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Journal articles on the topic 'Performance evaluation - swimmers'
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Smith, David J., Stephen R. Norris, and John M. Hogg. "Performance Evaluation of Swimmers." Sports Medicine 32, no. 9 (2002): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232090-00001.
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Simões, Paulo, José Vasconcelos-Raposo, António Silva, and Helder Fernandes. "Effects of a Process-Oriented Goal Setting Model on Swimmer's Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 32, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0024-6.
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Effects of a Process-Oriented Goal Setting Model on Swimmer's Performance The aim of this work was to study the impact of the implementation of a mental training program on swimmers' chronometric performance, with national and international Portuguese swimmers, based on the goal setting model proposed by Vasconcelos-Raposo (2001). This longitudinal study comprised a sample of nine swimmers (four male and five female) aged between fourteen and twenty, with five to eleven years of competitive experience. All swimmers were submitted to an evaluation system during two years. The first season involved the implementation of the goal setting model, and the second season was only evaluation, totaling seven assessments over the two years. The main results showed a significant improvement in chronometric performance during psychological intervention, followed by a reduction in swimmers' performance in the second season, when there was no interference from the investigators (follow-up).
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Miao, Jiaqi, Xiaolong Li, Bo Liang, Jiongzhe Wang, and Xiaofei Xu. "Enhancing Swimming Performance by Optimizing Structure of Helical Swimmers." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020494.
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Untethered microrobots provide the prospect for performing minimally invasive surgery and targeted delivery of drugs in hard-to-reach areas of the human body. Recently, inspired by the way the prokaryotic flagella rotates to drive the body forward, numerous studies have been carried out to study the swimming properties of helical swimmers. In this study, the resistive force theory (RFT) was applied to analyze the influence of dimensional and kinematical parameters on the propulsion performance of conventional helical swimmers. The propulsion efficiency index was applied to quantitatively evaluate the swimming performance of helical swimmers. Quantitative analysis of the effect of different parameters on the propulsion performance was performed to optimize the design of structures. Then, RFT was modified to explore the tapered helical swimmers with the helix radius changing uniformly along the axis. Theoretical results show that the helical swimmer with a constant helix angle exhibits excellent propulsion performance. The evaluation index was found to increase with increased tapering, indicating that the tapered structures can produce more efficient motion. Additionally, the analysis method extended from RFT can be used to analyze the motion of special-shaped flagella in microorganisms.
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Morouço, Pedro G., Tiago M. Barbosa, Raul Arellano, and João P. Vilas-Boas. "Intracyclic Variation of Force and Swimming Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 7 (August 1, 2018): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0223.
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Context: In front-crawl swimming, the upper limbs perform alternating movements with the aim of achieving a continuous application of force in the water, leading to lower intracyclic velocity variation (dv). This parameter has been identified as a crucial criterion for swimmers’ evaluation. Purpose: To examine the assessment of intracyclic force variation (dF) and to analyze its relationship with dv and swimming performance. Methods: A total of 22 high-level male swimmers performed a maximal-effort 50-m front-crawl time trial and a 30-s maximal-effort fully tethered swimming test, which were randomly assigned. Instantaneous velocity was obtained by a speedometer and force by a strain-gauge system. Results: Similarity was observed between the tests, with dF attaining much higher magnitudes than dv (P < .001; d = 8.89). There were no differences in stroke rate or in physiological responses between tethered and free swimming, with a high level of agreement for the stroke rate and blood lactate increase. Swimming velocity presented a strong negative linear relationship with dF (r = −.826, P < .001) and a moderate negative nonlinear relationship with dv (r = .734, P < .01). With the addition of the maximum impulse to dF, multiple-regression analysis explained 83% of the free-swimming performance. Conclusions: Assessing dF is a promising approach for evaluating a swimmer’s performance. From the experiments, this new parameter showed that swimmers with higher dF also present higher dv, leading to a decrease in performance.
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Zarrouf, L. R. "0991 The Effect Of Extending Total Sleep Time And Weighted Blankets On Teenage Swimmers Performance." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A376—A377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.987.
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Abstract Introduction Effectiveness of sleep extension on performance and cognition in adult athletes has been studied extensively. Effectiveness of weighted blankets on sleep extension in children has been studied with mixed results. The effect of sleep quantity on teen competitive swimmers has not been evaluated extensively. This study investigated the effects of sleep extension and weighted blankets on performance, as well as daytime sleepiness in competitive teen swimmers. The principal investigator is a high school student and a teen-swimmer herself. Methods Study Design: Using an open label prospective approach, the pilot study will investigate swimmer’s event time changes, actigraphy findings and daytime sleepiness with sleep extension and weighted blankets. Setting/ Participants: 12 healthy swimmers on the MAKOS swim team will maintain their habitual sleep-wake schedule for a one-week; baseline period followed by a one-week sleep extension period, combined with weighted blankets use. Procedure/Protocol: The head-coach will assign event type to each participant of the study, 2 participants of the same type of event, will do the baseline timed race and initial evaluation, followed by one week of regular sleep (control). Another timed event will be done at the end of the 1st week and followed by a 2nd week of extended sleep (one hour/day) and weighted blanket. Final timed event race will be at the end of the 2nd week. Participants will fill initial, weekly questionnaires and wear a sleep tracker during the two weeks of the study. Detailed sleep and activities analysis will be obtained. Results 12 swimmers were recruited, 8 females and 4 males. All participants have been consistently with the team for more than 2 years. Age range of participants is 11- 17 years. Members of the team practiced 5 days every week with each practice lasting for 2 hours. The first timed race is scheduled to be done the first week in January. Conclusion This is the first research study to evaluate the effect of two important variables on sleep and performance in teenage swimmers. Support The authors report no financial support related to this study.
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Morais, Jorge E., António J. Silva, Daniel A. Marinho, Ludovic Seifert, and Tiago M. Barbosa. "Cluster Stability as a New Method to Assess Changes in Performance and its Determinant Factors Over a Season in Young Swimmers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 2 (March 2015): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0533.
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Purpose:To apply a new method to identify, classify, and follow up young swimmers based on their performance and its determinant factors over a season and analyze the swimmers’ stability over a competitive season with that method.Methods:Fifteen boys and 18 girls (11.8 ± 0.7 y) part of a national talent-identification scheme were evaluated at 3 different moments of a competitive season. Performance (ie, official 100-m freestyle race time), arm span, chest perimeter, stroke length, swimming velocity, speed fluctuation, coefficient of active drag, propelling efficiency, and stroke index were selected as variables. Hierarchical and k-means cluster analysis were computed.Results:Data suggested a 3-cluster solution, splitting the swimmers according to their performance in all 3 moments. Cluster 1 was related to better performances (talented swimmers), cluster 2 to poor performances (nonproficient swimmers), and cluster 3 to average performance (proficient swimmers) in all moments. Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that 100%, 94%, and 85% of original groups were correctly classified for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd evaluation moments, respectively (0.11 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.80; 5.64 ≤ χ2 ≤ 63.40; 0.001 < P ≤ .68). Membership of clusters was moderately stable over the season (stability range 46.1–75% for the 2 clusters with most subjects).Conclusion:Cluster stability is a feasible, comprehensive, and informative method to gain insight into changes in performance and its determinant factors in young swimmers. Talented swimmers were characterized by anthropometrics and kinematic features.
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Félix, Silva, Olstad, Cabri, and Correia. "SwimBIT: A Novel Approach to Stroke Analysis During Swim Training Based on Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)." Sports 7, no. 11 (November 16, 2019): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7110238.
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In a world where technology is assuming a pervasive role, sports sciences are also increasingly exploiting the possibilities opened by advanced sensors and intelligent algorithms. This paper focuses on the development of a convenient, practical, and low-cost system, SwimBIT, which is intended to help swimmers and coaches in performance evaluation, improvement, and injury reduction. Real-world data were collected from 13 triathletes (age 20.8 ± 3.5 years, height 173.7 ± 5.3 cm, and weight 63.5 ± 6.3 kg) with different skill levels in performing the four competitive styles of swimming in order to develop a representative database and allow assessment of the system’s performance in swimming conditions. The hardware collects a set of signals from swimmers based on an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), and a machine learning workflow for data analysis is used to extract a selection of indicators that allows analysis of a swimmer's performance. Based on the AHRS data, three novel indicators are proposed: trunk elevation, body balance, and body rotation. Experimental evaluation has shown promising results, with a 100% accuracy in swim lap segmentation, a precision of 100% in the recognition of backstroke, and a precision of 89.60% in the three remaining swimming techniques (butterfly, breaststroke, and front crawl). The performance indicators proposed here provide valuable information for both swimmers and coaches in their quest for enhancing performance and preventing injuries.
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Abbott, Shaun, Goshi Yamauchi, Mark Halaki, Marcela Torres Castiglioni, James Salter, and Stephen Cobley. "Longitudinal Relationships Between Maturation, Technical Efficiency, and Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Improving Swimmer Evaluation." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0377.
