Academic literature on the topic 'Perceptual Ques'

This study investigates the possibility of a relationship between manufacturing strategy and organizational culture within manufacturing plants. Survey data were collected from 138 respondents in 16 plants. These plants included random samples of textile, beauty and pharmaceutical industries, which located in Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang, and Bekasi areas. Al necessary data for this study were obtained from a questionnaire through a mail survey. The questionnaires were designed so that multiple respondents answered all perceptual ques- tions. The definition of manufacturing strategy in this study is primarily process-based, it does notinclude such content dimensions. Manufacturing strategy and organizational culture were found to exhibit a statistically significantrelationship within the plant. The analysis indicates that awell implementedmanufacturing strategy, which includes formal planning processes, com- munication of strategy, contribution to competitive position, and a long range orientation. It coexists with a dan oriented organizational cufture characterized by the use of groups and teams, low emphasis on hierarchy, and high level of loyalty and share plant-wide philosophy. This analysis suggests several implications regarding the manufacturing strategy process. First, itmay be necessary to involve mutiple decision makers at different organizational levels in the implementation of manufacturing strategy in order to help them to come up with the right decisions. Second, it may be useful to view culture as a mechanism, which controls the behavior of individuals by defining it certainly.

Background and Objectives: A cording to the importance of the effect of maternal health on pregnancy on the parts of the child’s mood, The purpose of this research was to determine and compare the perceptual sensitivity of infants of mothers with gestational diabetes and healthy mothers. Methods: This descriptive and causal-comparative research consisted of 88 mothers with infants aged 3-12 months who referred to the vaccination wards of Qom community health centers. The mothers were divided into two groups with and without a history of gestational diabetes. The research instruments were the IBQ-R infant mood assessment questionnaire and the individual information questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and SPSS software. Results: There is difference between the average perceptual sensitivity of infants of mothers with gestational diabetes and healthy mothers (P<0.05). the level of perceptual sensitivity in infants in mothers with a history of gestational diabetes is significantly higher than in infants of healthy mothers (P=0.034). Conclusion: Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is correlated to the perceptual sensitivity of infants. Maternal anxiety about the infant’s health can be reduced by justifying the infant’s behaviors by informing mothers with gestational diabetes in the postpartum period.

SIG 3 spearheaded the development of a standard method for perceptual evaluation of voice quality—and is on the way to developing clinical protocols for the instruments commonly used in voice assessment.

What factors predict the originality of domain-specific idea generation? Replicating and extending an earlier study using a Design Product Ideation task in an introductory university design course, the present research, grounded in the componential theory of creativity, assessed the relative contributions to originality of design ideation from five factors: divergent thinking, personality traits, general cognitive ability, prior creative experience, and task-specific challenge/interest. The Design Product Ideation task asked participants, at two different timepoints, to propose ideas for products to improve either the experience of urban gardening or of outdoor picnics. Four divergent thinking tasks were used, including the predominantly conceptually-based Alternative Uses Task, a newly developed perceptually-based Figural Interpretation Quest, and two modified verbal tasks from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Torrance Suppose and Torrance Product). Regression analyses revealed that, at both timepoints, originality on the Design Product Ideation tasks was predicted by multiple divergent thinking, personality, and task-based factors. Originality of responses to the Figural Interpretation Quest was a significant predictor at both timepoints, and continued to add incremental value after controlling for the other divergent thinking measures. Collectively, these findings indicate that the four divergent thinking tasks, though related, do not measure identical constructs, and that many individual difference components, both trait-based (e.g., openness to experience) and more specifically task-based (e.g., perceived challenge of the task), shape creative performance. Methodologically, and from a practical standpoint, these findings underscore the value of incorporating both conceptual and perceptual measures of divergent thinking as contributors to originality in domain-specific idea generation.

