mSv). Mean calcium score was 209,98 ± 488,68, demonstrating a strong association with ischemia, especially when above 400 (odds ratio: 35,2; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 6,4 - 193,4). Flow-limiting coronary stenosis (> 50%) seen on CTA also correlated with ischemia, especially when superior to 70% (odds ratio: 24,8; 95%CI: 7,6 - 80,3). After adjustment for other independent variables, either CS and CTA remained independently associated with ischemia. The combination of these two variables had a good performance for the detection of ischemia (area under curve: 0,85; 95%CI: 0,74 - 0,95). Regarding plaque composition, patients with mixed or noncalcified plaques were more likely to present decreased MFR (p=0,006). More importantly, these plaques were independently associated to reduced MFR (odds ratio: 1,48; 95%CI: 1,11 - 2,04). Conclusions: CTA and CS were important anatomical predictors of ischemia, either isolated or in association, using 82Rb PET/CT as reference. The presence of mixed or noncalcified plaques was significantly associated to decrease in MFR. These information are of emerging importance for DAC evaluation and management
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Kozian, Alf. "Pathophysiological and Histomorphological Effects of One-Lung Ventilation in the Porcine Lung." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Klinisk fysiologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108850.
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Thoracic surgical procedures require partial or complete airway separation and the opportunity to exclude one lung from ventilation (one-lung ventilation, OLV). OLV is commonly associated with profound pathophysiological changes that may affect the postoperative outcome. It is injurious in terms of increased mechanical stress including alveolar cell stretch and overdistension, shear forces secondary to repeated tidal collapse and reopening of alveolar units and compression of alveolar vessels. Ventilation and perfusion distribution may thus be affected during and after OLV. The present studies investigated the influence of OLV on ventilation and perfusion distribution, on the gas/tissue distribution and on the lung histomorphology in a pig model of thoracic surgery. Anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated piglets were examined. The ventilation and perfusion distribution within the lungs was assessed by single photon emission computed tomography. Computed tomography was used to establish the effects of OLV on dependent lung gas/tissue distribution. The pulmonary histopathology of pigs undergoing OLV and thoracic surgery was compared with that of two-lung ventilation (TLV) and spontaneous breathing. OLV induced hyperperfusion and significant V/Q mismatch in the ventilated lung persistent in the postoperative course. It increased cyclic tidal recruitment that was associated with a persistent increase of gas content in the ventilated lung. OLV and thoracic surgery as well resulted in alveolar damage. In the present model of OLV and thoracic surgery, alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (ARM) and protective ventilation approach using low tidal volume preserved the ventilated lung density distribution and did not aggravate cyclic recruitment of alveoli in the ventilated lung. In conclusion, the present model established significant alveolar damage in response to OLV and thoracic surgery. Lung injury could be related to the profound pathophysiological consequences of OLV including hyperperfusion, ventilation/perfusion mismatch and increased tidal recruitment of lung tissue in the dependent, ventilated lung. These mechanisms may contribute to the increased susceptibility for respiratory complications in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. A protective approach including sufficient ARM, application of PEEP, and the use of lower tidal volumes may prevent the ventilated lung from deleterious consequences of OLV.
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Beraldo, Marcelo do Amaral. "Estudo dos efeitos da posição prona na distribuição regional da aeração e da perfusão pulmonar através da tomografia de impedância elétrica e da tomografia computadorizada multislice." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5150/tde-07022012-100746/.
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Introdução: A utilização da posição prona melhora significativamente a oxigenação de pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). Estudos prévios sugerem que o recrutamento das regiões pulmonares colapsadas e pobremente aeradas é um dos possíveis mecanismos responsáveis pela melhora da oxigenação, no entanto, os mesmos ainda não foram comprovados. Objetivos: Quantificar a distribuição regional da aeração e da perfusão pulmonar, em ambas as posições prona e supina, através da tomografia de impedância elétrica (TIE) e da tomografia computadorizada multislice (TC), correlacionando-as com as respectivas trocas gasosas. Métodos: Foram estudados 21 suínos, da raça Ladrasse anestesiados e em ventilação mecânica controlada. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o método de imagem. 13 animais foram estudados com a TIE (grupo TIE) e 8 animais foram estudados com a TC (grupo TC). Após a indução do modelo de lesão pulmonar (infusão intermitente de solução salina e ventilação lesiva por 3 horas), os animais foram submetidos a uma manobra de recrutamento alveolar máxima (MR) seguida por uma manobra de titulação da PEEP (MTP), realizada em passos decrementais de 2 em 2 cmH2O PEEP. Onze animais (7 no grupo TIE e 4 no grupo TC) foram randomizados para iniciar o estudo na posição supina, seguida de uma segunda MR e MTP na posição prona. Dez animais (6 no grupo TIE e 4 no grupo TC) receberam as manobras na ordem inversa. Para o estudo da perfusão foram adicionados mais sete animais (2 no grupo TIE e 5 no grupo TC) que foram submetidos à injeção rápida de solução salina hipertônica e/ou de contraste iodado respectivamente. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na quantidade de tecido pulmonar colapsado e hiperdistendido, entre as posições estudadas em ambos os grupos TIE e TC (p= 0.06). Entretanto, as trocas gasosas foram consistentemente melhores durante a posição prona (p<0.05), com shunt pulmonar significativamente menor (<55%, p<0.001) para níveis equivalentes de PEEP entre ambas as posições. A análise da perfusão pulmonar evidenciou a presença de grande fluxo sanguíneo pulmonar (2x mais perfusão específica) nas áreas de colapso pulmonar durante a posição supina, assim como a ausência de maiores efeitos gravitacionais na distribuição da perfusão entre as posturas. Conclusão: A análise quantitativa da TIE e da TC evidenciou que, para a mesma quantidade de tecido pulmonar colapsado, a oxigenação arterial foi sempre mais comprometida durante a posição supina, com aumento significativo do shunt pulmonar e com uma região de colapso pulmonar mais perfundida, sugerindo que a posição prona melhora a oxigenação e a relação ventilação perfusão, mas não atenua os efeitos gravitacionais sobre o parênquima pulmonar, o que não confirma os possíveis efeitos protetores associados à posição pronaIntroduction: Prone position has been shown to consistently improve oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies suggested some improvement in lung recruitment or a better ventilation of poorly aerated areas as possible mechanisms for such oxygenation benefits. Objective: To quantify the regional distribution of aeration (collapse and hyperdistend lung tissue) and lung perfusion by Computer Tomography (CT) and electrical impedance tomography in supine and prone positions and to correlate them with pulmonary gas exchange. Methods: We studied 21 anesthetized Landrace pigs under controlled mechanical ventilation. These animals were divided in two groups: Thirteen (13) animals in the EIT group and eight (8) in the CT group. After lung injury (saline lavage + VILI during 3 hours), animals were recruited and submitted to two sequential PEEP trials, both consisting of decremental PEEP steps (2 cmH2O steps). Seven (n=7) animals in the EIT group and four (4) in the CT group were allocated to a PEEP trial under supine position, followed by a second PEEP trial in prone. Six (6) animals in the EIT group and four (4) in the CT group received PEEP trials in reverse order. Seven (7) additional animals were studied for lung perfusion distribution, by analyzing the first pass kinetics of hypertonic solution (2 animals - EIT group) and iodine contrast (5 animals - CT group). Results: No differences in the amount of collapsed and hyperdistended lung tissue were found between both postures (p= 0.12 vs. p = 0.41 respectively) in both the EIT and CT groups. However, the gas exchange was consistently better (p <0.05), with much lower (55% lower) pulmonary shunt during prone position (p=0.001), at equivalent PEEP levels in both groups. The perfusion studies confirmed a higher perfusion ( 2 times increment in specific perfusion) of the atelectatic lung tissue in supine position, without majors gravitational effects between both positions. Conclusions: The quantitative analysis of EIT and CT showed that for the same amount of collapsed lung tissue, the PaO2 was always lower in supine position, with higher pulmonary shunt and higher perfusion of the collapsed lung areas. We could not demonstrate any lung protective effect associated with prone positioning. Thus, these results suggest that prone position improves oxygenation and V/Q imbalances, but it does not attenuate the effects of gravity on the lung
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Cabeda, Estêvan Vieira. "Avaliação da perfusão miocárdia com estresse farmacológico no tomógrafo de 320 canais nos pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo em investigação de doença arterial coronariana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-18122013-154811/.
