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Journal articles on the topic 'Perceptual ratings'
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1
Irani, Farzan, and Edge Megan. "Correlation Between Frequency and Perceptual Severity of Stuttering in a Clinical Setting." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 23, no. 2 (November 2013): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd23.2.70.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to further explore the relationship between the frequency of stuttering measured in percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) and perceptual ratings of stuttering severity by the clinician and the client in a clinical setting. Method: Eight adolescent and adult participants attending a stuttering therapy program and their graduate student clinicians perceptually rated stuttering severity using a 9‐point scale. Speech samples were gathered during each therapy session for a total of 167 speech samples. Further, each sample was analyzed for %SS. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to determine the strength and direction of correlations between %SS and perceptual ratings by the clinician and client. Results: The correlational analysis indicates significant positive correlations between perceptual severity ratings by the clinician and client as well as %SS. Correlation between perceptual ratings was stronger than the correlation between perceptual ratings and %SS. Conclusion: The strong, positive correlation between the client's self‐measurement and the clinician's perceptual measurement indicates similarities in global severity of stuttering perception. Weaker correlation between %SS and perceptual ratings indicates the need to incorporate a more holistic measure of stuttering severity. Implication and directions for future research are discussed.
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Miner, Nadine E., Timothy E. Goldsmith, and Thomas P. Caudell. "Perceptual Validation Experiments for Evaluating the Quality of Wavelet-Synthesized Sounds." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, no. 5 (October 2002): 508–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474602320935847.
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This paper describes three psychoacoustic experiments that evaluated the perceptual quality of sounds generated from a new wavelet-based synthesis technique. The synthesis technique provides a method for modeling and synthesizing perceptually compelling sound. The experiments define a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of any synthesized sound. An identification task and a context-based rating task evaluated the perceptual quality of individual sounds. These experiments confirmed that the wavelet technique synthesizes a wide variety of compelling sounds from a small model set. The third experiment obtained sound similarity ratings. Psychological scaling methods were applied to the similarity ratings to generate both spatial and network models of the perceptual relations among the synthesized sounds. These analysis techniques helped to refine and extend the sound models. Overall, the studies provided a framework to validate synthesized sounds for a variety of applications including virtual reality and data sonification systems.
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Franken, Marie-Christine, Louis Boves, Herman F. M. Peters, and Ronald L. Webster. "Perceptual Rating Instrument for Speech Evaluation of Stuttering Treatment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 38, no. 2 (April 1995): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3802.280.
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A rating instrument is described that can be used to assess the results of stuttering treatments. The instrument is designed for use with naive listeners. It yields a comprehensive and detailed description of the speech quality in terms of articulation, phonation, pitch, and loudness; in addition, it includes a naturalness scale. Analysis of ratings obtained with the instrument show that naturalness is a multidimensional characteristic. Moreover, the speech characteristics that determine the naturalness ratings appear to be different pretreatment, posttreatment, and at follow-up treatment. The psychometric characteristics of the instrument are analyzed in detail. It is concluded that mixing of samples of stutterers and nonstutterers in one rating experiment may artificially inflate the reliability of the ratings. Also, ratings on equal-appearing interval scales cannot be interpreted in an absolute sense. Solutions for this methodological problem are suggested.
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Kearns, Kevin P., and Nina N. Simmons. "Interobserver Reliability and Perceptual Ratings." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 31, no. 1 (March 1988): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3101.131.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of ratings of perceptual characteristics for 10 ataxic dysarthric subjects. The influence of the occurrence of "deviant" speech parameters on the calculation of reliability coefficients was also explored. Results indicated that overall interobserver agreement levels for minimally trained judges compared favorably to reliability coefficients reported in previous studies. Furthermore, levels of overall agreement were above levels of agreement expected on the basis of chance alone. In contrast to overall interobserver agreement, much lower levels of interobserver agreement were obtained when "occurrence Reliability" coefficients were calculated for deviant dimensions alone. However, occurrence reliability coefficients surpassed the level of agreement expected on the basis of chance alone for all subjects. Based on the results of this investigation, recommendations are made for modifying standard practices for obtaining interobserver reliability for perceptual ratings of speech characteristics.
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Galek, Kristine E., and Thomas Watterson. "Perceptual Anchors and the Dispersion of Nasality Ratings." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 54, no. 4 (July 2017): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/15-269.
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Objective This investigation studied the effects of perceptual anchors on the dispersion and reliability of listener ratings of nasality. Design Listeners (N = 129) were assigned to one of six listening groups. Each group rated nasality independently for 100 speech samples on a seven-point scale that ranged from 1 = normal nasality to 7 = severe hypernasality. The anchors used were examples of a 1, 3, 4, 5, and/or 7 on the rating scale. These anchors were played selectively to group 2 (4), group 3 (1 and 7), group 4 (3 and 5), group 5 (1, 4, 7), and group 6 (7). Group 1 had no anchor. Participants Of the speakers, 95 were children followed by a craniofacial team and five were children without histories of speech disorders. Main Outcome Measures The outcome measures were 12,900 ratings of nasality on a seven-point scale. Results Q values showed that group 5, which was the only group to receive three anchors, had the lowest, or best, Q value (0.78), and group 1 (no anchor) had the highest, or worst, Q value (0.99). Across groups, the most reliable ratings were those at scale values 1 (Q = 0.46) and 7 (Q = 0.56). The least reliable ratings were at scale values 3 (Q = 1.01), 4 (Q = 1.03), and 5 (Q = 1.06). Conclusions Nasality rating reliability/dispersion was influenced by the presence and location of anchor stimuli. Consistent with absolute judgment theory, nasality ratings showed a strong end effect.
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Kreiman, Jody, Bruce R. Gerratt, Gail B. Kempster, Andrew Erman, and Gerald S. Berke. "Perceptual Evaluation of Voice Quality." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 1 (February 1993): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3601.21.
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The reliability of listeners’ ratings of voice quality is a central issue in voice research because of the clinical primacy of such ratings and because they are the standard against which other measures are evaluated. However, an extensive literature review indicates that both intrarater and interrater reliability fluctuate greatly from study to study. Further, our own data indicate that ratings of vocal roughness vary widely across individual clinicians, with a single voice often receiving nearly the full range of possible ratings. No model or theoretical framework currently exists to explain these variations, although such a model might guide development of efficient, valid, and standardized clinical protocols for voice evaluation. We propose a theoretical framework that attributes variability in ratings to several sources (including listeners’ backgrounds and biases, the task used to gather ratings, interactions between listeners and tasks, and random error). This framework may guide development of new clinical voice and speech evaluation protocols, ultimately leading to more reliable perceptual ratings and a better understanding of the perceptual qualities of pathological voices.
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Fletcher, Annalise R., Megan J. McAuliffe, Kaitlin L. Lansford, and Julie M. Liss. "Assessing Vowel Centralization in Dysarthria: A Comparison of Methods." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 2 (February 2017): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0355.
