Journal articles: 'Percentage consonants correct'

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Shriberg, Lawrence D., Diane Austin, Barbara A. Lewis, Jane L. McSweeny, and David L. Wilson. "The Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) Metric." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 4 (August 1997): 708–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4004.708.

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Research in normal and disordered phonology requires measures of speech production that are biolinguistically appropriate and psychometrically robust. Their conceptual and numeric properties must be well characterized, particularly because speech measures are increasingly appearing in large-scale epidemiologic, genetic, and other descriptive-explanatory database studies. This work provides a rationale for extensions to an articulation competence metric titled the Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC; Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982; Shriberg, Kwiatkowski, Best, Hengst, & Terselic-Weber, 1986), which is computed from a 5- to 10-minute conversational speech sample. Reliability and standard error of measurement estimates are provided for 9 of a set of 10 speech metrics, including the PCC. Discussion includes rationale for selecting one or more of the 10 metrics for specific clinical and research needs.

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Ceron, Marizete Ilha, Marileda Barichello Gubiani, Camila Rosa de Oliveira, and Márcia Keske-Soares. "Factors Influencing Consonant Acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese–Speaking Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 4 (April 14, 2017): 759–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0208.

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Purpose We sought to provide valid and reliable data on the acquisition of consonant sounds in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. Method The sample comprised 733 typically developing monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (ages 3;0–8;11 [years;months]). The presence of surface speech error patterns, the revised percentage consonants correct, and the age of sound acquisition were evaluated using phonological assessment software. The normative values for these variables were reported using means and standard deviations. Results Age had a significant impact on phoneme production. Increasing age was generally associated with an increase in correct phoneme production, a reduction in error patterns, and an increase in scores on revised percentage consonants correct. Phonological error patterns persisted for a longer time in consonants and consonant clusters acquired later in development. The 2 youngest age groups differed from the remainder of the sample on the frequency of the following phonological patterns: cluster reduction, liquid gliding, fricative deletion–coda, and weak-syllable deletion. Performance was similar between groups starting at 5;0 years old. Conclusion This study confirmed that nasal and stop consonants are acquired first, followed by fricatives and, finally, liquids. We suggest that future studies replicate our investigation in larger samples and younger age groups.

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Larsson, AnnaKarin, Carmela Miniscalco, Hans Mark, Johnna Sahlsten Schölin, Radi Jönsson, and Christina Persson. "Internationally Adopted Children With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate—Consonant Proficiency and Perceived Velopharyngeal Competence at the Age of 5." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 7 (January 17, 2020): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619897233.

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Objective: To compare consonant proficiency, consonant errors, and the perceived velopharyngeal (VP) competence in internationally adopted (IA) children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and nonadopted (NA) children with the same cleft–palate type at age 5. Design: Case–control study based on phonetic transcriptions of standardized speech recordings of 5-year-olds at a tertiary hospital. Participants: Twenty-five IA children were compared to 20 NA children. All consecutive patients at a cleft lip and palate center participated. Main Outcome Measure(s): Consonant proficiency was measured using percentage consonants correct, percentage consonants correct–adjusted for age, percentage correct place, percentage correct manner, and consonant inventory. Cleft speech characteristics (CSCs), developmental speech characteristics (DSCs), and the perceived VP competence were also measured. Results: The IA children had significantly lower values for all consonant proficiency variables ( p < .05) and a smaller consonant inventory ( p = .001) compared to the NA children. The IA children had a higher frequency of CSCs (IA = 84%, NA = 50%, p < .05) and DSCs (IA = 92%, NA = 65%, p = .057), and twice as many IA children as NA children had perceived VP incompetence (IA = 52%, NA = 25%, p = .17). Conclusions: Severe speech disorder was more common in IA children than in NA children at age 5. Most importantly, the speech disorders seem to be not only cleft-related. More detailed speech assessments with a broader focus are needed for IA children with UCLP. Longitudinal studies are recommended to further investigate the impact of speech difficulties in IA children’s daily lives.

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Goldstein, Brian, and Patricia Swasey Washington. "An Initial Investigation of Phonological Patterns in Typically Developing 4-Year-Old Spanish-English Bilingual Children." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 3 (July 2001): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/014).

