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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Perception mechanism

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Academic literature on the topic 'Perception mechanism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Perception mechanism"

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Lobato, Wellington, Paulo Mendes, Denis Rosário, Eduardo Cerqueira, and Leandro A. Villas. "Redundancy Mitigation Mechanism for Collective Perception in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles." Future Internet 15, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15020041.

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Due to poor local range of the perception and object recognition mechanisms used by autonomous vehicles, incorrect decisions can be made, which can jeopardize a fully autonomous operation. A connected and autonomous vehicle should be able to combine its local perception with the perceptions of other vehicles to improve its capability to detect and predict obstacles. Such a collective perception system aims to expand the field of view of autonomous vehicles, augmenting their decision-making process, and as a consequence, increasing driving safety. Regardless of the benefits of a collective perception system, autonomous vehicles must intelligently select which data should be shared with who and when in order to conserve network resources and maintain the overall perception accuracy and time usefulness. In this context, the operational impact and benefits of a redundancy reduction mechanism for collective perception among connected autonomous vehicles are analyzed in this article. Therefore, we propose a reliable redundancy mitigation mechanism for collective perception services to reduce the transmission of inefficient messages, which is called VILE. Knowledge, selection, and perception are the three phases of the cooperative perception process developed in VILE. The results have shown that VILE is able to reduce it the absolute number of redundant objects of 75% and generated packets by up to 55%. Finally, we discuss possible research challenges and trends.

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Tsuchimi, Daisuke, Takeshi Okuyama, and Mami Tanaka. "Haptic perception mechanism of softness." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 39, no. 1-4 (September 5, 2012): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-2012-1576.

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Bleecker, A. B., and G. E. Schaller. "The Mechanism of Ethylene Perception." Plant Physiology 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.3.653.

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Jung, Minyoung, Hidehiko Okazawa, and Hirotaka Kosaka. "Neural mechanism for sensory perception." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 83 (September 11, 2019): 2D—041–2D—041. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_2d-041.

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Iwama, Akiko. "Mechanism of Perception of Social Injustice." Contemporary Sociological Studies 7 (1994): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.7129/jject.7.100.

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YAMAUCHI, Miho, and Hidehiro IIDA. "Neural mechanism of melodic contour perception." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 74 (September 20, 2010): 1AM025. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_1am025.

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BI, TaiYong, YongChao WANG, YangYang DU, Lei HAO, Jiang QIU, and DongTao WEI. "The Brain Mechanism of Bistable Perception." SCIENTIA SINICA Vitae 45, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n052015-00102.

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Kikuchi, M., K. Sakai, and Y. Hirai. "The mechanism of 3D contour perception." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (September 1, 2005): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.76.

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Nishimura, Tadashi, Tadao Okayasu, Yuka Uratani, Fumi Fukuda, Osamu Saito, and Hiroshi Hosoi. "Peripheral perception mechanism of ultrasonic hearing." Hearing Research 277, no. 1-2 (July 2011): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2011.01.004.

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Hatada, Toyohiko, and Shinya Saida. "Mechanism and Cues of Depth Perception." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 43, no. 8 (1989): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.43.754.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Perception mechanism"

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Linne, Brianne M. "Quantification of oral roughness perception and comparison with mechanism of astringency perception." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1466550825.

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Li, Xiankun. "Dynamics and Mechanism of Light Perception by UV Photoreceptor UVR8." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511801451939622.

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Withers, Caroline. "Sources, mechanism and perception of mouth drying in Oral Nutritional Supplement beverages." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76520/.