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Purpose The strength of the relationship between vowel centralization measures and perceptual ratings of dysarthria severity has varied considerably across reports. This article evaluates methods of acoustic-perceptual analysis to determine whether procedural changes can strengthen the association between these measures. Method Sixty-one speakers (17 healthy individuals and 44 speakers with dysarthria) read a standard passage. To obtain acoustic data, 2 points of formant extraction (midpoint and articulatory point) and 2 frequency measures (Hz and Bark) were trialed. Both vowel space area and an adapted formant centralization ratio were calculated using first and second formants of speakers' corner vowels. Twenty-eight listeners rated speech samples using different prompts: one with a focus on intelligibility, the other on speech precision. Results Perceptually, listener ratings of speech precision provided the best index of acoustic change. Acoustically, the combined use of an articulatory-based formant extraction point, Bark frequency units, and the formant centralization ratio was most effective in explaining perceptual ratings. This combination of procedures resulted in an increase of 17% to 27% explained variance between measures. Conclusions The procedures researchers use to assess articulatory impairment can significantly alter the strength of relationship between acoustic and perceptual measures. Procedures that maximize this relationship are recommended.
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Gordon, Jean K., and Sharice Clough. "How Do Clinicians Judge Fluency in Aphasia?" Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 65, no. 4 (April 4, 2022): 1521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00484.
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Purpose: Aphasia fluency is multiply determined by underlying impairments in lexical retrieval, grammatical formulation, and speech production. This poses challenges for establishing a reliable and feasible tool to measure fluency in the clinic. We examine the reliability and validity of perceptual ratings and clinical perspectives on the utility and relevance of methods used to assess fluency. Method: In an online survey, 112 speech-language pathologists rated spontaneous speech samples from 181 people with aphasia (PwA) on eight perceptual rating scales (overall fluency, speech rate, pausing, effort, melody, phrase length, grammaticality, and lexical retrieval) and answered questions about their current practices for assessing fluency in the clinic. Results: Interrater reliability for the eight perceptual rating scales ranged from fair to good. The most reliable scales were speech rate, pausing, and phrase length. Similarly, clinicians' perceived fluency ratings were most strongly correlated to objective measures of speech rate and utterance length but were also related to grammatical complexity, lexical diversity, and phonological errors. Clinicians' ratings reflected expected aphasia subtype patterns: Individuals with Broca's and transcortical motor aphasia were rated below average on fluency, whereas those with anomic, conduction, and Wernicke's aphasia were rated above average. Most respondents reported using multiple methods in the clinic to measure fluency but relying most frequently on subjective judgments. Conclusions: This study lends support for the use of perceptual rating scales as valid assessments of speech-language production but highlights the need for a more reliable method for clinical use. We describe next steps for developing such a tool that is clinically feasible and helps to identify the underlying deficits disrupting fluency to inform treatment targets. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19326419
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Gfeller, Kate, and Charissa R. Lansing. "Melodic, Rhythmic, and Timbral Perception of Adult Cochlear Implant Users." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 4 (August 1991): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3404.916.
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The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate adult Ineraid and Nucleus cochlear implant (CI) users’ perceptual accuracy for melodic and rhythmic patterns, and quality ratings for different musical instruments. Subjects were 18 postlingually deafened adults with CI experience. Evaluative measures included the Primary Measures of Music Audiation (PMMA) and a Musical Instrument Quality Rating. Performance scores on the PMMA were correlated with speech perception measures, music background, and subject characteristics. Results demonstrated a broad range of perceptual accuracy and quality ratings across subjects. On these measures, performance for temporal contrasts was better than for melodic contrasts independent of CI device. Trends in the patterns of correlations between speech and music perception suggest that particular structural elements of music are differentially accessible to cochlear implant users. Additionally, notable qualitative differences for ratings of musical instruments were observed between Nucleus and Ineraid users
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Bassich, Celia J., and Christy L. Ludlow. "The Use of Perceptual Methods by New Clinicians for Assessing Voice Quality." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 51, no. 2 (May 1986): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5102.125.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of using perceptual ratings for assessing voice quality in patients with vocal fold nodules or polyps. A 13-dimension perceptual rating system was modeled after systems currently in clinical use. To meet the criterion of 80% mean interjudge reliability, eight hours of training were required for four previously inexperienced listeners. Extended vowel phonations of patients and controls were then rated blindly by the same listeners. Interjudge reliability was greater than .90 for three dimensions judged in the pathological phonations, while intrajudge test-retest agreement was less than 75% on five dimensions. Validity was demonstrated with 100% correct assignment to group by computing a discriminant function employing all dimensions. Despite the extensive training procedures used, our reliability data were not comparable to those reported when highly experienced judges have been used, suggesting that the task of perceptually rating voice quality is difficult and requires extensive professional experience.
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Spencer, Kristie A., and Ashley A. France. "Perceptual ratings of subgroups of ataxic dysarthria." International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 51, no. 4 (February 24, 2016): 430–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12219.
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Fujiki, Robert Brinton, and Susan L. Thibeault. "The Relationship Between Auditory-Perceptual Rating Scales and Objective Voice Measures in Children With Voice Disorders." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00188.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine concurrent validity of the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain (GRBAS) and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) auditory-perceptual scales in children with voice disorders. A secondary purpose was to determine correlation between the GRBAS, CAPE-V, and objective voice measures. Method GRBAS and CAPE-V ratings and acoustic and aerodynamic measures were collected from the University of Wisconsin–Madison Voice and Swallow Outcomes Database. Correlations between CAPE-V and GRBAS ratings were calculated for overall severity of dysphonia, roughness, breathiness, and strain. Correlations between auditory-perceptual voice ratings and objective voice measures were also examined. Results One hundred thirty GRBAS and CAPE-V auditory-perceptual ratings were significantly correlated for overall severity, roughness, breathiness, and strain. r 2 values were highest for overall severity of dysphonia ( r 2 = .75) and lowest for strain ( r 2 = .54). CAPE-V and GRBAS ratings were largely associated with similar acoustic and aerodynamic measures. The highest correlations were observed for auditory-perceptual ratings of breathiness and jitter% (CAPE-V r 2 = .44, GRBAS r 2 = .44), shimmer% (CAPE-V r 2 = .45, GRBAS r 2 = .45), noise-to-harmonic ratio (CAPE-V r 2 = .42, GRBAS r 2 = .40), fundamental frequency (CAPE-V r 2 = .47, GRBAS r 2 = .44), and maximum phonation time (CAPE-V r 2 = .56, GRBAS r 2 = .51). Akaike information criterion values indicated that CAPE-V ratings were more strongly correlated with objective voice measures than GRBAS ratings. Conclusions CAPE-V and GRBAS scales have concurrent validity in children with voice disorders. CAPE-V ratings are more strongly correlated with acoustic and aerodynamic voice measures.