Mimicry has been an important topic for biology since the rise of the Darwinian theory of evolution. However. by its very narure mimicry is a sign process and the quest for understanding mimicry in biology has intrinsically always been a semiotic quest. In this paper various theories since Henry W. Bates will be examined to show how the concept of mimicry has been shifted from perceptual resemblance to a particular communicative structure. A concept of mimicry will then be formulated which emphasizes its dynamic properties, and finally, mimicry will be considered in the framework of ecosemiotics.

In the first section of this article, an operationalized notion of preternatural experience is described which includes two general classes of experience: religio-mystical (Ontic) and paranormal (Perceptual). The exploratory study which follows uses the personality measures of the complete Tellegen Differential Personality Questionnaire taken from 120 subjects who reported having had spontaneous religio-mystical and/or paranormal experiences at some time in the past. The scores on all eleven primary dimensions, three higher order affect factors, and two validity scales were used individually, in univariate ANOVAs, and together, in a Direct Discriminant Function Analysis, to successfully separate two classes of preternatural experients from non-experients and from each other.

In their quest for creating magical experiences, magicians rely on a host of psychological factors. Here, we compare tricks based on attentional misdirection with tricks based on amodal completion. Based on the notion that amodal completion is a cognitively impenetrable perceptual phenomenon, we predicted that the tricks based on this perceptual effect should—to a much larger extent than tricks based on attentional misdirection—retain their deceptive power when the tricks are repeated. The results of an experiment with four magic tricks involving attentional misdirection and four magic tricks based on amodal completion lend strong support to this prediction. Asking subjects to try to figure out the secret behind these tricks after one, two, or three presentations of each trick, we found that the observed solution rates for tricks based on attentional misdirection increased much more with repeated viewing than those for tricks based on amodal completion, which remained very low throughout. Thus, the results lend further support to the idea that amodal completion is based on cognitively impenetrable perceptual mechanisms.

Speech coding is the art of creating a minimally redundant representation of the speech signal that can be efficiently transmitted or stored in digital media and decoding the signal with the best possible perceptual Quality. The speech transmission in wireless networks is associated with the reduction of extra information present in signal in such a way to preserve the quality and intelligibility of speech. It is known that the lower the bit rate the lesser the quality of the reconstructed speech however there is a constant quest to achieve a better speech quality at lower bit-rates.This paper presents performance analysis for the quality of advanced hybrid speech coding techniques in Time domain, Spectral domain and perceptual domain. These analyses are implemented on three different algorithms of advanced hybrid speech coding techniques such as CELP, G729 Annex A, G723.1 to assess the quality performance for English female speaker, English male speaker and Arabic female speaker by using Mat lab simulation program. Our evaluation criterion implemented includes the following tests: Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Segmental Signal to Noise Ratio (SNRseg), The Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR), The Weighted Spectral Slope (WSS), Absolute Error,Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ),NONE">Rating of speechdistortion, rating of background noise and the predicted rating of overall quality.

Classical constructivists such as Rock and Hoffman contend that the processes of perception are intelligent and construct perceptual experience by going beyond the stimulus information or by creating a percept that deviates from the physical properties of the object. On these terms, Gibson’s theory of perception is anti-constructivist. After reviewing classical constructivism, this article maintains, first, that the phenomenology of visual space shows a deviation from physical spatial properties, by being contracted in depth, even under fullcue conditions, a fact that makes trouble for Gibson’s version of direct realism. Second, independently of the first argument, it contends that perception is pervasively constructed in the sense that stimulus information must be transformed to yield perception. Accordingly, perception is radically constructed in its very bones.

