Relevant bibliographies by topics / Percolation-based sensors

Academic literature on the topic 'Percolation-based sensors'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Percolation-based sensors"

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Nankali, M., NM Nouri, N. Geran Malek, and MA Sanjari Shahrezaei. "Electrical properties of stretchable and skin–mountable PDMS/MWCNT hybrid composite films for flexible strain sensors." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 21 (June 29, 2019): 3047–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319853034.

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Flexible strain sensors based on carbon nanofillers have great potential in the application of skin-adhesive sensors, wearable sensors, and tactile sensors, due to their superior electrical properties. Herein, the electrical properties of highly sensitive PDMS/MWCNT strain sensors made by vacuum filtration method were investigated. In order to obtain the electrical percolation curve of the flexible conductive films, first different samples were made with the same surface area but with different wt. % of CNTs. Then, depending on CNT content, the obtained conductive films exhibited initial electrical resistance in the range of 12.5 KΩ to 22.8 MΩ. The piezoresistive films with the CNT concentration of 1.4 to 2.9 [Formula: see text] had shown superior resistance drop, so this interval was determined as the percolation threshold region. According to the SEM images, the nanocomposite layer thickness of the flexible strain sensors in this region was 790 nm to 1210 nm. Afterward, the percolation curve was obtained using curve fitting to the experimental data and the exact value of the percolation threshold was defined as [Formula: see text]. Finally, in order to determine the minimum gauge factor ([Formula: see text]) of the sensors in percolation region, a flexible strain sensor in the upper limit of this region was selected and the piezoresistive properties of the selected sample were investigated.
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Kumar, Ankush. "Electrical Percolation in Metal Wire Network-Based Strain Sensors." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 10373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2933239.

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Du, Zhengyang, Ji’an Chen, Chang Liu, Chen Jin, and Min Han. "Controllable Fabrication of Percolative Metal Nanoparticle Arrays Applied for Quantum Conductance-Based Strain Sensors." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 4838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214838.

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We use gas phase deposition of well-defined nanoparticles (NPs) to fabricate closely-spaced Pd NP arrays on flexible membranes prepatterned with interdigital electrodes (IDEs). The evolution of the morphology and electron conductance of the NP arrays during deposition is analyzed. The growth of two-dimensional percolation clusters of interconnected NPs, which correlate with the percolation pathway for electron conduction in the NP deposits, is demonstrated. The percolative nature of the NP arrays permits us to finely control the percolation geometries and conductance of the NP film by controlling the NP deposition time so as to realize a precise and reproducible fabrication of sensing materials. Electron transport measurements reveal that the electrical conductance of the NP films is dominated by electron tunneling or hopping across the NP percolating networks. Based on the percolative and quantum tunneling nature, the closely-spaced Pd NP films on PET membranes are used as flexible strain sensors. The sensor demonstrates an excellent response ability to distinguish tiny deformations down to 5×10−4 strain and a high sensitivity with a large gauge factor of 200 up to 4% applied strain.
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Bobkov, Anton, Victor Luchinin, Vyacheslav Moshnikov, Svetlana Nalimova, and Yulia Spivak. "Impedance Spectroscopy of Hierarchical Porous Nanomaterials Based on por-Si, por-Si Incorporated by Ni and Metal Oxides for Gas Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041530.