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Purpose: This collaborative study investigated phonological patterns in 12 typically developing 4-year-old bilingual (Spanish-English) children. Method: A single-word phonological assessment with separate versions for English and Spanish was administered to each child. Analyses consisted of a phonetic inventory; percentage of consonants correct; percentage of consonants correct for voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation; and the percentage of occurrence for phonological processes. Results: The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two languages on percentage of consonants correct; percentage of consonants correct for voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation; or percentage of occurrence for phonological processes. However, the children exhibited different patterns of production across the two languages and showed different patterns compared to monolingual children of either language. Clinical Implications: The preliminary findings suggest that the phonological system of bilingual (Spanish-English) children is both similar to and different from that of monolingual speakers of either language. Compared to monolingual speakers, bilingual children should be expected to exhibit different types of errors and different substitution patterns for target sounds.

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Másdóttir, Thora, Sharynne McLeod, and Kathryn Crowe. "Icelandic Children's Acquisition of Consonants and Consonant Clusters." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00463.

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Purpose This study investigated Icelandic-speaking children's acquisition of singleton consonants and consonant clusters. Method Participants were 437 typically developing children aged 2;6–7;11 (years;months) acquiring Icelandic as their first language. Single-word speech samples of the 47 single consonants and 45 consonant clusters were collected using Málhljóðapróf ÞM (ÞM's Test of Speech Sound Disorders). Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;6–2;11 was 73.12 ( SD = 13.33) and increased to 98.55 ( SD = 3.24) for children aged 7;0–7;11. Overall, singleton consonants were more likely to be accurate than consonant clusters. The earliest consonants to be acquired were /m, n, p, t, j, h/ in word-initial position and /f, l/ within words. The last consonants to be acquired were /x, r, r̥, s, θ, n̥/, and consonant clusters in word-initial /sv-, stl-, str-, skr-, θr-/, within-word /-ðr-, -tl-/, and word-final /-kl̥, -xt/ contexts. Within-word phonemes were more often accurate than those in word-initial position, with word-final position the least accurate. Accuracy of production was significantly related to increasing age, but not sex. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive study of consonants and consonant cluster acquisition by typically developing Icelandic-speaking children. The findings align with trends for other Germanic languages; however, there are notable language-specific differences of clinical importance.

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Dale, Emily W., Allison M. Plumb, Mary J. Sandage, and Laura W. Plexico. "Speech-Language Pathologists’ Knowledge and Competence Regarding Percentage of Consonants Correct." Communication Disorders Quarterly 41, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740119853806.

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The aim of this article is to examine speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs) knowledge and competence using Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC). Participants were recruited through posts on social media and message boards for the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Special Interest Groups. In addition, surveys were emailed via the ASHA membership directory to SLPs in selected states who reported working in settings with a primarily pediatric population. The majority of SLPs reported a lack of academic and clinical training in the area of PCC. Participants demonstrated limited knowledge of the rules for calculating PCC in addition to decreased calculation ability and confidence. Because PCC is well-validated, SLPs would benefit from increased clinical and academic exposure to the measure; however, as many report that they do not use PCC, this calls into question its clinical practicality. The question remains if there is a need for a more expedient process by which to objectively quantify severity, such as use of an automated metric.

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Stoel-Gammon, Carol. "Phonological Skills of 2-Year-Olds." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 18, no. 4 (October 1987): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1804.323.

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Conversational speech samples from 33 2-year-olds were analyzed to determine the word and syllable shapes produced, the inventories of initial and final consonantal phones and the percentage of consonants correct. The findings provide a profile of the phonological skills of normally developing 2-year-olds which can be used to assess young children with possible phonological disorders.

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Abraham, Suzanne. "Using a Phonological Framework to Describe Speech Errors of Orally Trained, Hearing-Impaired School-Agers." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 54, no. 4 (November 1989): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5404.600.