Retomando hipótese apresentada em Soares (1992) e explorada em Soares (1999), o presente artigo verifica o grau de participação da informação morfológica na construção do ritmo em Tikuna, língua tonal usada por um grande número de falantes distribuídos por uma área extensa da Amazônia, na América do Sul. Particularmente, verifica-se a existência ou não de um ritmo morfológico na língua e o lugar que nele ocupariam as raízes - entendidas como elementos indecomponíveis e, portanto, diferentes dos radicais (concebidos como resultados de raízes já categorizadas, seja por um morfema fonologicamente nulo, seja por um afixo aberto). Entre as conclusões mais importantes está a de se ter a possibilidade de dispensar a referência à margem direita da palavra como fator prosódico primeiro para o desencadeamento da constituição de pés métricos binários em Tikuna. Tal dispensa é possível quer em casos de sufixação, quer em casos de composição. Na sufixação, tem-se como possível o aparecimento do acento rítmico alimentado por uma espécie de colaboração, do ponto de vista perceptual, entre duração e altura da voz – colaboração essa que depende de uma camada tonal completamente especificada e que abre campo para operações rítmicas de nível mais baixo. Na composição, inexiste interação perceptual da altura da voz com a estrutura métrica, havendo indicações de que as operações rítmicas são aí diferentes daquelas de nível mais baixo. No que diz respeito à relação entre constituição morfológica e construção da grade métrica, observou-se, durante a sufixação, que a própria subdivisão do espaço rítmico duracional é coincidente com a de um pé métrico no plano acentual, tendo-se constatado que tal subdivisão acompanha de perto a estruturação morfológica interna à palavra, sendo que o mesmo se dá em casos de composição.

