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Journal articles on the topic 'Perfluorocarbon emulsions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 31 August 2024

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1

Sofronov, Genrikh A., Elena V. Murzina, Diana Yu Lazarenko, Lyudmila V. Buryakova, and Tat'yana G. Krylova. "The possibility of using perfluorocarbon compounds for virus-associated pneumonia treatment." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 24, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma109689.

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The issues of practicality in using perfluorocarbon gas transport emulsions (or pure perfluorocarbons) in severe virus-associated pneumonia treatment were considered, including those caused by coronavirus infection. Perfluorocarbons are fully fluorinated carbon compounds, on the basis of which artificial blood substitutes have been developed gas transport perfluorocarbon emulsions for medical purposes. Perfluorocarbon emulsions were widely used in the treatment of patients in critical conditions of various genesis at the end of the lastthe beginning of this century, accompanied by hypoxia, disorders of rheological properties and microcirculation of blood, perfusion of organs and tissues, intoxication, and inflammation. Large-scale clinical trials have shown a domestic plasma substitute advantage based on perfluorocarbons (perfluoroan) over foreign analogues. It is quite obvious that the inclusion of perfluorocarbon emulsions in the treatment regimens of severe virus-associated pneumonia can significantly improve this categorys treatment results after analyzing the accumulated experience. A potentially useful area of therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome is partial fluid ventilation with the use of perfluorocarbons as respiratory fluids as shown in the result of many studies on animal models and existing clinical experience. There is no gas-liquid boundary in the alveoli, as a result of which, there is an improvement in gas exchange in the lungs and a decrease in pressure in the respiratory tract when using this technique, due to the unique physicochemical properties of liquid perfluorocarbons. A promising strategy for improving liquid ventilation effectiveness using perfluorocarbon compounds is a combination with other therapeutic methods, particularly with moderate hypothermia. Antibiotics, anesthetics, vasoactive substances, or exogenous surfactant can be delivered to the lungs during liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbons, including to the affected areas, which will enhance the drugs accumulation in the lung tissues and minimize their systemic effects. However, the indications and the optimal technique for conducting liquid ventilation of the lungs in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome have not been determined currently. Further research is needed to clarify the indications, select devices, and determine the optimal dosage regimens for perfluorocarbons, as well as search for new technical solutions for this technique.

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2

Vorobyev, Sergei I., Sergey B. Bolevich, Sergey V. Votrin, Aleksandra S. Orlova, Alexey A. Novikov, Stefani S. Bolevich, Dmitrii V. Gudanovich, et al. "Hemocorrectors Based on Perfluorocarbon Gas-Transport Blood-Substituting Emulsions." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjecr-2021-0031.

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Abstract Hemocorrectors based on perfluorocarbon gas-transport blood-substituting emulsions are complex multiphase systems used in the biomedical field as multifunctional drugs, in particular, as gas-transport substitutes for a blood donor. The aim of this review was to discuss their physicochemical and medico-biological properties. A number of preparations from both Russian and foreign manufacturers based on chemically inert perfluorocarbon blood-substituting emulsions of a nano-size level as hemocorrectors with a gas transport function are shown. The analysis of the effect of perfluorocarbon emulsion on the blood gas transport indicators showed that perfluorocarbon particles in the bloodstream will significantly improve the conditions of gas exchange in tissues. The most important issue is the concentration of perfluorocarbon blood-substituting emulsions. The perfluorocarbon emulsions can be considered as a means of correcting the gas transport properties of blood, increasing the reserve capacity of blood cells-red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Taking into account all facts about perfluorocarbon hemocorrectors, it can be concluded that they can be used as universal nanocarriers for the transdermal delivery of oxygen and biologically active compounds in various fields of biomedicine and cosmetology.

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3

Spiess, Bruce D. "Perfluorocarbon Emulsions." International Anesthesiology Clinics 32, no. 1 (1994): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004311-199432010-00008.

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4

Spiess, Bruce D. "Perfluorocarbon Emulsions." International Anesthesiology Clinics 33, no. 1 (1995): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004311-199500000-00006.

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5

Oleksiak, Christian B., Stephane S. Habif, and Henri L. Rosano. "Flocculation of perfluorocarbon emulsions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 84, no. 1 (April 1994): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(93)02730-3.

