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Books on the topic 'Perceptual cues and mechanisms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 January 2025

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1

Stine, Gabriel. Neural mechanisms for forming and terminating a perceptual decision. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2022.

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2

Zanon, Sandra Lia. Effects of combined perceptual and conceptual retrieval cues on primed word-fragment completion. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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3

Jan, Gauffin, and Hammarberg Britta, eds. Vocal fold physiology: Acoustic, perceptual, and physiological aspects of voice mechanisms. San Diego, Calif: Singular Pub. Group, 1991.

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4

Hinkle, William. Neural Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of Food Cues and Acute Exercise: A functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Functional Connectivity Investigation. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2013.

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5

Sundar, S. Shyam. Social psychology of interactivity in human-website interaction. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0007.

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This article discusses interactivity as a modality feature, source feature, and message feature. It argues that the ultimate effect of interactivity does not lie so much in its function as a peripheral cue in the message context, but as a technological feature that boosts social-psychological effects of content by creating greater user engagement with it. Interactivity can manifest itself by extending the range and functionality of all three basic elements of mediated communication – source, modality, message – and, through theoretical mechanisms involving concepts such as perceptual bandwidth, customization, and contingency, it can determine the manner in which content is psychologically processed by users.
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6

Johnson, Samuel G. B., and Woo-kyoung Ahn. Causal Mechanisms. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.12.

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This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical results concerning knowledge of causal mechanisms—beliefs about how and why events are causally linked. First, it reviews the effects of mechanism knowledge, showing that mechanism knowledge can override other cues to causality (including covariation evidence and temporal cues) and structural constraints (the Markov condition), and that mechanisms play a key role in various forms of inductive inference. Second, it examines several theories of how mechanisms are mentally represented—as associations, forces or powers, icons, abstract placeholders, networks, or schemas—and the empirical evidence bearing on each theory. Finally, it describes ways that people acquire mechanism knowledge, discussing the contributions from statistical induction, testimony, reasoning, and perception. For each of these topics, it highlights key open questions for future research.
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7

Liebenthal, Einat, and Lynne E. Bernstein, eds. Neural Mechanisms of Perceptual Categorization as Precursors to Speech Perception. Frontiers Media SA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-158-6.

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8

Gauffin, Jan, and Britta Hammarberg. Vocal Fold Physiology: Acoustic, Perceptual, and Physiological Aspects of Voice Mechanisms. Singular Publishing Group, 1991.

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9

Mattavelli, Giulia, Alessia Celeghin, and Noemi Mazzoni, eds. Explicit and Implicit Emotion Processing: Neural Basis, Perceptual and Cognitive Mechanisms. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-177-0.

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10

Centre for Vision Research International Conference on Perceptual Organization. Centre for Vision Research, York University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/39500.

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A principal challenge for both human and machine vision systems is to integrate and organize the diversity of cues received from the environment into the coherent global representations required to make good decisions and take effective actions. This conference brings together an interdisciplinary roster of leading researchers in both biological and computer vision to report and discuss the latest research on this process of perceptual organization.
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11

An investigation of mechanisms underlying the mental practice effect. 1991.

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12

An investigation of mechanisms underlying the mental practice effect. 1989.

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13

Little, Daniel, Nicholas Altieri, Mario Fific, and Cheng-Ta Yang. Systems Factorial Technology: A Theory Driven Methodology for the Identification of Perceptual and Cognitive Mechanisms. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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14

Little, Daniel, Nicholas Altieri, Mario Fific, and Cheng-Ta Yang. Systems Factorial Technology: A Theory Driven Methodology for the Identification of Perceptual and Cognitive Mechanisms. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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15

Contingent attentional capture: Final report, joint research interchange NCA2-797. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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16

Contingent attentional capture: Final report, joint research interchange NCA2-797. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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17

Clark, Kelsey L., Behrad Noudoost, Robert J. Schafer, and Tirin Moore. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.010.

