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Journal articles on the topic 'Perceptual concordance'
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Fairhall, Scott L., Stefano Anzellotti, Petra E. Pajtas, and Alfonso Caramazza. "Concordance between perceptual and categorical repetition effects in the ventral visual stream." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 1 (July 2011): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01138.2010.
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The process of object categorization is an integral part of human cognition. In the present study, we have used a repetition suppression paradigm to determine the degree to which the ventral visual cortex is sensitive to categorical relationships. By using images of animals and tools, suppression across perceptual (stimulus level) and categorical repetitions (basic level and domain level) was compared and contrasted across the domain-selective and hierarchical organization of the ventral visual stream. Both perceptual and categorical repetition effects were insensitive to domain-selective tuning, with suppression most prominent in regions responding maximally to images, irrespective of stimulus domain. Likewise, both perceptual and categorical repetition produced overlapping suppression across multiple regions of the visual hierarchy. Some divergent patterns were observed. The right superior temporal sulcus demonstrated repetition suppression only at the basic level (different examples of the same basic object), and the right anterior fusiform gyrus was sensitive to direct stimulus repetition but not basic-level categorical repetition. Because of the high concordance between the response profiles of perceptual and categorical repetition effects, we conclude they arise from a common cognitive mechanism.
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Werner, Kaitlyn M., and Marina Milyavskaya. "We May Not Know What We Want, But Do We Know What We Need? Examining the Ability to Forecast Need Satisfaction in Goal Pursuit." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 6 (July 21, 2017): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617720274.
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Do we have the necessary perceptual abilities to set goals that are congruent with our own values and needs? In a prospective study, participants ( n =185) identified three goals that they planned to pursue throughout the week. For each goal, they then rated their motivation for pursuing it and made predictions about the extent to which goal attainment would satisfy their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. One week later, participants rated their progress on each goal, as well as the actual need satisfaction they experienced. Using Bayesian analysis, we found support for our (null) hypothesis that participants predicted that their goals would satisfy their psychological needs, irrespective of goal self-concordance. While people sometimes overestimated need satisfaction, we found that people who pursued more self-concordant goals actually benefited more from their pursuits, both compared to others who pursued less concordant goals and among their own goals.
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Sellars, C., A. E. Stanton, A. McConnachie, C. P. Dunnet, L. M. Chapman, C. E. Bucknall, and K. MacKenzie. "Reliability of perceptions of voice quality: evidence from a problem asthma clinic population." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, no. 7 (March 2, 2009): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215109004605.
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AbstractIntroduction:Methods of perceptual voice evaluation have yet to achieve satisfactory consistency; complete acceptance of a recognised clinical protocol is still some way off.Materials and methods:Three speech and language therapists rated the voices of 43 patients attending the problem asthma clinic of a teaching hospital, according to the grade-roughness-breathiness-asthenicity-strain (GRBAS) scale and other perceptual categories.Results and analysis:Use of the GRBAS scale achieved only a 64.7 per cent inter-rater reliability and a 69.6 per cent intra-rater reliability for the grade component. One rater achieved a higher degree of consistency. Improved concordance on the GRBAS scale was observed for subjects with laryngeal abnormalities. Raters failed to reach any useful level of agreement in the other categories employed, except for perceived gender.Discussion:These results should sound a note of caution regarding routine adoption of the GRBAS scale for characterising voice quality for clinical purposes. The importance of training and the use of perceptual anchors for reliable perceptual rating need to be further investigated.
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Cairolli, Fábio Fabregas, Giordano Marcio Gatinho Bonuzzi, Gisele Carla dos Santos Palma, Marcos Antônio Arlindo Soares, José Eduardo Pompeu, Christina Danielli Coelho de Morais Faria, and Camila Torriani-Pasin. "Development and preliminary research on the measure properties of a perceptual and motor demands assessment protocol for virtual reality systems." Motricidade 13, no. 1 (June 3, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.8711.
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The virtual reality has been frequently required in rehabilitation settings. However, it still lacks specificity, making it necessary to establish specific criteria to classify the most relevant aspects of electronic games to allow interventions based on virtual reality. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a “Perceptual and motor demands assessment protocol for virtual reality systems” and to investigate its content validity and intra and inter observer agreement. The protocol was created through a literature review including classical studies as well as a review of recent articles about motor behavior, physical training, cognitive neuroscience and virtual reality. The previous versions were presented in study group meetings and congresses, and modified accordingly to suggestions of experts. Three examiners used the final version to analyze twice the total of 20 videos of individuals in a virtual environment and answered a questionnaire about its content validity. Most of the obtained values were classified as “good” (concordance from 80% to 89%) or “excellent” (concordance from 90% to 100%) by the three examiners and the protocol’s content validity was adequate. The protocol is valid, applicable and practical for analyzing different requirements of electronic games in a virtual environment.