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6

Belyaeva, Elizaveta V., Alina A. Markova, Dmitry N. Kaluzhny, Andrei L. Sigan, Lev L. Gervitz, Aida N. Ataeva, Nikolai D. Chkanikov, and Alexander A. Shtil. "Novel Fluorinated Porphyrins Sensitize Tumor Cells to Photodamage in Normoxia and Hypoxia: Synthesis and Biocompatible Formulations." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 4 (July 17, 2018): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666170719150834.

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Background: Hypoxia renders tumor cells refractory to treatment. One way to overcome this problem is the design of drug delivery systems that contain the antitumor agent within an oxygen supply medium. Objective: to evaluate whether the perfluorocarbon liquids (capable of retaining up to 50% v/v amounts of O2 gas) can be tools for delivery of photosensitizers to hypoxic tumors. Method: We synthesized a series of compounds in which fluoroaliphatic or fluoroaromatic moieties were conjugated to the porphyrin ring in meso-positions. Two derivatives were tested as the solutions prepared either from a dimethylformamide stock (‘free’ formulation) or from a perfluorocarbon emulsion in which the photosensitizer is entrapped in the oxygenated medium. Results: In the emulsion the hydrophobic photosensitizer and the gas transporting liquid represented a biocompatible composition. Free formulations or perfluorocarbon emulsions of fluorinated porphyrins evoked little-to-null dark cytotoxicity. In contrast, each formulation triggered cell death upon light activation. Photodamage in the presence of fluorinated porphyrins was achievable not only at normoxic (20.9% O2 v/v) conditions but also in hypoxia (0.5% O2). With new compounds dissolved in the medium the cell photodamage in hypoxia was negligible whereas a significant photodamage was achieved with the emulsions of fluorinated porphyrins. The derivative with the fluoroalkyl substituent was more potent than its structurally close analog carrying the fluoroaryl moiety. Conclusion: Our new fluorinated porphyrin derivatives, especially their emulsions in which the photosensitizer and the oxygenated medium are coupled into one phase, can be perspective for photoelimination of hypoxic tumor cells.

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7

Chase, Howard A., and Yuhui Yang. "Immobilization of enzymes on poly(vinyl alcohol)‐coated perfluorocarbon supports: comparison of techniques for the immobilization of trypsin and α‐amylase on poly(vinyl alcohol)‐coated solid and liquid perfluorocarbons." Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 27, no. 3 (June 1998): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-8744.1998.tb00496.x.

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An investigation of different methods for the immobilization of α‐amylase and trypsin on solid and liquid poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)‐coated perfluorocarbon supports has been made. It is found that very reactive PVA‐coated perfluorocarbon supports are produced only via the reactions between the hydroxy groups of PVA adsorbed on perfluorocarbons and 2, 2, 2‐trifluethanesulphonyl chloride (tresyl chloride), 2, 4, 6‐trichloro‐1, 3, 5‐triazine (cyanuric chloride) or p‐β‐sulphate‐(ethyl sulphonide)‐aniline (SESA), a preactivating reagent for diazotization reactions. The amounts of immobilized trypsin (specific activity and percentage recovery of enzyme activity toward casein) on solid PVA‐coated perfluorocarbon activated by tresyl chloride, SESA or cyanuric chloride were 58 mg/g (1200 units/g, 5.8%), 25 mg/g (1100 units/g, 12.4%) or 44 mg/g (1128 units/g, 7.2%) respectively. The amounts of immobilized α‐amylase (specific activity and the recovery of enzyme activity towards starch) on the same supports were 32 mg/g (4000 units/g, 7.2%), 20 mg/g (4940 units/g, 14.2%) or 29 mg/g (2725 units/g, 5.4%) respectively. Most other methods, i.e. epoxy activation (with epichlorohydrin or 1, 4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether), periodate oxidation, glutaraldehyde coupling, 1, 1'‐carbonyldi‐imidazole chemistry, 1, 1′‐carbonyldi‐imidazole chemistry in an oriented fashion, isothiocyanate chemistry and carbodiimide activation, all resulted in lower degrees of activation of PVA‐coated perfluorocarbon supports and thus correspondingly lower specific activities of the immobilized enzymes. Only the methods with SESA or cyanuric chloride are suitable for enzyme immobilization on PVA‐coated liquid perfluorocarbon emulsions. The amounts of immobilized enzymes and the specific activities of the enzymes on liquid PVA‐coated perfluorocarbon emulsion were, however, lower than those on solid PVA‐coated perfluorocarbon owing to the lower surface area of this carrier. The method with SESA seems to be the best for all applications. The addition of (NH4)2SO4 to the immobilized reactions significantly enhanced the activity recovery and the specific activity of the α‐amylase. The immobilized enzymes were stable during storage. The study demonstrates that solid PVA‐coated perfluorocarbon supports are promising carriers for enzyme immobilization.