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Introdução: A perfusão miocárdica de estresse pela tomografia (PMT) é um método emergente e não-invasivo para detecção de isquemia miocárdica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia diagnóstica da PMT em pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) que estavam em pesquisa diagnóstica de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e o valor adicional da PMT sobre a tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores (ATC) usando tomógrafo com 320 detectores, e compará-los com a cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (SPECT) para detecção de isquemia miocárdica com estenose coronariana significativa (estenose >- 70%), utilizando a angiografia coronariana quantitativa (QCA) e a angiografia coronariana pela tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores como referências. Material e Métodos: Quarenta e dois pacientes com BRE e SPECT ( < 2 meses) em avaliação diagnóstica de DAC foram encaminhados para realizar o protocolo de tomografia que incluiu o escore de cálcio, PMT, ATC e realce tardio do miocárdio. Trinta pacientes foram encaminhados para angiografia coronária invasiva. As imagens foram interpretadas por observadores independentes e alheios aos resultados dos exames e aos dados clínicos. Foram realizadas análises por paciente e por território. O estudo obteve a aprovação da comissão de ética e todos os pacientes assinaram consentimento informado. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi 63 +- 10 anos e, destes, 67% mulheres (28 pacientes). A dose média de radiação total foi de 9,3 +- 4,6 mSv. Na análise por paciente, sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo foram de 86%, 89%, 80 e 93% para a PMT (p=0,001) (kappa 0,74) e 63%, 91%, 65% e 90% (p < 0,001) na análise por território (kappa 0,55), respectivamente. Em ambas as análises, o ATC mostrou excelente precisão, com área sob a curva ROC=0,9. Considerável concordância foi demonstrada entre SPECT e o QCA (kappa 0,32 e 0,26) nas análises por paciente e por território, respectivamente. A avaliação combinada da ATC com a PMT permitiu melhorar a acurácia diagnóstica para detecção de estenose coronariana com redução luminal hemodinamicamente significativa ( >= 70%) comparando-se com a ATC, PMT ou SPECT isolados, demonstrado por valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, e valores preditivos positivos e negativos de 93%, 87%, 87%, 93% (p < 0,0001) na avaliação combinada por paciente, e 85%, 90%, 79%, 93% (p < 0,0001) na avaliação combinada por território. Conclusão: O uso do protocolo tomográfico de estresse é viável e possui boa acurácia para diagnóstico de DAC em pacientes com BRE com resultados superiores ao SPECT. A combinação da PMT e ATC permitiu melhorar a acurácia diagnóstica da avaliação de obstrução coronariana significativa em pacientes com BREIntroduction: Stress computed tomography myocardial perfusion (CTP) is an emerging and non-invasive method to detect myocardial ischemia. The objective of this study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of CTP in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) who were being evaluated for coronary artery disease (CAD) and the additional value of CTP on computed tomography angiography (CTA) using 320-row detector CT scanner and compare them with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for detection of myocardial ischemia with significant coronary stenosis >= 70% using quantitative invasive coronary angiography (QCA) and coronary CT angiography as references. Material and Methods: Forty two LBBB patients with SPECT ( < 2 months) in diagnostic evaluation for CAD were referred to stress CT protocol which included calcium score, CTP, CTA and myocardial delayed enhancement. Thirty patients were referred to invasive coronary angiography. Independent blinded observers performed analyses of the images. Per-patient and perterritory analyses were conducted. Ethical committee aproval was obtained and all patients gave informed consent. Results: The mean age was 63 +- 10 years. 67% were women (28 patients). The total mean radiation dose was 9,3 +- 4,6 mSv. In per-patient sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative values were 86%, 89%, 80 and 93%, for CTP (p=0,001) (kappa 0.74) and 63%, 91% 65% and 90% (p < 0,001) in per-territory analysis (kappa 0.55), respectively. In both analyses, CTA showed excellent accuracy with area under receiver operating curve (AUC) = 0.9. Fair agreement was demonstrated between SPECT and QCA (kappa 0,32 e 0,26) in per-patient and per-territory analyses, respectively. The combined analysis of CTA with CTP, improved diagnostic accuracy for detection of coronary stenosis with hemodynamically significant luminal reduction ( >= 70%) compared with CTA, CTP or SPECT alone, demonstrated by sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 93%, 87%, 87%, 93% (p < 0,0001) in the combined evaluation by patient and 85%, 90%, 79%, 93% (p < 0,0001) in the combined evaluation by territory. Conclusion: The use of customized stress CT protocol is feasible and has good accuracy for the diagnosis of CAD in patients with LBBB with results better than SPECT. The combination of PMT and ATC has improved the diagnostic accuracy of the assessment of significant coronary obstruction in patients with LBBB
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Walimbe, Vivek S. "Interactive, quantitative 3D stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion spect for improved diagnosis of coronary artery disease." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1154710169.
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Appelberg, Jonas. "Ventilation and Lung Volume During Sleep and in Obstructive Sleep Apnea." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3363.
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Bains, Lauren Jean. "Assessing the effects of water exchange on quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced MRI." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/assessing-the-effects-of-water-exchange-on-quantitative-dynamic-contrast-enhanced-mri(e04de84b-45e2-429f-9fc4-4a76b8f018ec).html.