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A phonological framework was used to analyze and describe the meaningful speech and speech errors of 13 orally trained, hearing-impaired children ages 5:11 to 15:11 enrolled in public school programs. Using speech samples elicited from the subjects, consonant inventories and percentage scores for correct production of consonants and for frequency of occurrence of phonological processes were derived and analyzed. Results of data analyses indicated initial consonant inventories were significantly larger and more complete than final inventories, although both were incomplete. Production accuracy for consonants in the subjects' inventories was significantly related to size of consonant inventories. Accuracy of production differed significantly between sound classes and word positions. Between 4 and 9 phonological processes were productive and co-occurring in the hearing-impaired subjects' meaningful speech. Comparisons with younger, normal hearing children and phonologically disabled children are drawn, and the clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

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Viterbori, Paola, Mirella Zanobini, and Francesca Cozzani. "Phonological development in children with different lexical skills." First Language 38, no. 5 (July 4, 2018): 538–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723718784369.

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This study aims to evaluate phonological competences and their correlations with lexical abilities in 2-year-old Italian-speaking children. Eighty-eight children (46 females) aged 25–32 months participated in the study. From the total sample, three subgroups of children with different lexical skills were extracted to identify phonological characteristics of low, typical and precocious talkers. The results provide a description of the children’s production in terms of consonant and correct consonant inventories; simplified and unintelligible words; and simplification processes. The percentage of unintelligible productions and the number of correct consonants show greater correlations with lexical competence. Children with low vocabulary differ significantly from the other two groups in the percentage of unintelligible words and in consonant inventories. Children with advanced vocabulary show significantly less simplification processes than the other two groups. In addition to describing phonological characteristics in a large sample of young Italian children, this study allows us to identify potential phonological markers of late linguistic development

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Alighieri, Cassandra, Kim Bettens, Laura Bruneel, Evelien D'haeseleer, Ellen Van Gaever, and Kristiane Van Lierde. "Reliability of Outcome Measures to Assess Consonant Proficiency Following Cleft Palate Speech Intervention: The Percentage of Consonants Correct Metric and the Probe Scoring System." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1811–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00628.

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Purpose This study compared the inter- and intrarater reliability of the percentage of consonants correct (PCC) metrics and the probe scoring system between an experienced and a less experienced rater and between two experienced raters. In addition, these outcome measures' ability to reflect changes following speech intervention was measured. Method During Phase 1, two raters (Rater 1 with 5 years of experience in cleft-related speech disorders and Rater 2 with limited experience in cleft-related speech disorders) independently assessed 134 speech samples at the word and sentence levels, which were collected on different data points before, during, and following a cleft palate speech intervention. During Phase 2, a third rater (with 8 years of experience) analyzed 34 speech samples. The percentage of consonants correct–revised, the percentage of correct places and manners, and probe scores at the word and sentence levels were measured. Results Poor-to-moderate interreliability between Raters 1 and 2 was found due to differences in error classification. Interrater reliability between Raters 1 and 3 was very good for both the PCC metrics and the probe scores. The interrater reliability for the amount of targets elicited was lower compared to the interrater reliability for the amount of targets correct. The probe scoring system demonstrated a greater ability to detect changes toward the correct production of the target consonant compared to the PCC metrics. Conclusions Having an experience with the assessment of cleft-related speech disorders is a crucial factor to gain reliable results. The interrater reliability for the PCC metrics and the probe scoring system between two experienced raters did not differ, suggesting that both outcome measures can be used in cleft palate speech intervention studies. Despite the ability of the probe scoring system to detect changes, further research should provide insight in the benefits of this system both for research and clinical purposes.

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Flint, Cari B., and Janis Costello Ingham. "Pretreatment Stimulability and Percentage of Consonants Correct as Predictors of Across-Phoneme Generalization." Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders 32, Spring (March 2005): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_32_s_53.

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Ha, Seunghee, Minjung Kim, and Minkyeong Pi. "Percentage of Consonants Correct and Age of Acquisition of Consonants in Korean-Speaking Children in One-Syllable Word Contexts." Communication Sciences & Disorders 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.19609.

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Goldstein, Brian A., and Aquiles Iglesias. "The Effect of Dialect on Phonological Analysis." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 10, no. 4 (November 2001): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2001/034).