Finalizando la segunda década del siglo XXI no cabe duda alguna de que nos ha correspondido ser testigos de primera mano de una revolución tecnológica sin antecedentes en la historia de la humanidad. Los acelerados desarrollos que tienen lugar cada día en campos como la inteligencia artificial, la robótica, la bioingeniería, entre otros más, así lo demuestran. Sin embargo, junto con el entusiasmo que naturalmente provoca ver aparecer nuevas e insospechadas posibilidades de bienestar —en áreas tan importantes como la salud, la economía y las comunicaciones—, conviven también el desconcierto y el temor ante las transformaciones tan rápidas que dichos adelantos traen consigo, especialmente en las maneras habituales de relacionarnos con los demás y con nosotros mismos. Ciertamente, muchas de las preocupaciones centrales en nuestros días tienen que ver con la incertidumbre que despierta vivir en sociedades en las que, por cuenta de las nuevas tecnologías, nuestra identidad y valor como seres humanos se hacen cada vez menos seguros. Así, por ejemplo, con frecuencia creciente se habla de la inevitable sustitución de mano de obra por robots híper eficientes e infalibles, lo cual provocará, a la vuelta de unas décadas, una crisis de desempleo sin precedentes. Así mismo hay quienes advierten sobre el posible advenimiento de una inteligencia artificial capaz, en un mañana no muy lejano, de reemplazar y hasta superar la inteligencia humana gracias a sus algoritmos altamente complejos. Algunos incluso proclaman y financian a torrentes la “salvífica” llegada de seres post-humanos dotados de poderes físicos y mentales resultantes de mejoras tecnológicas llevadas a cabo sobre cuerpos humanos que, en contraste, quedarán obsoletos y condenados a desaparecer. De modo que la balanza oscila sin cesar entre las promesas altisonantes y las graves advertencias frente a las soluciones que las nuevas tecnologías ofrecen para la alteración de las condiciones de habitabilidad del planeta. Con todo, lo cierto es que estos escenarios, más o menos catastrofistas—algunos de los cuales, es verdad, no pasan de ser especulaciones cercanas a la ciencia ficción—, confirman cuán profunda es la incertidumbre que experimentamos acerca del lugar que como seres humanos debamos y, acaso podamos, ocupar todavía en la denominada “era de la técnica”. Nos movemos, pues, sin cesar, entre un narcisismo de especie y un sentimiento de irremediable catástrofe. Ciertamente, como ocurre en toda revolución, lo que antes resultaba familiar ahora está cambiando de forma muy rápida, y con tanto movimiento alrededor es imposible no experimentar vértigo y desorientación. Es lo que vuelve necesaria más que nunca la filosofía. Su papel ha sido siempre el de orientar en el pensamiento y permitirnos encontrar puntos de referencia a partir de los cuales trazar reflexivamente un camino para movernos a través de la huidiza realidad. Así pues, en medio del vértigo que causa la revolución tecnológica en curso, la filosofía, con su ritmo lento y pausado, permite desacelerar el paso trepidante que acompaña estos cambios, ayudando a avizorar mejor el rumbo que siguen y, todavía más, anticipar el que pueden seguir. En pocas palabras, ofrece un espacio de reflexión para hallar algo de sentido en medio del vórtice. A esta tarea responde, pues, el presente libro. Las contribuciones reunidas aquí responden, en efecto, al deseo de elaborar reflexivamente, al compás de la filosofía, algunas de las inquietudes existenciales, antropológicas, éticas, ambientales, etc., que han surgido en estos tiempos, debido a la conciencia que se ha ganado acerca de que la técnica es el horizonte en el que insoslayablemente se define la condición humana. En otras palabras, se interrogan por ¿qué significa vivir en un mundo técnico como el nuestro y, sobre todo, qué peligros entraña para el ser humano vivir en un mundo así? ¿Puede acaso el mundo técnico ser inhumano? ¿Cómo? ¿Por qué? Así pues, los trabajos que conforman este volumen se mueven, principalmente, en torno a tres ejes: (i) repensar la naturaleza del fenómeno técnico, (ii) examinar el cuerpo humano expuesto a la mirada técnica y, finalmente, (iii) exhibir problemas éticos propios de la era técnica. Es así como, de la mano del filósofo político Leo Strauss, el capítulo de Oscar M. Donato se esmera en desentrañar cuál es la concepción de la técnica de dicho autor y cómo tal concepción está enmarcada en lo que Strauss denomina “la primera ola de la modernidad”, mostrando así la íntima relación entre el surgimiento de la técnica y el marco cultural y político que le dio dio lugar. Por su parte, William F. Guerrero Salazar vuelve en su capítulo sobre el pensamiento de Martin Heidegger para despejar una posible propuesta ética en el filósofo alemán, basada en la comprensión de la ética no como conjunto de preceptos o principios morales, sino como una forma de habitar el mundo, de donde se plantea la pregunta de hasta dónde es en verdad habitable, es decir ético, el mundo técnico descrito por Heidegger. El capítulo de Diana M. Muñoz González también quiere poner a prueba la actualidad y el alcance explicativo de la reflexión heideggeriana sobre la técnica, en su caso frente al transhumanismo, y deja ver que pese a su distancia temporal respecto a este proyecto reciente que preconiza una modificación tecnológica radical del ser humano, la filosofía de Heidegger está en condición de ofrecer herramientas analíticas útiles para apuntalar una mirada crítica sobre la ideología transhumanista, la cual, en tanto sintomática de un modo de pensar técnico-metafísico, se revela deshumanizante. De otro lado, e interesado a su vez en indagar acerca de la imagen que el transhumanismo se hace del ser humano, el capítulo de Ángel Rivera Novoa moviliza la teoría de la mente extendida de Clark y Chalmers para contrastarla con la figura del ciborg (un ser que está a medio camino entre lo orgánico y lo cibernético), lo que le permite arrojar una sombra de escepticismo sobre la exaltada pretensión transhumanista de mejorar las capacidades mentales humanas mediante prótesis cibernéticas que producirían mentes super humanas. Del mismo modo, el capítulo de José Luis Luna Bravo apela a la reflexión fenomenológica de estirpe husserliana para preguntarse si, como sostienen los transhumanistas, el cuerpo híbrido de los ciborgs experimenta y tiene un acceso perceptual al mundo completamente diferente respecto al de los cuerpos humanos no modificados. José Pedro Cornejo Santibañez nos ofrece, por su parte, una aproximación adicional al problema de la técnica y su relación con el cuerpo a partir del pensamiento de Martin Heidegger. Dada la relación humanotécnica, Cornejo se enfoca en el polo humano de esta relación para mostrar las condiciones que hacen posible a la técnica misma e identifica a lo que él denomina “apertura bidimensional de la existencia” como la clave que descifra la relación que tenemos con los objetos técnicos. Tal apertura, no osbtante, no podría pensarse al margen de la corporalidad, ya que es sólo a través del cuerpo que podemos relacionarnos con los objetos técnicos. Todavía en la misma línea de cuestionar la manera cómo en la era técnica se piensa la condición corpórea del ser humano, el capítulo de César A. Delgado Lombana llama la atención sobre una aproximación médica, hoy en día hegemónica, que bajo el pretexto de tratar la enfermedad, la entiende cada vez más como un problema técnico soluble, y al hacerlo desconoce el sufrimiento y el dolor como siendo experiencias esenciales constitutivas