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BRUNER, CHRISTOPHER M., and RAWI ABDELAL. "To Judge Leviathan: Sovereign Credit Ratings, National Law, and the World Economy." Journal of Public Policy 25, no. 2 (July 15, 2005): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x05000292.
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Recent decades have witnessed the remarkable rise of a kind of market authority almost as centralized as the state itself – two credit rating agencies, Moody's and Standard & Poor's. These agencies derive their influence from two sources. The first is the information content of their ratings. The second is both more profound and vastly more problematic: Ratings are incorporated into financial regulations in the United States and around the world. In this article we clarify the role of credit rating agencies in global capital markets, describe the host of problems that arise when their ratings are given the force of law, and outline the alternatives to the public policy dilemmas created when ratings receive a public imprimatur. We conclude that agencies designated for regulatory purposes should be required to provide more nuanced ratings exposing their perceptual and ideological underpinnings (especially for sovereigns), and facilitating consideration of alternatives to ratings-dependent regulation.
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Dotevall, Hans, Anette Lohmander-Agerskov, Hasse Ejnell, and Björn Bake. "Perceptual Evaluation of Speech and Velopharyngeal Function in Children with and without Cleft Palate and the Relationship to Nasal Airflow Patterns." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 39, no. 4 (July 2002): 409–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2002_039_0409_peosav_2.0.co_2.
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Objectives The aim was to study the relationship between perceptual evaluation of speech variables related to velopharyngeal function and the pattern of nasal airflow during the velopharyngeal closing phase in speech in children with and without cleft palate. Participants Fourteen children with cleft lip and palate or cleft palate only and 15 controls aged 7 and 10 years. All were native Swedish speakers. Method Three experienced listeners performed a blinded perceptual speech evaluation. Nasal airflow was transduced with a pneumotachograph attached to a nasal mask. The duration from peak to 5% nasal airflow, maximum flow declination rate, and nasal airflow at selected points in time during the transition from nasal to stop consonants in bilabial and velar articulatory positions in sentences were estimated. The analysis was focused on the perceptual ratings of “velopharyngeal function” and “hypernasality.” Results A strong association was found between ratings of “velopharyngeal function” and “hypernasality” and the pattern of nasal airflow during the bilabial nasal-to-stop combination /mp/. Both the sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 for the bilabial temporal airflow measure in relation to ratings of “velopharyngeal function.” The nasal airflow rate during /p/ in /mp/ had a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.92 to 0.96 in relation to ratings of “hypernasality.” Conclusion Assessment of the nasal airflow dynamics during the velopharyngeal closing phase in speech presents quantitative, objective data that appear to distinguish between perceptually normal and deviant velopharyngeal function with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Kapsner-Smith, Mara R., Amanda Opuszynski, Cara E. Stepp, and Tanya L. Eadie. "The Effect of Visual Sort and Rate Versus Visual Analog Scales on the Reliability of Judgments of Dysphonia." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00623.
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Purpose The reliability of auditory-perceptual judgments between listeners is a long-standing problem in the assessment of voice disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relatively novel experimental scaling method, called visual sort and rate (VSR), yielded stronger reliability than the more frequently used method of visual analog scales (VAS) for ratings of overall severity (OS) and breathiness (BR) in speakers with voicedisorders. Method Fifty speech samples were selected from a database of speakers with voice disorders. Twenty-two inexperienced listeners provided ratings of OS or BR in four rating blocks: VSR-OS, VSR-BR, VAS-OS, and VSR-BR. For the VAS task, listeners rated each speaker for BR or OS using a vertically oriented 100-mm VAS. For the VSR task, stimuli were distributed into sets of samples with a range of speaker severities in each set. Listeners sorted and ranked samples for OS or BR within each set, and final ratings were captured on a vertically oriented 100-mm VAS. Interrater variability, defined as the mean of the squared differences between a listener's ratings and group mean ratings, and intrarater reliability (Pearson r ) were compared across rating tasks for OS and BR using paired t tests. Results Results showed that listeners had significantly less interrater variability (better reliability) when using VSR methods compared to VAS for judgments of both OS and BR. Intrarater reliability was high across rating tasks and dimensions; however, ratings of BR were significantly more consistent within individual listeners when using VAS than when using VSR. Conclusions VSR is an experimental method that decreases variability of auditory-perceptual judgments between inexperienced listeners when rating speakers with a range of dysphonic severities and disorders. Future research should determine whether a clinically viable tool may be developed based on VSR principles and whether such benefits extend to experienced listeners.
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Allison, Kristen M., Mackenzie Russell, and Katherine C. Hustad. "Reliability of Perceptual Judgments of Phonetic Accuracy and Hypernasality Among Speech-Language Pathologists for Children With Dysarthria." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 3S (June 18, 2021): 1558–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00144.
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Purpose The objectives of this study were to: (a) compare interrater reliability of practicing speech-language pathologists' (SLPs) perceptual judgments of phonetic accuracy and hypernasality between children with dysarthria and those with typical development, and (b) to identify speech factors that influence reliability of these perceptual judgments for children with dysarthria. Method Ten SLPs provided ratings of speech samples from twenty 5-year-old children with dysarthria and twenty 5-year-old children with typical development on two tasks via a web-based platform: a hypernasality judgment task and a phonetic accuracy judgment task. Interrater reliability of SLPs' ratings on both tasks was compared between children with dysarthria and children with typical development. For children with dysarthria, four acoustic speech measures, intelligibility, and a measure of phonetic accuracy (percent stops correct) were examined as predictors of reliability of SLPs' perceptual judgments. Results Reliability of SLPs' phonetic accuracy judgments and hypernasality ratings was significantly lower for children with dysarthria than for children with typical development. Among children with dysarthria, interrater reliability of perceptual judgments ranged from strong to weak. Percent stops correct was the strongest predictor of interrater reliability for both phonetic accuracy judgments and hypernasality ratings. Conclusions Reliability of perceptual phonetic accuracy judgments and hypernasality ratings among practicing SLPs for children with dysarthria is reduced compared to ratings for children with typical development. Findings underscore the need for more reliable methods to assess phonetic accuracy and hypernasality for children with dysarthria.
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Ezzes, Zoe, Sarah M. Schneck, Marianne Casilio, Davida Fromm, Antje S. Mefferd, Michael de Riesthal, and Stephen M. Wilson. "An Open Dataset of Connected Speech in Aphasia with Consensus Ratings of Auditory-Perceptual Features." Data 7, no. 11 (October 30, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7110148.