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Applying mathematical models to dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE MRI) data to perform quantitative tracer kinetic analysis enables the estimation of tissue characteristics such as vascular permeability and the fractional volume of plasma in a tissue. However, it is unclear to what extent modeling assumptions, particularly regarding water exchange between tissue compartments, impacts parameter estimates derived from clinical DCE MRI data. In this work, a new model is developed which includes water exchange effects, termed the water exchange modified two compartment exchange model (WX-2CXM). Two boundaries of this model (the fast and no exchange limits) were used to analyse a clinical DCE MRI bladder cancer dataset. Comparisons with DCE CT, which is not affected by water exchange, suggested that water exchange may have affected estimates of vp, the fractional volume of plasma. Further investigation and simulations led to the development of a DCE MRI protocol which was sensitised to water exchange, in order to further evaluate the water exchange effects found in the bladder cancer dataset. This protocol was tested by imaging the parotid glands in eight healthy volunteers, and confirmed evidence of water exchange effects on vp, as well as flow Fp and the fractional volume of extravascular extracellular space ve. This protocol also enabled preliminary estimates of the water residence times in parotid tissue, however, these estimates had a large variability and require further validation. The work presented in this thesis suggests that, although water exchange effects do not have a large effect on clinical data, the effect is measurable, and may lead to the ability to estimate of tissue water residence times. Results do not support a change in the current practise of neglecting water exchange effects in clinical DCEMRI acquisitions.
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Reyes-Torres, Eliana Maria. "New strategies in pharmacological myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516150.
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Munuera, del Cerro Josep. "Imagen venosa avanzada: biomarcador de perfusión cerebral y de pronóstico clínico en pacientes con ictus isquémico agudo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383055.
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Introducción:
El infarto cerebral es una de las primeras causas de morbi-mortalidad en nuestra sociedad. Aunque la fibrinólisis intravenosa es el tratamiento de elección en las primeras 4.5 horas del inicio de los síntomas, recientemente se ha confirmado la utilidad de la trombectomía mecánica como terapia en algunos tipos de pacientes.
Las técnicas multimodales de imagen permiten establecer el mejor tratamiento basándose en la presencia de tejido salvable y la persistencia de la oclusión, más allá utilizar una selección basada únicamente en una clasificación temporal.
Clásicamente el sistema venoso se ha considerado someramente en el estudio del ictus isquémico. Sin embargo, parte de los fenómenos de la alteración del flujo e intercambio de oxígeno suceden en la región post-capilar. Pese a una escasa literatura en el tema, existe un interés creciente en el estudio del papel del sistema venoso en el ictus isquémico.
Desde el punto de vista de la neurorradiología se han descrito varios marcadores de imagen venosa avanzada que, en la fase aguda del ictus, detectarían la alteración de la perfusión cerebral, tanto a nivel dinámico como la secundaria a los mecanismos de optimización del consumo de oxígeno (perfusión de miseria).
Objetivos:
Los objetivos primarios de la tesis son:
1) Correlacionar la presencia de marcadores de imagen venosa avanzada: ratio de Vena Hipodensa en TC (rVHd), Vena Hipointensa en T2* (VHt) y asimetría del drenaje en angioRM dinámica (VA), con el tejido en hipoperfusión en el territorio en isquemia, en pacientes afectos de ictus isquémico agudo.
2) Evaluar si los marcadores de imagen venosa avanzada se relacionan con el pronóstico clínico.
Material y métodos:
Se estudian dos grupos de pacientes con infarto isquémico agudo del territorio anterior (ACI y ACM) inferior a 12 horas de evolución.
Grupo TC: Pacientes tratados con rTPA por ictus agudo. Se realiza estudio basal incluyendo angioTC y TC perfusión. El marcador venoso fue el ratio de UH entre la VCI patológica y la normal (rVHd)
Grupo RM: Pacientes candidatos a trombectomía mecánica por ictus agudo. Se realiza estudio basal incluyendo secuencias DWI, T2*, SWI, y angioRM dinámica. Los marcadores venosos evaluados fueron la presencia de venas hipointensas (VHt) y la asimetría del drenaje en la secuencia dinámica (VAd).
Se evaluaron datos demográficos, etiología del ictus, escala de severidad clínica aguda (NIHSS) y a largo plazo (mRS), así como volumen de tejido infartado y de penumbra, y grado recanalización arterial (TIMI).
Resultados:
Grupo TC: Se incluyeron 123 pacientes (45 mujeres, edad media 78 años). Un 54% de los ictus de origen cardioembólico con un NIHSS inicial de 18. Se observó una relación lineal inversa entre el rVHd y el volumen de penumbra isquémica. Un valor de rVHd de 0,83 fue marcador de buen pronóstico clínico a los 90 días (p<0.001) y de recanalizaciónarterial (p=0.005).
Grupo RM: Se incluyeron 25 pacientes (16 mujeres, edad media 65 años). El 41% de los ictus fueron de origen cardioembólico con un NIHSS inicial de 17. Se observó presencia de VHt en un 96% de pacientes y asimetría en VAd en un 16% en venas profundas y un 52% en senos superficiales. La presencia de VHt se asoció a mayor volumen de penumbra (P=0,002).
Conclusiones:
Durante el ictus isquémico agudo se producen cambios en el sistema venoso. Las técnicas de imagen avanzada permiten detectar estos cambios. La presencia de los mismos se relaciona con mayor tejido hipoperfundido, peor tasa de recanalización y peor pronóstico clínico.Introduction: Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in our society. Although intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator is the treatment of choice in the first 4.5 hours of onset of symptoms, it has recently confirmed the usefulness of mechanical thrombectomy therapy for some types of patients. To select the best therapy in each patient, categorization parameters should be used. In this stroke therapy classification, neuroimaging plays a decisive role. Multimodal imaging techniques allow us to establish a treatment based on the presence of salvageable tissue and persistent occlusion, beyond using a selection based only on a temporary classification. Moreover, the venous system has been considered briefly in the study of ischemic stroke. However, part of the altered flow and exchange of oxygen occur in the post-capillary region. Despite brief literature on the subject, there is growing interest in studying the role of the venous system in ischemic stroke. Recently, neurorradiology described several venous advanced biomarkers in acute stroke. Those imaging-based markers would detect the alteration of brain perfusion, from the dynamic point of view or secondary to optimization of consumption oxygen mechanisms (misery perfusion). Objectives: The primary objectives of the thesis are: 1) To correlate the presence of advanced venous image biomarkers: Hypodense internal cerebral vein ratio (VHd), hypointense vein on T2* (VHt) and assymetrical venous drainage (VAd), with hypo-perfusion of the ischemic territory in patients with acute ischemic stroke. 2) To assess a relationship between advanced venous image biomarkers and clinical prognosis. Material and methods: Two groups of patients with acute ischemic stroke were analyzed. The type of stroke was anterior (MCA) and the onset inferior than 12 hours. TC Group: Patients were treated with endovenous fibrinolysis. Baseline study included CT perfusion and CT angiography. Venous score (rVHd) was the ratio between pathological and contrallateral internal cerebral vein. RM Group: Patients were candidates to mechanical thrombectomy. Baseline study included sequences DWI, T2 *, SWI, and dynamic MRA. Venous markers were hypointense veins (VHt) and asymmetry of the transverse sinus drainage in the dynamic angiographic sequence (VAD). We analyzed demographics, etiology of stroke, acute clinical severity scale (NIHSS) and long term clinical scale (mRS), ischemic tissue volume and arterial recanalization (TIMI). Results: TC Group: 123 patients (45 women, mean age 78 years) were included. 54% of cardioembolic stroke with initial NIHSS 18. We observed an inverse linear relationship between rVHd and the of ischemic penumbra (r=0,42). A rVHd value of 0,83 predict good clinical outcome at 90 days (p <0.001) and arterial recanalization (p = 0.005). RM group: 25 patients (16 women, mean age 65 years) were included. 41% of strokes were cardioembolic with initial NIHSS 17. VHt presence was present in 96% of patients and asymmetry of venous drainage was observed in16% of deep veins and 52% in surface sinus. The presence of VHt was associated with a greater volumen of penumbra (p=0,002). Conclusions: During acute ischemic stroke there are changes in the venous system. Advanced neuroimaging biomarkers can detect these venous signs. The presence of positive venous imaging biomarkers is associated with increased hypoperfused tissue volume, worse recanalization rate and worse clinical prognosis.