A common application of parametric design is observed in the field of generative processes. Offering the possibility of incorporation of variety along with multiplicity, parametric has presented new ways of creatively employing such repetitive patterns. However, the application of this creativity is often restricted up to formal characteristics, with a complete neglect of perceptual qualities of the composed space. In this reference, the chapter primarily questions whether creativity is only applicable to the formal attributes of the repetitive pattern in parametric design; and further aims to examine how parametric design can undertake a repetitive pattern to simultaneously achieve remarkable creativity in its formal as well as perceptual attributes. This aim is addressed here by proposing a particular approach of assemblage; an approach that can enable the designer to visualise the constant interaction between organizational qualities and perceptual qualities of the composition; and in turn to achieve the desired attribute of the compositional whole.

A presente pesquisa objetivou demonstrar a importância de trabalhar as inteligências múltiplas e a interdisciplinariedade, enfatizando atividades lúdicas que estimulem a criança e ensinem ao mesmo tempo. Os jogos e brincadeiras, quando trabalhados de maneira integrada às demais disciplinas, ajudam no melhor desenvolvimento cogntivo e social da criança. Dessa forma, buscou-se elementos que pudessem enfatizar a equiparação das manifestações corporais, como forma de expressão da inteligência nos processos de compreensão da estimulação da atividade motora na integração entre os sistemas perceptual e o sistema motor em aulas de Educação Física Escolar. A pesquisa teve como objetivo principal: ressaltar a importância da ludicidade no desenvolvimento das inteligências múltiplas. Metodologicamente se caracteria como uma pesquisa descritiva, uma vez que este estudo procura dar ênfase à ludicidade e às inteligências múltiplas, considerando que a criança deve ser explorada em todas suas potencialidades e que necessita de opurtunidades diferenciadas para se desenvolver, tendo como base a interdisciplinaridade em seus processos de ensino-aprendizagem.

Visto de manera amplia, el lenguaje puede ser descrito como compuesto de tres grandes componentes: uno que se encarga de la producción de los sonidos del habla (el sistema sensorio-motor o articulatorio-perceptual), otro que involucra los procesos de simbolización (el sistema conceptual-intencional) y otro que combina piezas lingüísticas pequeñas para formar otras más grandes (el sistema sintáctico). En los estudios sobre la evolución del primer componente, se han desarrollado comparaciones entre la fisiología del aparato fonador de la especie Homo sapiens sapiens (o humana) con la de los fósiles de especies ancestrales y de primates y otros animales contemporáneos (como en Lieberman, 1975), crucialmente, vinculadas con la laringe descendida de los adultos humanos (véase la argumentación de Lieberman y otros, 1969, y la contrapropuesta de Fitch, 2010). Del mismo modo, se han desarrollado propuestas en relación con el control vocal y respiratorio (Deacon, 1997 y Fitch, 2010), la especialización de la percepción del habla, entre otros asuntos

En el campo del diseño, y por la propia naturaleza del trabajo disciplinar, los conceptos que se construyen y que son propios del discurso proyectual, son los sistemas que generan formas estéticas, formas perceptuales que satisfacen necesidades, que solucionan problemas antropológicos, que conforman la cultura material y que por supuesto abonan al conocimiento del diseño. Por eso al nombrar distintos objetos como: silla, mesa, sofá, estufa, refrigerador, plancha, ordenador, escritorio, radio, grabadora, entre muchos otros que rodean la vida cotidiana de nosotros los humanos, no sólo nos referimos a la cosa tangible, material y presente, también nos referimos a la idea, al concepto, al sistema, a la imagen que formamos mentalmente y que tiene para nosotros una estructura y una apariencia exterior, una figura que nos posibilita si ya existe, o posibilitará en el porvenir la estética y con ello la asignación de significados según la circunstancia en que se encuentre.