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Covert spatial attention prioritizes the processing of stimuli at a given peripheral location, away from the direction of gaze, and selectively enhances visual discrimination, speed of processing, contrast sensitivity, and spatial resolution at the attended location. While correlates of this type of attention, which are believed to underlie perceptual benefits, have been found in a variety of visual cortical areas, more recent observations suggest that these effects may originate from frontal and parietal areas. Evidence for a causal role in attention is especially robust for the Frontal Eye Field, an oculomotor area within the prefrontal cortex. FEF firing rates have been shown to reflect the location of voluntarily deployed covert attention in a variety of tasks, and these changes in firing rate precede those observed in extrastriate cortex. In addition, manipulation of FEF activity—whether via electrical microstimulation, pharmacologically, or operant conditioning—can produce attention-like effects on behaviour and can modulate neural signals within posterior visual areas. We review this evidence and discuss the role of the FEF in visual spatial attention.
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18

Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.

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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can prime the production of a rapid eye movement (saccade). Importantly, LIP cells can select visual targets without triggering saccades, showing that they implement an internal (covert) form of selection that can be flexibly linked with action by virtue of additional, independent mechanisms. The target selection response in LIP is modulated by bottom-up factors and by multiple task-related factors. These modulations are likely to arise through learning and may reflect a multitude of computations through which the brain decides when and to what to attend.
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19

Martin, Graham R. Birds Underwater: A Paucity of Information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.003.0007.

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Entering beneath the water surface produces a radical change in perceptual challenges. The eye is no longer able to focus adequately and, with increasing depth, light levels decrease and the spectral properties of ambient light narrows with the result that visual resolution decreases rapidly and colour cues are lost. Diving to depth is rapid which means that perceptual challenges change constantly. This results in a paucity of visual information and olfaction and hearing cannot be used to complement this loss. Amphibious foragers must rely upon minimal cues and very specialized foraging behaviours; some ducks may forage for sessile prey using touch sensitivity in the bill, cormorants use a technique in which they trigger an escape response from a fish which they catch at very short range, while penguins and auks may rely upon minimal cues from photophores on fish and random encounters with prey.
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20

Cohen, Marlene R., and John H. R. Maunsell. Neuronal Mechanisms of Spatial Attention in Visual Cerebral Cortex. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.007.

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Attention is associated with improved performance on perceptual tasks and changes in the way that neurons in the visual system respond to sensory stimuli. While we now have a greater understanding of the way different behavioural and stimulus conditions modulate the responses of neurons in different cortical areas, it has proven difficult to identify the neuronal mechanisms responsible for these changes and establish a strong link between attention-related modulation of sensory responses and changes in perception. Recent conceptual and technological advances have enabled progress and hold promise for the future. This chapter focuses on newly established links between attention-related modulation of visual responses and bottom-up sensory processing, how attention relates to interactions between neurons, insights from simultaneous recordings from groups of cells, and how this knowledge might lead to greater understanding of the link between the effects of attention on sensory neurons and perception.
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21

Noordhof, Paul. Evaluative Perception as Response-Dependent Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786054.003.0005.

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One dimension of the controversy over whether evaluative properties are presented in perceptual content has general roots in the debate over whether perceptual content, in general, is rich or austere. This chapter argues that we need to recognize a level of rich non-sensory perceptual content, drawing on experiences of chicken sexing and speech perception, to capture what our experience is like and our epistemic entitlements. In both cases (and many others), we are not conscious of the precise perceptual cues that are the basis for discriminations and, thus, the characterization of the phenomenal content of such experiences must go beyond sensory properties. Nevertheless, this point is arguably insufficient to establish the perception of evaluative properties. Their representation requires the subject to respond in certain ways. The chapter discusses how this should go for the case of pain and then, in outline, for moral properties.
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22

Carpinella, Colleen M., and Kerri L. Johnson. Face Value: Facial Appearance and Assessments of Politicians. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.62.