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Hickmann, Anne-Katrin [Verfasser]. "Die Bedeutung der Perfusions-Computer-Tomographie in der Vorhersage klinisch relevanter Vasospasmen bei Patienten mit aneurysmatischer Subarachnoidalblutung / Anne-Katrin Hickmann." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1033363715/34.
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Matthiesen, Florian. "Wertigkeit eines morphologisch-funktionellen, nicht invasiven Diagnosekonzeptes bestehend aus Multidetektor-Computer-Tomographie-Angiographie und Myokard-Perfusions-Szintigraphie in der Diagnostik der Koronaren Herzerkrankung." Diss., kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8589/.
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Izaki, Marisa. "Considerações referentes à influência do posicionamento dos membros superiores sobre o resultado da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-27012009-161949/.
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I NTRODUÇÃO: Na cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio, contrariamente ao desenvolvimento tecnológico ao longo do tempo, manteve-se desde o princípio a mesma forma, por vezes desconfortável ou mesmo inviável, de posicionamento na aquisição das imagens: decúbito dorsal com os braços elevados. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de avaliar se na aquisição da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio o posicionamento com os membros superiores abaixados(T) apresenta os mesmos resultados que os obtidos com os membros superiores elevados(C), tanto em termos de alterações perfusionais como em relação aos parâmetros funcionais. . MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 120 pacientes, 83 (69%) do sexo masculino, com idade 59,4 ± 11,4 anos e peso 72,8 ± 14 kg. Foi realizada primeiramente a aquisição C e na seqüência a aquisição T, utilizando protocolo de um dia de repouso-estresse (dose 370 MBq e 1110 MBq de sestamibi-99mTc), com estresse sincronizado ao eletrocardiograma (gated- SPECT). Três modelos distintos de equipamentos de dois detectores foram utilizados no estudo. Os estudos foram processados usando reconstrução iterativa (OSEM). Na interpretação foi utilizado o modelo de segmentação miocárdica de 17 segmentos, pontuados de 0 a 4 (normal a ausente) segundo o grau de captação. Baseada na análise de um observador dentre um grupo de sete, foi realizada a comparação da totalidade dos segmentos e também segmento a segmento das aquisições C e T nas etapas de estresse e de repouso. Foi comparada também a somatória das pontuações das etapas de estresse(SSS) e repouso(SRS). Os pacientes foram divididos segundo dois critérios: primeiramente, normais (SSS=0) e anormais (SSS>1) e posteriormente, em de baixo risco (SSS3) e de maior risco (SSS>3) A comparação dos parâmetros funcionais de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE), volume diastólico final (VDF), volume sistólico final(VSF), somatória dos escores de motilidade (SMS) e somatória dos escores de espessamento (STS) foi baseada nos valores obtidos de modo automático utilizando o programa computacional Quantitative Gated SPECT. RESULTADOS: No modo C, 23,3% dos pts referiram algum grau de dor no membro superior ou no ombro e no modo T 5 %. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) na comparação dos 2040 segmentos miocárdicos entre C e T, ao estresse e ao repouso. Nos 63 pts normais não houve diferença significativa dos escores entre C e T ao estresse e ao repouso. O mesmo foi observado nos 80 pts de baixo risco. Nos 57 pts anormais houve boa correlação entre os valores de SSS (Rho=0,93, p=0,0001) e SRS (Rho=0,93, p=0,0001), mas com valores não equivalentes (p<0,05), sendo a média dos valores de SSS (9,28±8,10) e SRS (7,89±7,34) da aquisição T inferiores à média dos valores de SSS (10,07±7,71) e SRS (8,46±7,35) encontrada na aquisição C. Nos 40 pts de risco, houve boa correlação dos valores de SSS(Rho=0,95, p=0,0001) e SRS(Rho=0,96 p=0,0001), porém a média dos valores de SSS (12,53±7,54) e SRS (10,60±7,08) da aquisição T foi significantemente (p<0,05) inferior à média dos valores de SSS (13,43±6,81) e SRS(11,33±6,97) encontrados na aquisição C. Os parâmetros funcionais apresentaram boa correlação entre C e T, exceto o VDF(p=0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: Os modos C e T apresentam boa correlação dos parâmetros funcionais, exceto o VDF. Embora a aquisição T tenha sido um pouco mais confortável e tenha demonstrado boa correlação nos achados perfusionais, em pts anormais e de maior risco há tendência à subestimação dos defeitos perfusionais. Considerando a importância da medida precisa da intensidade e extensão das alterações perfusionais em termos de avaliação prognostica e decisão terapêutica, a aquisição com membro superior abaixado deve ser evitada. Em situações onde a aquisição com membros superiores abaixados é a única alternativa, os resultados da cintilografia devem ser interpretados com cuidado, especialmente em pacientes anormais e de maior risco, onde as alterações podem estar subestimadasContrary to the advances in imaging technology for nuclear cardiology applications, we keep using the same often uncomfortable and sometimes impracticable patient position- supine with arms raised above the head (C). We tested another position modality: supine with arms down at the sides of the trunk (T). The purpose of this study was to verify if the functional and perfusion results of the acquisition T are equivalent to those of the acquisition mode C. We studied 120 patients (pts), 83 (69%) male, aged 59.4±11.4 years and weighting 72.8±14 kg. We performed a one-day protocol (rest gated/stress), using 99mTc-sestamibi (370 MBq and 1110 MBq). In both times (rest and stress), we first performed acquisition in C and in sequence the acquisition in T. The studies were performed in three types of dual detector SPECT systems. T mode was executed successfully in all pts. Images were processed by the iterative reconstruction method (OSEM). Each study was independently interpreted by one nuclear medicine specialist from a group of seven physicians using the 17-segment model. The segments were scored using a 5-point model ranging from 0 (normal uptake) to 4 (uptake absent). The total score of the left ventricle at stress is referred to as the summed stress score (SSS) and at rest as the summed rest score (SRS). The patients were categorized in subgroups by two criteria: normal (SSS=0) or abnormal (SSS1) and low risk (SSS3) or risk (SSS>3). The values of the functional parameters of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), stress motion score (SMS) and stress thickening score (STS) for both C and T were automatically obtained by the quantitative gated SPECT (QGS) program and results were compared. Shoulder and/or back pain occurred in 23.3% of C patients and in 5% of T patients. There was no agreement between the 2040 segmental scores of both rest and stress in C and T modes (p<0.05). No significant differences between C and T were found for SSS and SRS in the 63 normal individuals nor in the 80 low risk patients. Good correlation between C and T was found for SSS (Rho=0.95, p=0.0001) and SRS (Rho=0.96 p=0.0001) in the 57 abnormal pts, but the mean SSS (9.28±8.10) and SRS (7.89±7.34) values of T were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the mean for SSS (10.07±7,71) and SRS(8.46±7,35) of C mode. Similar patterns were observed in the 40 risk pts; good correlation was found between C and T modes for SSS (Rho=0.95, p=0.0001) and SRS (Rho=0.96 p=0.0001), but the mean SSS (12.53±7.54) and SRS (10.60±7.08) values of T were significantly lower (p<0.05) than SSS (13.43±6.81) and SRS (11.33±6.97) of C mode. Good correlation between C and T was found for all functional parameters, except for EDV (p=0.0001). Although T mode appears to be more comfortable and presented a good correlation between SSS and SRS values, in abnormal and risk pts, the extent and severity of defects can be underestimated. Considering the important therapeutic and prognostic implications of an accurate perfusion measurement, the cardiac SPECT acquisition with the arms in down position should be avoided. When arms-down acquisition is the only alternative, scintigraphy results must be carefully interpreted, especially in abnormal scans whereas the amount of perfusion abnormalities can be underestimated.