According to Plato’s Timaeus the universe is bound together by proportion (analogia). In the 12th-century reception of Plato (and the late-ancient Platonists), the quest to understand the ordered system of natural powers became coterminous with determining both the harmony of nature’s original divine constitution and the creative power that it continues to exert. And just as the world’s body is made continuous and unified by proportional bonds among the elements, so too is the soul structured in accord with numerical ratios, and its powers are thus properly proportioned by similar harmonies. If the perceptual unity of music harmony is, in the words of the Timaeus, an “imitation of divine harmony manifested in mortal motions,” then understanding musical ratios and proportions may provide a key to understanding the powers of both the macrocosm (the universe) and the microcosm (the human body and soul) alike.

Resumen: Se realiza un estudio completo, teórico, empírico, numérico y perceptual, de las Maisons Jaoul de Le Corbusier intentando esclarecer su comportamiento higrotérmico y climático. Con ello se pretende conocer en detalle la realidad de esta obra emblemática de la arquitectura doméstica del siglo XX. De la contraposición de los datos obtenidos en las dos viviendas de volumetría y compacidad prácticamente iguales, pero con una orientación ortogonal se extraen conclusiones reveladoras que no hacen más que afianzar la condición excepcional de las Maisons Jaoul dentro de la obra del arquitecto. Todo ello, tamizado por la percepción de los actuales habitantes de las viviendas. Abstract: Trying to achieve a better understanding of the higrothermic performance of The Maisons Jaoul of Le Corbusier, they are studied from different approaches: theoretical, empiric, numeric and perceptual. The aim is to understand profoundly this emblematic building of the domestic architecture of the XX century. For that, the study analyses the project, but also compares and contrasts a series of data coming from the two houses which have a very similar volume and compactness but orthogonal orientation to finally take account of the perception of the actual inhabitants. Conclusions are revealing and strengthen the idea of how exceptional the Maisons Jaoul are in the architect's production. Palabras calve: Le Corbusier; Maisons Jaoul; Confort higrotérmico; bioclimatismo, sostenibilidad. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Maisons Jaoul; Hygrothermal comfort; bioclimatic, sustainability. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1005

Resumen: Este artículo analiza los croquis de las primeras versiones del proyecto de la Cité de Refuge de Paris desvelando las sucesivas estrategias empleadas en el proceso de proyecto así como la génesis de la propuesta finalmente construida. A partir de la ordenación y análisis de los croquis que se conservan en la Fondation Le Corbusier se exponen los mecanismos perceptivos y compositivos que Le Corbusier empleó, las decisiones puntuales en las primeras fases del proyecto, sus consecuencias formales y organizativas así como las connotaciones simbólicas que otorgaba a cada una de las formas arquitectónicas y a su organización en la época de redacción de este proyecto. Abstract: This article analyzes the sketches about the project first versions of the Cité de Refuge in Paris, unveiling the successive strategies used in the design process as well as the genesis of the proposal finally built. After arrange and analysis the Fondation Le Corbusier documentation, they are exposed perceptual and compositional mechanisms that Le Corbusier used, the specific decisions in the early stages of the project, its formal and organizational consequences as well as the symbolism of the architectural forms usual for him at the time working in this project.Palabras claves: Le Corbusier, Cité de Refuge, figura y fondo, secuencia perceptiva. Keywords: Le Corbusier, Cité de Refuge, figure and background, perceptive sequence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.553