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Auditory-perceptual rating of connected speech in aphasia (APROCSA) is a system in which trained listeners rate a variety of perceptual features of connected speech samples, representing the disruptions and abnormalities that commonly occur in aphasia. APROCSA has shown promise as an approach for quantifying expressive speech and language function in individuals with aphasia. The aim of this study was to acquire and share a set of audiovisual recordings of connected speech samples from a diverse group of individuals with aphasia, along with consensus ratings of APROCSA features, for future use as training materials to teach others how to use the APROCSA system. Connected speech samples were obtained from six individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. The first five minutes of participant speech were excerpted from each sample, and five researchers independently evaluated each sample using APROCSA, rating its 27 features on a five-point scale. The researchers then discussed each feature in turn to obtain consensus ratings. The dataset will provide a useful, freely accessible resource for researchers, clinicians, and students to learn how to evaluate aphasic speech with an auditory-perceptual approach.
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Castick, Sarah, Rachael-Anne Knight, and Debbie Sell. "Perceptual Judgments of Resonance, Nasal Airflow, Understandability, and Acceptability in Speakers with Cleft Palate: Ordinal versus Visual Analogue Scaling." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 54, no. 1 (January 2017): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/15-164.
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Objective To investigate the reliability of ordinal versus visual analogue scaling (VAS) ratings for perceptual judgments of nasal resonance, nasal airflow, understandability, and acceptability in speakers with cleft palate. Design Within-subjects comparative study. Setting Multisite. Participants Five specialist speech and language therapists from U.K. Regional Cleft Centres. Outcome Measures Participants rated 30 audio speech samples obtained from the Speech and Language Therapy archives of Great Ormond Street Hospital. They rated the identified speech parameters using each scaling method, with 1 month between rating tasks. The model of best fit was determined to examine validity, and both intra- and inter-rater reliability were also computed. Results VAS ratings were valid for all parameters when plotted against ordinal ratings, and the model of best fit revealed only a slightly stronger curvilinear than linear relationship between the scaling methods. Intra-rater reliability was high for both rating methods across all six speech parameters. There was also high inter-rater reliability for both ordinal and VAS ratings of hypernasality, nasal emission, nasal turbulence, understandability, and acceptability, and for the ordinal ratings of hyponasality. Conclusions Perceptual judgments of nasal resonance, nasal airflow, understandability, and acceptability were similar using VAS and ordinal scaling, indicating that both scaling methods were appropriate for measuring the cleft speech parameters. VAS, however, may offer statistical advantages, and there is a growing body of evidence advocating its use for the measurement of prothetic speech parameters.
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Maryn, Youri, and Nelson Roy. "Sustained vowels and continuous speech in the auditory-perceptual evaluation of dysphonia severity." Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia 24, no. 2 (2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-64912012000200003.
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PURPOSE: Auditory-perceptual evaluation of dysphonia may be influenced by the type of speech/voice task used to render judgements during the clinical evaluation, i.e., sustained vowels versus continuous speech. This study explored (a) differences in listener dysphonia severity ratings on the basis of speech/voice tasks, (b) the influence of speech/voice task on dysphonia severity ratings of stimuli that combined sustained vowels and continuous speech, and (c) the differences in inter-rater reliability of dysphonia severity ratings between both speech tasks. METHODS: Five experienced listeners rated overall dysphonia severity in sustained vowels, continuous speech and concatenated speech samples elicited by 39 subjects with various voice disorders and degrees of hoarseness. RESULTS: Data confirmed that sustained vowels are rated significantly more dysphonic than continuous speech. Furthermore, dysphonia severity in concatenated speech samples is least determined by the sustained vowel. Finally, no significant difference was found in inter-rater reliability between dysphonia severity ratings of sustained vowels versus continuous speech. CONCLUSION: Based upon the results, both types of speech/voice tasks (i.e., sustained vowel and continuous speech) should be elicited and judged by clinicians in the auditory-perceptual rating of dysphonia severity.
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Sikström, Sverker, Mats Dahl, Hannah Lettmann, Anna Alexandersson, Elena Schwörer, Lotta Stille, Oscar Kjell, Åse Innes-Ker, and Leonard Ngaosuvan. "What you say and what I hear—Investigating differences in the perception of the severity of psychological and physical violence in intimate partner relationships." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0255785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255785.
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The correct communication of the severity of violence is essential in the context of legal trials, custody cases, support of victims, etc., for providing fair treatment. A narrator that communicates their experiences of interpersonal violence may rate the seriousness of the incident differently than a rater reading the narrator’s text, suggesting that there exist perceptual differences (PD) in severity ratings between the narrator and the rater. We propose that these perceptual differences may depend on whether the narrative is based on physical or psychological violence, and on gender differences. Physical violence may be evaluated as more serious by the receiver of the narrative than by the narrator (Calibration PD), whereas the seriousness of psychological violence may be difficult to convey, leading to a discrepancy in the seriousness ratings between the narrator and the rater (Accuracy PD). In addition, gender stereotypes may influence the seriousness rating (Gender PD), resulting in violence against women being perceived as more serious than the same violence against men. These perceptual differences were investigated in 3 phases using a new experimental procedure. In Phase 1, 113 narrators provided descriptions and seriousness ratings of self-experienced physical and psychological violence in relationships. In Phase 2, 340 independent raters rated the seriousness of 10 randomly selected narrations from Phase 1. In Phase 3, the genders in the narrations were changed to the opposite gender, and seriousness ratings were collected from 340 different raters. Our results confirmed the hypothesized perceptual differences. Violence to male victims was considerably more likely to be seen as severe when the raters were misled to believe the victim was a woman. We propose that these data provide practical guidelines for how to deal with misinformation in the communication of violence. The data also show that mean values and the confidence of such severity ratings need to be adjusted for several factors, such as whether it is self-experienced or communicated, the type of violence, and the gender of the victims and raters.
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Wolfe, Virginia I., David P. Martin, and Chester I. Palmer. "Perception of Dysphonic Voice Quality by Naive Listeners." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 3 (June 2000): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4303.697.
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For clinical assessment as well as student training, there is a need for information pertaining to the perceptual dimensions of dysphonic voice. To this end, 24 naive listeners judged the similarity of 10 female and 10 male vowel samples, selected from within a narrow range of fundamental frequencies. Most of the perceptual variance for both sets of voices was associated with "degree of abnormality" as reflected by perceptual ratings as well as combined acoustic measures, based upon filtered and unfiltered signals. A second perceptual dimension for female voices was associated with high frequency noise as reflected by two acoustic measures: breathiness index (BRI) and a high-frequency power ratio. A second perceptual dimension for male voices was associated with a breathy-overtight continuum as reflected by period deviation (PDdev) and perceptual ratings of breathiness. Results are discussed in terms of perceptual training and the clinical assessment of pathological voices.
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Bruderer, Michael J., Martin F. McKinney, and Armin Kohlrausch. "The perception of structural boundaries in melody lines of Western popular music." Musicae Scientiae 13, no. 2 (September 2009): 273–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490901300204.