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Approaches are being developed to create composite materials with a fractal-percolation structure based on intercalated porous matrices to increase the sensitivity of adsorption gas sensors. Porous silicon, nickel-containing porous silicon, and zinc oxide have been synthesized as materials for such structures. Using the impedance spectroscopy method, it has been shown that the obtained materials demonstrate high sensitivity to organic solvent vapors and can be used in gas sensors. A model is proposed that explains the high sensitivity and inductive nature of the impedance at low frequencies, considering the structural features and fractal-percolation properties of the obtained oxide materials.
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Sapra, Gaurav, Renu Vig, and Manu Sharma. "Simulation and Analysis of Strain Sensitivity of CNT-Based Strain Sensors." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 05n06 (October 2016): 1660005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x1660005x.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) is turning out to be a replacement to all the existing traditional sensors due to their high gauge factor, multidirectional sensing capability, high flexibility, low mass density, high dynamic range and high sensitivity to strains at nano and macro- scales. The strain sensitivity of CNT-based strain sensors depends on number of parameters; quality and quantity of CNT used, type of polymer used, deposition and dispersion technique adopted and also on environmental conditions. Due to all these parameters, the piezoresistive behavior of CNT is diversified and it needs to be explored. This paper theoretically analyses the strain sensitivity of CNT-based strain sensors. The strain sensitivity response of CNT strain sensor is a result of change in total resistance of CNT network with respect to applied strain. The total resistance of CNT network consists of intrinsic resistance and inter-tube resistance. It has been found that the change in intrinsic resistance under strain is due to the variation of bandgap of individual, which depends on the chirality of the tube and it varies exponentially with strain. The inter-tube resistance of CNT network changes nonlinearly due to change in distance between neighboring CNTs with respect to applied strain. As the distance [Formula: see text] between CNTs increases due to applied strain, tunneling resistance [Formula: see text] increases nonlinearly in exponential manner. When the concentration of CNTs in composite is close to percolation threshold, then the change of inter-tube resistances is more dominant than intrinsic resistance. At percolation threshold, the total resistance of CNT networks changes nonlinearly and this effect of nonlinearity is due to tunneling effect. The strain sensitivity of CNT-based strain sensors also varies nonlinearly with the change in temperature. For the change of temperature from [Formula: see text]C to 50[Formula: see text]C, there is more than 100% change in strain sensitivity of CNT/polymer composite strain sensor. This change is mainly due to the infiltration of polymer into CNTs.
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Hu, Bin, Yaolu Liu, Ning Hu, Liangke Wu, Huiming Ning, Jianyu Zhang, Shaoyun Fu, et al. "Conductive PVDF-HFP/CNT composites for strain sensing." Functional Materials Letters 09, no. 02 (April 2016): 1650024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604716500247.

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A strain sensor based on the composites of poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) filled by multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) was prepared using a proposed fabrication process. Three kinds of MWNT loadings, i.e., 1.0[Formula: see text]wt.%, 2.0[Formula: see text]wt.% and 3.0[Formula: see text]wt.% were employed. Due to good dispersion state of MWNT in PVDF-HFP matrix, which was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), this sensor was found to be of high sensitivity and stable performance. The sensor’s piezoresistivity varied in a weak nonlinear pattern, which was probably caused by the tunneling effect among neighboring MWNTs. The gauge factor of the sensor of 1.0[Formula: see text]wt.% MWNT loading was identified to be the highest, i.e., 33. This sensor gauge factor decreased gradually with the increase of addition amount of MWNT, which was 5 for the sensor of 3.0[Formula: see text]wt.% MWNT loading. This gauge factor was still higher than that of conventional metal-foil strain sensors. The electrical conductivity of PVDF-HFP/MWNT composites was also studied. It was found that with the increase of the addition amount of MWNT, the electrical conductivity of the PVDF-HFP/MWNT composites varied in a perfect percolation pattern with a very low percolation threshold, i.e., 0.77 vol.%, further indicating the very good dispersion of MWNT in the PVDF-HFP matrix.
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Lefferts, Merel Jolijn, Ben I. Armitage, Krishnan Murugappan, Tabitha Jones, and Martin R. Castell. "Chemiresistive Vapour Sensors Based on a Percolation Network of Conductive Polymers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 28 (May 1, 2020): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01282097mtgabs.

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Piromjitpong, T., P. Lorwongtragool, P. Piromjitpong, and Teerakiat Kerdcharoen. "The Efficiency Development of Ammonia-Odor Sensor Based on PSE-Polymer/SWNT Nanocomposite." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.579.