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8

Ni, Yong, David H. Klein, and Timothy J. Pelura. "Rheology of Concentrated Perfluorocarbon Emulsions." Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology 20, no. 2-4 (January 1992): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199209119733.

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9

Peng, Ching‐An, Jie Da, Yu‐Chih Hsu, and Thieo E. Hogen‐Esch. "Polymeric Fluorosurfactant‐Mediated Perfluorocarbon Emulsions." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (May 2006): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932690500359632.

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10

Spiess, Bruce D., Robert J. McCarthy, Kenneth J. Tuman, and Anthony D. Ivankovich. "Perfluorocarbon Emulsions and Air Embolism." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 44, no. 2 (August 1987): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(10)62053-x.

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11

Sletten, Ellen M., and Timothy M. Swager. "Readily accessible multifunctional fluorous emulsions." Chemical Science 7, no. 8 (2016): 5091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc00341a.

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Mixtures of perfluorocarbon and water containing functionalized polymer surfactants and fluorous-tagged small molecules yield multifunctional emulsions with defined functionality on the inside and outside of the droplets.

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12

Riess, Jean G. "Understanding the Fundamentals of Perfluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbon Emulsions Relevant toIn VivoOxygen Delivery." Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 33, no. 1 (January 2005): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/bio-200046659.

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13

Jalani, Ghulam, Dhanalakshmi Jeyachandran, Richard Bertram Church, and Marta Cerruti. "Graphene oxide-stabilized perfluorocarbon emulsions for controlled oxygen delivery." Nanoscale 9, no. 29 (2017): 10161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr00378a.

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14

Spiess, Bruce D. "Perfluorocarbon Emulsions, Platelet Counts, and Inflammation." SHOCK 52 (October 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/shk.0000000000001154.

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15

Magdassi, Shlomo, and Anita Siman-Tov. "Formation and stabilization of perfluorocarbon emulsions." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 59, no. 1 (February 1990): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(90)90065-c.

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16

Magdassi, S., M. Royz, and S. Shoshan. "Interactions between collagen and perfluorocarbon emulsions." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 88, no. 1-3 (December 1992): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(92)90314-r.

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17

Vorob’ev, S. I. "First- and second-generation perfluorocarbon emulsions." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 43, no. 4 (April 2009): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-009-0268-1.

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18

Vorob’ev, S. I. "Colloidal-chemical characteristics of perfluorocarbon emulsions." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 41, no. 11 (November 2007): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-008-0019-8.

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19

Nguyen, Minh Tuan, Elizaveta V. Guseva, Aida N. Ataeva, Andrey L. Sigan, Anna V. Shibaeva, Maria V. Dmitrieva, Ivan D. Burtsev, et al. "Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions with Fluorous Chlorin-Type Photosensitizers for Antitumor Photodynamic Therapy in Hypoxia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 7995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097995.

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The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) strictly depends on the availability of molecular oxygen to trigger the light-induced generation of reactive species. Fluorocarbons have an increased ability to dissolve oxygen and are attractive tools for gas delivery. We synthesized three fluorous derivatives of chlorin with peripheral polyfluoroalkyl substituents. These compounds were used as precursors for preparing nanoemulsions with perfluorodecalin as an oxygen depot. Therefore, our formulations contained hydrophobic photosensitizers capable of absorbing monochromatic light in the long wavelength region and the oxygen carrier. These modifications did not alter the photosensitizing characteristics of chlorin such as the generation of singlet oxygen, the major cytocidal species in PDT. Emulsions readily entered HCT116 colon carcinoma cells and accumulated largely in mitochondria. Illumination of cells loaded with emulsions rapidly caused peroxidation of lipids and the loss of the plasma membrane integrity (photonecrosis). Most importantly, in PDT settings, emulsions potently sensitized cells cultured under prolonged (8 weeks) hypoxia as well as cells after oxygen depletion with sodium sulfite (acute hypoxia). The photodamaging potency of emulsions in hypoxia was significantly more pronounced compared to emulsion-free counterparts. Considering a negligible dark cytotoxicity, our materials emerge as efficient and biocompatible instruments for PDT-assisted eradication of hypoxic cells.

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20

Spahn, Donat R., and Thomas Pasch. "Physiological Properties of Blood Substitutes." Physiology 16, no. 1 (February 2001): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.1.38.