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the perception of structural boundaries in six popular music songs. In the segmentation experiment, participants were asked to indicate perceived segment boundaries in monophonic representations of the songs, synthesized from the MIDI score. In the salience rating experiment, participants were asked to rate the salience of a number of boundaries selected from the outcome of the segmentation experiment, and to describe the perceptual cues for each boundary. The segmentation experiment showed that there is a wide variety in the number and temporal positions of perceived boundaries across participants. However, certain boundaries in the music are indicated by nearly all participants. The salience rating experiment showed a moderate correlation between participants’ boundary salience ratings. Comparing the outcome of the two experiments, we found a significant correlation between the frequency of boundary indications and the corresponding salience rating of that boundary. These findings suggest that both methods can be used equally well for evaluating the perceptual boundaries. The perceptual boundaries were also compared to boundaries predicted by three musicological models. The comparison of the perceptual boundaries with the predicted boundaries showed a moderate correlation between the perceptual and predicted boundaries.
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Bunton, Kate, Raymond D. Kent, Joseph R. Duffy, John C. Rosenbek, and Jane F. Kent. "Listener Agreement for Auditory-Perceptual Ratings of Dysarthria." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50, no. 6 (December 2007): 1481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/102).
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Hermes, Dik J. "Measuring the Perceptual Similarity of Pitch Contours." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 1 (February 1998): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4101.73.
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It has been shown that visual display systems of intonation can be employed beneficially in teaching intonation to persons with deafness and in teaching the intonation of a foreign language. In current training situations the correctness of a reproduced pitch contour is rated either by the teacher or automatically. In the latter case an algorithm mostly estimates the maximum deviation from an example contour. In game-like exercises, for instance, the pupil has to produce a pitch contour within the displayed floor and ceiling of a "tunnel" with a preadjusted height. In an experiment described in the companion paper, phoneticians had rated the dissimilarity of two pitch contours both auditorily, by listening to two resynthesized utterances, and visually, by looking at two pitch contours displayed on a computer screen. A test is reported in which these dissimilarity ratings were compared with automatic ratings obtained with this tunnel measure and with three other measures, the mean distance, the root-mean-square (RMS) distance, and the correlation coefficient. The most frequently used tunnel measure appeared to have the weakest correlation with the ratings by the phoneticians. In general, the automatic ratings obtained with the correlation coefficient showed the strongest correlation with the perceptual ratings. A disadvantage of this measure, however, may be that it normalizes for the range of the pitch contours. If range is important, as in intonation teaching to persons with deafness, the mean distance or the RMS distance are the best physical measures for automatic training of intonation.
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Alluri, Vinoo, and Petri Toiviainen. "Exploring Perceptual and Acoustical Correlates of Polyphonic Timbre." Music Perception 27, no. 3 (February 1, 2010): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2010.27.3.223.
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POLYPHONIC TIMBRE HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE an important element for computational categorization according to genre, style, mood, and emotions, but its perceptual constituents have received less attention. The work presented here comprises two experiments, Experiment 1, to devise a framework of subjective rating scales for quantifying the perceptual qualities of polyphonic timbre and Experiment 2, to rate short excerpts of Indian popular music and correlate them with computationally extracted acoustic features. A factor analysis of the ratings suggested three perceptual dimensions: Activity, Brightness, and Fullness. The present findings imply that there may be regularities and patterns in the way people perceive polyphonic timbre. Furthermore, the perceptual dimensions can be predicted relatively well by the regression models. Spectrotemporal modulations were found to be most relevant, while the well known polyphonic timbre descriptors, the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, did not contribute significantly to any of the perceptual dimensions.
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Chiu, Yi-Fang, Amy Neel, and Travis Loux. "Exploring the Acoustic Perceptual Relationship of Speech in Parkinson's Disease." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00610.
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Purpose Auditory perceptual judgments are commonly used to diagnose dysarthria and assess treatment progress. The purpose of the study was to examine the acoustic underpinnings of perceptual speech abnormalities in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Method Auditory perceptual judgments were obtained from sentences produced by 13 speakers with PD and five healthy older adults. Twenty young listeners rated overall ease of understanding, articulatory precision, voice quality, and prosodic adequacy on a visual analog scale. Acoustic measures associated with the speech subsystems of articulation, phonation, and prosody were obtained, including second formant transitions, articulation rate, cepstral and spectral measures of voice, and pitch variations. Regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships between perceptual judgments and acoustic variables. Results Perceptual impressions of Parkinsonian speech were related to combinations of several acoustic variables. Approximately 36%–49% of the variance in the perceptual ratings were explained by the acoustic measures indicating a modest acoustic perceptual relationship. Conclusions The relationships between perceptual ratings and acoustic signals in Parkinsonian speech are multifactorial and involve a variety of acoustic features simultaneously. The modest acoustic perceptual relationships, however, suggest that future work is needed to further examine the acoustic bases of perceptual judgments in dysarthria.
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Rutkowski, Jason J., Robert J. Robertson, Wayland D. Tseh, Jennifer L. Caputo, Daniel J. Keefer, Kristin M. Sutika, and Donald W. Morgan. "Assessment of RPE Signal Dominance at Slow to Moderate Walking Speeds in Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 16, no. 4 (November 2004): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.16.4.334.
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The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether either the differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for the legs (RPE-L) or chest (RPE-C) were higher than the overall body RPE (RPE-O) in children performing treadmill walking. A differentiated RPE that was higher than the RPE-O was considered the dominant perceptual signal. Thirty-one 10-year-old participants (16 boys, 15 girls) performed six separate 5-min bouts of level treadmill walking at different speeds. During each bout of exercise, RPEs were recorded using the modified Children’s OMNI Scale. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and ventilation (VE) were measured during Minutes 4 and 5 at each walking speed. VO2, HR, and VE increased as walking speed increased, as did perceived exertion. No differences were observed among RPE-O, RPE-L, and RPE-C at any speed. In addition, boys and girls exhibited similar responses for each perceptual and physiological variable. In conclusion, a dominant differentiated perceptual rating was not found at slow-to-moderate treadmill walking speeds for either boys or girls. Neither the respiratory–metabolic nor peripheral ratings of perceived exertion appeared to dominate the whole-body sensory-integration process in this sample.
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Chiu, Yi-Fang, and Amy Neel. "Predicting Intelligibility Deficits in Parkinson's Disease With Perceptual Speech Ratings." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00134.
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Purpose This study investigated whether perceptual ratings of speech parameters were predictive of transcription intelligibility in quiet and in noise for speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD). Method Ten speakers with PD and five healthy controls read 56 sentences. One group of 60 listeners orthographically transcribed the sentences in quiet, and another group of 60 listeners transcribed in noise. An additional 23 listeners judged a variety of speech parameters, including articulation, prosody, resonance, voice quality, and ease of understanding on a visual analog scale. Scores of the visual analog scale ratings were regressed against transcription intelligibility in quiet and in noise. Results Perceptual ratings of all the speech parameters were lower for speakers with PD. Global speech understanding, indexed by ease of understanding ratings, was associated with transcription intelligibility in quiet and in noise with a stronger effect in noise. Among the rated speech parameters, ease of understanding and voice quality ratings were significant predictors of speech intelligibility in noise. Conclusions Speech in individuals with PD was more difficult for listeners to understand and was characterized by deficits in articulation, prosody, resonance, and voice quality compared to normal speech produced by healthy older adults. Ease of understanding ratings, even when performed in quiet, predicted intelligibility in noise. Poor voice quality ratings in PD, a sign of phonatory deficit, had a negative impact on intelligibility in noise for speakers with PD.