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Purpose: The study aimed to (1) accurately examine longitudinal relationships between maturity status and both technical skill indices and performance in Australian male (N = 64) age-group Front-crawl swimmers (10–15 y) and (2) determine whether individual differences in maturation influenced relationships between technical skill level and swimming performance. Methods: A repeated-measures design was used to assess maturity status and performance on 200-m Front-crawl trial across 2 competition seasons (2018–2020). Assessments were made on 3 to 5 occasions (median = 3) separated by approximately 4 months. Average horizontal velocity and stroke frequency were used to calculate technical skill indices, specifically stroke index, and arm propelling efficiency. Relationships between variables were assessed using linear mixed models, identifying fixed, and random effect estimates. Results: Curvilinear trends best described significant longitudinal relationships between maturity status with horizontal velocity (F = 10.33 [1, 233.77]; P = .002) and stroke index (F = 5.55 [1, 217.9]; P = .02) during 200-m Front-crawl trials. Maturity status was not significantly related to arm propelling efficiency (P = .08). However, arm propelling efficiency was an independent predictor of Front-crawl velocity (F = 55.89 [1, 210.45]; P < .001). Conclusions: Maturity status predicted assessment of swimmer technical skill (stroke index) and swimming performance. However, technical skill accessed via arm propelling efficiency was independent of maturation and was predictive of performance. Maturity status influences performance evaluation based on technical skill and velocity. Findings highlight the need to account for maturation and technical skill in age-group swimmers to better inform swimmer evaluation.
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Morais, Jorge Estrela, Mario J. Costa, Pedro Forte, Mario C. Marques, Antonio J. Silva, Daniel A. Marinho, and Tiago M. Barbosa. "Longitudinal intra- and inter-individual variability in young swimmers' performance and determinant competition factors." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 20, no. 3 (September 2014): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742014000300008.
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The main purpose of this study was to follow-up the intra- and inter-individual variability of young swimmers' performance and determinant factors over two competitive seasons. Thirty young swimmers (14 boys: 12.33±0.65 years-old; 16 girls: 11.15±0.55 years-old) were followed-up throughout two consecutive seasons (seven evaluation moments). Performance (100m freestyle), anthropometric, kinematic, hydrodynamic and efficiency features were evaluated. A gender and skill-level effect was observed. Boys improved in a higher amount (%) comparing to girls. Overall, swimmers in skill-level 2 (both genders) presented a higher intra-individual variability. Performance and anthropometrics showed a significant inter-individual variability in most moments, but hydrodynamics, kinematics and efficiency did not. Within each skill-level hydrodynamics, kinematics and efficiency were the variables that showed a high inter-individual variability. As a gender and skill-level effect was noticed in an age-group of young swimmers, coaches and practitioners should put the focus in specific and customized training plans for each skill-level of swimmers.
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Morouço, Pedro G., João P. Vilas-Boas, and Ricardo J. Fernandes. "Evaluation of Adolescent Swimmers Through a 30-s Tethered Test." Pediatric Exercise Science 24, no. 2 (May 2012): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.24.2.312.
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Our purpose was to demonstrate that 30-s tethered swimming test can be a useful tool to estimate swimming performance in short distance freestyle events. Thirteen high level adolescent swimmers (7 male and 6 female of16.6 ± 1.0 and 15.8 ± 0.8 years old) performed a 30-s maximum effort in front crawl tethered swimming. Afterward, subjects completed 50-m and 100-m freestyle events at the National Championships. Both maximum and mean force values obtained in the tethered test related directly with 50-m (r = .78 and r = .72, p < .01, respectively) and 100-m freestyle velocities (r = .63 and r = .61, p < .05, respectively). Fatigue index did not present a significant relationship with any of the studied performance variables. However, a proposed parameter—fatigue slope—correlated with 50-m (r=-.75, p < .01), 100-m performances (r=-.57, p < .05) and with r[La−] (r=-.90, p < .01). It is concluded that, for adolescent swimmers, values obtained from 30-s tethered test are well related with swimming performance in sprint events. In addition, fatigue slope seems to be more associated with swimming performance in short distance events than fatigue index.
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Morais, Jorge E., Nuno D. Garrido, Mário C. Marques, António J. Silva, Daniel A. Marinho, and Tiago M. Barbosa. "The Influence of Anthropometric, Kinematic and Energetic Variables and Gender on Swimming Performance in Youth Athletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0083.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the: (i) gender; (ii) performance and; (iii) gender versus performance interactions in young swimmers’ anthropometric, kinematic and energetic variables. One hundred and thirty six young swimmers (62 boys: 12.76 ± 0.72 years old at Tanner stages 1-2 by self-evaluation; and 64 girls: 11.89 ± 0.93 years old at Tanner stages 1-2 by self-evaluation) were evaluated. Performance, anthropometrics, kinematics and energetic variables were selected. There was a non-significant gender effect on performance, body mass, height, arm span, trunk transverse surface area, stroke length, speed fluctuation, swimming velocity, propulsive efficiency, stroke index and critical velocity. A significant gender effect was found for foot surface area, hand surface area and stroke frequency. A significant sports level effect was verified for all variables, except for stroke frequency, speed fluctuation and propulsive efficiency. Overall, swimmers in quartile 1 (the ones with highest sports level) had higher anthropometric dimensions, better stroke mechanics and energetics. These traits decrease consistently throughout following quartiles up to the fourth one (i.e. swimmers with the lowest sports level). There was a non-significant interaction between gender and sports level for all variables. Our main conclusions were as follows: (i) there are non-significant differences in performance, anthropometrics, kinematics and energetics between boys and girls; (ii) swimmers with best performance are taller, have higher surface areas and better stroke mechanics; (iii) there are non-significant interactions between sports level and gender for anthropometrics, kinematics and energetics.
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Schlueter, Kaitlyn R., Joshua A. Pintar, Katherine J. Wayman, Lynda J. Hartel, and Matthew S. Briggs. "Clinical Evaluation Techniques for Injury Risk Assessment in Elite Swimmers: A Systematic Review." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120920518.
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Context: Evidence concerning a systematic, comprehensive injury risk assessment in the elite swimming population is scarce. Objective: To evaluate the quality of current literature regarding clinical assessment techniques used to evaluate the presence and/or development of pain/injury in elite swimmers and to categorize objective clinical assessment tools into relevant predictors (constructs) that should consistently be evaluated in injury risk screens of elite swimmers. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and the Cochrane Library Reviews were searched through September 2018. Study Selection: Studies were included for review if they assessed a correlation between clinic-based objective measures and the presence and/or development of acute or chronic pain/injury in elite swimmers. All body regions were included. Elite swimmers were defined as National Collegiate Athletic Association, collegiate, and junior-, senior-, or national-level swimmers. Only cohort and cross-sectional studies were included (both prospective and retrospective); randomized controlled trials, expert opinion, and case reports were excluded, along with studies that focused on interventions, performance, or specific swim-stroke equipment or technology. Study Design: Systematic review and qualitative analysis. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were utilized at each phase of review by 2 reviewers; a third reviewer was utilized for tie breaking purposes. Qualitative analysis was performed using the Methodological Items for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) assessment tool. Results: A total of 21 studies assessed the presence and/or development of injury/pain in 3 different body regions: upper extremity, lower extremity, and spine. Calculated average MINORS scores for comparative (n = 17) and noncomparative (n = 4) studies were 18.1 of 24 and 10.5 of 16, respectively. Modifiable, objectively measurable injury risk factors in elite swimmers were categorized into 4 constructs: (1) strength/endurance, (2) mobility, (3) static/dynamic posture, and (4) patient-report regardless of body region. Conclusion: Limited evidence exists to draw specific correlations between identified clinical objective measures and the development of pain and/or injury in elite swimmers.
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Ferreira, Sara, Diogo Carvalho, Ana Monteiro, J. Abraldes, J. Vilas-Boas, Argyris Toubekis, and Ricardo Fernandes. "Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers." Sports 7, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030057.
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Physiological responses related to 400-m front crawl performance were examined in a 11-week training macrocycle in children 11.6 ± 1.2 years old. Fourteen girls and twenty-nine boys completed a maximum intensity 400-m test, at the beginning (Τ1) and at the end of four weeks of general preparation (Τ2), four weeks of specific preparation (Τ3), and three weeks of the competitive period (Τ4). Blood lactate (La), blood glucose (Glu) and heart rate were measured post effort. Stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were measured during the test. The 400-m time was decreased at T2, T3, and T4 compared to T1 by 4.2 ± 4.9, 7.5 ± 7.0, and 8.6 ± 7.3% (p < 0.05) and at T3 and T4 compared to T2 by 3.1 ± 4.3 and 4.2 ± 4.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). La was not different between tests (p > 0.05) and Glu was decreased at T3 compared to other testing moments (p < 0.05). SR, SL, and SI were higher at T3 and T4 compared to T1 (p < 0.05). SL and SI were also increased at T4 compared to T2 (p < 0.05). Performance changes from T1 to T2 were related to SL and SI changes (r = 0.45 and 0.83, p < 0.05), and subsequent changes between T2 to T3 were related to SR, SI, La, and Glu changes (r = 0.48, 0.68, 0.34, and 0.42, p < 0.05). Performance change from T3 to T4 was related to SL, SI, and La modifications (r = 0.34, 0.70, and 0.53, p < 0.05). Performance gains may be related to various biomechanical or physiological changes according to training macrocycle structure.