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Blood substitutes (modified hemoglobin solutions, perfluorocarbon emulsions) serve as artificial oxygen carriers and are alternatives to blood transfusions. Hemoglobin solutions mimic the sigmoidal oxygen dissociation curve of natural blood. Perflurocarbon emulsions exhibit a linear relation between Po2and dissolved oxygen. The most advanced substances may enter medicine in few years.

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21

Meinert, H., R. Fackler, A. Knoblich, J. Mader, P. Reutor, and W. Röhlke. "On the Perfluorocarbon Emulsions of Second Generation." Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology 20, no. 1 (January 1992): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199209117860.

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22

Shah, Niraj, and Anurag Mehra. "Modeling of Oxygen Uptake in Perfluorocarbon Emulsions." ASAIO Journal 42, no. 3 (May 1996): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199642030-00011.

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23

Meinert, H., and J. Mader. "Perfluorodimorpholinoalkanes as stabilizing additives in perfluorocarbon-emulsions." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 51, no. 3 (March 1991): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)80189-x.

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24

McCreath, Graham E., Howard A. Chase, Duncan R. Purvis, and Christopher R. Lowe. "Novel affinity separations based on perfluorocarbon emulsions." Journal of Chromatography A 597, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80109-8.

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25

McCreath, Graham E., Howard A. Chase, Duncan R. Purvis, and Christopher R. Lowe. "Novel affinity separations based on perfluorocarbon emulsions." Journal of Chromatography A 629, no. 2 (January 1993): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)87034-j.

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26

McCreath, Graham E., Howard A. Chase, and Christopher R. Lowe. "Novel affinity separations based on perfluorocarbon emulsions." Journal of Chromatography A 659, no. 2 (January 1994): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)85069-0.

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27

Chase, Howard A., and Graham E. McCreath. "Separation of proteins using liquid perfluorocarbon emulsions." Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 59, no. 1 (January 1994): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280590118.

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28

Nolte, Dirk, Sven Pickelmann, Michael Lang, Peter Keipert, and Konrad Messmer. "Compatibility of Different Colloid Plasma Expanders with Perflubron Emulsion." Anesthesiology 93, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 1261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200011000-00020.

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Background Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers have been proposed as an adjunct to autologous blood conservation techniques during elective surgery. To date, the effects of perfluorocarbon emulsions at the microcirculatory level have not been studied extensively. In this study the effects of perflubron emulsion on the microcirculation after acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) were investigated using different colloid plasma expanders. Methods The dorsal skin fold chamber model and intravital fluorescence microscopy were used for analysis of the microcirculation in the thin striated skin muscle of conscious hamsters (body weight, 40-60 g). Measurements of microvascular perfusion and leukocyte adhesion (n = 6 animals per experimental group) were made before and at 10, 30, and 60 min after ANH (to hematocrit 0.3) with either 6% hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.6 (HES), 3.5% gelatin, 5% human serum albumin (HSA), or 6% dextran 60 (DX-60) followed by intravenous injection of 3 ml/kg body weight of a 60% weight/volume perfluorocarbon emulsion based on perflubron (perfluorooctyl bromide) emulsified with egg yolk lecithin. Results Acute normovolemic hemodilution with HES, gelatin, or HSA followed by injection of perflubron emulsion elicited no alterations of local microvascular perfusion or leukocyte-endothelium interaction as assessed in arterioles and postcapillary venules. However, ANH with DX-60 followed by injection of perflubron emulsion led to a significant reduction of erythrocyte velocity in postcapillary venules and an increase in venular leukocyte sticking that was never observed with DX-60 alone. Conclusions Hydroxyethyl starch, gelatin, and HSA are compatible with perflubron emulsion in the setting of ANH. Only DX-60 appeared to be incompatible with perflubron emulsion, as evidenced by impairment of capillary perfusion.

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29

Ni, Yong, David H. Klein, and Dian Song. "Recent Developments in Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Perfluorocarbon Emulsions." Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 24, no. 2 (January 1996): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199609118876.

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30

Maillard, E., M. T. Juszczak, A. Langlois, C. Kleiss, M. C. Sencier, W. Bietiger, M. Sanchez-Dominguez, et al. "Perfluorocarbon Emulsions Prevent Hypoxia of Pancreatic β-Cells." Cell Transplantation 21, no. 4 (April 2012): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368911x593136.

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31

Ju, Lu Kwang, Jaw F. Lee, and William B. Armiger. "Enhancing oxygen transfer in bioreactors by perfluorocarbon emulsions." Biotechnology Progress 7, no. 4 (July 1991): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp00010a006.