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Yan, Qingyang. "The Perceptual Categorization of Enshi Mandarin Regional Varieties." Journal of Linguistic Geography 3, no. 1 (March 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2015.3.
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The current study used a hand-drawn map task, a dialect difference rating task, and a dialect classification task to explore the relationship between participants’ ideologies about dialect differences and their classification of authentic talkers from six regional varieties in Enshi Prefecture, China. The talkers frequently mistaken for each other in the dialect classification task were those who came from counties that were perceived to have similar dialects in the hand-drawn map task and the dialect difference rating task. Participants showed a positive response bias for the Enshi dialect in classifying talkers, corresponding to the dialect difference ratings that Enshi was rated as least different. Thus participants’ classification of real talkers was largely consistent with their ideologies about differences among “imagined” dialects. Participants’ ideologies about dialect differences were shaped by their home county, and their classification performance was affected by their home county and the talker’s social background.
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Muñoz, J., E. Mendoza, M. D. Fresneda, G. Carballo, and I. Ramirez. "Perceptual Analysis in Different Voice Samples: Agreement and Reliability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3_suppl (June 2002): 1187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3c.1187.
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The objective of this study was to estimate the agreement and reliability of voice evaluation by a group of expert listeners using the central portion of a sustained vowel and a fragment of connected speech as voice samples. Ratings were made using Wilson's Buffalo III Voice Screening Profile. Analysis showed that intraindividual listeners' agreement presented variability in the evaluation of both voice samples. In the evaluation of the central portion of the sustained vowel, intraindividual listener agreement was moderate for breathiness, hyponasal resonance, and overall voice rating; in connected speech, agreement was moderate for most voice qualities (breathy, rough, high/low pitch, and hyponasal resonance). Finally, Wilson's Buffalo III Voice Screening Profile presented good reliability values for both voice samples, with overall voice rating achieving higher values (.90) than any other voice-quality variable.
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Ingham, Roger J., Richard R. Martin, Sam K. Haroldson, Mark Onslow, and Miriam Leney. "Modification of Listener-Judged Naturalness in the Speech of Stutterers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, no. 4 (December 1985): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2804.495.
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This study investigated the effect of regular feedback of listener-judged speech naturalness ratings on the speech of stutterers. Six adult stutterers each participated in a time-series ABA experiment. During the treatment phase the stutterer was instructed to improve a clinician's rating, on a 9-point scale, of the naturalness of each 30-s interval of the stutterer's spontaneous speech. The results indicate that the naturalness ratings and stuttering for 5 of the subjects made favorable changes during the treatment phase. Analyses of the findings show that only some of the naturalness judgments were influenced by stuttering frequency and speech rate. A perceptual analysis of the speech of 2 subjects suggested that the speech naturalness ratings were also probably influenced by other less obvious variables.
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Bottini, Roberto, Stefania Ferraro, Anna Nigri, Valeria Cuccarini, Maria Grazia Bruzzone, and Olivier Collignon. "Brain Regions Involved in Conceptual Retrieval in Sighted and Blind People." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 6 (June 2020): 1009–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01538.
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If conceptual retrieval is partially based on the simulation of sensorimotor experience, people with a different sensorimotor experience, such as congenitally blind people, should retrieve concepts in a different way. However, studies investigating the neural basis of several conceptual domains (e.g., actions, objects, places) have shown a very limited impact of early visual deprivation. We approached this problem by investigating brain regions that encode the perceptual similarity of action and color concepts evoked by spoken words in sighted and congenitally blind people. At first, and in line with previous findings, a contrast between action and color concepts (independently of their perceptual similarity) revealed similar activations in sighted and blind people for action concepts and partially different activations for color concepts, but outside visual areas. On the other hand, adaptation analyses based on subjective ratings of perceptual similarity showed compelling differences across groups. Perceptually similar colors and actions induced adaptation in the posterior occipital cortex of sighted people only, overlapping with regions known to represent low-level visual features of those perceptual domains. Early-blind people instead showed a stronger adaptation for perceptually similar concepts in temporal regions, arguably indexing higher reliance on a lexical-semantic code to represent perceptual knowledge. Overall, our results show that visual deprivation does changes the neural bases of conceptual retrieval, but mostly at specific levels of representation supporting perceptual similarity discrimination, reconciling apparently contrasting findings in the field.
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Amsel, Ben D., Thomas P. Urbach, and Marta Kutas. "Perceptual and motor attribute ratings for 559 object concepts." Behavior Research Methods 44, no. 4 (June 23, 2012): 1028–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0215-z.
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McCullough, Elizabeth. "Acoustic correlates of perceptual ratings of foreign‐accented English." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 4 (April 2011): 2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3588056.
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Yalch, Matthew M., and Christopher J. Hopwood. "Target-, informant-, and meta-perceptual ratings of maladaptive traits." Psychological Assessment 29, no. 9 (September 2017): 1142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000417.
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Cushman, Laura A. "Correspondence between neuropsychological and functional ratings of perceptual neglect." Neuropsychology 3, no. 2 (1989): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0091763.
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Ohala, John J. "The Phonetic Basis of Perceptual Ratings of Running Speech." Journal of Phonetics 15, no. 1 (January 1987): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30541-8.
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Galek, Kristine E., and Thomas Watterson. "Effects of perceptual anchors on nasality ratings in speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135, no. 4 (April 2014): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4877293.
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Laczi, Elizabeth, Joan E. Sussman, Elaine T. Stathopoulos, and Jessica Huber. "Perceptual Evaluation of Hypernasality Compared to HONC Measures: The Role of Experience." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 42, no. 2 (March 2005): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/03-011.1.
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Objectives Nasality ratings from experienced and inexperienced listeners were compared to accelerometric measures using the Horii Oral Nasal Coupling (HONC) Index to determine if one group's ratings are more closely related to the HONC Index measures. The reliability of listener ratings was studied to determine if experienced listeners had better reliability than inexperienced listeners. The influence of phonetic content was analyzed to learn if ratings of sentences with stop consonants yielded higher correlations with HONC scores than sentences containing glides. Design Experienced and inexperienced listeners’ ratings of hypernasality were correlated to the HONC measures for two nonnasal sentence productions. Analysis of variance compared experienced versus inexperienced listener ratings. Participants Ten listeners who were speech-language pathologists with at least 10 years of experience in assessing hypernasality and 10 listeners who were graduate students in communicative disorders with less than 1 year of experience. Speech samples were acquired from 13 children with varying degrees of hypernasality and 5 children with normal nasality. Results Correlations between ratings of hypernasality and HONC scores were .60 for the experienced group and .52 for the inexperienced group. In general, the experienced listeners rated the hypernasality of the speakers as less severe. Both groups had similar intrajudge reliability. Hypernasality ratings were not influenced by sentence context. Conclusions Hypernasality can be rated in a reliable fashion regardless of listener experience. The correlations between the objective measure of nasalization (HONC) and the perceptual ratings were not as high as expected. Factors contributing to obtaining only moderate correlations will be discussed.