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This study examines the effect of dialect on phonological analyses in Spanish-speaking children. Phonological analyses were completed for fifty-four 3- and 4-year-old typically developing Spanish speakers and fifty-four 3-and 4-year-old Spanish speakers with phonological disorders. Analyses were made in reference to both the General Spanish dialect and the Puerto Rican dialect of Spanish to demonstrate the effect of dialect on the results. The results indicated that the number of consonant errors, percentage of consonants correct, number of errors within individual sound classes, and percentage of occurrence for phonological processes all differed based on the accounting of dialect features.

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Fabiano-Smith, Leah, and Katherine Hoffman. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Traditional Measures of Phonological Ability for Bilingual Preschoolers and Kindergarteners." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_lshss-17-0043.

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Purpose Bilingual children whose phonological skills are evaluated using measures designed for monolingual English speakers are at risk for misdiagnosis of speech sound disorders (De Lamo White & Jin, 2011). Method Forty-four children participated in this study: 15 typically developing monolingual English speakers, 7 monolingual English speakers with phonological disorders, 14 typically developing bilingual Spanish–English speakers, and 8 bilingual children with phonological disorders. Children's single-word speech productions were examined on Percentage Consonants Correct–Revised (Shriberg, Austin, Lewis, McSweeny, & Wilson, 1997a) and accuracy of early-, middle-, and late-developing sounds (Shriberg, 1993) in English. Consonant accuracy in English was compared between monolinguals and bilinguals with and without speech sound disorders. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to observe diagnostic accuracy of the measures examined. Results Percentage Consonants Correct–Revised was found to be a good indicator of phonological ability in both monolingual and bilingual English-speaking children at the age of 5;0. No significant differences were found between language groups on any of the measures examined. Conclusions Our results suggest that traditional measures of phonological ability for monolinguals could provide good diagnostic accuracy for bilingual children at the age of 5;0 years. These findings are preliminary, and children younger than 5;0 years should be examined for risk of misdiagnosis.

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Malmborn, Jan-Olof, Magnus Becker, and Kristina Klintö. "Problems With Reliability of Speech Variables for Use in Quality Registries for Cleft Lip and Palate—Experiences From the Swedish Cleft Lip and Palate Registry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 8 (March 26, 2018): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618765777.

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Objective: To test the reliability of the speech data in the Swedish quality registry for cleft lip and palate. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Primary care university hospital. Participants: Ninety-four children born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip between 2005 and 2009 who had been assessed and registered in the quality registry at the age of 5 years. Main Outcome Measures: Data in the registry on percent oral consonants correct, percent oral errors, percent nonoral errors, perceived velopharyngeal function (PVPF), and intelligibility were compared with results based on reassessments by 3 independent raters from audio recordings. Agreement was calculated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), quadratic weighted kappa, and percentage agreement. Results: Absolute agreement calculated by average measures ICC for percent oral consonants correct, percent oral errors, and percent nonoral errors was above >0.90. Single measures ICC for percent oral consonants correct was 0.82, for percent oral errors 0.69, and for percent nonoral errors 0.83. The kappa coefficient for PVPF was 0.5 to 0.59 and for intelligibility 0.65 to 0.77. Exact percentage agreement for PVPF was 33% and for intelligibility 47.8%. Conclusions: The data on oral consonants correct and nonoral errors in the quality registry seem to be reliable. The data on oral errors, PVPF, and intelligibility should be interpreted with caution. If differences among treatment centers are detected, one should go back and examine the collected raw data before drawing any definitive conclusions about treatment outcome.

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Salillari, Denisa, and Luela Prifti. "A multinomial logistic regression model for text in Albanian language." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2016): 6407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jam.v12i7.5486.

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In this paper we present a multinomial logistic regression model for authorship identification in the Albanian language texts. In the model fitted the dependent variable is categorical which takes different values from 1 to 10 for each of the author and the independent variables are number of words, number of letters, number of vowels, number of consonants, number of punctuations and number of sentences for each text. The model was applied with success in the set of ten authors, each of them being represented by a set of one hundred texts they authored. As results first, second and the third authors have the higher correct predicted percentage and the highest overall correct predicted probability taken was 0.738. As conclusion adding in the model number of consonants, number of punctuations and number of sentences as independent variables the overall correct predicted percentage is increased.