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The facial appearance of political candidates provides information to voters that can be vital to the impression-formation process. Traditionally, psychological research in the field of appearance-based politics has concentrated on investigating whether politicians’ physical appearance impacts perceptions of them. Recently, the focus has shifted from examining whether facial cues matter for impression formation to determining (1) which facial cues matter for voters’ perceptions of politicians and (2) how such visual cues are utilized within the political decision-making process. This shift in research focus has ushered in an appreciation of facial competence and physical attractiveness, and it has been marked by a renewed interest in studying how gender stereotypes impact the influence of politician appearance on perceptions of male and female politicians. In addition, this renewed interest in studying underlying mechanisms in appearance-based politics has spurred on research that includes a broader range of downstream consequences such as evaluations of leadership potential, voting behavior, and even basic political party affiliation categorizations.
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23

Buchanan, Allen. Toward a Naturalistic Theory of Inclusivist Moral Progress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868413.003.0007.

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This chapter presents the evolutionary core of a naturalistic theory that can account for the “inclusivist anomaly” discussed in the previous chapter. It draws upon a wide range of evidence suggesting that evolution has produced “adaptively plastic” moral psychological mechanisms that are configured to prevent inclusivist moral norms and dispositions from developing in certain environments, while allowing them to flourish in others. This evolutionary model of moral psychological development unifies a wide range of observations in disciplines as diverse as anthropology, psychology, sociology, history, and economics. Crucially, the specific environmental cues that we hypothesize guide human moral psychological development—in particular, cues that are indicative of out-group threat—are within the powers of human beings to modify.
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24

Horner, John D., Bartosz J. Płachno, Ulrike Bauer, and Bruno Di Giusto. Attraction of prey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0012.

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The ability to attract prey has long been considered a universal trait of carnivorous plants. We review studies from the past 25 years that have investigated the mechanisms by which carnivorous plants attract prey to their traps. Potential attractants include nectar, visual, olfactory, and acoustic cues. Each of these has been well documented to be effective in various species, but prey attraction is not ubiquitous among carnivorous plants. Directions for future research, especially in native habitats in the field, include: the qualitative and quantitative analysis of visual cues, volatiles, and nectar; temporal changes in attractants; synergistic action of combinations of attractants; the cost of attractants; and responses to putative attractants in electroantennograms and insect behavioral tests.
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25

Shiffrar, Maggie, and Christina Joseph. Paths of Apparent Human Motion Follow Motor Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0077.

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The phenomenon of apparent motion, or the illusory perception of movement from rapidly displayed static images, provides an excellent platform for the study of how perceptual systems analyze input over time and space. Studies of the human body in apparent motion further suggest that the visual system is also influenced by an observer’s motor experience with his or her own body. As a result, the human visual system sometimes processes human movement differently from object movement. For example, under apparent motion conditions in which inanimate objects appear to traverse the shortest possible paths of motion, human motion instead appears to follow longer, biomechanically plausible paths of motion. Psychophysical and brain imaging studies converge in supporting the hypothesis that the visual analysis of human movement differs from the visual analysis of nonhuman movements whenever visual motion cues are consistent with an observer’s motor repertoire of possible human actions.
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26

Nobre, Anna C. (Kia), and Gustavo Rohenkohl. Time for the Fourth Dimension in Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.036.

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This chapter takes attention into the fourth dimension by considering research that explores how predictive information in the temporal structure of events can contribute to optimizing perception. The authors review behavioural and neural findings from three lines of investigation in which the temporal regularity and predictability of events are manipulated through rhythms, hazard functions, and cues. The findings highlight the fundamental role temporal expectations play in shaping several aspects of performance, from early perceptual analysis to motor preparation. They also reveal modulation of neural activity by temporal expectations all across the brain. General principles of how temporal expectations are generated and bias information processing are still emerging. The picture so far suggests that there may be multiple sources of temporal expectation, which can bias multiple stages of stimulus analysis depending on the stages of information processing that are critical for task performance. Neural oscillations are likely to provide an important medium through which the anticipated timing of events can regulate neuronal excitability.
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27

Anderson, James A. Brain Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0015.