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Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) are nutritional status enhancing beverages prescribed to older adults at risk of under-nutrition. They contain energy, protein, vitamins and minerals, however the low consumption of ONS on elderly care wards can prevent patients from receiving their health benefits. The predominant cause for beverage wastage has been reported to result from patients disliking the taste, improvement of which is predicted to encourage greater consumption. This PhD study investigated the key sensory attributes of ONS, aiming to understand and reduce the negative characteristics to improve ONS products to enable increased consumption by older patients. Eight ultra high temperature (UHT) processed dairy-based ONS and non-ONS products were investigated for unpalatable attributes. The sensory characteristics were assessed with a trained panel by both quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and sequential profiling, as well as directly with older adults through a novel use of a taxonomic free sorting (TFS) technique. The results from TFS were directly relatable to QDA, even though the participants were untrained, and the sorting data was combined with liking data to yield a preference map generated entirely from target consumer data. Mouthfeel attributes such as viscosity that had been described in TFS, were investigated by just noticeable difference (JND) testing. There were found to be no significant age-effects for the perception of thickness and mouth coating. Interestingly, older adults were more sensitive to perceived mouth drying than younger adults; a critical attribute found to build to the greatest extent in ONS during repeated consumption. Sequential profiling with a trained panel assessed a range of ONS dairy protein ingredients to find potential sources of mouth drying. Although whey protein concentrate (WPC) was found to be the most drying ingredient, all protein powders elicited some drying which highlighted the need to understand masiGng techniques and potential mechanisms. Sweetness, viscosity, lipid enhancement and lipid type were not found to mask drying in protein enriched milks. However, in a novel application of fluorescence microscopy, the mucoadhesive properties of casein and ~-lactoglobulin were assessed which led to the conclusion that these milk proteins adhere directly to the mucous layer of oral epithelial tissue. The presence of this interaction may be crucial for determining the mechanism behind mouth drying sensations as found in ONS. Through a wide range of techniques this study highlighted mouth drying as a key detectable attribute of ONS. Although masking methods were not able to reduce the drying sensation, the breakthrough of mucoadhesion between dairy proteins and the oral mucosa suggests this attribute could be further investigated and reduced to improve ONS consumption by older patients.

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Mikkelsen, Yngve. "Exploring physicians’ decision making and perception of quality in health care delivery." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8420.

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The importance of health and quality health care in people’s daily lives is widely recognised. Physicians play a key role in delivering quality health care and improved patient outcomes. However, the evidence regarding physicians’ decision making and their perception of quality of health care delivery and its influencers is inconclusive. The overall aim of this thesis is to increase the understanding of quality in health care delivery and the factors that influence it from a physician’s perspective. This aim is fulfilled by conducting three interlinked research projects. The first research project comprises a systematic review of the literature that identifies the factors, contexts and theoretical underpinnings influencing physician decision making. The synthesis of 160 studies reveals two main categories of influencing factors. The first is ‘Contexts’, which refers to the set of circumstances or facts surrounding a particular event or situation. The second category is ‘Interventions’, which are the techniques, processes or actions introduced to create changes in how physicians make decisions while performing their clinical duties. Although extant literature provides ample evidence on factors influencing physician decision making the link to quality in health care is under researched. In the second research project, the author explores how physicians construct quality of health care delivery by means of investigating 162 clinical cases with 27 repertory gird interviews that yield eleven key constructs representing a classification of physicians’ conception of quality. The third research project examines physicians’ perceptions of enablers and barriers to quality in health care delivery, employing semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that physician’s effort in delivering quality health care is largely influenced by factors affecting behavioural control (freedom to act). This research makes five contributions to knowledge. First, a novel classification of factors influencing physician decision making when prescribing is developed, providing new understanding of the link between these factors and quality of health care. Second, the systematic review shows an innovative application of factor analysis to structure the findings of a complex phenomenon. Third, the study presents a new conceptualisation of physicians’ construction of quality in health care. Fourth, the research provides a categorization of physicians’ perceived enablers and barriers to quality health care and the mechanisms by which they operate. Finally, this research develops a theoretically-grounded and empirically-informed conceptual model that incorporates three hitherto separate domains: agency, planned behaviour, and decision theories. This model provides a new integrated lens to better understand the complexities influencing quality in health care delivery. This study also makes two significant contributions to practice. First, the findings have helped initiate a transformation in the pharmaceutical industry’s business model, evolving from business-to-person to business-to-business. Second, the findings serve as a catalyst to drive organizational changes at Norway’s largest emergency hospital. As a result, a national debate was initiated, involving the Prime Minister and Minister of Health, on how hospital emergency care can best be provided at a national level.