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Šťastný, Jan. "Porovnání závodní rychlosti plaveckého způsobu kraul a rychlosti dosažené během intervalů bez vlivu startu a obrátek." Studia sportiva 10, no. 1 (July 11, 2016): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2016-1-11.
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The race at 50 meters in freestyle swimming technique can be divided into four main phases -start, swimming at the surface, turn, and finish. With the usage of our measuring system called Tachograph, we mainly analyse the speed of swimming at the surface. Measuring principle does not allow accurate measurement of the speed after starts and turns, for that reason we evaluate the particular sections without the influence of the start and finish. We focused on the evaluation of the ratio of the measured mean swimming speed measured by the system Tachograph with the results of the current best racing performance from the 50 metre distance. For comparison we have processed the results of swimmers who participated in the semi-finals of 2010 European Championship. Our goal was to establish which results of the swimmers measured by Tachograph are at a sufficient level. The objective of the work has been accomplished with the help of statistical methods. Furthermore, we have ascertained that our recorded results differ from the results of elite swimmers whose results have been gained from the evaluation of the sections of swimming at the European Championship. We assume that the race results of our measured swimmers will differ as well. The error may be caused not only by the lack of motivation of the swimmers but also due to the constraints that our measurement system causes.
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Sousa, Ana, Pedro Figueiredo, David Pendergast, Per-Ludvik Kjendlie, João P. Vilas-Boas, and Ricardo J. Fernandes. "Critical Evaluation of Oxygen-Uptake Assessment in Swimming." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0374.
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Swimming has become an important area of sport science research since the 1970s, with the bioenergetic factors assuming a fundamental performance-influencing role. The purpose of this study was to conduct a critical evaluation of the literature concerning oxygen-uptake (VO2) assessment in swimming, by describing the equipment and methods used and emphasizing the recent works conducted in ecological conditions. Particularly in swimming, due to the inherent technical constraints imposed by swimming in a water environment, assessment of VO2max was not accomplished until the 1960s. Later, the development of automated portable measurement devices allowed VO2max to be assessed more easily, even in ecological swimming conditions, but few studies have been conducted in swimming-pool conditions with portable breath-by-breath telemetric systems. An inverse relationship exists between the velocity corresponding to VO2max and the time a swimmer can sustain it at this velocity. The energy cost of swimming varies according to its association with velocity variability. As, in the end, the supply of oxygen (whose limitation may be due to central—O2 delivery and transportation to the working muscles—or peripheral factors—O2 diffusion and utilization in the muscles) is one of the critical factors that determine swimming performance, VO2 kinetics and its maximal values are critical in understanding swimmers’ behavior in competition and to develop efficient training programs.
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Ganchar, Alexey, Oleg Chernyavsky, Serhii Medynskyi, and Ivan Ganchar. "ESTIMATION OF SKILLS FORMATION OF SWIMMING AMONG THE STRONGEST SWIMMERS-STUDENTS AT THE XXX WORLD UNIVERSIADE IN NAPLES-2019." Science and Education 2019, no. 4 (April 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-4665-2019-4-5.
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In this article the dynamics of the rating of command performances of strongest swimmers-students according to the results of receiving prize-winning among men and women, participants-winners of the final Universiade in Naples-2019. Swimmers-winners, who won gold medals for men (900 points) and women (881) in “points” equivalent almost indistinguishable (19 points). We determine the ranking of team performance of different countries in the representatives of different sex in the distances of sports swimming according to the results of winning the medals at the start of XXX World Universiade in Naples-2019. The authors' collective was studied: a) revealing the ranking in the performance of team performance of male and female swimmers at the start of the World Universiade-2019; b) introduction of the results of the study into the practice of physical education and sports in order to identify an objective rating of the success of the team performance of swimmers-students. In addition, professional interest is in studying the evaluation of swimmers' results, having won awards with gold, silver and bronze medals. The results of our study identified the unconditional leaders (top ten) of student swimming at the XXX World Universiade in Naples2019: USA-40 medals (17 men + 23 women), Japan-20 (9 men + 11 women), Russia-18 (15 men + 3 women), Italy-11 (5 men + 6 women), South Africa-6 (2 men + 4 women), United Kingdom-6 (2 men + 4 women), Australia-5 (2 men + 3 women), Brazil4 (3 men + 1 woman), Germany-3 (3 women), Sweden- 1 (men) medal. This trend is also seen among the award-winning silver medals (886 respectively, and 863 points, the difference-23 points) and received bronze medals (respectively 874 and 852 points, the difference-22 points). Thus, in the general summary table of the rating of teams-participants in Naples-2019, it should be included, not only the existing state of qualitative indexes of medals (gold, silver, bronze), but first of all quantitative indicators. Since the generalized gender differences (887 + 865 = 1752 – Average 876 points), allows to assess the advantages of achievement in points.
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Kojima, Kosuke, Christopher L. Brammer, Tyler D. Sossong, Takashi Abe, and Joel M. Stager. "In-Water Resisted Swim Training for Age-Group Swimmers: An Evaluation of Training Effects." Pediatric Exercise Science 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0230.
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Purpose:The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of resisted sprint swim training with that of nonresisted sprint swim training on 50-m freestyle competition time (Vmax50) in age-group swimmers.Methods:Twenty-four age-group swimmers (age 10.6–14.9 y) were divided into resisted or nonresisted sprint swim training groups and completed a sprint swim training intervention 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Repeated 10-m sprints with progressively increasing resistance were used to determine measures of swim power. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using B-mode ultrasound. Maturity status was estimated using predicted adult height (%Htadult) and maturity offset.Results:A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no group × time interaction for measured variables. Vmax50 was correlated with skeletal muscle mass and swim power variables, but no significant relationship was found between relative changes in these variables. Estimated maturity status (%Htadult) appeared to be associated with initial measures of swim power and performance variables.Conclusions:Ten weeks of resisted sprint swim training was not any more effective than nonresisted sprint swim training at improving sprint swim performance in age-group swimmers.
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Lucas, Dineia, Henrique Neiva, Daniel Marinho, Ricardo Ferraz, Ivan Rolo, and Pedro Duarte-Mendes. "Functional Movement Screen® evaluation: comparison between elite and non-elite young swimmers." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 21, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.438401.