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Contin, Lilian. "Segmentação das áreas isquêmicas no acidente vascular cerebral utilizando imagens de tomografia computadorizada de perfusão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-20052011-175957/.
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As técnicas de processamento digital de imagens têm sido vastamente aplicadas às imagens médicas. Um dos benefícios ocasionado por estas ferramentas é o de prover medidas de parâmetros que são difíceis de estimar e suscetíveis a viés do médico. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um software semi-automático de segmentação das áreas isquêmicas, core e penumbra, no acidente vascular cerebral, utilizando técnicas de segmentação por limiarização e baseada em regiões. Os dois algoritmos de segmentação (estatística local e limiarização) foram aplicados aos mapas de perfusão, calculados em um software separado, o stroketool-ct (Wittsack, University of Duesseldorf, Alemanha). Este software dispõe de três métodos de cálculo dos mapas, a partir das imagens de tomografia computadorizada de perfusão, que diferem no modelo matemático utilizado. O software aqui desenvolvido funciona como um módulo do stroketool-ct, não tendo acesso ao código fonte, apenas às estruturas de dados. O algoritmo de estatística local funciona através da expansão de uma amostra selecionada pelo usuário, na região isquêmica de interesse. Os resultados obtidos pelo algoritmo de estatística local foram comparados, através de um algoritmo de quantificação, com o padrão ouro, que consistiu na segmentação manual das regiões isquêmicas realizada pelo médico especialista. Respeitando as limitações pertinentes à técnica aplicada, os resultados obtidos pelo software de segmentação se mostraram satisfatórios. O algoritmo de limiarização utiliza os limiares fisiológicos de perfusão sangüínea estabelecidos na literatura para distinguir as áreas isquêmicas. A confiabilidade da segmentação reside no método específico de cálculo dos mapas de perfusão adotado. Além disso, os algoritmos fizeram o display dos resultados da segmentação em menos de 5 minutos em um computador pessoal, um tempo de espera razoável para o especialista que pode utilizar o resultado da segmentação do algoritmo para a tomada de decisão sobre a aplicação de terapia trombolíticaThe techniques of digital image processing have been widely applied to medical imaging. One of the benefits brought about by these tools is to provide measurements of parameters that are difficult to estimate and likely to bias the physician. This study aimed to develop semi-automatic software of segmentation of the ischemic areas, core and penumbra in stroke, using techniques of thresholding and segmentation based on regions. The two segmentation algorithms (thresholding and local statistics) were applied to the perfusion maps that are calculated in a separate software, the stroketool-ct (Wittsack, University of Duesseldorf, Germany). This package provides three methods of calculation of maps, from images of perfusion computer tomography, which differ in the mathematical model used. The software developed here serves as a module stroketool-ct, not having access to source code, only the data structures. The statistical algorithm expands from a sample selected by the user, in the ischemic region of interest. The results obtained by the local statistical algorithm were compared by an algorithm of quantification with the gold standard, which is the manual segmentation of ischemic regions performed by the specialist. In spite of the limitations inherent to the technique applied, the results obtained by the local statistic algorithm were satisfactory. The thresholding algorithm uses the physiological perfusion thresholds established in the literature to distinguish the ischemic areas. The reliability of the segmentation obtained by thresholding algorithm resides on the specific method for the calculation of the perfusion maps that were adopted. Moreover, the algorithms provided the display of the segmentation results in less than 5 minutes in a standard computer, a reasonable waiting time for the specialist who can use the feedback to make the decision of whether applying the thrombolytic therapy
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Pádua, Rodrigo Donizete Santana de. "Corregistro de imagens aplicado à construção de modelos de normalidade de SPECT cardíaco e detecção de defeitos de perfusão miocárdica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-02052012-154125/.
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A análise de imagens médicas auxiliada por computador permite a análise quantitativa das anormalidades e garante maior precisão diagnóstica. Esse tipo de análise é importante para medicina nuclear com Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), pois no grupo de dados tridimensionais de imagens, padrões sutis de anormalidades muitas vezes são importantes achados clínicos. Porém, as imagens podem sofrer interferência de artefatos de atenuação da emissão de fótons por partes moles corporais, o que reduz sua acurácia diagnóstica. Desde que se possuam parâmetros de atenuação computados em um modelo que permita a comparação com imagens de um dado paciente, a interferência dos artefatos pode ser corrigida com ganho na acurácia diagnóstica, sem a necessidade de utilização de técnicas de correção que aumentem a dose de exposição à radiação pelo paciente. A proposta desse estudo foi a criação de um atlas de cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica, que foi obtido a partir de imagens de indíviduos normais, e o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo computacional para a detecção de anormalidades perfusionais miocárdicas, através da comparação estatística dos modelos do atlas com imagens de pacientes. Métodos de corregistro de imagens de mesma modalidade e outras técnicas de processamento de imagens foram estudados e utilizados para a comparação das imagens dos pacientes com o modelo apropriado. Pela análise visual dos modelos, verificou-se a sua validade como imagem representativa de normalidade perfusional. Para avaliação da detecção, a situação dos segmentos miocárdicos (normal ou anormal) indicada pelo algoritmo de detecção foi comparada com a situação apontada no laudo obtido pela concordância de dois especialistas, de modo a se verificar as concordâncias e discordâncias da técnica em relação ao laudo e se obter a significância estatística. Com isso, verificou-se um índice de concordância positiva da técnica em relação ao laudo de aproximadamente 50%, de concordância negativa próxima a 82% e de concordância geral próxima a 68%. O teste exato de Fisher foi aplicado às tabelas de contingência, obtendo-se um valor de p bicaudal inferior a 0,0001, indicando uma probabilidade muito baixa de as concordâncias terem sido obtidas pelo acaso. Melhorias no algoritmo deverão ser implementadas e testes futuros com um padrão-ouro efetivo serão realizados para validação da técnica.The computer-aided medical imaging analysis allows the quantitative analysis of abnormalities and enhances diagnostic accuracy. This type of analysis is important for nuclear medicine that uses Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), because in the group of three-dimensional data images, subtle patterns of abnormalities often are important clinical findings. However, images can suffer interference from attenuation artifacts of the emission of photons by soft parts of the body, which reduces their diagnostic accuracy. Since there are attenuation parameters computed in a template that allows for comparison with images of a given patient, the artifacts interference can be corrected with a gain in diagnostic accuracy, without the need of using correction techniques that increase the radiation exposure dose of the patient. The purpose of this study was to create an atlas of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, which was obtained from images of normal individuals and the development of a computational algorithm for detection of myocardial perfusion abnormalities by statistical comparison of atlas templates with images of patients. Methods of image registration of same modality and other image processing techniques were studied and used for comparison of patient images with the appropriate template. By the visual analysis of the templates it was found its validity as a representative image of normal perfusion. For the detection evaluation, the situation of myocardial segments (normal or abnormal) indicated by the detection algorithm was compared with the situation indicated in the medical appraisal report obtained by agreement of two specialists in order to determine the agreement and disagreement of the technique regarding the medical appraisal report and obtaining the statistical significance. Thus, there was a positive agreement index of the technique regarding the medical appraisal report of approximately 50%, a negative agreement index close to 82% and a general agreement index near 68%. The Fisher exact test was applied to the contingency tables, yielding a two-sided p-value less than 0.0001, that indicates a very low probability of the agreements have been obtained by chance. Algorithm improvements should be implemented and further tests with an effective gold-standard will be conducted to validate the technique.