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“What is a number that a man may know it?” (Warren McCulloch). A wave model can determine “numerosity” (number of identical items) for small numbers of items. Identity and numerosity can be explained through similar mechanisms. Can there be a biology of number? Imaging studies find a topographic map of number magnitude in the human brain. Higher mathematics is based in part on refined perception. Classic mathematical philosophy—Platonism and formalism—may be usefully extended with perceptual components both learned and unlearned. Perceptual involvement suggests why mathematics is surprisingly good at dealing with the physical world. We find perceptual involvement even in simple integer multiplication. We can use “active” perceptual-based nets to program elementary abstract mathematical operations. A “brain-like” program is described for the “greater-than” program done by a digital computer in Chapter 4
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28

Fujita, Kazuo, Noriyuki Nakamura, and Sota Watanabe. Visual Illusion in a Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0003.

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Visual illusions in nonhuman animals are not only an intriguing topic in themselves but also an important question to understand regarding how humans’ perceptual systems have developed through evolution, why they work as they do, and what mechanisms such illusory processes are based on. Furthermore, the effects of early experience on illusory perception can be understood by controlling raising environments of nonhumans. This chapter presents a brief review of the literature then looks at more recent systematic analyses mainly focused on pigeons. Although pigeons are susceptible to various illusions, they perceive some of the illusory figures distorted in the direction opposite to humans. Perceptual systems in pigeons are likely to be adaptive to the way they live in their environment. The chapter presents a view of human perceptual functions situated in the animal kingdom.
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29

Maruska, Karen P., and Russell D. Fernald. Social Regulation of Gene Expression in the African Cichlid Fish. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.012.

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How does an animal’s social environment shape its behavior and physiology, and what underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms lead to phenotypic changes? To address this question, the authors used a model system that exhibits socially regulated plastic phenotypes, behavioral complexity, molecular level access, and genomic resources. The African cichlid fishAstatotilapia burtoni, in which male status and reproductive physiology are under social control, has become an important model for studying the mechanisms that regulate complex social behaviors. This chapter reviews what is known about how information from the social environment produces changes in behavior, physiology, and gene expression profiles in the brain and reproductive axis ofA. burtoni. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for translating perception of social cues into molecular change in a model vertebrate is important for identifying selective pressures and evolutionary mechanisms that shape the brain and ultimately result in diverse and complex social behaviors.
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30

Masuda, Takahiko, Liman Man Wai Li, and Matthew J. Russell. Judging the World Dialectically versus Non-Dialectically. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0007.

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For over three decades, cultural psychologists have advocated the importance of cultural meaning systems and their effects on basic modes of perception and cognition. This chapter reviews findings which have demonstrated that culturally dominant ways of thinking influence people’s basic perceptual and cognitive processes: East Asians are more likely to endorse holistic thinking and dialectical thinking style when they process information, such that they incorporate more contextual information into their judgments of focal objects, and North Americans are more likely to endorse non-dialectical thinking and analytical thinking styles, by focusing on foreground information. The chapter also reviews recent findings related to higher cognitive processes in judgments and decision making processes. It emphasizes two lines of research showing how cultural differences in perception and cognition affect the online decision making process, one involving various online processes in decision making and the other involving how cultures experience indecisiveness in their decisions. Finally, this chapter introduces recent findings highlighting how cultural differences in perception and cognition affect how people make judgments involved in resource allocation, how cultural consistency values affect personality judgments, and how memory judgments are affected by neural cues. To close, it discusses the importance of this line of research and its future directions.
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31

Clasen, Mathias. How Horror Works, I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666507.003.0003.