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Lam, Yiu Man. "Neuromorphic implementation of motion neuron populations by combining position and phase tuned mechanism /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202008%20LAMYM.

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Parker, Amanda Louise. "A cross-modal investigation into the relationships between bistable perception and a global temporal mechanism." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9545.

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When the two eyes are presented with sufficiently different images, Binocular Rivalry (BR) occurs. BR is a form of bistable perception involving stochastic alternations in awareness between distinct images shown to each eye. It has been suggested that the dynamics of BR are due to the activity of a central temporal process and are linked to involuntary mechanisms of selective attention (aka exogenous attention). To test these ideas, stimuli designed to evoke exogenous attention and central temporal processes were employed during BR observation. These stimuli included auditory and visual looming motion and streams of transient events of varied temporal rate and pattern. Although these stimuli exerted a strong impact over some aspects of BR, they were unable to override its characteristic stochastic pattern of alternations completely. It is concluded that BR is subject to distributed influences, but ultimately, is achieved in neural processing areas specific to the binocular conflict.

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Margiotoudi, Konstantina [Verfasser]. "The phylogenetic origin and mechanism of sound symbolism - the role of action-perception circuits / Konstantina Margiotoudi." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1227301839/34.

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Raykos, Bronwyn C. "Attentional and interpretive biases : independent dimensions of individual difference or expressions of a common selective processing mechanism? /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0018.

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Haneburger, Ina Maria Suntka. "Insights into the molecular signal perception mechanism of the membrane-integrated transcriptional activator CadC of Escherichia coli." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-160780.

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Jano, Rubina. ""Mentors' perception of the effectiveness of the Big Brother Big Sister mentor training programme"." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2791.

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Magister Psychologiae - MPsych
Mentoring has gained a great deal of popularity across various professional fields and disciplines over the past few years. More recently, planned mentoring has become an important form of intervention with young people (Philip, 2003). Although mentoring can be an effective strategy for dealing with youth, the mentoring is only as good as the relationship that develops out of the process between mentors and mentees and the match that is made between the two parties. The number of mentor programmes that is running continues to grow yet the quality of these programmes remains unknown as this area lacks agreed upon sets of standards and / bench marks that could be used to determine the effectiveness of these programmes (Sipe, 1988 -1995). The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the mentors' perceptions of the effectiveness of a mentor training programme run by Big Brother Big Sister South Africa.
South Africa

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Books on the topic "Perception mechanism"

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1910-, Chagas Carlos, Gattass Ricardo, Gross Charles G, and Pontificia Accademia delle scienze, eds. Pattern recognition mechanisms. Città del Vaticano: Pontificia Academia Scientiarium, 1985.

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David, Ingle, Jeannerod Marc, Lee David N, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., eds. Brain mechanisms and spatial vision. Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1985.

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V, Cantoni, Marinaro M, and Petrosino Alfredo, eds. Visual attention mechanisms. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002.

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D, Hoffman Donald, and Prakash Chetan, eds. Observer mechanics: A formal theory of perception. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.

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H, Meck Warren, ed. Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2003.

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International, Symposium on Attention and Performance (19th 2000 Kloster Irsee Germany). Common mechanisms in perception and action: Attention and Performance XIX. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

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Four questions on visual self-recognition: Development, evolution, function, and mechanisms. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015.

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1959-, Jenkin Michael, and Harris Laurence 1953-, eds. Computational and psychophysical mechanisms of visual coding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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István, Czigler, and Winkler István, eds. Unconscious memory representations in perception: Processes and mechanisms in the brain. Philadelphia, Pa: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2010.

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How vision works: The physiological mechanisms behind what we see. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Perception mechanism"

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Polevoi, V. V., N. F. Sinyutina, T. S. Salamatova, N. I. Inge-Vechtomova, O. V. Tankelyun, E. I. Sharova, and M. F. Shishova. "Mechanism of auxin action: second messengers." In Plant Hormone Signal Perception and Transduction, 223–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0131-5_30.