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Kay, Fernando Uliana. "Parâmetros quantitativos obtidos por tomografia computadorizada de dupla-energia na avaliação da perfusão pulmonar em modelo experimental de embolia e lesão pulmonar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-31102018-133522/.
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Nesta tese, buscou-se avaliar se a tomografia computadorizada de duplaenergia pós-contraste (TCDE) é capaz de detectar diferenças regionais da perfusão pulmonar em um modelo animal suíno incluindo variações de decúbito, lesão alveolar e oclusão da artéria pulmonar com balão, comparando estes resultados com os obtidos pela perfusão de primeira passagem com a tomografia computadorizada dinâmica (TCD). Dez suínos landrace foram divididos em Grupos A (N = 5, controle) e B (N = 5). Animais do Grupo B foram submetidos ao protocolo de lesão alveolar induzida por ventilação mecânica (LPIV). O volume sanguíneo perfundido e o fluxo sanguíneo pulmonar foram, respectivamente, estimados pela TCDE (%VSPTCDE) e pela TCD (FSPTCD), em diversas condições experimentais: posição supina versus prona, presença versus ausência de LPIV, presença ou ausência de oclusão da artéria pulmonar. A correlação entre %VSPTCDE e FSPTCD foi moderada (R = 0,60) com ampla variabilidade (intervalo 0,35-0,91) entre animais. %VSPTCDE e FSPTCD demonstraram padrões similares de heterogeneidade da perfusão pulmonar nas diferentes condições experimentais. Entretanto, reduções do %VSPTCDE causadas pela oclusão com balão foram em média -29,32 %, enquanto reduções do FSPTCD foram em média -86,78 % (p < 0,001). Estimativas quantitativas do VSPTCDE tiveram um erro médio de +4.3 ml/100g em comparação com o FSPTCD, com limites de concordância de 95 % entre -16,6 ml/100g e 25,1 ml/100g. A TCDE póscontraste é capaz de prover estimativas semiquantitativas que refletem a heterogeneidade regional da perfusão pulmonar causada por mudanças de decúbito, lesão alveolar e oclusão da artéria pulmonar com balão, apresentando moderada correlação com a perfusão de primeira passagem pela TCDWe aimed to evaluate whether contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT (DECT) detects regional pulmonary perfusion changes in a swine model of acute lung injury, with variations in decubitus and transient occlusion of the pulmonary artery, comparing these results with those obtained with dynamic CT perfusion (DynCT). Ten landrace swine were assigned to Groups A (N = 5, control) and B (N = 5). Group B was subjected to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Perfused blood volume and pulmonary blood flow were quantified by DECT (PBVDECT) and DynCT (PBFDynCT), respectively, under different settings: supine versus prone, and with/without balloon occlusion of a pulmonary artery (PA) branch. Correlation of regional PBVDECT versus PBFDynCT was moderate (R = 0.60) with high variability (range 0.35-0.91) among the animals. Regional pulmonary perfusion changes assessed by %PBVDECT agreed with PBFDynCT in response to decubitus changes, lung injury and balloon occlusion in the multivariate analysis. However, reductions in %PBVDECT caused by balloon occlusion were in average -29.32 %, whereas reductions in PBFDynCT were in average -86.78 % (p < 0.001). Quantitative estimates of PBVDECT had a mean bias of +4.3 ml/100g in comparison with PBVDynCT, with 95 % confidence intervals between -16.6 ml/100g and 25.1 ml/100g. Semiquantitative contrastenhanced DECT reflects regional changes in perfusion caused decubitus changes, acute lung injury, and balloon occlusion of the PA, with moderate correlation in comparison with DynCT
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Brandão, Simone Cristina Soares. "Efeitos da terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC) sobre a perfusão miocárdica: correlações clínico-funcionais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-17122008-104936/.