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Hori, Miki, Tadasuke Hori, Yuzo Ohno, Shozo Tsuruta, Haruhiko Iwase, and Tatsushi Kawai. "A novel identification method using perceptual degree of concordance of occlusal surfaces calculated by a Python program." Forensic Science International 313 (August 2020): 110358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110358.
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Martins, Priscila Campos, Thalita Evaristo Couto, and Ana Cristina Côrtes Gama. "Auditory-perceptual evaluation of the degree of vocal deviation: correlation between the Visual Analogue Scale and Numerical Scale." CoDAS 27, no. 3 (June 2015): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20152014167.
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PURPOSE: To analyze the intra- and inter-rater agreement for visual analog scale and numerical scale in task of sustained vowel and to determine numerical cutoff points to visual analog scale corresponding to the degrees of the numeric scale. METHODS: We selected 205 samples of the usual task of the sustained vowel /a/. Six voice specialists rated the overall degree of vocal deviation, first by visual analog scale and, after two days, by the numeric scale. The results obtained by both scales were compared and the intra- and inter-rater agreement, the correlation between the scales, and the estimated cutoff points using the intraclass correlation and concordance Kappa coefficients, the Spearman coefficient, and analysis of variance, and the values of sensitivity and specificity were analyzed. RESULTS: A strong correlation was observed between the scales. The following numerical cutoff values were found for visual analog scale corresponding to the numerical scale: neutral (degree zero) - 0 to 34 mm; mild (degree one) - 34.1 to 51 mm; moderate (degree two) - 51.1 to 63.5 mm; intense (degree three) - 63.6 to 77.5 mm; and extreme (degree four) - above 77.5 mm. CONCLUSION: The visual analog scale and numerical scale showed a strong correlation, being observed the greater intra- and inter-rater agreement in visual analog scale. Numerical cutoff values for visual analog scale were found. This correlation enables the comparison between the results found in the evaluation of the overall degree of vocal deviation by both scales, which are widely used in research and in the clinical speech therapy routine.
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Vos, Piet G., and Erwin W. Van Geenen. "A Parallel-Processing Key-Finding Model." Music Perception 14, no. 2 (1996): 185–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285717.
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A model of key finding is presented for single-voiced pieces of tonal music. Each tone is input as a pitch class and a duration. The model makes a parallel search for the key in the scalar and chordal domains, taking into account primacy and memory constraints. The model has been tested for a range of tonal music including the fugue subjects of J. S. Bach's Wohltemperierte Klavier (WTK). The notated key was usually found after a few processing steps and from then on remained stable— but was still sensitive to modulation. The performance of the parallel-processing model was compared with the performance of key-finding models previously proposed by Krumhansl and Schmuckler and by Longuet-Higgins and Steedman. The comparison showed that the new model's most distinctive features, implementation of parallel key search in the scalar and chordal domains, as well as the implementation of search-restricting factors, primacy and memory, make the new model a powerful and plausible alternative to the other models. Subsequently, the parallel-processing model's perceptual plausibility has been tested in two experiments, in which 20 musically well-trained subjects had to produce the key(s) of eight WTK fugue themes (Experiment 1) and to rate the key transparency for seven contrapuntal variations of the A minor subject of J. S. Bach's Kunst der Fuge (Experiment 2). A substantial concordance between listeners' judgments and the key inferences produced by the model was found in both experiments. Conceptual limitations, such as the model's disregard for the potential impact of recency on key finding and for expectations from functional implications of tone order, are discussed. Potential extensions of the model are suggested, as well as ideas for further perceptual studies in which the model might be tested in a more advanced manner than in the present study.
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Simon, David M., and Mark T. Wallace. "Integration and Temporal Processing of Asynchronous Audiovisual Speech." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 3 (March 2018): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01205.