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Lu, Peng, Shilei Huang, Chi Liu, Daoren Yuan, and Yafei Lou. "Target Tracking Algorithm Based on Visual Perception Mechanism." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 29–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38466-0_4.

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Chabre, Marc. "Enzymatic Amplification Mechanism of Visual Transduction Signal in Retinal Rods." In Sensory Perception and Transduction in Aneural Organisms, 309–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2497-3_19.

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Zi, Lingling, Xin Cong, Yanfei Peng, and Pei Yang. "An Evolution Perception Shape Creation Mechanism for 3D Shapes." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 363–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6496-8_34.

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Zheng, Rui, Kan Shi, and Shu Li. "The Influence Factors and Mechanism of Societal Risk Perception." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2266–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02469-6_104.

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Shao, Sujie, Congzhang Shao, Cheng Zhong, Shaoyong Guo, and Pengcheng Lu. "Cloud-Edge Collaboration Based Power IoT Scene Perception Mechanism." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 100–117. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23141-4_8.

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Palenichka, Roman M., and Peter Zinterhof. "Time-Effective Detection of Objects of Interest in Images by Means of A Visual Attention Mechanism." In Human and Machine Perception 3, 113–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1361-2_9.

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Potapova, Rodmonga, and Vsevolod Potapov. "Associative Mechanism of Foreign Spoken Language Perception (Forensic Phonetic Aspect)." In Speech and Computer, 113–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11581-8_14.

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Kaufman, Peter B., Il Song, and Richard P. Pharis. "Gravity Perception and Response Mechanism in Graviresponding Cereal Grass Shoots." In Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development, 189–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-3950-0_10.

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Bartashevich, Palina, and Sanaz Mostaghim. "Ising Model as a Switch Voting Mechanism in Collective Perception." In Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 617–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30244-3_51.

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Conference papers on the topic "Perception mechanism"

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Hao, Dou, Qianqian Deng, and Mao Jiaxing. "Object detection based on hierarchical visual perception mechanism." In Automatic Target Recognition and Navigation, edited by Hanyu Hong, Jianguo Liu, and Xia Hua. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2538265.

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Asao, Takafumi, Satoshi Suzuki, and Kentaro Kotani. "Mechanism of length perception by dynamic touch-proposal of identification-perception model considering proprioception." In 2012 ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering (CME). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccme.2012.6275734.

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Liu, Ming, Hui Li Gong, and Jun Ling Liu. "A image recognition algorithm based on visual perception mechanism." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceice.2011.5777967.

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Yu, Jiangbo, Houjin Chen, and Wei Wang. "Edge Detection Based on Attention Mechanism of Vision Perception." In 2006 8th International Conference on Signal Processing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icosp.2006.345543.

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Pitti, Alexandre, Arnaud Blanchard, Matthieu Cardinaux, and Philippe Gaussier. "Gain-field modulation mechanism in multimodal networks for spatial perception." In 2012 12th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/humanoids.2012.6651535.

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Cain, Sasen, and Matthew Cain. "Texture Statistics: The Mechanism Behind Ensemble Perception in Human Vision." In 2018 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2018.1157-0.

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"A PERCEPTION MECHANISM FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL SHAPES IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD." In 12th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002869803810384.

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Barrera, A., and C. Laschi. "Anticipatory visual perception as a bio-inspired mechanism underlying robot locomotion." In 2010 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2010.5627406.

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TANAKA, MAMI, DAISUKE TSUCHIMI, and TAKESHI OKUYAMA. "MECHANISM OF HAPTIC PERCEPTION: INFLUENCE OF AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY FOR SMOOTHNESS." In Proceedings of the Tohoku University Global Centre of Excellence Programme. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848169067_0043.

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Young-Woo Seo and C. Urmson. "A perception mechanism for supporting autonomous intersection handling in urban driving." In 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2008.4651162.

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Reports on the topic "Perception mechanism"

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Schulz, Jan, Daniel Mayerhoffer, and Anna Gebhard. A Network-Based Explanation of Perceived Inequality. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49393.