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Functional Movement Screen® (FMS®) permite evaluar la funcionalidad del movimiento del atleta. La funcionalidad del movimiento en nadadores jóvenes de élite y no élite puede predecir el rendimiento futuro. El propósito de este estudio es comparar las puntuaciones de FMS® entre nadadores jóvenes de élite y no élite, y verificar su relación con el rendimiento de estilo libre de 100 m. Treinta y dos nadadores de élite (edad: 14,99 ± 0,13 años; altura: 1,71 ± 0,02 m; masa corporal: 61,28 ± 1,27 kg; Puntos de la Federación Internacional de Natación [FINA]: 651,59 ± 6,44) y 17 nadadores no élite (edad : 14,65 ± 0,19 años; altura: 165,12 ± 2,03 cm; masa corporal: 57,22 ± 2,43 kg; puntos FINA: 405,71 ± 21,41) se ofrecieron como voluntarios para participar en este estudio transversal. Se consideraron para el análisis los puntajes FMS® de prueba individual, el puntaje compuesto FMS® y los puntos FINA. Los nadadores de élite lograron valores mas elevados en Deep Squat (p = 0.005; ES = 0.99), Right Hurdle Step (p = 0.005; ES = 0.99), Left Hurdle Step (p = 0.002; ES = 1.08), Trunk Stability Push Up (p <0.001 ; ES = 1.44) y puntajes compuestos de FMS® (p <0.001; ES = 1.35) en comparación con nadadores que no son de élite. Las puntuaciones compuestas de FMS® se relacionaron positivamente con el rendimiento de estilo libre de 100 m (r = 0.596, r2 = 40.9%, p <0.001). Los nadadores jóvenes que no son de élite revelan déficits funcionales en tareas que involucran movilidad de caderas, rodillas y tobillos, y estabilización del núcleo y la columna vertebral. Mayor funcionalidad de movimiento está positivamente relacionada con el rendimiento de estilo libre de 100 m. Los entrenadores de natación deben considerar estos déficits y su relación con el rendimiento para diferenciar la prescripción de ejercicio entre estas poblaciones. Functional Movement Screen® (FMS®) allows to assess athlete’s movement functionality. Movement funcionality in young elite and non-elite swimmers may predict future performance. The purpose of this study is to compare FMS® scores between young elite and non-elite swimmers, and to verify their relationship with 100m freestyle performance. Thirty-two elite swimmers (age: 14.99 ± 0.13 years old; height: 1.71 ± 0.02 m; body mass: 61.28 ± 1.27 kg; Fédération Internationale de Natation [FINA] points: 651.59 ± 6.44) and 17 non-elite swimmers (age: 14.65 ± 0.19 years old; height: 165.12 ± 2.03 cm; body mass: 57.22 ± 2.43 kg; FINA points: 405.71 ± 21.41) volunteered to participate in this cross-sectional study. Individual-test FMS® scores, FMS® composite score and FINA points were considered for analysis. Elite swimmers achieved higher Deep Squat (p = 0.005; ES = 0.99), Right Hurdle Step (p = 0.005; ES = 0.99), Left Hurdle Step (p = 0.002; ES = 1.08), Trunk Stability Push Up (p < 0.001; ES = 1.44) and FMS® composite (p < 0.001; ES = 1.35) scores compared to non-elite swimmers. FMS® composite scores were positively related with 100m freestyle performance (r = 0.596, r2 = 40.9%, p < 0.001). Young non-elite swimmers reveal functional deficits in tasks involving mobility of the hips, knees and ankles, and stabilization of the core and spine. Higher movement functionality is positively related with 100m freestyle performance. Swimming coaches should consider this deficits and their relationship with performance to differentiate exercise prescription between this populations. O Functional Movement Screen® (FMS®) permite avaliar a funcionalidade do movimento em atletas. A funcionalidade do movimento em jovens nadadores de elite e não-elite pode prever o desempenho futuro. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os scores do FMS® entre jovens nadadores de elite e não-elite e verificar sua relação com o desempenho de 100m no estilo livre. Trinta e dois nadadores de elite (idade: 14,99 ± 0,13 anos; altura: 1,71 ± 0,02 m; massa corporal: 61,28 ± 1,27 kg; Fédération Internationale de Natation [FINA] pontos: 651,59 ± 6,44) e 17 nadadores não-elite (idade: 14,65 ± 0,19 anos; altura: 165,12 ± 2,03 cm; massa corporal: 57,22 ± 2,43 kg; pontos FINA: 405,71 ± 21,41) que se voluntariaram para participar neste estudo transversal. Scores FMS® de teste individual, scores composto FMS® e pontos FINA foram considerados para análise. Nadadores de elite alcançaram valores mais elevados no Deep Squat (p = 0,005; ES = 0,99), Right Hurdle Step (p = 0,005; ES = 0,99), Left Hurdle Step (p = 0,002; ES = 1,08), Trunk Stability Push Up (p < 0,001) ; ES = 1,44) e FMS® compostos (p < 0,001; ES = 1,35) em comparação com nadadores não elite. Os scores compostos do FMS® foram positivamente relacionados com o desempenho de 100m no estilo livre (r = 0,596, r2 = 40,9%, p < 0,001). Jovens nadadores do grupo não-elite revelam défices funcionais em tarefas que envolvem mobilidade das ancas, joelhos e tornozelos e estabilização do núcleo e da coluna. A maior funcionalidade de movimento está positivamente relacionada ao desempenho de 100m estilo livre. Os treinadores de natação devem considerar esses défices e sua relação com o desempenho para diferenciar a prescrição de exercícios entre essas populações.
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Nazemi, Siamak, Ramin Khajavi, Hamidreza Rabie Far, Mohammad Esmail Yazdanshenas, and Manouchehr Raad. "Effect of hydrophobic finishing on drag force of swimwear." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-09-2016-0109.
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Purpose During 2008 Olympics, Michael Phelps had a record-breaking performance. One contributing factor to his success was the full-body swimsuit he was wearing. Cases like these were the reason for the initiation of study and research for improvement in the new generation of sport gears. The purpose of this paper is to show that drag force plays a significant role in swimmers’ speed through the water; thus, using swimsuit with minimized drag force becomes imperative for Olympians like Michael Phelps. Design/methodology/approach This paper shows a comparative evaluation of hydrodynamics of three PET fabrics with different finishings that have hydrophobic behavior over a range of Reynolds number 1.0218×103 and 1.365×103 in the air medium at 20°C ambient temperature, and Reynolds number ranging from 15.68856×103 to 20.958×103 in the water medium at 20°C ambient temperature under stable stretch conditions. Findings The results show that hydrophobic finishing reduces the drag force by 1.5 percent at the angles of attack of 0 and 90 degrees. Originality/value If all the factors are considered to be stable for the swimmer, the drag force reduces by 1.5 percent, thereby increasing the speed of swimmer by 1.22 percent, which means that the record of the swimmer improves by 0.819 seconds.
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Junior, Valdir, Alexandre Medeiros, Kelly Jesus, Nuno Domingos Garrido, Rui Corredeira, Daniel Daly, and Ricardo Jorge Fernandes. "Biomechanical characterization of swimmers with physical disabilities." Motricidade 14, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.16033.
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The evaluation of swimming technique is one of the main aspects to be considered in any training program, with biomechanics being an important source of knowledge. It was our objective to characterize the biomechanical parameters (SL and SF) relating them to the swimming velocity (v) at different intensities and to analyze within each swimming stroke cycle the intra-cyclic velocity variation (IVV) in a group of motor disabled swimmers. Eight disabled male swimmers (25.83 ± 2.93 years old, 72.45 ± 9.26 kg body mass and 1.79 ± 0.11 m of height) of the following functional classes: S6 (n = 1), S8 (n = 2) and S9 (n = 5) participated in this study. Swimmers were evaluated in the kinematic parameters v, stroke frequency (SF) and stroke length (SL) along with an incremental protocol of 6 x 200 m in the the crawl stroke. Data were registered in each step at the distances of 100 and 175 m. With increasing velocity, the mean values of SL decreased while the mean values of SF increased. To achieve higher swimming velocities, swimmers compensated the lack of the propulsive segment increasing SF to increase swimming speed. For the mean values of IVV at 100m distance, a decrease between the first and second levels, followed by a tendency to stabilize from the 2nd to the 6th level is presented. For the 175 m distance, there was a decrease in IVV with an increase in swimming velocity. Stroke frequency is directly related to the magnitude of IVV, which directly influences swimming performance.
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Papadopoulos, C., M. Sambanis, I. Gissis, G. Noussios, E. Gandiraga, E. Manolopoulos, and DI Papadimitriou. "Evaluation of force and vertical jump performance in young swimmers with different force-time curve characteristics." Biology of Sport 26, no. 4 (December 30, 2009): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20831862.901135.
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Aly, Mohamed, Mohamed A. Ahmed, Asmaa Hasan, Haruyuki Kojima, and Abdelhakem R. Abdelhakem. "Sport Experience and Physical Activity: Event-Related Brain Potential and Task Performance Indices of Attention in Young Adults." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 2 (June 4, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020033.
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A growing body of literature demonstrates that engaging in sport regularly and maintaining an active lifestyle have a positive impact on cognition. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sport experiences and physical activity on attention, and explore whether the type of sport can impact differently on the neuroelectric system using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). Thirty-three young adults (mean age = 19.72 ± 1.25) were divided according to their sport experience into swimmers, karateka, and irregular exercisers. Participants performed auditory oddball tasks, while measures of task performance and ERPs were collected. The results indicated that exercisers, regardless of their sport experience, exhibited a larger and shorter P3 compared to irregular exercisers. However, no significant difference was observed in the reaction time (RT) between groups. No statistically significant differences in the RT and P3 were present between swimmers and karateka. These findings suggest that sport experiences, regardless of the type, are associated with a larger amount of neural attentional resources and faster stimulus evaluation speed. The results replicate previous studies that have reported improved cognitive functions in more active individuals. They further extended the current knowledge by indicating that both swimming and karate influence attention and do not differentially alter the brain response.
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Strzała, Marek, Arkadiusz Stanula, Piotr Krężałek, Wojciech Rejdych, Jakub Karpiński, Marcin Maciejczyk, and Artur Radecki-Pawlik. "Specific and Holistic Predictors of Sprint Front Crawl Swimming Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0058.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the impact of selected water- and dry-land predictors of 50-m front crawl performance among 27 male swimmers aged 19.3 ± 2.67 years. The following water tests were performed: front crawl tethered arm stroking in a water flume (flow velocity: 0.9 m·s–1) and leg tethered flutter kicking in a swimming pool. Anaerobic tests on dry land included arm cranking and a set of 10 countermovement jumps. The maximal and average forces generated by legs in tethered swimming (Fl max and Fl ave) turned out to be the strongest predictors of sprint swimming aptitude. These values were strongly correlated with total speed (Vtotal50) (r = 0.49, p < 0.05 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively), start, turn, and finishing speed (VSTF) (r = 0.60, p < 0.01 and r = 0.67, p < 0.01, respectively). The relationship of Fl max and Fl ave with surface speed (Vsurface) was moderate (r = 0.33, non-significant and r = 0.41, p < 0.05, respectively). The maximal force generated by arms (Fa max) during flume tethered swimming significantly influenced Vsurface and Vtotal50 (0.51, p < 0.01 and 0.47, p < 0.05, respectively). Its relationship with VSTF was close to significant (0.36, p = 0.07). Upper and lower limb dry-land tests showed lower and more holistic relationships with the 50-m front crawl race, however, being a good complement to overall fitness assessment. Specific in-water evaluation, especially the newly prepared flutter kicking test, as well as dry-land tests, can be applied to regularly monitor progress in swimming training, and to identify talented swimmers.