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Multisensory integration of visual mouth movements with auditory speech is known to offer substantial perceptual benefits, particularly under challenging (i.e., noisy) acoustic conditions. Previous work characterizing this process has found that ERPs to auditory speech are of shorter latency and smaller magnitude in the presence of visual speech. We sought to determine the dependency of these effects on the temporal relationship between the auditory and visual speech streams using EEG. We found that reductions in ERP latency and suppression of ERP amplitude are maximal when the visual signal precedes the auditory signal by a small interval and that increasing amounts of asynchrony reduce these effects in a continuous manner. Time–frequency analysis revealed that these effects are found primarily in the theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha (8–12 Hz) bands, with a central topography consistent with auditory generators. Theta effects also persisted in the lower portion of the band (3.5–5 Hz), and this late activity was more frontally distributed. Importantly, the magnitude of these late theta oscillations not only differed with the temporal characteristics of the stimuli but also served to predict participants' task performance. Our analysis thus reveals that suppression of single-trial brain responses by visual speech depends strongly on the temporal concordance of the auditory and visual inputs. It further illustrates that processes in the lower theta band, which we suggest as an index of incongruity processing, might serve to reflect the neural correlates of individual differences in multisensory temporal perception.
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Schilbach, Leonhard, Marcus Wilms, Simon B. Eickhoff, Sandro Romanzetti, Ralf Tepest, Gary Bente, N. Jon Shah, Gereon R. Fink, and Kai Vogeley. "Minds Made for Sharing: Initiating Joint Attention Recruits Reward-related Neurocircuitry." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 12 (December 2010): 2702–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21401.
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The ability and motivation to share attention is a unique aspect of human cognition. Despite its significance, the neural basis remains elusive. To investigate the neural correlates of joint attention, we developed a novel, interactive research paradigm in which participants' gaze behavior—as measured by an eye tracking device—was used to contingently control the gaze of a computer-animated character. Instructed that the character on screen was controlled by a real person outside the scanner, 21 participants interacted with the virtual other while undergoing fMRI. Experimental variations focused on leading versus following the gaze of the character when fixating one of three objects also shown on the screen. In concordance with our hypotheses, results demonstrate, firstly, that following someone else's gaze to engage in joint attention resulted in activation of anterior portion of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) known to be involved in the supramodal coordination of perceptual and cognitive processes. Secondly, directing someone else's gaze toward an object activated the ventral striatum which—in light of ratings obtained from participants—appears to underlie the hedonic aspects of sharing attention. The data, therefore, support the idea that other-initiated joint attention relies upon recruitment of MPFC previously related to the “meeting of minds.” In contrast, self-initiated joint attention leads to a differential increase of neural activity in reward-related brain areas, which might contribute to the uniquely human motivation to engage in the sharing of experiences.
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Ciarleglio, Adam J., Gary Brucato, Michael D. Masucci, Rebecca Altschuler, Tiziano Colibazzi, Cheryl M. Corcoran, Francesca M. Crump, et al. "A predictive model for conversion to psychosis in clinical high-risk patients." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 07 (June 28, 2018): 1128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171800171x.
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AbstractBackgroundThe authors developed a practical and clinically useful model to predict the risk of psychosis that utilizes clinical characteristics empirically demonstrated to be strong predictors of conversion to psychosis in clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals. The model is based upon the Structured Interview for Psychosis Risk Syndromes (SIPS) and accompanying clinical interview, and yields scores indicating one's risk of conversion.MethodsBaseline data, including demographic and clinical characteristics measured by the SIPS, were obtained on 199 CHR individuals seeking evaluation in the early detection and intervention for mental disorders program at the New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University Medical Center. Each patient was followed for up to 2 years or until they developed a syndromal DSM-4 disorder. A LASSO logistic fitting procedure was used to construct a model for conversion specifically to a psychotic disorder.ResultsAt 2 years, 64 patients (32.2%) converted to a psychotic disorder. The top five variables with relatively large standardized effect sizes included SIPS subscales of visual perceptual abnormalities, dysphoric mood, unusual thought content, disorganized communication, and violent ideation. The concordance index (c-index) was 0.73, indicating a moderately strong ability to discriminate between converters and non-converters.ConclusionsThe prediction model performed well in classifying converters and non-converters and revealed SIPS measures that are relatively strong predictors of conversion, comparable with the risk calculator published by NAPLS (c-index = 0.71), but requiring only a structured clinical interview. Future work will seek to externally validate the model and enhance its performance with the incorporation of relevant biomarkers.