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Across income groups and countries, the public perception of economic inequality and many other macroeconomic variables such as inflation or unemployment rates is spectacularly wrong. These misperceptions have far-reaching consequences, as it is perceived inequality, not actual inequality informing redistributive preferences. The prevalence of this phenomenon is independent of social class and welfare regime, which suggests the existence of a common mechanism behind public perceptions. We propose a network-based explanation of perceived inequality building on recent advances in random geometric graph theory. The literature has identified several stylised facts on how individual perceptions respond to actual inequality and how these biases vary systematically along the income distribution. Our generating mechanism can replicate all of them simultaneously. It also produces social networks that exhibit salient features of real-world networks; namely, they cannot be statistically distinguished from small-world networks, testifying to the robustness of our approach. Our results, therefore, suggest that homophilic segregation is a promising candidate to explain inequality perceptions with strong implications for theories of consumption behaviour.

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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory B. Martin. molecular link from PAMP perception to a MAPK cascade associated with tomato disease resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597918.bard.

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The research problem: The detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key mechanism by which plants activate an effective immune response against pathogen attack. MAPK cascades are important signaling components downstream of PRRs that transduce the PAMP signal to activate various defense responses. Preliminary experiments suggested that the receptor-like cytoplasmickinase (RLCK) Mai5 plays a positive role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and interacts with the MAPKKK M3Kε. We thus hypothesized that Mai5, as other RLCKs, functions as a component PRR complexes and acts as a molecular link between PAMP perception and activation of MAPK cascades. Original goals: The central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Mai5 and M3Kε regulate plant immunity. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine the spectrum of PAMPs whose perception is transmitted by M3Kε; 2. Identify plant proteins that act downstream of M3Kε to mediate PTI; 3. Investigate how and where Mai5 interacts with M3Kε in the plant cell; 4. Examine the mechanism by which Mai5 contributes to PTI. Changes in research directions: We did not find convincing evidence for the involvement of M3Kε in PTI signaling and substituted objectives 1 and 3 with research activities aimed at the analysis of transcriptomic profiles of tomato plants during the onset of plant immunity, isolation of the novel tomato PRR FLS3, and investigation of the involvement of the RLCKBSKs in PTI. Main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Functional characterization of Mai5. The function of Mai5 in PTI signaling was demonstrated by testing the effect of silencing the Mai5 gene by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments and in cell death assays. Domains of Mai5 that interact with MAPKKKs and subcellular localization of Mai5 were analyzed in detail. 2. Analysis of transcriptional profiles during the tomato immune responses to Pseudomonas syringae (Pombo et al., 2014). We identified tomato genes whose expression is induced specifically in PTI or in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Thirty ETI-specific genes were examined by VIGS for their involvement in immunity and the MAPKKK EPK1, was found to be required for ETI. 3. Dissection of MAP kinase cascades downstream of M3Kε (Oh et al., 2013; Teper et al., 2015). We identified genes that encode positive (SGT and EDS1) and negative (WRKY1 and WRKY2) regulators of the ETI-associated cell death mediated by M3Kε. In addition, the MKK2 MAPKK, which acts downstream of M3Kε, was found to interact with the MPK3 MAPK and specific MPK3 amino acids involved interaction were identified and found to be required for induction of cell death. We also identified 5 type III effectors of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonaseuvesicatoria that inhibited cell death induced by components of ETI-associated MAP kinase cascades. 4. Isolation of the tomato PRR FLS3 (Hind et al., submitted). FLS3, a novel PRR of the LRR-RLK family that specifically recognizes the flagellinepitope flgII-28 was isolated. FLS3 was shown to bind flgII-28, to require kinase activity for function, to act in concert with BAK1, and to enhance disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. 5. Functional analysis of RLCKs of the brassinosteroid signaling kinase (BSK) family.Arabidopsis and tomato BSKs were found to interact with PRRs. In addition, certain ArabidospsisBSK mutants were found to be impaired in PAMP-induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized new molecular components of signaling pathways mediating recognition of invading pathogens and activation of immune responses against them. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease.