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In this work, we have investigated and optimized the fabrication process of ammonia sensor based on poly (styrene-co-maleic acid) partial isobutyl/methyl mixed ester/single-wall carbon nanotubes (PSE/SWNT) nanocomposite leading to the standardized and highly efficiency of device. The proper ratio of sensing material loading was achieved by varying the SWNT concentration to reach to the best sensing properties. PSE/SWNT sensors were fabricated by spin-coating technique on the interdigitated gold electrodes by controlling the reference resistance in range of 1-10 kΩ. Two groups of the fabricated sensors (carboxylic functionalized SWNT (SWNT-COOH) and hydroxyl functionalized SWNT (SWNT-OH)) with five different percent loadings were tested with various concentrations of ammonia volatile. Electrical resistances of these sensors were measured and modeled on the percolation theory approach, in order to explain and determine the appropriate composition from their mechanisms.
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Pershad, Yash, Ashley A. Mascareno, Makoyi R. Watson, Alex L. Brimhall, Nicole Herbots, Clarizza F. Watson, Abijith Krishnan, et al. "Electrolyte Detection by Ion Beam Analysis, in Continuous Glucose Sensors and in Microliters of Blood using a Homogeneous Thin Solid Film of Blood, HemaDrop™." MRS Advances 1, no. 29 (2016): 2133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.469.

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ABSTRACTPercolation of blood and of interstitial fluids into implantable continuous glucose sensors (CGS) for diabetics presently limits sensor lifetime between 3 and 7 days. Na+ mobile ions in body fluids damage Si-based CGS sensors electronics. The direct detection of Na percolation is investigated by Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) and Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) in previously used CGS. Based on these results, a new technology called HemaDropTM is then tested to prepare small volume (5-10 µL) of blood for IBA. A species’s detectability by IBA scales with the square of the ratio of element’s atomic number Z to that of the substrate. Because Na has a low atomic number (Z=11), Si signals from sensor substrates can prevent Na detection in Si by 2 mega electron volt (MeV) IBA.Using 4.7 MeV 23Na (α, α)23Na nuclear resonance (NR) can increase the 23Na scattering cross section and thus its detectability in Si. The NR energy, width, and resonance factor, is calibrated via two well-known alpha (α) particle signals with narrow energy spreads: a 5.486 ± 0.007 MeV 241Am α-source (ΔΕ = 0.12%) and the 3.038 ± 0.003 MeV 16O(α, α)16O NR (ΔΕ = 0.1%). Next, the NR cross section is calibrated via 100 nm NaF thin films on Si(100) by scanning the beam energy. The23Na (α, α) NR energy is found to be 4.696 ± 0.180 MeV, and the NR/RBS cross section 141 ± 7%. This is statistically significant but small compared to the 4.265 MeV 12C NR (1700%) and 3.038 MeV 16O NR (210%), and insufficient to detect small amounts of 23Na in Si. Next, a new method of sample preparation HemaDropTM, is tested for detection of elements in blood, such Fe, Ca, Na, Cl, S, K, C, N, and O, as an alternative to track fluid percolation and Na diffusion in damaged sensors. Detecting more abundant, heavier elements in blood and interstitial fluids can better track fluid percolation and Na+ ions in sensors. Both Na detection and accuracy of measured blood composition by IBA is greatly improved by using HemaDropTM sample preparation to create Homogeneous Thin Solid Films (HTSFs) of blood from 5-10 µL on most substrates. HTSF can be used in vacuo such as 10-8 –10-6 Torr).
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Alam, Md Jobair Bin, Asif Ahmed, Md Sahadat Hossain, and Naima Rahman. "Estimation of percolation of water balance cover using field scale unsaturated soil parameter." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133704005.

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Water balance covers for landfill closure are used as a barrier which act with the natural processes to reduce percolation. The ideal performance of water balance cover is characterized by the minimal quantity of percolation. The rate of percolation of water balance cover largely depends on unsaturated soil behavior. In this study, percolation was evaluated through unsaturated soil parameters of six instrumented lysimeters. The field instrumentation included moisture sensors, tensiometers, rain gauge, dosing siphon, and pressure transducer. Soil water storage (SWS) capacity (SA) was quantified from the soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) which were developed based on laboratory experiments and field instrumentation data. Required SWS (SR) was also measured from the field monitoring results. Based on analysis, the relative storage ratio (SR/SA) was observed to be greater than unity (1) in most of the cases, indicating potential percolation. The SR/SA was also found competent to identify the lysimeter with higher quantity of percolations. The estimated percolation from the laboratory experimented and field generated SWCCs fairly resembled with the actual field measured percolation. The analyzed results also developed a framework to estimate the thickness of the cover storage layer required to manage percolation for the specific region of the study area.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Percolation-based sensors"

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Fang, Qichen. "Development of Conductive Silver Nanocomposite-based Sensors for Structural and Corrosion Health Monitoring." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton162738212502004.