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Mortlock, A. M., F. Larkin, C. Ross, S. Sengupta, and M. Das. "Effectiveness of Paliperidone Depot in Seriously Violent Men With Comorbid Schizophrenia and Dissocial Personality Disorder in a Uk High-Security Hospital." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1680.
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IntroductionHigh-security hospital patients are often complex in presentation characterised by treatment resistance, medication non-concordance and history of violence. Paliperidone is licensed as both an oral and depot antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. Whilst there is data for the effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate (PP), there are no studies involving patients in forensic settings or those with comorbid personality disorder.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of PP on violence, aggression and personality pathology.AimTo evaluate the clinical effectiveness of PP.MethodsThis was a retrospective service evaluation involving 11 patients. Medical records and interviews with the treating psychiatrist were used to formulate clinical global impression (CGI) and to identify incidents of violence. The effect on personality symptom domains; cognitive-perceptual, impulsive-behavioural dyscontrol and affective dysregulation was ascertained, as well as engagement with occupational and psychological therapies.ResultsSix patients were being prescribed PP. All 6 showed improvement in the CGI score with benefits in the symptom domains. Two patients demonstrated a reduction in violence risk and 2 remained incident-free. There was improvement in engagement with therapies. Benefits were also seen in aspects of personality for those who had discontinued PP.ConclusionsThis pragmatic study of a small but complex patient group demonstrated that PP was effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia. Additionally and for the first time, it was shown that PP was also effective in reducing violence as well as improving personality pathology dimensions in a comorbid patient. This could have significant implications for management of high-security patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Osei-Kyei, Robert, and Albert P. C. Chan. "Perceptions of stakeholders on the critical success factors for operational management of public-private partnership projects." Facilities 35, no. 1/2 (February 7, 2017): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-10-2015-0072.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the perceptual differences on the factors that contribute to the successful management of public-private partnership (PPP) projects at the operational stage among stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach An international questionnaire survey was conducted with purposively sampled PPP experts from the private, public and academic sectors. Survey responses were analyzed using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W), mean score ranking analysis, Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test. Findings The research findings show that each stakeholder group considers an efficient and well-structured payment mechanism as the most important operational management critical success factor (CSF). Moreover, the public sector considers open and constant communication among stakeholders as the second most important CSF, whereas the private and academic sectors consider effective operational risk management and well-structured legal dispute resolution mechanism, respectively. Further analysis using non-parametric tests (i.e. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U statistics) reveal significant differences in the importance of three operational management CSFs – “open and constant communication among stakeholders”, “effective changes of shareholdings in private consortium” and “stable macroeconomic indicators”. Research limitations/implications The generalizability of the research findings is limited considering the low sample size and non-participation of users/general public in the study. Hence, it is recommended that future research should be conducted in a specific country using both face-to-face and email questionnaire distribution approaches. This would likely increase the response rate and facilitate the inclusion of the general public/users. Originality/value The results of this study highlight and provide significant insights into how different PPP stakeholders perceive the critical conditions that are required to ensure the operational efficiency of PPP projects. This would, therefore, enable a better cooperation and collective effort from all stakeholders towards achieving the overall project success. In addition, the study offers new and additional CSFs which would enhance the comprehensiveness of the existing list of CSFs for the general implementation of PPP projects.
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Ciuffreda, Kenneth J., and Kimberly Engber. "Is One Eye Better Than Two When Viewing Pictorial Art?" Leonardo 35, no. 1 (February 2002): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409402753689290.
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During viewing of most objects in one's everyday environment, the binocular and monocular relative depth cues interact in a harmonious, concordant and reinforcing manner to provide perceptual stability. However, when one views pictorial art, these binocular and monocular cues are discordant, and thus a perceptual “cue conflict” arises. This acts to reduce the relative apparent perceived distance of objects in a painting, thus producing overall perceptual depth “flattening.” The theory and physiology underlying this phenomenon are discussed.
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Freigang, Claudia, Wiktor Mlynarski, Marc Stöhr, Rudolf Rübsamen, Jan Bennemann, and Philipp Benner. "Perceptual ambiguity — perception and processing of spatially discordant/concordant audiovisual stimuli." Multisensory Research 26, no. 1-2 (2013): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-000s0086.
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Dziurawiec, Suzanne, and Jan B. Deręgowski. "The Eyes Have it: A Perceptual Investigation of Eyespots." Perception 31, no. 11 (November 2002): 1313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3135.