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Horror fiction exploits deep-seated psychological mechanisms that evolved over millions of years in response to threats in the environment. As Charles Darwin documented, our species, like all other organisms, evolved in an adaptive relation to our environment. Archaeological and anthropological evidence suggests that human prehistoric existence was more dangerous than life in modern industrialized nations. That dangerous existence has given rise, as studied in evolutionary psychology, to an evolved fear system—since fear is, as H.P. Lovecraft stated, the oldest and strongest emotion—a watchful, hypersensitive set of mechanisms that prompt us to respond strongly to even ambiguous cues of danger. Horror fiction exploits this system by immersing us in fictional worlds that teem with danger, aligning us with characters that face monstrous threats, and evoking in us negative emotions such as fear and anxiety.
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32

White, Peter A. Visual Impressions of Causality. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.17.

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A simple animation in which a moving object contacts a stationary one and the latter then moves off gives rise to a visual impression in which the first object makes the second one move. There are several other kinds of visual causal impressions; they are perceptual interpretations that go beyond, and disambiguate, the information in the stimulus. It has been argued that visual causal impressions result from the activation of innate perceptual structures or mechanisms. It has also been argued that visual causal impressions result from the activation of memorial information based on past experience. These past experiences may be of actions on objects or of other things acting on a passive actor. Whichever of these hypotheses turns out to be correct, the visual world as experienced is already interpreted in terms of causality before causal reasoning processes begin to operate.
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33

Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Countershading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0004.

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Countershading is a coloration pattern where the exterior surfaces most exposed to light, typically dorsal surfaces, are more darkly coloured than those oriented away from light, typically ventral surfaces. Countershading is widely discussed as a camouflage defence, although other functions—such as thermoregulation, abrasion resistance, and protection from ultraviolet light—may also select for countershading. In terms of camouflage, countershading is thought to work by up to six distinct mechanisms. We discuss several key examples of countershading and counterillumination that give insight into some of this complexity, before reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of each of the six mechanisms. These include relatively simple effects, such as background matching dorsal surfaces against dark oceanic depths when viewed from above and ventral surfaces against downwelling light when viewed from below, but also more complex mechanisms, such as the concealment of cues to three-dimensional shape created by an animal’s self-cast shadows. Following this are sections on the evolution and genetics of countershading, before the chapter concludes with ecological considerations and suggestions for future research.
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34

Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Functions of Same-Tracking. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0004.

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There are non-uniceptual same-tracking mechanisms, mechanisms that same-track not in order to implement storage of information about their targets, but merely as an aid to the identification of further things. Examples are the various mechanisms of perceptual constancy, self-relative location trackers, object-constancy mechanisms, and same-trackers for real categories. There are also several kinds of unicepts, hence, of unitrackers, procedural, substantive, attributive. What begins as a non-uniceptual same-tracker might or might not be redeployed to serve also as a procedural unitracker, or a procedural unitracker might be redeployed to serve also as a substance unitracker or an attribute unitracker. This is possible because the difference between affordances, substances, and attributes is not a basic ontological distinction but is relative to cognitive use.
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35

Field, Matt. Attentional biases in drug abuse and addiction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0003.

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Drug abuse and addiction are associated with biases in selective attention for drug-associated stimuli. This chapter reviews this literature and discusses it within existing theoretical frameworks. Although the existence of attentional biases is well documented, a variety of different paradigms (that may tap different mechanisms) have been used, leaving the cognitive and attentional processes involved in attentional biases poorly understood and in need of clarification. Consistent with some theoretical predictions, the evidence suggests that attentional biases operate in early stages of attentional processing and thus they may be ‘automatic’. Attentional biases are closely associated with subjective drug craving, and recent research suggests that this relationship may be bidirectional in nature: elevated drug craving may make drug-related cues more salient, but pronounced attentional biases may promote further increases in craving. Theoretical predictions that attentional biases are ultimately caused by classical conditioning mechanisms, and the relationships between attentional biases and drug-use behaviours at different stages of addiction, are also discussed.
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36

Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Disruptive camouflage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0003.