Dynamic flight simulators are the pinnacle of science quest to establish a pilot training device that is as real as possible. A brief history of the science involved explain things like: realism, perceptual threshold, motion illusions, G excess, etc. Method: A literature review of the current state of the art in flight simulation for specific sensorial training. Details are presented on various motion platforms (fixed with angular motion, rotary, centrifuge mounted, 6 dof (degrees of freedom)) and their advantages and disadvantages. The focus is on advanced performance pilots. Our personal experience with a 3 dof rotary device is summarized. Our device training focus was on spatial disorientation and the main profiles of motion illusions are detailed (leans, somatogyral, Coriolis). Visual illusions are mentioned but not included in the results due to simulation limits. Results: Personal inference over the efficiency of the training regarding understanding, fixation and compensatory skills by reviewing relevant published data and personal experience with the 3 dof device. In our experience, from 355 pilots who attended the training, 79.72% perceived the training as useful. From the responders that did not appreciate the training, 90.28% were rotary wing pilots. Leans and Coriolis illusion had the most impact. While Coriolis is an easy illusion to demonstrate (a Barany chair usually suffice), Leans requires advanced equipment and profile tuning research. Reasons for perceived training inefficiency is detailed. Personal recommendations on future training paradigm are given. Conclusion: There is not yet a perfect flight training device. Good results maybe obtain with even the simplest of devices, providing the team is willing and able to trim the software according to individual and group needs.

A engenharia de software embarcado vem evoluindo rapidamente ao longo dos últimos anos, em especial para lidar com o aumento da complexidade associada a grande quantidade de requisitos funcionais e características transversais associadas aos requisitos não-funcionais. O processo de identificar e especificar a seleção de pontos onde as características transversais devem ser tratadas vem sendo amplamente discutido desde meados dos anos 90, especialmente no contexto da Aspect-Oriented Software Development (AOSD) e modelagem. No entanto, a compreensão de tais especificações é muitas vezes difícil, pois a sintaxe e a semântica das linguagens utilizadas, principalmente as linguagens visuais, não permitem intuir facilmente o significado dos símbolos usados. Tal situação produz artefatos difíceis de compreender e manter. Portanto, o processo de localizar, identificar, e especificar os pontos onde as características transversais devem ser tratadas e chave no projeto de software embarcado, pois pode levar à problemas no desenvolvimento e, principalmente, na integração dos componentes do software do sistema. Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação empírica com o objetivo de avaliar a compreensão da especificação de seleção de POCT em sistemas embarcados de forma indireta através da avaliação ao dos efeitos cognitivos e das propriedades de percepção das notações. Foram avaliadas três notaçõees, duas gráficas (JPDD e Theme/UML) e uma textual (AspectJ), que foram usadas para especificar implícita e explicitamente a seleção de POCT (para 15 pontos distintos) em três projetos de software embarcados diferentes que representam aplicações reais no contexto de sistemas de automação. Para tal, propõe-se um modelo de qualidade baseado no framework conceitual “Physics of Notation” (PON). Foram usadas nove métricas para quantificar as propriedades perceptuais na especificação da seleção de POCT, sendo que algumas métricas foram criadas e outras representam conceitos dentro dos princípios do PON. Os resultados dos experimentos mostram como cada uma das notações impacta na compreensão das especificações criadas. Foram encontradas evidencias empíricas de que a especificação gráfica das seleções dos POCT tem pouca discriminação sobre a eficácia cognitiva das representações visuais (conforme o framework PON) e, portanto, os indícios apontam para a conclusão de que o uso de notações visuais para especificar a seleção de POCT é um processo inconsciente e sujeito a ambiguidades tanto na especificação dos artefatos quanto na compreensão e interpretação deles.