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Schulman, Gary I., and Mary Hoskins. "Perceiving The Male Versus The Female Face." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 2 (June 1986): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00742.x.
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This study of the perceptual processes in rating the good-lookingness of male compared to female faces finds that more refined distinctions and discriminations, more extreme positive and negative ratings, and more consensus occur for female than for male faces. Facial expression (e.g., smiling) affects the rating of female more than male faces, The results uniformly support the view that facial appearance is a more heavily weighted element in the response to women than to men.
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Arthur, Claire. "A Perceptual Study of Scale-degree Qualia in Context." Music Perception 35, no. 3 (February 1, 2018): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.35.3.295.
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A perceptual study investigated the ability of scale degrees to evoke qualia, and the impact of harmonic context in shaping a scale degree’s qualia. In addition, the following questions were addressed: What role does music training have in shaping qualia? Are listeners consistent in their descriptions? Are experiences similar across participants, or are they individual and subjective? Listeners with or without music-theoretic training were asked to rate the qualia of scale degrees following various chord progressions, each ending with a different final harmony. Scale degrees were found to exhibit relatively consistent musical qualia; however, the local chord context was found to significantly influence qualia ratings. In general, both groups of listeners were found to be fairly consistent in their ratings of scale-degree qualia; however, as expected, musician listeners were more consistent than nonmusician listeners. Finally, a subset of the musical qualia ratings were compared against Krumhansl and Kessler’s (1982) scale-degree “profiles.” While profiles created from the present data, overall, were correlated with the K&K profiles, their claim that tonal stability accounts for the high ratings ascribed to tonic triad members was found to be better explained by the effect of the local chord context.
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Stankov, Lazar, Gerry Pallier, Vanessa Danthiir, and Suzanne Morony. "Perceptual Underconfidence." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 28, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000126.
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Experimental interest in human decision making has been fertile in the past two decades. It is generally recognized that answers to questions involving general knowledge tend to produce overconfidence, whereas responses to perceptual tasks often result in underconfidence. While experimental psychologists debated the relative merits of single or dual explanations of these phenomena, differential psychologists suggested that confidence is a trait: Some people have high confidence and others express the opposite, no matter what type of task is undertaken. The current study examined these different perspectives using two complex cognitive and nine perceptual discrimination tasks from different sensory modalities. Findings suggest that underconfidence does not generalize across the perceptual domain, indicating that a more complex account of the miscalibration effect is needed. Such an account should incorporate both task characteristics and individual differences to produce a satisfactory psychological explanation of miscalibration. This point is highlighted by the presence of a strong confidence factor that has loadings from confidence ratings from diverse perceptual and cognitive tasks employed in this study.
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Adessa, Michelle. "Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: The “Trifecta”—Dysphonia, Dysphagia, and Dyspnea." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 6, no. 6 (December 17, 2021): 1445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_persp-21-00055.
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Purpose: A clinical case of unilateral vocal fold paralysis is presented with case history, auditory-perceptual analysis and accompanying audio files and ratings, videostroboscopic files and ratings, and acoustic analysis, as well as impressions and plan for treatment. Method: A single clinical case of unilateral vocal fold paralysis is presented for learning purposes. Results: Clinical keys are provided for learning. Conclusion: Learners will be able to follow a clinical case to aid in perceptual, videostroboscopic, acoustic, and voice assessment and goal and treatment planning. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16799563
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Erickson-DiRenzo, Elizabeth, C. Kwang Sung, Allen L. Ho, and Casey H. Halpern. "Intraoperative Evaluation of Essential Vocal Tremor in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00079.
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Purpose Essential vocal tremor (EVT) is a prevalent and difficult-to-manage voice disorder. There is evidence that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) of the thalamus may be beneficial for treating EVT. The objective of this preliminary investigation was to conduct intraoperative voice assessments during Vim-DBS implantation in order to evaluate immediate voice outcomes in medication-refractory essential tremor patients with co-occurring EVT. Method Seven adult subjects diagnosed with EVT undergoing Vim-DBS surgery participated in this investigation. Voice samples of sustained vowels were collected by a speech-language pathologist preoperatively and intraoperatively, immediately following Vim-DBS electrode placement. Voice evaluation included objective acoustic assessment of the rate and extent of EVT fundamental frequency and intensity modulation and subjective perceptual ratings of EVT severity. Results The rate of intensity modulation, extent of fundamental frequency modulation, and perceptual rating of EVT severity were significantly reduced intraoperatively as compared to preoperatively. Moderate, positive correlations were appreciated between a subset of acoustic measures and perceptual severity ratings. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate a speech-language pathologist can conduct intra-operative evaluation of EVT during DBS surgery. Using a noninvasive, simple acoustic recording method, we were able to supplement perceptual subjective observation with objective assessment and demonstrate immediate, intraoperative improvements in EVT. The findings of this analysis inform the added value of intraoperative voice evaluation in Vim-DBS patients and contribute to the growing body of literature seeking to evaluate the efficacy of DBS as a treatment for EVT.
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Farahani, Mojgan, Vijay Parsa, Björn Herrmann, Mason Kadem, Ingrid Johnsrude, and Philip C. Doyle. "An Auditory-Perceptual and Pupillometric Study of Vocal Strain and Listening Effort in Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 5907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175907.
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This study evaluated ratings of vocal strain and perceived listening effort by normal hearing participants while listening to speech samples produced by talkers with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD). In addition, objective listening effort was measured through concurrent pupillometry to determine whether listening to disordered voices changed arousal as a result of emotional state or cognitive load. Recordings of the second sentence of the “Rainbow Passage” produced by talkers with varying degrees of AdSD served as speech stimuli. Twenty naïve young adult listeners perceptually evaluated these stimuli on the dimensions of vocal strain and listening effort using two separate visual analogue scales. While making the auditory-perceptual judgments, listeners’ pupil characteristics were objectively measured in synchrony with the presentation of each voice stimulus. Data analyses revealed moderate-to-high inter- and intra-rater reliability. A significant positive correlation was found between the ratings of vocal strain and listening effort. In addition, listeners displayed greater peak pupil dilation (PPD) when listening to more strained and effortful voice samples. Findings from this study suggest that when combined with an auditory-perceptual task, non-volitional physiologic changes in pupil response may serve as an indicator of listening and cognitive effort or arousal.