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Disruptive camouflage involves using coloration to hinder detection or recognition of an object’s outline, or other conspicuous features of its body. This involves using coloration to create ‘false’ edges that make the ‘true’ interior and exterior edges used by visual predators to find and recognize prey less apparent. Disruptive camouflage can therefore be thought of as a manipulation of the signal-to-noise ratio that depends on features of the perceptual processing of receivers. This chapter discusses the multiple mechanisms via which disruptive camouflage is thought to influence visual processing, from edge detection, through perceptual grouping, and then on to object recognition processing. This receiver-centred approach—rather than a prey-phenotype-centred approach—aims to integrate disruption within the sensory ecology of predator–prey interactions. We then discuss the taxonomic, ecological, and behavioural correlates of disruptive camouflage strategies, work on the relationship between disruption and other forms of protective coloration, and review the development of approaches to quantifying disruption in animals.
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37

Frühholz, Sascha, and Pascal Belin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Voice Perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743187.001.0001.

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The past decades have seen an explosion of research into the psychological, cognitive, neural, biological, and technical mechanisms of voice perception. These mechanisms refer to the general ability to extract information from voices expressed by other living beings or by technical systems. Voice perception research is now a lively area of research, which is studied from many different perspectives ranging from basic research on the acoustic analysis of vocalizations and the neural and cognitive mechanisms, to comparative research across ages, species, and cultures, up to applied research in the field of machine-based generation and decoding of voices, telecommunication, psychiatry, and neurology. This handbook provides a comprehensive and authoritative overview on all the major research fields related to voice perception, in an accessible form, for a broad readership of students, scholars, and researchers. The handbook is divided into seven major parts, each of which deals with a central perspective on voice perception, including what makes the voice special compared to other acoustic signals, the evolutionary and ontogenetic conditions of voice perception, the social cues extracted from voice signals, the machine-based recognition of voices, and the clinical disorders that affect voice perception.
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38

Pylyshyn, Zenon W. Scientific Theories and Fodorian Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0009.

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The chapter sketches how Fodor and I, beginning from different perspectives, were led to make a sharp distinction between registering certain distal objects in visual perception and categorizing and recognizing these objects. The precategorical or nonconceptual operations in categorizing were unlike cognitive processes in general in that they were insensitive to beliefs or to inferences from background knowledge, thus they were barred from using expectations even when the latter were relevant to correct decisions or goal-driven actions. We postulated certain fixed mechanisms of perception—what I called perceptual architecture and Fodor called modules. I explored these mechanisms empirically which led to the notion of indexing by a mechanism I called a FINST.
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39

Kuhl, Brice A., and Marvin Chun. Memory and Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.034.

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A primary theme in attention research is that there is too much information in our environment for everything to be processed and, as a consequence, information processing is selective. This chapter reviews various properties of memory from the perspective of selective attention. It argues that the ways in which we form, retrieve, and work with our memories largely represent acts of attention. One obvious advantage of framing mnemonic processes as attentional phenomena is that it underscores the processing limits that are central to memory and the necessity of selection. Another advantage is that this framework can aid our understanding of the neural mechanisms that guide memory and their relation to neural mechanisms of perceptual attention.
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40

Trainor, Laurel J., and Robert J. Zatorre. The neurobiological basis of musical expectations. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0016.

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This article explores how the auditory system processes incoming information and generates perceptual representations that allow it to make predictions about future sound events from past context, and how music appears to make use of this general processing mechanism. It focuses on expectation formation in auditory cortex because this is where the most research has been done, but there is also evidence for prediction mechanisms at subcortical levels and at levels beyond sensory areas. The article presents a framework for thinking about the neurological basis of expectation and prediction in musical processing using selected examples.
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Wilson, Deirdre. Relevance Theory and Literary Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0011.