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Levin, Zachary Solomon. "Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposite Strain Sensors." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10322.

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Health monitoring is an important field as small failures can build up and cause a catastrophic failure. Monitoring the health of a structure can be done by measuring the motion of the structure through the use of strain sensors. The limitations of current strain sensing technology; cost, size, form could be improved. This research intends to improve current strain sensing technology by creating a conductive polymer composite that can be used monitor health in structures. Conductive polymer composites are a viable candidate due to the low costs of manufacturing, tailorable mechanical and electrical properties, and uniform microstructure. This work will focus on determining if a all-polymer composite can be used as a strain sensor, and investigating the effects of filler, doping and latex effect the electrical and strain sensing properties. Strain sensors were prepared from polyaniline (PANI)-latex composites, the morphology, mechanical, electrical and strain sensing properties were evaluated. These strain sensors were capable of repeatable measuring strain to 1% and able to measure strain until the substrates failure at 5% strain, with a sensitivity (measured by gauge factor) of between 6-8 (metal foil strain sensors have a gauge factor of 2). The best performing strain sensor consisted of 4 wt.% polyaniline. This composition had the best combination of gauge factor, linearity, and signal stability. Further experiments were conducting to see if improvements could be made by changing the polymer used for the matrix material, the molecular weight and the level of doping of the polyaniline. Results indicate through differences in strain sensing response; lower hysteresis and unrecoverable conductivity, that polyaniline latex composites can be adjusted to further improve their performance. The polyaniline-latex composites were able to repeatable measure strain to 1%, as well as strain until failure and with gauge factor between 6-8, and a 70% increase in signal at failure. These properties make these composites viable candidates to monitor health in structures, buildings, bridges, and damns.
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Book chapters on the topic "Percolation-based sensors"

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Davoodabadi, Maliheh, Marco Liebscher, Massimo Sgarzi, Leif Riemenschneider, Daniel Wolf, Silke Hampel, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "Electrical and Sulfate-Sensing Properties of Alkali-Activated Nanocomposites." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 285–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_29.

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AbstractWe investigated the formation of the conductive network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in alkali-activated nanocomposites for sulfate-sensing applications. The matrix was a one-part blend of fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, activated by sodium silicate and water. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was used as the surfactant for dispersion of the CNTs in the aqueous media. The nanocomposites were investigated by a laboratory-developed setup to study the electrical and sensing properties of the alkali-activated material. The electrical properties (i.e., conductivity) were calculated and assessed to discover the percolation threshold of the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the sensing behavior of nanocomposites was studied upon sulfate ($${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$$ SO 4 2 - ) exposure by introduction of sulfuric acid ($$({\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4})$$ ( H 2 SO 4 ) ) and magnesium sulfate ($${\mathrm{MgSO}}_{4}$$ MgSO 4 ). The sensors were able to preliminarily exhibit a signal difference based on the introduced media ($${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4} \&\mathrm{ Mg}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$$ H 2 SO 4 & Mg SO 4 ), CNT content and $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$$ H 2 SO 4 volumetric quantity. The results of this research demonstrated a sensing potential of CNT alkali-activated nanocomposites and can be applied in the concrete structural health monitoring.
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Laflamme, Simon, and Filippo Ubertini. "Use of Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene for Accelerated Percolation in Composite Cement–Based Sensors Filled with Carbon Black." In Nanotechnology in Cement-Based Construction, 49–66. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429328497-4.

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Xosé Fernández Sánchez-Romate, Xoan, Alberto Jiménez Suárez, and Silvia González Prolongo. "Smart Coatings with Carbon Nanoparticles." In 21st Century Surface Science - a Handbook. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92967.