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Introdução: a cintilografia cardíaca com MIBI-99mTc sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma (gated SPECT) avalia integridade celular, perfusão miocárdica e função global e regional do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). A terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC) pode melhorar os sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca (IC), mas seus benefícios sobre a função do VE são menos pronunciados. Objetivos: avaliar se as mudanças na captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc após a TRC estão associadas à melhora clínica, à redução do QRS ao eletrocardiograma e ao desempenho do VE e se a gated SPECT adiciona informação na seleção e acompanhamento de pacientes para a TRC. Método: trinta pacientes (idade media 59 ± 11 anos, 47% masculinos) com miocardiopatia dilatada não isquêmica, IC classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association com tratamento medicamentoso otimizado, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) inferior a 35% participaram deste estudo. Foram avaliados pré e três meses após TRC as seguintes variáveis: classe funcional de IC, duração do QRS, FEVE pela ecocardiografia, captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc (%) ao repouso e após estresse com adenosina, volumes diastólico (VDF) e sistólico finais (VSF) do VE, motilidade e espessamento regionais nas paredes do VE pela Gated SPECT. Após TRC, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a melhora na FEVE: grupo 1 (G1=12 pacientes) com aumento 5 pontos absolutos; e grupo 2 (G2=18 pacientes) sem aumento significante. Resultados: após TRC, ambos os grupos melhoraram significantemente a classe funcional de IC, reduziram QRS e aumentaram a captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc nas paredes ântero-septal e ínfero-septal. Apenas G1 apresentou mudanças favoráveis no VDF, VSF, motilidade e espessamento regionais do VE. Pré TRC, pela análise univariada, o VDF e ESV foram estatisticamente maiores no G2 em relação ao G1 (VDF: 477 ± 168 mL vs. 276 ± 94 mL, p<0,001; VSF: 401 ± 154 mL vs. 220 ± 85 mL, p<0,001, G2 e G1, respectivamente). A captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc foi menor no G2 em relação ao G1 nas paredes anterior (60 ± 10% vs. 67 ± 7%, p=0,049, repouso) e inferior (48 ± 10% vs. 59 ± 11%, repouso, e 47 ± 10% vs. 58 ± 9%, p=0,003, após estresse). A soma dos escores de hipocaptação após estresse foi significantemente maior no G2 em relação ao G1 (14 ± 9 e 9 ± 4, G2 e G1, respectivamente, p=0,039). Pela análise multivariada, o VDF foi o único preditor independente de aumento na FEVE após terapia, p=0,01. O ótimo ponto de corte do VDF pela curva ROC para predizer melhora na FEVE após terapia foi 315 mL com sensibilidade de 89% e especificidade de 94%. Conclusões: A TRC aumentou a captação miocárdica regional de MIBI-99mTc, melhorou a classe funcional de IC e reduziu QRS independentemente da melhora do desempenho cardíaco. Após TRC, o aumento da FEVE ocorreu em corações menos dilatados e com uma maior captação miocárdica regional do MIBI-99mTc, principalmente na parede inferiorBackground: gated myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI (gated SPECT) evaluates myocyte integrity, myocardial perfusion and global and regional left ventricular (LV) function. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may improve heart failure (HF) clinical symptoms, but its benefits for LV function are less pronounced. Objectives: we assessed whether changes on myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake post-CRT are related to improvement in clinical HF symptoms, reduction in QRS duration and improvement in LV performance, and whether gated SPECT with 99mTc-MIBI adds information to selection and follow-up of patients undergoing CRT. Methods: thirty patients (mean age 59 ± 11, 47% male) with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, chronic HF in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV with optimized clinical treatment, left bundle-branch block, and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) inferior to 35% participated to this study. Pre- and 3 months post-CRT, the variables analyzed were: HF functional class, QRS duration, LVEF by echocardiography, myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake (%) at rest and after adenosine stress, LV end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volumes (ESV), regional LV motion and thickness by gated SPECT. Post-CRT, patients were divided into 2 groups according to LVEF improvement: group 1 (G1=12 patients) with increase in LVEF5points and group 2 (G2=18 patients) without significant increase. Results: post-CRT, both groups improved significantly in HF functional class, reduced QRS width and increased antero-septal and infero-septal wall 99mTc-MIBI uptake. Only G1 had favorable changes in EDV, ESV, and LV regional motion and thickness. Pre- CRT, by univariate analysis, EDV and ESV were statistically higher in G2 compared with G1 (EDV: 477 ± 168 mL vs. 276 ± 94 mL, p<0.001; ESV: 401 ± 154 mL vs. 220 ± 85 mL, p<0.001, G2 and G1, respectively). Myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake was lower in G2 compared with G1 in the anterior wall (60 ± 10% vs. 67 ± 7%, p=0.049, at rest) and inferior wall (48 ± 10% vs. 59 ± 11%, at rest, and 47 ± 10% vs. 58 ± 9%, p=0.003, after adenosine stress). Summed stress score was significantly higher in G2 compared to G1 (14 ± 9 vs. 9 ± 4, G2 and G1, respectively, p=0.039). By multivariate analysis, EDV was the only independent predictor of LVEF increase posttherapy, p=0.01. By ROC curve, optimal EDV cutoff point was 315mL with 89% of sensitivity and 94% of specificity. Conclusions: CRT increased myocardial 99mTc- MIBI uptake, improved HF functional class, and reduced QRS width independently of LV performance improvement. Post-CRT, LVEF increase occurred in hearts less dilated showing higher regional myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake, mainly in the inferior wall
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Garcia-Esperon, Carlos. "Multimodal computed tomography: future applications in acute ischaemic stroke." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1429340.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)We live in exciting times for stroke medicine. Acute reperfusion stroke therapies have changed dramatically. What we could do 10 years ago has no comparison with what we can offer patients today. It is difficult to imagine that such rapid progress in the stroke field would ever happen. Some of the old mantra such as ‘time is brain’ have been found to be only partially true. Time is still important—after vessel occlusion, neurons are dying! However, the pace at which neurons die is very different between patients. Therefore, using time from symptom onset to identify patients as candidates for treatment has become obsolete (one size does not fit all). The stroke neurologist needs to be familiar with the new imaging modalities, computed tomography perfusion (CTP) being the most relevant. However, CTP is still ‘the new kid on the block’; we know a lot about it, but there remain many grey areas about its use and its limitations. I attempt in this PhD to expand the limits of what has been currently described about CTP in ischaemic stroke patients, taking two directions: current use and expandability from comprehensive stroke centres to rural hospitals, and new possible uses, focusing on the role of CTP in small subcortical lacunar strokes and a possible correlation between CTP and left ventricular cardiac function.
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Montes, Pau [Verfasser]. "Dynamic cone-beam reconstruction for perfusion computed tomography / vorgelegt von Pau Montes." 2006. http://d-nb.info/982401299/34.
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YANG, YU-WEN, and 楊佑文. "Effect of Respiratory Motion on Myocardial Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92776484161114261317.
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博士國立陽明大學
生物醫學影像暨放射科學系暨研究所
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of respiratory motion (RM) on defect detection in Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) using a phantom population that includes patient variability. Three RM patterns were included, namely breath-hold, slightly enhanced normal breathing, and deep breathing. For each RM pattern, six 4-D NCAT phantoms were generated, each with anatomical variations. Anterior, lateral and inferior myocardial defects with different sizes and contrasts were inserted. Noise-free SPECT projections were simulated using an analytical projector. Poisson noise was then added to generate noisy realizations. The projection data were reconstructed using the OS-EM algorithm with 1 and 4 subsets/iteration and with 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 iterations. Short-axis images centered at the centroid of the myocardial defect were extracted, and the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) was applied for the detection of the defect. The CHO results show that the value of the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) is affected by the RM amplitude. For all the defect sizes and contrasts studied, the highest or optimal AUC values indicate maximum detectability decrease with the increase of the RM amplitude. With no respiration, the ranking of the optimal AUC value in decreasing order is anterior then lateral, and finally inferior defects. The AUC value of the lateral defect drops more severely as the RM amplitude increases compared to other defect locations. Furthermore, as the RM amplitude increases, the AUC values of the smaller defects drop more quickly than the larger ones. We demonstrated that RM affects defect detectability of MPS imaging. The results indicate that developments of optimal data acquisition methods and RM correction methods are needed to improve the defect detectability in MPS.