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Previous work with non-human species has shown that eyespots function as sign stimuli for defensive behaviour. But it is unknown to what extent eyespots are a dominant feature of objects for human perceptual responses. We examined whether young children perceive eyespots as a dominant object feature. One hundred and nineteen children from the first, second, and third grades were presented with small manikins, called “Joopes” that varied in the number, type, and arrangement of facial features. Four kinds of Joope heads were used: single element (eyes, mouth, or beak only), monovalent (spatially concordant eyes and mouth, or eyes and beak), ambivalent (asymmetrical eyes and beak, or eyes and mouth), and cyclopean (single eye with orthogonal beak). Two task groups (Peepers and Gobs) ‘helped’ the Joopes to either ‘see’ their food or ‘eat’ it, by placing food in one of 24 feeding dishes. Results indicated that responses made to the ambivalent Joopes differed, with greater ‘drift’ shown by the ‘eating’ group towards the ‘seeing’ responses than by the ‘seeing’ group towards the ‘eating’ responses. The dominant role of eyespots was thus confirmed for children in the second and third grades, but response inconsistencies in the youngest group suggested difficulties in handling incongruent stimuli. The implications of these results for understanding basic perceptual processes are discussed.
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Callan, Daniel E., Jeffery A. Jones, Kevin Munhall, Christian Kroos, Akiko M. Callan, and Eric Vatikiotis-Bateson. "Multisensory Integration Sites Identified by Perception of Spatial Wavelet Filtered Visual Speech Gesture Information." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 5 (June 2004): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892904970771.
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Perception of speech is improved when presentation of the audio signal is accompanied by concordant visual speech gesture information. This enhancement is most prevalent when the audio signal is degraded. One potential means by which the brain affords perceptual enhancement is thought to be through the integration of concordant information from multiple sensory channels in a common site of convergence, multisensory integration (MSI) sites. Some studies have identified potential sites in the superior temporal gyrus/sulcus (STG/S) that are responsive to multisensory information from the auditory speech signal and visual speech movement. One limitation of these studies is that they do not control for activity resulting from attentional modulation cued by such things as visual information signaling the onsets and offsets of the acoustic speech signal, as well as activity resulting from MSI of properties of the auditory speech signal with aspects of gross visual motion that are not specific to place of articulation information. This fMRI experiment uses spatial wavelet bandpass filtered Japanese sentences presented with background multispeaker audio noise to discern brain activity reflecting MSI induced by auditory and visual correspondence of place of articulation information that controls for activity resulting from the above-mentioned factors. The experiment consists of a low-frequency (LF) filtered condition containing gross visual motion of the lips, jaw, and head without specific place of articulation information, a midfrequency (MF) filtered condition containing place of articulation information, and an unfiltered (UF) condition. Sites of MSI selectively induced by auditory and visual correspondence of place of articulation information were determined by the presence of activity for both the MF and UF conditions relative to the LF condition. Based on these criteria, sites of MSI were found predominantly in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and the left STG/S (including the auditory cortex). By controlling for additional factors that could also induce greater activity resulting from visual motion information, this study identifies potential MSI sites that we believe are involved with improved speech perception intelligibility.
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Stein, B. E. "Integration of Sensory Information in the Brain." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970009.
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That sensory cues in one modality affect perception in another has been known for some time, and there are many examples of ‘intersensory’ influences within the broad phenomenon of cross-modal integration. The ability of the CNS to integrate cues from different sensory channels is particularly evident in the facilitated detection and reaction to combinations of concordant cues from different modalities, and in the dramatic perceptual anomalies that can occur when these cues are discordant. A substrate for multisensory integration is provided by the many CNS neurons (eg, in the superior colliculus) which receive convergent input from multiple sensory modalities. Similarities in the principles by which these neurons integrate multisensory information in different species point to a remarkable conservation in the integrative features of the CNS during vertebrate evolution. In general, profound enhancement or depression in neural activity can be induced in the same neuron, depending on the spatial and temporal relationships among the stimuli presented to it. The specific response product obtained in any given multisensory neuron is predictable on the basis of the features of its various receptive fields. Perhaps most striking, however, is the parallel which has been demonstrated between the properties of multisensory integration at the level of the single neuron in the superior colliculus and at the level of overt attentive and orientation behaviour.