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Braun, William A., Michael G. Flynn, Daniel L. Carl, Kathy K. Carroll, Todd Brickman, and Charlie P. Lambert. "Iron Status and Resting Immune Function in Female Collegiate Swimmers." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10, no. 4 (December 2000): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.4.425.
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Iron deficiency may lead to anemia and may result in compromised endurance exercise performance. Iron deficiency has also been reported to adversely affect the immune system and has been associated with attenuation of natural killer cell (NK) activity. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between iron status and NK activity in highly conditioned female athletes. Ten collegiate female swimmers (SWM) and 9 inactive females (SED) participated in this investigation. Resting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for serum iron and ferritin. NK activity (% lysis) was determined using a whole blood method (51Cr release assay). No significant relationship was found between iron and NK activity (r = 0.55, p = .09), nor between serum ferritin and NK activity (r = 0.33. p = .35) for SWM. ANOVA revealed significantly greater NK activity for SWM (51.63 ± 15.79%) versus SED (30.34 ± 13.67%). Serum ferritin levels were not significantly different between SWM (20.38±8.62Ƞg · ml−1) and SED (16.79±10.53Ƞg · ml−1), nor were iron values different between groups (16.54 ± 2.17 μmol · L−1 SWM; 11.92 ± 2.61 μmol · L−1 SED). A significant relationship between iron status and resting immune function could not be established. Exercise training may affect NK activity; however, the influence of iron status on immune function requires further evaluation.
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Reis, Joana F., Catarina N. Matias, Francesco Campa, José P. Morgado, Paulo Franco, Pedro Quaresma, Nuno Almeida, Dalia Curto, Stefania Toselli, and Cristina P. Monteiro. "Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 4851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134851.
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Background and aim: Monitoring bioelectric phase angle (PhA) provides important information on the health and the condition of the athlete. Together with the vector length, PhA constitutes the bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns, and their joint interpretation exceeds the limits of the evaluation of the PhA alone. The present investigation aimed to monitor changes in the BIVA patterns during a training macrocycle in swimmers, trying to ascertain if these parameters are sensitive to training load changes across a 13-week training period. Methods: Twelve national and international level swimmers (four females; eight males; 20.9 ± 1.9 years; with a competitive swimming background of 11.3 ± 1.8 years; undertaking 16–20 h of pool training and 4–5 h of dry-land training per week and 822.0 ± 59.0 International Swimming Federation (FINA) points) were evaluated for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) using a single frequency phase sensitive bioimpedance device at the beginning of the macrocycle (M1), just before the beginning of the taper period (M2), and just before the main competition of the macrocycle (M3). At the three-time assessment points, swimmers also performed a 50 m all-out first stroke sprint with track start (T50 m) while time was recorded. Results: The results of the Hotelling T2 test showed a significant vector displacement due to simultaneous R and Xc changes (p < 0.001), where shifting from top to bottom along the major axis of the R-Xc graph from M1 to M2 was observed. From M2 to M3, a vector displacement up and left along the minor axis of the tolerance ellipses resulted in an increase in PhA (p < 0.01). The results suggest a gain in fluid with a decrease in cellular density from M1 to M2 due to decrements in R and Xc. Nevertheless, the reduced training load characterizing taper seemed to allow for an increase in PhA and, most importantly, an increase of Xc, thus demonstrating improved cellular health and physical condition, which was concomitant with a significant increase in the T50 m performance (p < 0.01). Conclusions: PhA, obtained by bioelectrical R and Xc, can be useful in monitoring the condition of swimmers preparing for competition. Monitoring BIVA patterns allows for an ecological approach to the swimmers’ health and condition assessment without resorting to equations to predict the related body composition variables.
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Liaghat, B., A. Salo, and B. Juul-Kristensen. "Evaluation of isokinetic performance and associated muscle activity during shoulder rotation in young swimmers with and without generalised joint hypermobility." Physiotherapy 102 (November 2016): e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2016.10.046.
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Podrigalo, O. O., O. V. Borisova, L. V. Podrigalo, S. S. Iermakov, V. V. Romanenko, O. V. Podavalenko, O. A. Volodchenko, and J. O. Volodchenko. "Comparative analysis of the athletes’ functional condition in cyclic and situational sports." Physical education of students 23, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0606.
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Introduction: The athletic potential of athletes depends on functional condition parameters. They determine physical and mental performance. Their evaluation is part of the athletes’ condition monitoring in many sports. The purpose of the study was the comparative analysis of the athletes’ functional condition in cyclic and situational sports. Materials and methods: The study involved 31 students from specialized sport school aged 16-17. The participants were divided into two groups depending on the sport: 1st group - 20 martial arts athletes (Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, judo), 2nd group - 11 water sports athletes (swimming). The level of sportsmanship was Candidates and Masters of Sports. The following tests were applied: determination of the individual minute duration (IM) (s), measuring of a 10 cm segment, (cm), and determination of simple hand-eye coordination (SHEyC), (s), and simple hand-ear coordination (SHEaC), (s), “Figures memorizing” technique, solution of 10 sums. Results : The IM test results reflect the predominance of earlier completion of the test. This tendency more expressed in martial arts athletes. The results of measuring a segment were lower in all tests in the 1st group and in 9 tests in the 2nd group. The vision reaction in 4 tests out of 10 was better in martial arts athletes. The response to the auditory stimulus in 5 tests out of 10 and the average result was better in martial arts athletes. The results of figures memorizing test were most often average. The swimmers memorize significantly fewer figures according to 3 tests. The results of the solution of sums were similar. Conclusions : The use of a battery test allows giving a comparative analysis of the functional condition of different sports athletes. The stability of IM test results indicates sufficient adaptation reserves of the participants. The analysis of the results of the measuring of segment test allows evaluating the ability to spatial orientation as an important for success quality in martial arts and water sports. The importance of the response rate for the success of both martial arts athletes and swimmers confirmed. The martial arts athletes’ results were significantly better. This confirms their ability to concentrate, to stay focused longer. The results allow considering the response rate to an auditory stimulus as an important indicator for predicting success. The figures memorizing test also reflects the specificity of sports. It illustrates the ability of athletes to control the environment, manage the situation. This ability is significantly better in martial arts athletes. The dynamics of solving sums results suggest some complexity with a long focusing on the swimmers and better parameters in martial arts athletes. The simplicity, accessibility and informative nature of the used tests suggest their use in the athletes’ functional condition monitoring.
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Lygouras, Eleftherios, Nicholas Santavas, Anastasios Taitzoglou, Konstantinos Tarchanidis, Athanasios Mitropoulos, and Antonios Gasteratos. "Unsupervised Human Detection with an Embedded Vision System on a Fully Autonomous UAV for Search and Rescue Operations." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163542.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a primary role in a plethora of technical and scientific fields owing to their wide range of applications. In particular, the provision of emergency services during the occurrence of a crisis event is a vital application domain where such aerial robots can contribute, sending out valuable assistance to both distressed humans and rescue teams. Bearing in mind that time constraints constitute a crucial parameter in search and rescue (SAR) missions, the punctual and precise detection of humans in peril is of paramount importance. The paper in hand deals with real-time human detection onboard a fully autonomous rescue UAV. Using deep learning techniques, the implemented embedded system was capable of detecting open water swimmers. This allowed the UAV to provide assistance accurately in a fully unsupervised manner, thus enhancing first responder operational capabilities. The novelty of the proposed system is the combination of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) techniques and computer vision algorithms for both precise human detection and rescue apparatus release. Details about hardware configuration as well as the system’s performance evaluation are fully discussed.
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Nikolaidis, Pantelis. "Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Force-Velocity Characteristics of Upper and Lower Limbs of Competitive Adolescent Swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 32, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0026-4.