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Smart coatings based on polymer matrix doped with carbon nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene, are being widely studied. The addition of carbon nanofillers into organic coatings usually enhances their performance, increasing their barrier properties, corrosion resistance, hardness, and wear strength. Moreover, the developed composites provide a new generation of protective organic coatings, being able to intelligently respond to damage or external stimuli. Carbon nanoparticles induce new functionalities to polymer coatings, most of them related to the higher electrical conductivity of nanocomposite due to the formation of percolation network. These coatings can be used as strain sensors and gauges, based on the variation of their electrical resistance (structural health monitoring, SHM). In addition, they act as self-heaters by the application of electrical voltage associated to resistive heating by Joule effect. This opens new potential applications, particularly deicing and defogging coatings. Superhydrophobic and self-cleaning coatings are inspired from lotus effect, designing micro- and nanoscaled hierarchical surfaces. Coatings with self-healable polymer matrix are able to repair surface damages. Other relevant smart capabilities of these new coatings are flame retardant, lubricating, stimuli-chromism, and antibacterial activity, among others.
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Krainoi, Apinya, Jobish Johns, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, and Yeampon Nakaramontri. "Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites." In Carbon Nanotubes - Redefining the World of Electronics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95913.

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Several advanced methods have been introduced to disperse CNTs in the NR matrix. Various aspects highlighted in this chapter include the mixing processes such as melt mixing and latex mixing methods. As well as, formations of functional groups on the surfaces of CNT using silane coupling agents (i.e., ex-situ and in-situ functionalization). Moreover, hybrid CNT are beneficial to achieve better electrical conductivity of NR/CNT composites. These efforts are aimed to reduce the percolation threshold concentration in the NR composites for application as conducting composites based on electrically insulating rubber matrix. Sensor application is developed based on conducting NR composites. NR composites showed changing of resistivity during elongation termed as piezoresistivity. The most commonly used rubber matrices such as NR, ENR and IR are mixed with a combination of CNT and CB fillers as hybrid filler. The presence of linkages in the ENR composites results in the least loss of conductivity during external strain. It is found that the conductivity becomes stable after 3000 cycles. This is found to be similar to the NR-CNT/CB composite, while a few cycles are needed for IR-CNT/CB owing to the higher filler agglomeration and poor filler-rubber interactions. This is attributed to the polar chemical interactions between ENR and the functional groups on the surfaces of CNT/CB.
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Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. "Precipitation Rate." In Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.003.0011.

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Accurate rainfall measurements are required, usually over broad areas because of the natural variability of rain. Coverage of a large area can be achieved using many distributed point measurement instruments or a remote sensor with large areal coverage, such as radar, or both. This chapter describes several methods for measuring precipitation, both liquid and frozen types. Point measurements, e.g., rain gauges, are emphasized although a section on weather radar is included because this is a very important method of estimating precipitation. Precipitation rate could be specified as the mass flow rate of liquid or solid water across a horizontal plane per unit time: Mw in kg m-2 s-1. Water density is a function of temperature but that can be ignored in this context; then the volume flow rate, or precipitation rate, becomes R = Mw/pw in m s-1 or, more conveniently, in units of mm hr-1 or mm day-1. Precipitation rate is the depth to which a flat horizontal surface would have been covered per unit time if no water were lost by run-off, evaporation, or percolation. Precipitation rate is the quantity used in all applications but, in many cases, the unit of time is not specified, being understood for the application, commonly per day or per storm period. Some gauges measure precipitation, rain, snow and other frozen particles, while others measure only rain. Rainfall can be measured using point measurement techniques which involve measuring a collected sample of rain or measuring some property of the falling rain such as its optical effects. The other general technique is to use remote sensing, usually radar, to estimate rainfall over a large area. Both ground-based and space-based radars are used for rain measurement. A precipitation gage (US) or gauge (elsewhere) could be a simple open container on the ground to collect rain, snow, and hail. However, this is not a practical method for estimating the amount of precipitation because of the need to avoid wind effects, enhance accuracy and resolution, and make a measurement representative of a large area. These issues will be discussed in sect. 9.2.1.6.
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Conference papers on the topic "Percolation-based sensors"

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Wagner, T., A. Paul, B. Schwind, and M. Tiemann. "ES1.2 - Percolation-Based Chemical Switch for H2S Gas Detection." In 17th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors - IMCS 2018. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/imcs2018/es1.2.

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van Lith, J., A. Lassesson, and S. A. Brown. "Hydrogen sensors based on percolation and tunneling in films of palladium clusters." In Microelectronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology, edited by Hark Hoe Tan, Jung-Chih Chiao, Lorenzo Faraone, Chennupati Jagadish, Jim Williams, and Alan R. Wilson. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.753487.