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Woldorff, M. G. Brain Attention Mechanisms in Perception and Performance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422630.

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Westwood, James H., Yaakov Tadmor, and Hanan Eizenberg. Identifying the genes involved in host root perception by root parasitic weeds: Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of Orobanche hybrids differing in signal response specificity. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598145.bard.

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Seeds of the root parasitic plants of the genus Orobanchegerminate specifically in response to host-derived germination signals, which enables parasites to detect and attack preferred hosts. The best characterized class of germination stimulants is the strigolactones (SL), although some species respond to sesquiterpene lactones such as dehydrocostuslactone (DCL). Despite great progress in characterizing the SL signaling system in plants, the mechanism(s) by which parasite species detect specific compounds remains poorly understood. The goal of our project was to identify and characterize the genes responsible for stimulant specificity in O. cernuaand O. cumana. These two species are closely related, but differ in host range, with O. cernuaparasitizingSolanaceous crops such as tomato (and responding to SLs), and O. cumanaspecifically parasitizing sunflower (and responding to DCL). We used a genetic approach based on O. cernuax O. cumanahybrids to associate germination response with genes. We found that these parasite species each have multiple copies of KAI2d genes, which function in SL perception. In O. cernua, the OrceKAI2d2 responds to SL stimulants and is most consistently associated with hybrid lines that respond to SLs. For O. cumana, an apparently linked block of KAI2d genes was associated with response to DCL in hybrid lines, but we found no strong evidence that any of the OrcuKAI2d genes specifically recognize the DCL stimulant. Remarkably, one O. cumanagene, OrcuKAI2d5, responds to certain SLs in a genetic complementation assay, even though hybrid lines containing this gene show fidelity to DCL. In summary, we have identified the SL receptor in O. cernua, but the DCL receptor in O. cumanaremains unknown. Our data point to involvement of additional genes and yet greater levels of complexity regulating germination specificity in Orobanche. BARD Report - Project 4616 Page 2 of 8

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Warren, Richard M. Mechanisms Mediating the Perception of Complex Acoustic Patterns. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada200530.

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Naim, Michael, Andrew Spielman, Shlomo Nir, and Ann Noble. Bitter Taste Transduction: Cellular Pathways, Inhibition and Implications for Human Acceptance of Agricultural Food Products. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695839.bard.

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Historically, the aversive response of humans and other mammals to bitter-taste substances has been useful for survival, since many toxic constituents taste bitter. Today, the range of foods available is more diverse. Many bitter foods are not only safe for consumption but contain bitter constituents that provide nutritional benefits. Despite this, these foods are often eliminated from our current diets because of their unacceptable bitterness. Extensive technology has been developed to remove or mask bitterness in foods, but a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bitterness perception at the taste receptor level has prevented the development of inhibitors or efficient methods for reducing bitterness. In our original application we proposed to: (a) investigate the time course and effect of selected bitter tastants relevant to agricultural products on the formation of intracellular signal molecules (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) in intact taste cells, in model cells and in membranes derived therefrom; (b) study the effect of specific bitter taste inhibitors on messenger formation and identify G-proteins that may be involved in tastant-induced bitter sensation; (c) investigate interactions and self-aggregation of bitter tastants within membranes; (d) study human sensory responses over time to these bitter-taste stimuli and inhibitors in order to validate the biochemical data. Quench-flow module (QFM) and fast pipetting system (FPS) allowed us to monitor fast release of the aforementioned signal molecules (cGMP, as a putative initial signal was substituted for Ca2+ ions) - using taste membranes and intact taste cells in a time range below 500 ms (real time of taste sensation) - in response to bitter-taste stimulation. Limonin (citrus) and catechin (wine) were found to reduce cellular cAMP and increase IP3 contents. Naringin (citrus) stimulated an IP3 increase whereas the cheese-derived bitter peptide cyclo(leu-Trp) reduced IP3 but significantly increased cAMP levels. Thus, specific transduction pathways were identified, the results support the notion of multiple transduction pathways for bitter taste and cross-talk between a few of those transduction pathways. Furthermore, amphipathic tastants permeate rapidly (within seconds) into liposomes and taste cells suggesting their availability for direct activation of signal transduction components by means of receptor-independent mechanisms within the time course of taste sensation. The activation of pigment movement and transduction pathways in frog melanophores by these tastants supports such mechanisms. Some bitter tastants, due to their amphipathic properties, permeated (or interacted with) into a bitter tastant inhibitor (specific phospholipid mixture) which apparently forms micelles. Thus, a mechanism via which this bitter taste inhibitor acts is proposed. Human sensory evaluation experiments humans performed according to their 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PROP) status (non-tasters, tasters, super-tasters), indicated differential perception of bitterness threshold and intensity of these bitter compounds by different individuals independent of PROP status. This suggests that natural products containing bitter compounds (e.g., naringin and limonin in citrus), are perceived very differently, and are in line with multiple transduction pathways suggested in the biochemical experiments. This project provides the first comprehensive effort to explore the molecular basis of bitter taste at the taste-cell level induced by economically important and agriculturally relevant food products. The findings, proposing a mechanism for bitter-taste inhibition by a bitter taste inhibitor (made up of food components) pave the way for the development of new, and perhaps more potent bitter-taste inhibitors which may eventually become economically relevant.