Drawing on the efforts, initially mentioned within the "ENHANCING E-LEARNING THROUGH USING STUDENTS' VIRTUAL CLONES" pre-sented during the 2014 eLSE Conference, this paper plunges into the actual mechanisms of cognitive clone generation. Cognitive sciences are either (1) theoretical constructions meant to secure the knowledge acquisition, or (2) collections of knowledge criteria and conditions meant to objectivize it. In order to reach out and grasp the rational structure in things, their unity and definition, we should be able to express an inner thought by generating a "matter- form"-tuple in voce. The traditional approach to knowledge management - (a) knowledge acqui-sition, (b) knowledge building, and (c) meaning extraction - implies its under-standing as a hermeneutical method heavily employed by an alert cognizant able to gain an objective and gradual understanding in experiencing the reality. Our intuition says that a subject carrying knowledge management capabilities is actually immersed within a field of morphing logical forms. The knowledge is (i) a field since it could encompasses reality & possibility-wide events; it is (ii) morphing since it is acting internally (i.e. morphing) upon each cognizant sub-ject's knowledge, and it is (iii) of logical forms since its combined perception - thinking is solidified into notions (i.e. logical forms). In our view, (a) knowledge acquisition is, above all, a continuous interpreta-tion over the real and/or possible situations - finalized into logical forms to which individuals are exposed during their experiences, while (b) knowledge building reflects its incremental accumulation, either due to the actual evolution of the supporting events, or due to the cognizant' intended actions; while (c) meaning extraction refers to the identification of subjective relationships between logical forms (existing knowledge within an ontology) and the actual acquired knowledge by the cognizant individuals. Briefly, the proposed approach is based on this ancient reality's intrinsic structure made out of: (i) matter (characterized as global and unique) and (ii) forms (hierarchically organized and saturating the matter). Logical forms, acting as perceptual masks for our understanding, transfigure the matter. Therefore, our quest for knowledge acquisition and understanding should start by chasing the logical forms the ontic entities are subjected to. In fact, these logical forms wrap up the reality, altering, in a subject-specific manner, the knowledge repository within all related cognizant subjects. For such a subject, understanding is a process governed by repeatedly acquiring logical forms over the same event and by checking upon necessary mappings between the every-time-acquired knowledge and the constantly evolving corresponding notion (representing the process of cognitive logical forms' generation),. A new perspective is envisioned and under scrutiny over the way that science and engineering tackle the reality, our approach intending to reproduce the human knowledge acquisition process. Reaching out and grasping the rational structure in things is nothing else than identifying the logical forms within the things, representing a process of embedding notions and their descriptions into individuals' knowledge repositories.

La fonología y la fonética son dos ramas de lingüística o niveles del lenguaje que se encargan de estudiar los sonidos de una determinada lengua. Por una parte, la fonología analiza la representación mental y abstracta de los sonidos desde la perspectiva funcional (fonemas) y, por otra parte, la fonética se enfoca en las características articulatorias, acústicas, perceptuales y físicas de los sonidos cuando este es producido (fonos - alófonos). En esta clase se explican algunas variaciones fonéticas entre el español de Chile y Costa Rica, así como también el desarrollo y la exploración de la fonética y fonología infantil desde la perspectiva de Hodson B. (Evaluación de Procesos Fonológicos "APP-S") utilizada en Costa Rica y la perspectiva de Pavez, Maggiolo y Coloma (Test para Evaluar Procesos de Simplificación Fonológica "TEPROSIF-R"), utilizada en Chile.

La fonología y la fonética son dos ramas de lingüística o niveles del lenguaje que se encargan de estudiar los sonidos de una determinada lengua. Por una parte, la fonología analiza la representación mental y abstracta de los sonidos desde la perspectiva funcional (fonemas) y, por otra parte, la fonética se enfoca en las características articulatorias, acústicas, perceptuales y físicas de los sonidos cuando este es producido (fonos - alófonos). En esta clase se explican algunas variaciones fonéticas entre el español de Chile y Costa Rica, así como también el desarrollo y la exploración de la fonética y fonología infantil desde la perspectiva de Hodson B. (Evaluación de Procesos Fonológicos "APP-S") utilizada en Costa Rica y la perspectiva de Pavez, Maggiolo y Coloma (Test para Evaluar Procesos de Simplificación Fonológica "TEPROSIF-R"), utilizada en Chile.