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Chen, Chushuang. "Optimizing tissue pathophysiology with computed tomography perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1406198.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Background: Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the developed world. When a blood vessel within the brain becomes occluded, there is a volume of tissue which immediately dies, the ischemic core, and a volume of tissue which is hypo-perfused and will die within hours if the occlusion is not removed, the ischemic penumbra. Salvage of the ischemic penumbra by reperfusion can be achieved with intravenous thrombolysis which activates the bodies’ anti-clotting system to dissolve a thrombus, or mechanical removal of the clot with thrombectomy. Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is a clinically available brain imaging technique which not only assists with positively confirming the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke, but also assists reperfusion therapy decision making in clinical practice by providing information about brain tissue viability (salvageable versus non-salvageable tissue). The volume of the ischemic core has been shown to be related to patient outcomes, and the volume of the penumbra has also been shown to relate to treatment response potential. However, the measurement of penumbra and infarct core with CTP can be varied due to different structural tissue compartments of the brain (grey matter and white matter) and different algorithms applied to post-processing of raw imaging (standard singular value deconvolution (sSVD) and standard singular value deconvolution with delay and dispersion correction(ddSVD). This thesis incorporated a series of studies, aimed to increase the precision and accuracy of the tissue pathophysiology measures in acute ischemic stroke with CTP and relate the relevant measurement of ischemic penumbra and infarct core to patient outcomes. Methods: This thesis included acute ischemic stroke patients from two data sets: (1) A previously collected data set of acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to the John Hunter Hospital within 6 hours of symptom onset, underwent baseline MRI within 1 hour of the initial CTP, and follow-up MRI at 24-hour. (2) Acute ischemic strokes patients recruited into the INternational Stroke Perfusion Imaging REgistry (INSPIRE). National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was performed at baseline and 24-hour to assess the stroke severity. A modified Rankin Score (mRS) was performed at day-90 post-stroke to evaluate patient outcomes. All perfusion imaging were post-processing with MIStar (Apollo Medical Imaging Technology, Melbourne, Australia) using sSVD and/or ddSVD as post-processing algorithms. Results: The first study in this thesis derived the optimal threshold of penumbra and infarct core for gray matter and white matter. This study demonstrated that separated tissue-specific thresholds for gray matter and white matter increased volumetric agreement with acute diffusion-weighted imaging. Gray matter had considerably higher infarct core thresholds than white matter. Furthermore, a single threshold, delay time (DT) >3seconds from ddSVD accurately defined penumbra in gray matter and white matter, as well as mixed measures of gray matter and white matter. The following three studies in this thesis aimed to relate the relevant measurement of penumbra and infarct core to patient outcomes. This thesis demonstrated that in acute ischemic stroke patients who received alteplase, after correcting for baseline infarct core volume, for each percentage of penumbral volumes that was salvaged, the odds of a patient having an excellent clinical outcome increased by 7.4%. Furthermore, the perfusion imaging mismatch classification with DT was the optimal mismatch criteria as a patient selection tool for reperfusion therapy, in large vessel occlusion patients who receive intravenous thrombolysis only and patients who receive endovascular thrombectomy. Lastly, this thesis also found that patients with larger baseline CTP infarct core (>30mL) and “proximal” large vessel occlusion, with poorer collaterals clearly benefited from complete reperfusion after endovascular thrombectomy compared to complete reperfusion after intravenous thrombolysis alone. However, more “distal” large vessel occlusion patients with smaller baseline infarct cores and better collaterals, did not have additional benefit from complete reperfusion after endovascular thrombectomy compared with intravenous thrombolysis alone. Conclusion: The findings of this thesis supported that CTP was able to accuratly and precicely define acute ischemic tissue pathophysiology. Moreover, the accurate measures of brain tissue viability were directly related to patient clinical outcome regardless of the type of treatment received (intravenous thrombolysis or thrombectomy), and the likelihood of the success of reperfusion therapy. Importantly, the relationship between the baseline tissue pathophysiology of the ischemic core and penumbra to patient outcomes was seen to be significantly different depending on treatment type.
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OUSMANE, YEO DOGNIMIN. "COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF TUMOUR ANGIOGENESIS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF ADVANCED QUANTITATIVES PARAMETERS." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1196419.
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Abstract:
Objective.
The aim of this study was to know if quantitative parameters of perfusion CT could predict the response of bevacizumab therapy on patients with brain cancer based on the RECIST.1.1 guidelines
Material and methods.
This study included 18 patients (11 men and 7 women; mean age, 47,11 years) with brain neoplasm who were undergoing bevacizumab treatment. by comparing baseline studies with the best response achieved after completion of bevacizumab treatment and chemotherapy, patients were divided into two groups according to RECIST (version 1.1) guidelines as follows; responders (CR or PR) and non-responders (SD or PD). CT perfusion parameters (blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time, and permeability) were performed on baseline and were correlated with tumor size at first, then a logistic regression model was used to evaluate predictive factors for a response to bevacizumab treatment.
Results.
There were early changes shown after only few week of bevacizumab therapy between the 9 responders group of patients and the remaining 9 no responders patients.
Then clinical responders showed significantly higher blood flow (P=0.01) than non-responders.Blood flow, accuracy was 80.2% for detection of clinical responders when the cut-off point was set at 50 ml/100 g/min. Patients with high blood flow tumors (≥50 ml/100 g/min) survived significantly longer than those with low blood flow tumors (<50 ml/100 g/min) (p=0.007).
Multivariate analysis identified blood flow as a significant independent prognostic factor (p = 0.006; risk ratio, 5.18; 95% IC, 0.48-22.68).
Conclusion.
This study has shown the possibility that Perfusion CT could predict the response to Bevacizumab treatment in brain tumor
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Dutta, Arindam. "Novel Deep Learning Methods for Improving Low-Dose Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging of Brain." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5478.
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Computed Tomography (CT) Perfusion imaging is a non-invasive medical imaging modality that has also established itself as a fast and economical imaging modality for diagnosing cerebrovascular diseases such as acute ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and vasospasm. Current CT perfusion imaging being dynamic in nature, requires three-dimensional data acquisition at multiple time points (temporal), resulting in a high dose for the patient under investigation. Low-dose CT perfusion (CTP) imaging suffers from low-quality perfusion maps as the noise in CTP data is spectral in nature. The thesis attempts to develop data-driven based deep learning algorithms to obtain improved perfusion maps directly from low-dose CT Perfusion data.
The inverse problem of obtaining high-quality perfusion maps from low-dose CT Perfusion data is a well-known ill-posed inverse problem. The present state-of-the-art techniques are computationally expensive and necessitate explicit information about the Arterial Input Function (AIF). To combat the same, we propose a novel deep learning-based end-to-end framework to produce high-quality Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) maps from low-dose raw CTP data. The proposed models can perform the deconvolution without explicit information of the Arterial Input Function (AIF) and are not susceptible to varying levels of noise. Detailed experimentation and their results validated the superiority of the proposed deep learning framework over the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.
In the next part of the thesis, extension of this work was attempted by proposing a network which can handle variable number of time points. The novel hybrid network that we propose combines the benefits of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) convolutions to handle variable number of time/temporal points was developed. It also performs deconvolution without explicit information of the Arterial Input Function (AIF). This is the first network that can handle variable time point dynamic 2D data and thus appeals to much wider use-case scenarios. Also, it can be extended to analogous modalities like Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI).
The proposed methods are fully data-driven and are aimed at working with less training data, thus having a good appeal for clinical settings. They are single-step procedures with minimal preprocessing steps and provide fast processing without compromising the quality of the perfusion maps for low-dose CT perfusion imaging. Integrating these methods with the post-processing software platforms will enable the availability of high-quality perfusion maps especially for time-critical operations like ischemic stroke imaging.