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Kugler, Kathrin, Lutz Wiegrebe, Benedikt Grothe, Manfred Kössl, Robert Gürkov, Eike Krause, and Markus Drexl. "Low-frequency sound affects active micromechanics in the human inner ear." Royal Society Open Science 1, no. 2 (October 2014): 140166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140166.
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Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common auditory pathologies, resulting from overstimulation of the human cochlea, an exquisitely sensitive micromechanical device. At very low frequencies (less than 250 Hz), however, the sensitivity of human hearing, and therefore the perceived loudness is poor. The perceived loudness is mediated by the inner hair cells of the cochlea which are driven very inadequately at low frequencies. To assess the impact of low-frequency (LF) sound, we exploited a by-product of the active amplification of sound outer hair cells (OHCs) perform, so-called spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. These are faint sounds produced by the inner ear that can be used to detect changes of cochlear physiology. We show that a short exposure to perceptually unobtrusive, LF sounds significantly affects OHCs: a 90 s, 80 dB(A) LF sound induced slow, concordant and positively correlated frequency and level oscillations of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions that lasted for about 2 min after LF sound offset. LF sounds, contrary to their unobtrusive perception, strongly stimulate the human cochlea and affect amplification processes in the most sensitive and important frequency range of human hearing.
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Sharma, Piyush Kumar, Shashwat Chaudhary, Nikhil Hassija, Mukulika Maity, and Sambuddho Chakravarty. "The Road Not Taken: Re-thinking the Feasibility of Voice Calling Over Tor." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2020, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2020-0063.
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AbstractAnonymous VoIP calls over the Internet holds great significance for privacy-conscious users, whistle-blowers and political activists alike. Prior research deems popular anonymization systems like Tor unsuitable for providing the requisite performance guarantees that real-time applications like VoIP need. Their claims are backed by studies that may no longer be valid due to constant advancements in Tor. Moreover, we believe that these studies lacked the requisite diversity and comprehensiveness. Thus, conclusions from these studies, led them to propose novel and tailored solutions. However, no such system is available for immediate use. Additionally, operating such new systems would incur significant costs for recruiting users and volunteered relays, to provide the necessary anonymity guarantees.It thus becomes an imperative that the exact performance of VoIP over Tor be quantified and analyzed, so that the potential performance bottlenecks can be amended. We thus conducted an extensive empirical study across various in-lab and real world scenarios to shed light on VoIP performance over Tor. In over half a million calls spanning 12 months, across seven countries and covering about 6650 Tor relays, we observed that Tor supports good voice quality (Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) >3 and one-way delay <400 ms) in more than 85% of cases. Further analysis indicates that in general for most Tor relays, the contentions due to cross-traffic were low enough to support VoIP calls, that are anyways transmitted at low rates (<120 Kbps). Our findings are supported by concordant measurements using iperf that show more than the adequate available bandwidth for most cases. Hence, unlike prior efforts, our research reveals that Tor is suitable for supporting anonymous VoIP calls.
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Derȩgowski, Jan B., Denis M. Parker, and Manfredo Massironi. "The Perception of Spatial Structure with Oblique Viewing: An Explanation for Byzantine Perspective?" Perception 23, no. 1 (January 1994): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230005.
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Earlier work has confirmed that (i) observers can judge divergent receding lines, placed directly in front of them, to be parallel, and (ii) converging lines which are displaced laterally, so that they are viewed obliquely, can also be judged to be parallel. The former observation is in accord with traditional views of perspective while the latter, which is in accord with the depictions of objects found in Byzantine painting, is not in accord with perspective but is predicted by the relative magnitude of the visual angles subtended by the near and far ends of the pair of lines. To investigate whether these effects occurred when the stimulus was clearly three-dimensional, experiments were conducted with a novel apparatus, consisting of a framework of computer-controlled motor-driven luminous rods. This could be remotely adjusted so that all visible sides appeared to be parallel, ie to resemble a cube. Results showed that observers set the sides of this trapezohedron framework as diverging when it was viewed immediately in front of them, a result which is concordant with linear perspective, ie they see the normal projection of a cube as having converging edges. When the framework was displaced from the median plane so that it was viewed obliquely, the sides were set as converging and the magnitude of this effect was significantly related to angle of view, ie observers see the normal projection of a cube as having diverging sides. These results confirm the suggestion that ‘Byzantine perspective’ is a legitimate reflection of perceptual experience, but they do not provide an explanation why the perception of laterally viewed objects was adopted as a model for centrally depicted patterns.