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This concluding chapter reflects in general terms on some aspects of relevance theory that have been fruitfully used in the analyses in this volume, and on some aspects of literary communication that have been seen by both supporters and critics of relevance theory as showing the need for modifications to the inferential mechanisms it proposes. After distinguishing comprehension (identifying the intended import of a communicative act) from interpretation (going beyond the intended import to draw one’s own conclusions), it discusses a range of stylistic and rhetorical effects—typically created by departures from expected syntax, lexis, or prosody—which provide tentative cues to ostension and therefore create greater expectations of relevance. It ends by considering how relevance theory might deal with the ‘non-propositional effects’ associated with images, emotions, and sensorimotor processes while remaining within the bounds of a properly inferential theory.
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42

Thomas, Ayanna K., Meeyeon Lee, and Gregory Hughes. Introspecting on the Elusive. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.16.

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The state of knowing in the absence of knowledge is a peculiar metacognitive phenomenon that intuitively implies that we are able to introspect on memory processes of search, storage, and retrieval. The ability to make this assessment suggests that we may be able to use certain cues to assess the quality of knowledge that may be hidden from conscious view. The focus of this chapter is the uncanny metacognitive state of the feeling of knowing (FOK). We examine the theoretical questions that have motivated research into this phenomenon. These questions are viewed through a historical perspective, allowing for a more complete understanding of how research into this subjective state has evolved. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the present state of the field, examines neurocognitive mechanisms, reviews the questions that presently concern FOK researchers, and proposes an applied direction for future research.
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Recasens, Daniel. Phonetic Causes of Sound Change. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845010.001.0001.

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The present study sheds light on the phonetic causes of sound change and the intermediate stages of the diachronic pathways by studying the palatalization and assibilation of velar stops (referred to commonly as ‘velar softening’, as exemplified by the replacement of Latin /ˈkɛntʊ/ by Tuscan Italian [ˈtʃɛnto] ‘one hundred’), and of labial stops and labiodental fricatives (also known as’ labial softening’, as in the case of the dialectal variant [ˈtʃatɾə] of /ˈpjatɾə/ ‘stone’ in Romanian dialects). To a lesser extent, it also deals with the palatalization and affrication of dentoalveolar stops. The book supports an articulation-based account of those sound-change processes, and holds that, for the most part, the corresponding affricate and fricative outcomes have been issued from intermediate (alveolo)palatal-stop realizations differing in closure fronting degree. Special attention is given to the one-to-many relationship between the input and output consonantal realizations, to the acoustic cues which contribute to the implementation of these sound changes, and to those positional and contextual conditions in which those changes are prone to operate most feasibly. Different sources of evidence are taken into consideration: descriptive data from, for example, Bantu studies and linguistic atlases of Romanian dialects in the case of labial softening; articulatory and acoustic data for velar and (alveolo)palatal stops and front lingual affricates; perceptual results from phoneme identification tests. The universal character of the claims being made derives from the fact that the dialectal material, and to some extent the experimental material as well, belong to a wide range of languages from not only Europe but also all the other continents.
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Patel, Aniruddh D. Music and the brain. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0019.

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This article presents the evidence for links between music and language. The focus is on perceptual processes, and on links between mechanisms involved in the processing of instrumental music and of ordinary, day-to- day language. Music and language may have a number of common processes that act on distinct types of information, e.g. on musical melodies vs. linguistic intonation contours, or on chord progressions vs. sequences of words. Thus, the distinction between the domain specificity of information vs. the generality of processing is an essential conceptual tool for research that examines the relationship between music and other cognitive domains.
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and, Bruno. Spaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0007.

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To our introspection, space appears as a unitary, continuous, and uniform container for objects and events. In this chapter, we show that behind this impression are in fact multiple representations of space tied to multisensory and motor processes. Information about space is coded in profoundly different ways within visual, auditory, and somatosensory channels, yielding a multitude of spatial maps in the brain with completely different frames of reference. These maps need to be coordinated and brought into register within and across sensory channels to yield separate representations for personal, peripersonal, and distant space. The boundaries of these spatial representations are plastic, and can be modified by multisensory and sensorimotor processes and by the use of tools. Data from psychophysics, neurophysiology, and neurological patients are now beginning to identify the brain mechanisms behind these fascinating perceptual mechanisms at the subcortical and cortical levels.
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46

Goldsmith, Morris. Metacognitive Quality-Control Processes in Memory Retrieval and Reporting. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.28.