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Avis, William. Role of Faith and Belief in Environmental Engagement and Action in MENA Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.086.

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This helpdesk report provides a critical review of the literature on the role of faith and religious values in environmental engagement and action. Contemporary studies have examined the relationship between religion and climate change including the ongoing “greening” process of religions. The review focuses on the responses of the Islamic faith in the MENA region to climate-related issues. MENA is considered one of the region’s most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The rapid review drawing from empirical findings notes that religious organizations have great potential in the protection of the environment. Religious organizations possess resources and infrastructure to positively impact the conversation on climate change. While the review acknowledges the important role that religion plays in environmental engagement, there is still no unified perception of climate change among members of the Islamic faith. There are those who believe that there are other more urgent issues such as radicalism, terrorism, democracy, and human rights. The review notes that the shared challenge of climate change can provide a mechanism to bring together faiths to discuss, share teachings, and agree on common action.

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Harth, Erich. Mechanisms of Higher Brain Functions: A Study of Models of Perception. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232389.

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Samach, Alon, Douglas Cook, and Jaime Kigel. Molecular mechanisms of plant reproductive adaptation to aridity gradients. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696513.bard.

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Annual plants have developed a range of different mechanisms to avoid flowering (exposure of reproductive organs to the environment) under adverse environmental conditions. Seasonal environmental events such as gradual changes in day length and temperature affect the timing of transition to flowering in many annual and perennial plants. Research in Arabidopsis and additional species suggest that some environmental signals converge on transcriptional regulation of common floral integrators such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Here we studied environmental induction of flowering in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Similarly to Arabidopsis, the transition to flowering in M. truncatula is hastened by long photoperiods and long periods of vernalization (4°C for 2-3 weeks). Ecotypes collected in Israel retain a vernalization response even though winter temperatures are way above 4°C. Here we show that this species is also highly responsive (flowers earlier) to mild ambient temperatures up to 19°C simulating winter conditions in its natural habitat. Physiological experiments allowed us to time the transition to flowering due to low temperatures, and to compare it to vernalization. We have made use of natural variation, and induced mutants to identify key genes involved in this process, and we provide here data suggesting that an FT gene in M.truncatula is transcriptionally regulated by different environmental cues. Flowering time was found to be correlated with MtFTA and MtFTB expression levels. Mutation in the MtFTA gene showed a late flowering phenotype, while over-expressing MtFTA in Arabidopsis complemented the ft- phenotype. We found that combination of 4°C and 12°C resulted in a synergistic increase in MtFTB expression, while combining 4°C and long photoperiods caused a synergistic increase in MtFTA expression. These results suggest that the two vernalization temperatures work through distinct mechanisms. The early flowering kalil mutant expressed higher levels of MtFTA and not MtFTB suggesting that the KALIL protein represses MtFTA specifically. The desert ecotype Sde Boker flowers earlier in response to short treatments of 8-12oc vernalization and expresses higher levels of MtFTA. This suggests a possible mechanism this desert ecotype developed to flower as fast as possible and finish its growth cycle before the dry period. MtFTA and FT expression are induced by common environmental cues in each species, and expression is repressed under short days. Replacing FT with the MtFTA gene (including regulatory elements) caused high MtFTA expression and early flowering under short days suggesting that the mechanism used to repress flowering under short days has diversified between the