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Kazaryan, Maretta, and Viacheslav V. Voronin. "Satellite image processing based on percolation for physicochemical analysis of soil cover of industrial waste facilities." In Sensors and Systems for Space Applications XIV, edited by Khanh D. Pham and Genshe Chen. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2587769.

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Xiao, Huigang, Jinbao Jiang, Hui Li, and Guanjin Wang. "Design of strain sensors based on the resistivity-percolation curves and piezoresistivity curves of different conductive composites." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Jerome P. Lynch, Kon-Well Wang, and Hoon Sohn. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2044861.

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Sobolciak, Patrik, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, Aisha Tanvir, and Igor Krupa. "Novel Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor based on 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0008.

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Stretchable and wearable strain-sensing devices are appropriate for motion detection, biomedical monitoring, human-machine interaction. These pressure sensors are working based on numerous electrophysical phenomena's such as piezoelectric, capacitive and piezoresistive reactions towards mechanical stretching. Piezoresistive sensors are highly favored due to their features like high sensitivity, fast response, easy fabrication and low energy requirement. They are generally fabricated using a suitable polymeric matrix and electrically conductive fillers, such as graphite, graphene or carbon nanotubes. MXenes are a relatively new family of (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides or carbonitrides, produced by the selective chemical etching of “A” from MAXphases, where M is a transition metal, A is a group IIIA or IVA element and X is C or N. These nanomaterials are first reported in 2011 by the Gogotsi and Barsoum groups. These materials have received tremendous attention from the scientific community due to their excellent physiochemical properties, electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity. Herein, we report the preparation, characterization and piezoresistive individualities of semiconductive, electrospun mats composed of copolyamide 6, 10 and Ti3C2Tx. We observed that the relative resistance of the sensor increased with an increase in the Ti3C2Tx content, and the materials with higher electrical conductivity showcased a significantly higher sensitivity to applied pressure until reaching the percolation limit (font size can be increased).
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Ounaies, Zoubeida, Atheer Almasri, Yeon Seok Kim, and Jaime Grunlan. "Characterization of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)-Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (DWNT)." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14507.

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In this work, we propose a new generation of sensors and actuators based on a piezoelectric polymer (PVDF) with embedded carbon nanotubes. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) double walled carbon-nanotubes (DWNT) composite films are prepared with the goal to develop new polymeric materials with enhanced electrical and electromechanical properties. Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride- double-walled carbon nanotubes composites are investigated as a function of frequency (10 Hz -1 MHz), and as a function of weight fraction (0.01-2 wt%). DWNT and PVDF are mixed under mechanical stirring and sonication. The dispersion is assessed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), indicating a good dispersion. Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) is used to study the effect of DWNTs inclusions on the glass transition temperature, Tg, and the crystallinity of the resulting PVDF composite. The percolation threshold is computed by using the bulk conductivity data and it is found that percolation occurs at about 0.19wt%.
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He, Zhuangzhuang, Lijun Li, Taikun Wang, Yantao Wang, Xudong Yang, and Wenming Yang. "Numerical Investigation on Percolation Threshold of CNT-Reinforced Conductive Composites Based on Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo Method." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86794.

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It is reported that carbon nanotube (CNT)-based conductive polymer composites have potential application prospect in structural health monitoring and flexible sensors. However, the current price of CNTs is relatively high compared with other fillers. To reduce the materials cost and ensure the sensing characteristics of this type of materials, the most economic and least amount of CNTs needed should be found, this balance value is called as electrical percolation threshold (EPT) in this study. First, a large number of numerical models containing CNTs with three-dimensional random distribution and epoxy resin matrix are established by Monte Carlo method. Then, the construct of conductive network is observed using these models, and the influence of electron tunneling between two adjacent CNTs on the EPT is investigated. Furthermore, the influence of length-diameter ratio (L/D) of CNTs, length variation and angle distribution of CNTs on EPT is investigated. This research provides useful information on how to produce conductive composites more economically.
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Li, Qiuyan, and Qing-Ming Wang. "Inkjet Printing of Carbon Nanotube-Polyimide Nanocomposite Strain Sensor." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67233.