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Quality control in memory retrieval and reporting is achieved both by “back-end” processes designed to identify and screen out defective (false) retrieval products and by “front-end” processes that attempt to prevent the retrieval of false information in the first place. Front-end processes utilize metacognitive knowledge in choosing an appropriate retrieval strategy and in specifying and applying effective and constraining retrieval cues. Back-end processes monitor the correctness of the retrieved information and on that basis, together with strategic considerations concerning the perceived payoffs for accuracy and informativeness, control whether or not to report the retrieved information and if so, at what level of precision to report it. This chapter presents a selective overview of research and theory on these complementary aspects of memory quality control, guided by an overarching metacognitive framework that delineates the underlying metacognitive mechanisms and their potential contributions to the quantity and accuracy of information reported from memory.
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Laurent, Jose G. Cedeño, Joseph G. Allen, and John D. Spengler. The built environment and sleep. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0023.

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Through evolution, our bodies have synchronized to environmental time, making our molecular clock mechanisms responsive to environmental cues such as light and temperature. In providing shelter from extreme climate conditions, however, modern societies have dramatically modified their environment without fully appreciating the consequences. We present an overview of the influence that lighting and thermal and acoustic conditions in our built environment exert on our sleep. These factors have changed substantially in the last century and biological systems have not had sufficient time to adapt. We also present a challenge for public health professionals: how to provide adequate sleeping conditions in low-income communities. We show how sleep quality is severely affected by socio-economic status, and illustrate how environmental injustice could exacerbate future challenges imposed by various climate change scenarios. We also discuss how technology could address these challenges in the built environment to promote conditions that foster good sleep and good health.
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Kremláček, Jan. Two Sinusoids. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0100.

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Multiplication of a stationary and moving sinusoids create ambiguous stimulus that, when observed, can result in five alternating perceptions and another physically plausible but hardly traceable interpretation. The most astonishing about this illusion is that using single physical stimulus creates several vivid unambiguous perceptions that may intentionally or spontaneously alternate in observer’s mind. The illusion demonstrates the brain’s active role in acquiring and processing visual information and its ability to construct 3D objects from a 2D motion. To build such visual interpretations the brain exploits several mechanisms. In the presented illusion the most noticeable strategies are a kinetic depth perception and a perceptual rivalry.
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Walsh, Vincent. A Theory of Magnitude. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.64.

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In this chapter, I review the evidence that has tested A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM) and extend the idea to build a bridge between ATOM and metaphorical theories of time and space perception. There is now substantial evidence to support the idea of common processing mechanisms for time, space, and number, but this is constrained by the evidence largely coming from perceptual or psychophysical studies. The chapter ends by outlining a series of outstanding problems in understanding magnitude representation. Key amongst these problems are the links between sensory and metaphorical processing, the links between prelinguistic and linguistic associations, and a clearer understanding of the developmental processes involved in the construction of magnitude representations.
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Summerfield, Christopher, and Tobias Egner. Attention and Decision-Making. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.018.

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This chapter reviews formal models of the decision process in humans and other primates, and discusses divergent accounts of how attention might intervene to bias or facilitate judgements about sensory stimuli. The review covers established decision-theoretic models, such as signal detection theory and serial sampling models, and other computational accounts that draw upon psychophysical and neurobiological mechanisms of early vision. It considers whether such decisions are limited by attentional capacity, or by noise, as suggested by normative models of choice. The authors revisit a debate concerning whether attention acts to boost inputs, enhance activity, or reduce noise. Finally, the authors consider the relationship between attention and expectation in perceptual decision-making.
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