two species.The circadian regulated gene, GIGANTEA (GI) encodes a unique protein in Arabidopsis that is involved in flowering mechanism. In this research we characterized how the expression of the M.truncatula GI ortholog is regulated by light and temperature in comparison to its regulation in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis GI was found to be involved in temperature compensation to the clock. In addition, GI was found to be involved in mediating the effect of temperature on flowering time. We tested the influence of cold temperature on the MtGI gene in M.truncatula and found correlation between MtGI levels and extended periods of 12°C treatment. MtGI elevation that was found mostly after plants were removed from the cold influence preceded the induction of MtFT expression. This data suggests that MtGI might be involved in 12°C cold perception with respect to flowering in M.truncatula. GI seems to integrate diverse environmental inputs and translates them to the proper physiological and developmental outputs, acting through several different pathways. These research enabled to correlate between temperature and circadian clock in M.truncatula and achieved a better understanding of the flowering mechanism of this species.

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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter B. Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham H. Halevy. Inhibition of the Gravitropic Shoot Bending in Stored Cut Flowers Through Control of Their Graviperception: Involvement of the Cytoskeleton and Cytosolic Calcium. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586533.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to study the mechanism involved in shoot graviperception and early transduction, in order to determine the sequence of events operating in this process. This will enable to control the entire process of gravity-induced differential growth without affecting vertical growth processes essential for development. Thus, several new postulated interactions, operating at the perception and early transduction stages of the signaling cascade leading to auxin-mediated bending, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon spikes and oat shoot pulvini, according to the following research goals: 1) Establish the role of amyloplasts as gravireceptors in shoots; 2) Investigate gravity-induced changes in the integrity of shoot actin cytoskeleton (CK); 3) Study the cellular interactions among actin CK, statoliths and cell membranes (endoplasmic reticulum - ER, plasma membrane - PM) during shoot graviperception; 4) Examine mediation of graviperception by modulations of cytosolic calcium - [Ca2+]cyt, and other second messengers (protein phosphorylation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate - IP3). Revisions: 1) Model system: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) spikes and oat (Avena sativa) shoot pulvini, the model system of maize (Zea mays) primary roots was targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for graviperception. 2) Research topic: brassinolide, which were not included in the original plan, were examined for their regulatory role in gravity perception and signal transduction in roots, in relation to auxin and ethylene. Background to the topic: The negative gravitropic response of shoots is a complex multi-step process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel. Most of the long-lasting studies regarding the link between graviperception and cellular components were focused mainly on roots, and there are relatively few reports on shoot graviperception. Our previous project has successfully characterized several key events occurring during shoot bending of cut flowers and oat pulvini, including amyloplast displacement, hormonal interactions and differential growth analysis. Based on this evidence, the present project has focused on studying the initial graviperception process in flowering stems and cereal shoots. Major conclusions and achievements: 1) The actin and not the microtubule (MT) CK is involved in the graviperception of snapdragon shoots. 2) Gravisensing, exhibited by amyloplast displacement, and early transduction events (auxin redistribution) in the gravitropic response of snapdragon spikes are mediated by the acto-myosin complex. 3) MTs are involved in stem directional growth, which occurs during gravitropism of cut snapdragon spikes, but they are not necessary for the gravity-induced differential growth. 4) The role of amyloplasts as gravisensors in the shoot endodermis was demonstrated for both plant systems. 5) A gravity-induced increase in IP.

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