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Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Force-Velocity Characteristics of Upper and Lower Limbs of Competitive Adolescent Swimmers While there is a direct relationship between maximal anaerobic power (Pmax) and swimming performance, the relationship between upper and lower limbs with regard to Pmax and force-velocity (F-v) characteristics is not clear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of age and sex on the ratios of mechanical characteristics between upper and lower extremities of adolescent swimmers. Seventeen girls (aged 14.7±1.8 yr) (mean±standard deviation) and 28 boys (14.6±1.4 yr), all members of competitive swimming clubs, performed a F-v test for both legs and arms. In legs, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=2.4, p<0.05), Pmax expressed in relative to body mass values (rPmax, t43=3.4, p<0.01) and v0 (t43=4.3, p<0.001), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.0, p=0.31) and v0/F0 (t43=0.55, p=0.59). In arms, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=3.2, p<0.01), rPmax (t43=3.9, p<0.001) and v0 (t43=3.4, p<0.01), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.9, p=0.06) and v0/F0 (t43=0.16, p=0.87). However, no sex difference was found with regard to the ratios of Pmax (t43=1.9, p=0.06), F0 (t43=1.2, p=0.23) and v0 (t43=1.3, p=0.20) between upper and lower extremities. There was direct relationship between age and Pmax of legs (r=0.64, p<0.01 in girls; r=0.43, p<0.05 in boys) and arms (r=0.56, p<0.05; r=0.57, p<0.01 respectively), while there was not any significant association between age and the ratios of mechanical characteristics of upper and lower limbs. These findings emphasize the need for separate evaluation of arms' and legs' force-velocity characteristics on a regular basis and the consideration of these measures in training design.
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Mihailescu, Liliana, Nicoleta Dubiţ, Liviu Emanuel Mihailescu, and Vladimir Potop. "Particularities of the changes in young swimmers’ body adaptation to the stimuli of physical and mental stress in sports training process." PeerJ 9 (June 23, 2021): e11659. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11659.
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Background A factor favoring the swimming performance increase is the adaptation and readaptation of body energetic and functional systems to the physical and mental stress stimuli in training and competitions. The efficiency of monitoring the young swimmers’ training is based on a precise determination of the changes in the specific adaptations. The evaluation and control of the biochemical, mental and motor changes ensure the knowledge of the particularities of body adaptation in different training stages. Methods Six young swimmers aged 12–16 years specialized in 100 m event participated in this study, conducted in four stages (E1–general, E2–specific, E3–pre-competitive and E4–competitive). The distress occurrence during adaptation to training and competition stimuli was studied in 3 levels: mental (Cohen & Williamson Test (CWT), Cohen Perceived Stress Test (CPST), Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Crăciun Test (CT)), motor (workouts monitoring, planning of means on training areas, anaerobic threshold assessment and average training speed calculation) and biochemical (blood lactate (La) and blood glucose (Glu) before and after effort—5 and 15 minutes; level of metabolic biochemical parameters, lymphocytes and blood glucose, and also hormonal parameters—norepinephrine, prolactin and cortisol—before and after competition effort). Results Quantity results of the mental, motor and biochemical tests were analyzed in groups; the quality results for each subject in dynamics were analyzed by comparison and correlation. Psychological tests showed increases in athletes’ mental behavior by 34% at CWT (p < 0.05), by 37.5% at CPST (p < 0.05), average stress level at SCAT and 70% stress in self-confidence at CT (p < 0.01). Biochemical tests revealed an ascending dynamics of La accumulated after specific effort, with peaks in E2 period (p < 0.05) and decreases in E3 compared to E2 (p < 0.05), revealing the adaptation to specific effort and the increase in anaerobic capacity. The Glu values decrease in pre-effort and increase in minute 5 and 15 post-effort (p < 0.05) in E2 and decrease in pre- and post- effort in E3 (p < 0.05), showing the effort impact on body and ability to recover after effort. Athletes’ individual metabolic results were 50% above maximum values, mainly post-effort (42%); hormonal results were 17% over maximum values, mainly post-effort (14%). Spearman’s correlative analysis of the induced-stress stimuli in workouts revealed 6.06% significant correlations at p < 0.05 and 9.1% strong connections in competitions: 4.67% significant correlations at p < 0.05 and 6.4% strong connections. Conclusion The research demonstrated that the mental and biochemical tests results correlation with the specific motor tests facilitated the correct individualization of effort orientation in training and recovery and contributed to the knowledge of the particularities of young swimmers’ body adaptation to training and competition effort.
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Hecksteden, Anne, Werner Pitsch, Ross Julian, Mark Pfeiffer, Michael Kellmann, Alexander Ferrauti, and Tim Meyer. "A New Method to Individualize Monitoring of Muscle Recovery in Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 9 (October 2017): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0120.
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Purpose:Assessment of muscle recovery is essential for the daily fine-tuning of training load in competitive sports, but individual differences may limit the diagnostic accuracy of group-based reference ranges. This article reports an attempt to develop individualized reference ranges using a Bayesian approach comparable to that developed for the Athlete Biological Passport. Methods:Urea and creatine kinase (CK) were selected as indicators of muscle recovery. For each parameter, prior distributions and repeated-measures SDs were characterized based on data of 883 squad athletes (1758 data points, 1–8 per athlete, years 2013–2015). Equations for the individualization procedure were adapted from previous material to allow for discrimination of 2 physiological states (recovered vs nonrecovered). Evaluation of classificatory performance was carried out using data from 5 consecutive weekly microcycles in 14 elite junior swimmers and triathletes. Blood samples were collected every Monday (recovered) and Friday according to the repetitive weekly training schedule over 5 wk. On the group level, changes in muscle recovery could be confirmed by significant differences in urea and CK and validated questionnaires. Group-based reference ranges were derived from that same data set to avoid overestimating the potential benefit of individualization. Results:For CK, error rates were significantly lower with individualized classification (P vs group-based: test-pass error rate P = .008; test-fail error rate P < .001). For urea, numerical improvements in error rates failed to reach significance. Conclusions:Individualized reference ranges seem to be a promising tool to improve accuracy of monitoring muscle recovery. Investigating application to a larger panel of indicators is warranted.
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Allen, Sian V., Tom J. Vandenbogaerde, and Will G. Hopkins. "The Performance Effect of Centralizing a Nation’s Elite Swim Program." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 2 (March 2015): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0106.
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Many national sporting organizations recruit talented athletes to well-resourced centralized training squads to improve their performance.Purpose: To develop a method to monitor performance progression of swimming squads and to use this method to assess the progression of New Zealand’s centralized elite swimming squad.Methods: Best annual long-course competition times of all New Zealand swimmers with at least 3 y of performances in an event between 2002 and 2013 were downloaded from takeyourmarks.com (~281,000 times from ~8500 swimmers). A mixed linear model accounting for event, age, club, year, and elite-squad membership produced estimates of mean annual performance for 175 swim clubs and mean estimates of the deviation of swimmers’ performances from their individual quadratic trajectories after they joined the elite squad. Effects were evaluated using magnitude-based inferences, with a smallest important improvement in swim time of –0.24%.Results: Before 2009, effects of elite-squad membership were mostly unclear and trivial to small in magnitude. Thereafter, both sexes showed clear additional performance enhancements, increasing from large in 2009 (males –1.4% ± 0.8%, females –1.5% ± 0.8%; mean ± 90% confidence limits) to extremely large in 2013 (males –6.8% ± 1.7%, females –9.8% ± 2.9%). Some clubs also showed clear performance trends during the 11-y period.Conclusions: Our method of quantifying deviations from individual trends in competition performance with a mixed model showed that Swimming New Zealand’s centralization strategy took several years to produce substantial performance effects. The method may also be useful for evaluating performance-enhancement strategies introduced at national or club level in other sports.
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Medeiros, Radamés M. V., Eduardo S. Alves, Valdir A. Lemos, Paulo A. Schwingel, Andressa da Silva, Roberto Vital, Alexandre S. Vieira, et al. "Assessment of Body Composition and Sport Performance of Brazilian Paralympic Swim Team Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 25, no. 4 (December 2016): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0036.
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Context:Body-composition assessments of high-performance athletes are very important for identifying physical performance potential. Although the relationship between the kinanthropometric characteristics and performance abilities of Olympic swimmers is extremely important, this subject is not completely understood for Paralympic swimmers.Objective:To investigate the relationship between body composition and sport performance in Brazilian Paralympic swimmers 6 mo after training.Design:Experimental pre/posttest design.Setting:Research laboratory and field evaluations of swimming were conducted to verify the 50-m freestyle time of each athlete.Participants:17 Brazilian Paralympic swim team athletes (12 men, 5 women).Main Outcome Measures:Body-composition assessments were performed using a BOD POD, and swimming performance was assessed using the 50-m freestyle, which was performed twice: before and after 6 mo of training.Results:Increased lean mass and significantly reduced relative fat mass and swimming time (P < .05) were observed 6 mo after training. Furthermore, a positive correlation between body-fat percentage and performance (r = .66, P < .05) was observed, but there was no significant correlation between body density and performance (r = –.14, P > .05).Conclusions:After a 6-mo training period, Paralympic swimmers presented reduced fat mass and increased lean body mass associated with performance, as measured by 50-m freestyle time. These data suggest that reduced fat-mass percentage was significantly correlated with improved swimming performance in Paralympic athletes.
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Gomes, Lara Elena, Ingrid Thaiane Soares Batista, and Brunno Leonardo Cruz Ferreira de Jesus. "Repetibilidade e aplicação de testes de nado estacionário para nadadores recreacionais." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 20, no. 2 (May 15, 2018): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n2p164.