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Inkjet printing has become a promising way to fabricate electrical mechanical devices and it has become a tool for rapid manufacturing technology. In this paper, the fabrication procedure and the characterization of the piezoresistive properties of Carbon nanotube (CNT) - Polyimide (PI) nanocomposites are presented. The suspensions of CNT-PI nanocomposites of five different CNT weight concentration based on the percolation threshold were fabricated, and the suspensions were then deposited on the polyimide substrate by a drop-on-demand piezoelectric inkjet printer. This makes it possible for the uniformity and geometry of the thin film to be highly controlled. Once the nanocomposites were fully cured, the strain sensors were ready for calibration. Under uniaxial tension, the strain and resistance change of the strain sensors were measured, and the gauge factors could be calculated. The temperature and humidity are two potential factors to effect the performance of the strain sensors. The temperature coefficients of the CNT-PI nanocomposites were measured and the temperature compensation methods were proposed. The humidity effect on the nanocomposites was also monitored, and a thin layer of Parylene-C was coated on the surface of the nanocomposites thin film and the effect of the coating was tested. In general, the inkjet printing technique was proved to be a convenient way to fabricate flexible nanocomposites thin film with uniform thickness and precise geometry control. The CNT-PI nanocomposite has good performance as piezoresistive strain sensor.
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9

Ounaies, Zoubeida, Atheer Almasri, Sumanth Banda, Yeon Seok Kim, and Jaime Grunlan. "Active Nanocomposite Polymers: Enhancing Sensing and Actuation Performance." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17057.

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The dispersion of nanoparticles, especially those with high aspect ratio, into polymers has been shown through numerous commercial and academic ventures to yield an array of impressive property enhancements for a surprisingly low volume fraction (<5 vol%) of nanoparticle addition, thus maintaining the inherent processibility of the polymer. In this work, we propose a new generation of sensors and actuators based on a piezoelectric polymer (PVDF) with embedded carbon nanotubes. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-double walled carbon-nanotubes (DWNT) composite films are prepared with the goal to develop new polymeric materials with enhanced electrical and electromechanical properties. Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride- double-walled carbon nanotubes composites are investigated as a function of frequency (10 Hz–1 MHz), and as a function of weight fraction (0.01–2 wt%). DWNT and PVDF are mixed under mechanical stirring and sonication. The dispersion is assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), indicating a good dispersion. Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) is used to study the effect of DWNTs inclusions on the glass transition temperature, Tg, and the crystallinity of the resulting PVDF composite. The percolation threshold is computed by using the bulk conductivity data and it is found that percolation occurs at about 0.19wt%. These investigations promise to increase our understanding of the mechanisms involved, particularly as related to nanoparticle/polymer interaction. This in turn would allow us to tailor the polymer nanocomposites to yield desired performance in terms of actuation voltage, electroactive strain, blocking stress and response time to name a few.
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10

Cole, Daniel P., Monica Rivera, and Mark Bundy. "Characterization of Mechanical Properties in Multifunctional Structural-Energy Storage Nanocomposites for Lightweight Micro Autonomous Systems." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5182.

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A major concern in the design of micro-robotic systems is an on-board energy supply capable of providing the necessary power requirements, while limiting the volume/mass burden to the vehicle. The conventional solution to this design problem is to maximize the energy density of the on-board power supply. An alternative approach is to replace single-function structural components with multifunctional structural-energy storage materials. The mass and volume savings associated with the material substitution could potentially result in improved endurance and/or increased payload (e.g. video camera, microphone, chemical/biological sensors). In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) based composites were used to fabricate structural-energy storage materials. Specifically, supercapacitor electrodes were constructed from paper covered with CNT ink and from polymer matrices infused with aligned CNT forests. The composites were subject to bulk mechanical tests in order to characterize their suitability as structural components in micro-autonomous systems. Tensile tests on the paper composites show directional and strain rate dependencies. The CNT-ink deposition process was found to degrade the elastic modulus of the paper by approximately 50%, although the tensile strength of the materials was largely unaffected. Preliminary electrical characterization of the CNT-coated electrode materials indicate that the nanomaterials potentially reach a percolation threshold after multiple depositions, resulting in a conductive surface network. Initial results indicate that improvements in the electrical properties of the CNT paper electrodes are met with reductions in the mechanical performance of the composites.
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