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32

Kupfer, Michael, Klaus Gast, Dietrich Zirwer, and Hasso Meinert. "Determination of particle size distribution in perfluorocarbon emulsions." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 29, no. 1-2 (August 1985): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)83475-2.

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33

Meinert, H., P. Reuter, W. Röhlke, A. Cambon, S. Szönyi, and M. Gaysinski. "Liposomes and liposome-like vesicles in perfluorocarbon emulsions." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 66, no. 2 (February 1994): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1139(93)03020-m.

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34

Freire, Mara G., Ana M. A. Dias, Maria A. Z. Coelho, João A. P. Coutinho, and Isabel M. Marrucho. "Aging mechanisms of perfluorocarbon emulsions using image analysis." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 286, no. 1 (June 2005): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.12.036.

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35

Washington, Clive, Stephen M. King, and Richard K. Heenan. "Structure of Block Copolymers Adsorbed to Perfluorocarbon Emulsions." Journal of Physical Chemistry 100, no. 18 (January 1996): 7603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp953007p.

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36

Kuznetsova, I. N., V. S. Yurchenko, and G. A. Kochetkova. "Physicochemical parameters of perfluorocarbon emulsions with different osmolarities." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 43, no. 7 (July 2009): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-009-0312-1.

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37

Corvis, Yohann, Frédéric Rosa, Minh-Tien Tran, Gilles Renault, Nathalie Mignet, Sylvie Crauste-Manciet, and Philippe Espeau. "Thermal Analysis Tools for Physico-Chemical Characterization and Optimization of Perfluorocarbon Based Emulsions and Bubbles Formulated for Ultrasound Imaging." Colloids and Interfaces 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids6020021.

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Self-emulsifying microbubbles, especially designed to increase the contrast of ultrasound images by the inclusion of perfluorocarbon molecules, have been studied by thermal analysis techniques. The microbubbles were made of a blend of gas (20%), surfactants (50%) and water (30%). The surfactants were mixtures of polysorbate-85, Span-80, poloxamer 188, glycerol and fluorinated surfactant (Zonyl®). Microbubbles have been characterized by means of diffusion light scattering and optical imaging. The effect of Zonyl® on encapsulation rate, as well as gas vaporization temperature and gas release temperature, has been assessed by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA). Microscopy and laser granulometry techniques have been also carried out for each formulation in order to determine the number of microbubbles and their size, respectively. Moreover, stability of the emulsions has been evaluated by DSC and confronted with the results obtained from the ultrasound experiments. Average microbubble concentrations of 7.2 × 107 and 8.9 × 107 per mL were obtained for perfluorohexane and perfluoropentane based emulsions, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the amount of encapsulated perfluorocarbon increases and the gas evaporation temperature decreases with the concentration of Zonyl®. Furthermore, the best ultrasound contrast images have been obtained in vitro with the samples containing the lowest Zonyl® concentration. An explication regarding the role of Zonyl® in the emulsion/microbubbles preparations is proposed here in order to optimize self-emulsifying microbubble formulation for pharmaceutical development.

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38

Mokhov, Evgeny Mikhailovich, Alimzhan Ravelevich Armasov, and Hafiz Ahadovich Amrullayev. "The effectiveness of local application of perfluorocarbon in the treatment of pyogenic infections of skin and soft tissue." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2011): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2011-4-1-90-93.

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The article contains dates of the research of efficiency perfluorocarbon emulsions in treatment of pyogenic infections of skin and soft tissues on the group of 78 patients. After incision of abscesses of soft tissues, dressings of the septic wounds were made using application of a perftoran. The study revealed the influence of perfluorocarbon at first stage wound healing. It was revealed a rapid decrease in inflammation, an increase of wounds healing rate, the reduction of treatment time. As a result of the study it can be recommended to apply perftoran in treatment of purulent wounds after incision of abscesses in treatment of pyogenic infections of skin and soft tissues

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39

Demchenko, Ivan T., Richard T. Mahon, Barry W. Allen, and Claude A. Piantadosi. "Brain oxygenation and CNS oxygen toxicity after infusion of perfluorocarbon emulsion." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 2 (July 15, 2012): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00308.2012.