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Tethered swimming tests are applied to evaluate propulsive forces in crawl stroke and may also be used to evaluate force applied by the movement of lower (leg kicking) and upper limbs (arm stroke). Considering the large number of recreational swimmers, this tool may be useful for coaches to evaluate the technique and force production by swimmers. As little attention has been paid to the application of these tests with recreational swimmers, the aims of this study were to verify the repeatability of the tethered swimming test for arm stroke, leg kicking and crawl stroke and to verify the relationship between performance in a 50-m test and in the tethered test with recreational swimmers. In this case, repeatability was defined as the agreement between the results of two successive evaluations. Ten male swimmers performed two 30-s maximal intensity tethered swimming tests with leg kicking, arm stroke and crawl stroke and three 50-m crawl stroke tests. Repeatability was found for mean force of all tests and for impulse evaluated in crawl stroke. Inverse relationship of the time to complete 50 m with the maximum and mean forces and with the impulse in the crawl stroke and an inverse relationship between time to complete 50 m and the mean force in the leg kicking were observed. Therefore, results from full tethered swimming tests applied with recreational swimmers may help swimming coaches.
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Hagiwara, Goichi, Hirotoshi Mankyu, Takaaki Tsunokawa, Masaru Matsumoto, and Hirokazu Funamori. "Effectiveness of Positive and Negative Ions for Elite Japanese Swimmers’ Physical Training: Subjective and Biological Emotional Evaluations." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 4198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124198.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the subjective and objective arousal of elite swimmers during physical training under a positive and negative ion environment. The participants were 10 elite Japanese collegiate swimmers participating in the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Swimming World Cup (age: 20.80 ± 1.39, five males and five females). Each participant went through two experiments (they were subjected to both the positive and negative ion environment and the control environment) within a four-week interval. The training task was a High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) routine for the swimmers. The subjective arousal state was measured using a Two-Dimensional Mood Scale (TDMS). In addition, biological emotional evaluations in the form of an electroencephalogram (EEG) were conducted to assess the arousal state of the elite swimmers. The examination of the change in the arousal level at rest and during training demonstrated that both subjective and objective arousal levels were significantly higher in the positive and negative ion environment than in the control environment. In addition, the average training performance scores were also significantly higher in the positive and negative ion environment than in the control environment. This study posits that the positive and negative ion environment has a positive effect on sports training.
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Carvalho, Diogo D., Susana Soares, Rodrigo Zacca, Daniel A. Marinho, António J. Silva, David B. Pyne, J. Paulo Vilas-Boas, and Ricardo J. Fernandes. "In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 5018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245018.
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Although performance and biomechanical evaluations are becoming more swimming-specific, dryland testing permits monitoring of a larger number of performance-related variables. However, as the degree of comparability of measurements conducted in-water and on land conditions is unclear, we aimed to assess the differences between force production in these two different conditions. Twelve elite swimmers performed a 30 s tethered swimming test and four isokinetic tests (shoulder and knee extension at 90 and 300°/s) to assess peak force, peak and average torque, and power symmetry index. We observed contralateral symmetry in all the tests performed, e.g., for 30 s tethered swimming and peak torque shoulder extension at 90°/s: 178 ± 50 vs. 183 ± 56 N (p = 0.38) and 95 ± 37 vs. 94 ± 35 N × m (p = 0.52). Moderate to very large direct relationships were evident between dryland testing and swimming force production (r = 0.62 to 0.96; p < 0.05). Swimmers maintained similar symmetry index values independently of the testing conditions (r = −0.06 to −0.41 and 0.04 to 0.44; p = 0.18–0.88). Asymmetries in water seems to be more related to technical constraints than muscular imbalances, but swimmers that displayed higher propulsive forces were the ones with greater force values on land. Thus, tethered swimming and isokinetic evaluations are useful for assessing muscular imbalances regarding propulsive force production and technical asymmetries.
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McGowan, Courtney J., David B. Pyne, Kevin G. Thompson, and Ben Rattray. "Evaluating Warm-Up Strategies for Elite Sprint Breaststroke Swimming Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 7 (October 2016): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0581.
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Purpose:Targeted passive heating and completion of dryland-based activation exercises within the warm-up can enhance sprint freestyle performance. The authors investigated if these interventions would also elicit improvements in sprint breaststroke swimming performance.Methods:Ten national and internationally competitive swimmers (~805 FINA (Fédération internationale de natation) 2014 scoring points; 6 men, mean ± SD 20 ± 1 y; 4 women, 21 ± 3 y) completed a standardized pool warm-up (1550 m) followed by a 30-min transition phase and a 100-m breaststroke time trial. In the transition phase, swimmers wore a conventional tracksuit and remained seated (control) or wore tracksuit pants with integrated heating elements and performed a 5-min dryland-based exercise routine (combo) in a crossover design.Results:Performance in the 100-m time trial (control: 68.6 ± 4.0 s, combo: 68.4 ± 3.9 s, P = .55) and start times to 15 m (control: 7.3 ± 0.6 s; combo: 7.3 ± 0.6 s; P = .81) were not different between conditions. It was unclear (P = .36) whether combo (–0.12°C ± 0.19°C [mean ± 90% confidence limits]) elicited an improvement in core temperature maintenance in the transition phase compared with control (–0.31°C ± 0.19°C). Skin temperature immediately before commencement of the time trial was higher (by ~1°C, P = .01) within combo (30.13°C ± 0.88°C [mean ± SD]) compared with control (29.11°C ± 1.20°C). Lower-body power output was not different between conditions before the time trial.Conclusions:Targeted passive heating and completion of dryland-based activation exercises in the transition phase does not enhance sprint breaststroke performance despite eliciting elevated skin temperature immediately before time trial commencement.
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Daly, Daniel J., and Yves Vanlandewijck. "Some Criteria for Evaluating the “Fairness” of Swimming Classification." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 16, no. 3 (July 1999): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.16.3.271.
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In disability swimming, a functional classification system is used in which swimmers with varying impairments compete against each other in one of 10 classes. In classification research, the criterion most often used to judge validity (fairness) is statistical difference in race performance between adjacent classes. Additional criteria are proposed here. First, the world-record swimming speed should decrease in a predictable manner with decreasing functional class. Second, classes should be clearly discriminated by race performances. To aid in evaluating these criteria, a comparison of the competitiveness (depth of the field) of the classes is made. The criteria were not strictly met in all classes. However, the sprint freestyle events approached fairness, especially for men. The exceptions were more due to a lack of maturity of the sport than to fundamental unfairness. Because of the more complex nature of breaststroke, more problems were observed related to classification fairness in this event.
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Vural, Faik, Mehmet Zeki Özkol, and Tolga Akşit. "Factor structure of swimmers for evaluating endurance and predicting 5000-m indoor and open water swimming performance." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.11.2.05.
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Geder, Jason D., Ravi Ramamurti, Dan Edwards, Trent Young, and Marius Pruessner. "Development of an Unmanned Hybrid Vehicle Using Artificial Pectoral Fins." Marine Technology Society Journal 51, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.51.5.4.
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AbstractAn unmanned vehicle has been developed for dual use as both an aircraft and a submersible. To achieve long-range emplacement of a highly maneuverable underwater asset to a target environment, the Flimmer (Flying-Swimmer) vehicle is designed for both high-speed flight and low-speed swimming. Building on previous research in bioinspired propulsion and control systems, the vehicle employs a unique set of artificial flapping fins for underwater maneuvering, which must be considered when evaluating the flight and water landing capabilities. This paper describes the computational analysis and experimental results for all three phases of vehicle operation—flight, landing, and swimming. Computational fluid dynamics simulation results predict aero- and hydrodynamic characteristics and demonstrate landing loads on and trajectory of the vehicle. Experimental data demonstrate flight and swimming performance and validate the computational results, and experimental testing of water landing provides a comparison with computations. Results and analyses of the Flimmer vehicle performance demonstrate the operational capabilities of an unmanned hybrid vehicle for long-range flight and low-speed swimming.
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Strzała, Marek, Piotr Krężałek, Marcin Kaca, Grzegorz Głąb, Andrzej Ostrowski, Arkadiusz Stanula, and Aleksander Tyka. "Swimming Speed of The Breaststroke Kick." Journal of Human Kinetics 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0087-4.
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The breaststroke kick is responsible for a considerable portion of the forward propulsion in breaststroke swimming. The aim of this study was to measure selected anthropometric variables and functional properties of a swimmer’s body: length of body parts; functional range of motion in the leg joints and anaerobic power of the lower limbs. Chosen kinematic variables useful in the evaluation of swimming performance in the breaststroke kick were evaluated. In the present research, swimming speed using breaststroke kicks depended to the largest extent on anaerobic endurance (0.46, p < 0.05 partial correlations with age control). In addition, knee external rotation and swimming technique index had an impact on swimming speed and kick length (both partial correlations with age control 0.35, p < 0.08). A kinematic analysis of the breaststroke kick hip displacement compatible with horizontal body displacement was significantly negatively correlated with foot slip in the water opposite to body displacement (partial correlations: with leg length control -0.43, p < 0.05; with shank length control -0.45, p < 0.05, respectively). Present research and measurements of selected body properties, physical endurance and kinematic movement analysis may help in making a precise determination of an athlete’s talent for breaststroke swimming.