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To, M., P. G. Lovell, T. Troscianko, and D. J. Tolhurst. "Summation of perceptual cues in natural visual scenes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1649 (July 15, 2008): 2299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0692.
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Natural visual scenes are rich in information, and any neural system analysing them must piece together the many messages from large arrays of diverse feature detectors. It is known how threshold detection of compound visual stimuli (sinusoidal gratings) is determined by their components' thresholds. We investigate whether similar combination rules apply to the perception of the complex and suprathreshold visual elements in naturalistic visual images. Observers gave magnitude estimations (ratings) of the perceived differences between pairs of images made from photographs of natural scenes. Images in some pairs differed along one stimulus dimension such as object colour, location, size or blur. But, for other image pairs, there were composite differences along two dimensions (e.g. both colour and object-location might change). We examined whether the ratings for such composite pairs could be predicted from the two ratings for the respective pairs in which only one stimulus dimension had changed. We found a pooling relationship similar to that proposed for simple stimuli: Minkowski summation with exponent 2.84 yielded the best predictive power ( r =0.96), an exponent similar to that generally reported for compound grating detection. This suggests that theories based on detecting simple stimuli can encompass visual processing of complex, suprathreshold stimuli.
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Connell, Louise, Dermot Lynott, and Briony Banks. "Interoception: the forgotten modality in perceptual grounding of abstract and concrete concepts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1752 (June 18, 2018): 20170143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0143.
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Conceptual representations are perceptually grounded, but when investigating which perceptual modalities are involved, researchers have typically restricted their consideration to vision, touch, hearing, taste and smell. However, there is another major modality of perceptual information that is distinct from these traditional five senses; that is, interoception, or sensations inside the body. In this paper, we use megastudy data (modality-specific ratings of perceptual strength for over 32 000 words) to explore how interoceptive information contributes to the perceptual grounding of abstract and concrete concepts. We report how interoceptive strength captures a distinct form of perceptual experience across the abstract–concrete spectrum, but is markedly more important to abstract concepts (e.g. hungry , serenity ) than to concrete concepts (e.g. capacity , rainy ). In particular, interoception dominates emotion concepts, especially negative emotions relating to fear and sadness , moreso than other concepts of equivalent abstractness and valence. Finally, we examine whether interoceptive strength represents valuable information in conceptual content by investigating its role in concreteness effects in word recognition, and find that it enhances semantic facilitation over and above the traditional five sensory modalities. Overall, these findings suggest that interoception has comparable status to other modalities in contributing to the perceptual grounding of abstract and concrete concepts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain'.
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Kuper, Rob. "Preference, Complexity, and Color Information Entropy Values for Visual Depictions of Plant and Vegetative Growth." HortTechnology 25, no. 5 (October 2015): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.5.625.
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Few have examined the relationship between landscape color changes, landscape complexity, and laypersons’ visual preference ratings. We examined whether depictions of visual changes to plant and vegetative colors affect preference ratings, estimations of complexity, and computed color information entropy values. Photographs depicted four visual states of plant growth—winter dormancy, foliation, flowering, and senescence—in color at four locations on each of three landscape architecture project sites in New York and Pennsylvania. Participants viewed and evaluated the scenes depicted in the photographs for preference (n = 52) and estimated the presence of complexity (n = 47). A multiparadigm numerical computing environment performed algorithmic functions to calculate Shannon information entropy values of perceptual and categorical colors for each photograph. The visual changes depicted significantly affected perceptual color information entropy values, but significant effects were not found in three contrasts between values for the four stages of plant and vegetative growth. Preference ratings for foliated scenes were significantly higher than those for dormant and senescent scenes. Respondents’ complexity estimations for foliated scenes were lower than those of flowering and senescent, yet complexity and preference did not correlate. Preference correlated strongly and positively with perceptual color information entropy, which may help predict landscape preference. However, the presence of green foliage may affect preference more than perceptual color information entropy within scenes.
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Sevitz, Jordanna S., Brianna R. Kiefer, Jessica E. Huber, and Michelle S. Troche. "Obtaining Objective Clinical Measures During Telehealth Evaluations of Dysarthria." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00243.
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Purpose COVID-19 has shifted models of health care delivery, requiring the rapid adoption of telehealth, despite limited evidence and few resources to guide speech-language pathologists. Management of dysarthria presents specific challenges in the telehealth modality. Evaluations of dysarthria typically rely heavily on perceptual judgments, which are difficult to obtain via telehealth given a variety of technological factors such as inconsistencies in mouth-to-microphone distance, changes to acoustic properties based on device settings, and possible interruptions in connection that may cause video freezing. These factors limit the validity, reliability, and clinicians' certainty of perceptual speech ratings via telehealth. Thus, objective measures to supplement the assessment of dysarthria are essential. Method This tutorial outlines how to obtain objective measures in real time and from recordings of motor speech evaluations to support traditional perceptual ratings in telehealth evaluations of dysarthria. Objective measures include pause patterns, utterance length, speech rate, diadochokinetic rates, and overall speech severity. We demonstrate, through clinical case vignettes, how these measures were completed following three clinical telehealth evaluations of dysarthria conducted via Zoom during the COVID-19 pandemic. This tutorial describes how each of these objective measures were utilized, in combination with subjective perceptual analysis, to determine deviant speech characteristics and their etiology, develop a patient-specific treatment plan, and track change over time. Conclusion Utilizing objective measures as an adjunct to perceptual ratings for telehealth dysarthria evaluations is feasible under real-world pandemic conditions and can be used to enhance the quality and utility of these evaluations.
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Dillon, Caitlin M., Rose A. Burkholder, Miranda Cleary, and David B. Pisoni. "Nonword Repetition by Children With Cochlear Implants." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 5 (October 2004): 1103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/082).
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Seventy-six children with cochlear implants completed a nonword repetition task. The children were presented with 20 nonword auditory patterns over a loud-speaker and were asked to repeat them aloud to the experimenter. The children's responses were recorded on digital audiotape and then played back to normal-hearing adult listeners to obtain accuracy ratings on a 7-point scale. The children's nonword repetition performance, as measured by these perceptual accuracy ratings, could be predicted in large part by their performance on independently collected measures of speech perception, verbal rehearsal speed, and speech production. The strongest contributing variable was speaking rate, which is widely argued to reflect verbal rehearsal speed in phonological working memory. Children who had become deaf at older ages received higher perceptual ratings. Children whose early linguistic experience and educational environments emphasized oral communication methods received higher perceptual ratings than children enrolled in total communication programs. The present findings suggest that individual differences in performance on nonword repetition are strongly related to variability observed in the component processes involved in language imitation tasks, including measures of speech perception, speech production, and especially verbal rehearsal speed in phonological working memory. In addition, onset of deafness at a later age and an educational environment emphasizing oral communication may be beneficial to the children's ability to develop the robust phonological processing skills necessary to accurately repeat novel, nonword sound patterns.