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Intravenous perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions, administered with supplemental inspired O2, are being evaluated for their ability to eliminate N2 from blood and tissue prior to submarine escape, but these agents can increase the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) O2 toxicity, perhaps by enhancing O2 delivery to the brain. To assess this, we infused a PFC emulsion (Oxycyte, 6 ml/kg iv) into anesthetized rats and measured cerebral Po2 and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum with 100% O2 at 1, 3, or 5 atmospheres absolute (ATA). At 1 ATA, brain Po2 stabilized at >20 mmHg higher in animals infused with PFC emulsion than in control animals infused with saline, and rCBF fell by ∼10%. At 3 ATA, PFC emulsion raised brain Po2 >70 mmHg above control levels, and rCBF decreased by as much as 25%. At 5 ATA, brain Po2 was ≥159 mmHg above levels in control animals for the first 40 min but then rose sharply; rCBF showed a similar profile, reflecting vasoconstriction followed by hyperemia. Conscious rats were also pretreated with PFC emulsion at 3 or 6 ml/kg iv and exposed to 100% O2 at 5 ATA. At the lower dose, 80% of the animals experienced seizures by 33 min compared with 50% of the control animals. At the higher dose, seizures occurred in all rats within 25 min. At these doses, administration of PFC emulsion poses a clear risk of CNS O2 toxicity in conscious rats exposed to hyperbaric O2 at 5 ATA.

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40

Holman, William L., David C. McGiffin, Walter V. A. Vicente, Russell D. Spruell, and Albert D. Pacifico. "Use of Current Generation Perfluorocarbon Emulsions in Cardiac Surgery." Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 22, no. 4 (January 1994): 979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199409138796.

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41

Mathy-Hartert, M., M. P. Krafft, C. Deby, G. Deby-Dupont, M. Meurisse, M. Lamy, and J. G. Riess. "Effects of Perfluorocarbon Emulsions on Cultured Human Endothelial Cells." Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 25, no. 6 (January 1997): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199709117453.

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Murrah, C. Patrick, Russell D. Spruell, Arvind E. Agnihotri, Janice C. Hawk, Edward R. Ferguson, and William L. Holman. "EFFECT OF PERFLUOROCARBON EMULSIONS ON OPTICAL DENSITOMETRIC (OD) MEASUREMENTS." ASAIO Journal 42, no. 2 (March 1996): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199603000-00010.

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Murrah, C. Patrick, Russell D. Spruell, Arvind E. Agnihotric, Janice C. Hawk, Edward R. Ferguson, and William L. Holman. "EFFECT OF PERFLUOROCARBON EMULSIONS OF OPTICAL DENSITOMETRIC (OD) MEASUREMENTS." ASAIO Journal 42, no. 2 (April 1996): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199604000-00010.

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BENTLEY, P. K., O. L. JOHNSON, C. WASHINGTON, and K. C. LOWE. "Uptake of Concentrated Perfluorocarbon Emulsions into Rat Lymphoid Tissues." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 45, no. 3 (March 1993): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05529.x.

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Meshalkin, E. N., E. E. Litasova, V. S. Sergievsky, T. I. Naroushvilli, L. A. Sedova, I. N. Kuznetsova, and N. I. Afonin. "Use of perfluorocarbon emulsions (perfucol) in clinical cardio-surgery." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 29, no. 1-2 (August 1985): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)83482-x.

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Freire, M. G., A. M. A. Dias, J. A. P. Coutinho, M. A. Z. Coelho, and I. M. Marrucho. "Enzymatic method for determining oxygen solubility in perfluorocarbon emulsions." Fluid Phase Equilibria 231, no. 1 (April 2005): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2005.01.008.

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Strohm, Eric M., Ivan Gorelikov, Naomi Matsuura, and Michael C. Kolios. "Acoustic and photoacoustic characterization of micron-sized perfluorocarbon emulsions." Journal of Biomedical Optics 17, no. 9 (September 18, 2012): 0960161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.17.9.096016.

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Wolber, Jan, Ian J. Rowland, Martin O. Leach, and Angelo Bifone. "Perfluorocarbon emulsions as intravenous delivery media for hyperpolarized xenon." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 41, no. 3 (March 1999): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199903)41:3<442::aid-mrm3>3.0.co;2-7.

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Kuznetsova, I. N., and V. S. Yurchenko. "Structural stability of perfluorocarbon and phospholipid emulsions on storage." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 40, no. 12 (December 2006): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-006-0217-1.

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Astafyeva, K., L. Somaglino, S. Desgranges, R. Berti, C. Patinote, D. Langevin, F. Lazeyras, et al. "Perfluorocarbon nanodroplets stabilized by fluorinated surfactants: characterization and potentiality as theranostic agents." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 14 (2015): 2892–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01578a.

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