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Ntomali, Stavroula, Manolis Adamakis, Fotini Venetsanou, Chrysoula Chairopoulou, and Maria Psychountaki. "WHICH FACTORS ARE INFLUENCING ARTISTIC SWIMMING PERFORMANCE?" European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science 6, no. 12 (April 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v6i12.3674.
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Rhythmic ability (RA) plays an important role in sports in which music accompaniment is used, such as artistic swimming (AS). The aim of the present study was to investigate RA's relationship with the athletes’ overall performance in AS, as well as the independent scores of AS performance (i.e., Execution, Artistic Impression and Difficulty), taking into account their competitive category and experience. The sample consisted of 47 female artistic swimmers (age 15.8±3.3 years; athletic experience 6.6±3.3 years) divided into three competitive categories (Senior, Junior, and Comen). The High/Scope Rhythmic Competence Αnalysis Τest (Weikart, 1989) was used for the evaluation of RA of participants. Three official AS judges were used to assess athletes’ performance in the water routine session. Descriptive and inferential (i.e., two MANCOVAs) statistical analysis revealed that experience was a significant positive predictor of AS Performance and RA, indicating that as experience increased, athletes’ AS performance and RA also increased. In addition, results showed that athletes in the senior category scored higher in all variables in relation to junior and comen athletes; however, these differences were not statistically significant.
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Fan, Yuncai, and Qi Yan. "PL-004 Research on monitoring power endurance training effect of synchronized swimmers." Exercise Biochemistry Review 1, no. 1 (September 29, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/ebr.v1i1.8083.
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Objective To explore the usage of heart rate and derivative index, such as quick recovery index (QRI) and training impulse (TRIMP), to monitor and evaluate load level at physical training course. With simplified load evaluation program, we can accurately feedback load stress and recovery conditions of the athletes, so as to timely adjust training load and avoid sports fatigue.
Methods Maximum oxygen uptake is tested to determine maximum heart rate of the athletes, which can be used as the basis for monitoring assessment of physical training load. During training phase, monitoring the variation of the relative index of HR and sleeping conditions of 10 athletes by Firstbeat. The test means was High-intensity interval endurance of climbing machine in 7*20s-20s before and after stage training. The main indexes include of QRI/TRIMP/EPOC/BLa\climbing height.
Results It’s shown through monitoring that maximum heart rate of the athletes in the physical training course is up to 200BPM, which prompts high load level during training. Such athletic ability is promoted to satisfy the demands for complex choreography. Characteristics of energy supply for power endurance with high intensity closely agree with physical fitness demand during synchronized swimming competition, which is general performance of strength, speed and endurance. Through comparison of data on testing power endurance of climbing machine in 7*20s-20S before and after training, average climbing height of the athletes is increased from 60.1m/20s to 62.4m/20s with increased range up to 3.8% and blood lactate level is decreased from 10.7mmol/L to 10.5mmol/L in 2 minutes after exercise, which can be regarded as slightly improvement of ability of the athletes for lactate decomposition and fatigue relief, and aerobic capacity of the athletes are improved to a certain degree. After training, heart rate QRI and TRIMP of the athletes are improved slightly. Among them, QRI is significantly improved from 19.6% to 21.6% after stage training, which shows slightly improvement of training quality and recovery capability of the athletes, i.e. adaptive capacity to training load; After physical training, research on monitoring QRI of the athletes during arrangement and relaxation shows that maximum heart rate level without voice guidance is 75.1bpm,which is higher than those with voice guidance 72.9bmp after 5-min quick recovery; QRI of the athletes is 31.9% when voice is used to guide relaxation, which is significantly higher than those without relaxation under voice guidance (QRI is 27.0%); night pressure monitoring unit (BodyGuard2) of Firstbeat is used to monitor sleeping conditions of the athletes. In the initial stage of heavy load training cycle, training load enables athletes to produce a strong stress response, which causes relatively poor sleeping and recovery conditions; with gradual adaptation of the athletes to the training load, in the middle and later stages of the cycle, stress response of the athletes during sleeping almost disappears, and their sleeping quality and recovery conditions are improved significantly.
Conclusions Through Power endurance training, lactate elimination capacity of the athletes, i.e. anti-fatigue capacity and quick recovery capability are improved; during quick recovery of the athletes, voice guidance can be used to effectively promote quick recovery of the athletes. Exercise heart rate, TRIMP and QRI can be used to perceptually and rapidly monitor completion of physical training load in a real-time way, Objective to evaluate recovery and sleeping conditions of the athletes, and effectively evaluate high-intensity interval physical training load and training effect.
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Tokodi, Márton, Attila Oláh, Alexandra Fábián, Bálint Károly Lakatos, István Hizoh, Mihály Ruppert, Alex Ali Sayour, et al. "Novel insights into the athlete’s heart: is myocardial work the new champion of systolic function?" European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, August 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeab162.
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Abstract Aims We sought to investigate the correlation between speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE)-derived myocardial work (MW) and invasively measured contractility in a rat model of athlete's heart. We also assessed MW in elite athletes and explored its association with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)-derived aerobic capacity. Methods and results Sixteen rats underwent a 12-week swim training program and were compared to controls (n = 16). STE was performed to assess global longitudinal strain (GLS), which was followed by invasive pressure-volume analysis to measure contractility [slope of end-systolic pressure–volume relationship (ESPVR)]. Global MW index (GMWI) was calculated from GLS curves and left ventricular (LV) pressure recordings. In the human investigations, 20 elite swimmers and 20 healthy sedentary controls were enrolled. GMWI was calculated through the simultaneous evaluation of GLS and non-invasively approximated LV pressure curves at rest. All subjects underwent CPET to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2/kg). Exercised rats exhibited higher values of GLS, GMWI, and ESPVR than controls (−20.9 ± 1.7 vs. −17.6 ± 1.9%, 2745 ± 280 vs. 2119 ± 272 mmHg·%, 3.72 ± 0.72 vs. 2.61 ± 0.40 mmHg/μL, all PExercise < 0.001). GMWI correlated robustly with ESPVR (r = 0.764, P < 0.001). In humans, regular exercise training was associated with decreased GLS (−17.6 ± 1.5 vs. −18.8 ± 0.9%, PExercise = 0.002) but increased values of GMWI at rest (1899 ± 136 vs. 1755 ± 234 mmHg·%, PExercise = 0.025). GMWI exhibited a positive correlation with VO2/kg (r = 0.527, P < 0.001). Conclusions GMWI precisely reflected LV contractility in a rat model of exercise-induced LV hypertrophy and captured the supernormal systolic performance in human athletes even at rest. Our findings endorse the utilization of MW analysis in the evaluation of the athlete’s heart.
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Akgün, Gökçe. "COMEN CUP COMPETITION POINTS ANALYSIS OF ARIANA FIGURE IN ARTISTIC SWIMMING." European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science 7, no. 2 (July 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v7i2.3871.
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The aim of this study is to examine the athlete performance of Ariana, one of the obligatory figures in artistic swimming COMEN competitions, in terms of year and age. It is important to analyze the competition results of the athletes according to years, age groups, individual development and countries. For the figure performance points of the athletes, the official COMEN Mediterranean Artistic Swimming Cup competition results were checked. Within the scope of the research, the competitions held in 2014 – 2019 were examined. The performances of the same athletes competing in different years and the countries with regular participation are listed for evaluation. Ariana point averages of these countries were calculated according to general and years. One Way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests were used for statistical analysis. There was a significant difference between the groups when comparing the Ariana artistic swimming figure by years (p<0.01). As a result of comparing the years with each other, it was found that there was a difference between 2017 and other years (p<0.01). The results of the competition were compared by dividing them into 13, 14 and 15 age groups. There was a significant difference between these age groups (p<0.01). Ariana point averages and total mean and standard deviation values of 9 countries that participated continuously in 2014-2019 were determined. When the Ariana figure points of the same athletes were divided into 13-14, 14-15 and 13-15 age groups, it was understood that there were significant differences between the groups (p<0.01). As the age of the athletes increases, the increase in Ariana figure points shows a significant difference. This situation is also present in the points of the same athletes in different age groups. The points of Bulgaria, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey, which participated continuously in the years covering the research, are decisive for the competition ranking and the estimation of the Ariana figure points. The average point according to the year of the competition and the average point of the countries that regularly participate have been made suitable for planning for the development of athletes. With the study we prepared, it was possible to make figure point plans in determining the performance development goals of artistic swimmers.
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