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Campbell, Thomas F., Christine Dollaghan, Janine E. Janosky, and P. David Adelson. "A Performance Curve for Assessing Change in Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R)." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50, no. 4 (August 2007): 1110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/077).

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박은숙, 이은주, and Ran Lee. "Accuracy of Final Consonants at Word-Medial Position According to Percentage of Correct Consonants in Children With Speech Sound Disorders." Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders 26, no. 1 (January 2017): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15724/jslhd.2017.26.1.008.

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Jesus, Luis M. T., Joana Martinez, Joaquim Santos, Andreia Hall, and Victoria Joffe. "Comparing Traditional and Tablet-Based Intervention for Children With Speech Sound Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 4045–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0301.

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Purpose This article reports on the effectiveness of a novel tablet-based approach to phonological intervention and compares it to a traditional tabletop approach, targeting children with phonologically based speech sound disorders (SSD). Method Twenty-two Portuguese children with phonologically based SSD were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 interventions, tabletop or tablet (11 children in each group), and received intervention based on the same activities, with the only difference being the delivery. All children were treated by the same speech-language pathologist over 2 blocks of 6 weekly sessions, for 12 sessions of intervention. Participants were assessed at 3 time points: baseline; pre-intervention, after a 3-month waiting period; and post-intervention. Outcome measures included percentage of consonants correct, percentage of vowels correct, and percentage of phonemes correct. A generalization of target sounds was also explored. Results Both tabletop and tablet-based interventions were effective in improving percentage of consonants correct and percentage of phonemes correct scores, with an intervention effect only evident for percentage of vowels correct in the tablet group. Change scores across both interventions were significantly greater after the intervention, compared to baseline, indicating that the change was due to the intervention. High levels of generalization (60% and above for the majority of participants) were obtained across both tabletop and tablet groups. Conclusions The software proved to be as effective as a traditional tabletop approach in treating children with phonologically based SSD. These findings provide new evidence regarding the use of digital materials in improving speech in children with SSD. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9989816

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Pereira, Valerie, Debbie Sell, Alan Ponniah, Rob Evans, and David Dunaway. "Midface Osteotomy versus Distraction: The Effect on Speech, Nasality, and Velopharyngeal Function in Craniofacial Dysostosis." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, no. 4 (July 2008): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/07-042.1.

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Objective: To assess speech outcomes following midface advancement and to explore whether the type of advancement surgery affects speech differently in patients with craniofacial dysostosis. Design: Prospective, before-after group design. Subjects: Fifteen consecutive patients were included in the study. Eight underwent advancement by osteotomy and seven by distraction. All patients were seen preoperatively and at least once postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of consonants correct, nature and type of articulation errors, nasalance score, severity ratings of resonance and of velopharyngeal function using nasendoscopy and lateral videofluoroscopy, and amount of forward advancement. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between groups for pre- and postoperative changes of percentage of consonants correct (p = .755, median difference 3.0, 95% confidence interval for median difference [−14.22, 20.22]) and nasalance (p = .171, median difference = −12.00, 95% confidence interval for median differences [−30.46, 6.46]). There was no statistically significant correlation between amount of forward advancement and nasalance (r = .87, p = .799) and percentage of consonants correct (r = −.550, p = .064). Findings from lateral videofluoroscopy and nasendoscopy are described. Individual changes of speech outcomes are reported. Conclusions: In view of the small sample size, results need to be interpreted with caution. However, the study adds to current limited knowledge with this clinical group. Further research with bigger sample sizes and randomization of patients into the different surgical groups is warranted.

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Babatsouli, Elena. "Correlation between the measure for cluster proximity (MCP) and the percentage of consonants correct (PCC)." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 35, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2020.1744189.

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Bernstein, Lynne E., Edward T. Auer, and Silvio P. Eberhardt. "During Lipreading Training With Sentence Stimuli, Feedback Controls Learning and Generalization to Audiovisual Speech in Noise." American Journal of Audiology 31, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_aja-21-00034.

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Purpose: This study investigated the effects of external feedback on perceptual learning of visual speech during lipreading training with sentence stimuli. The goal was to improve visual-only (VO) speech recognition and increase accuracy of audiovisual (AV) speech recognition in noise. The rationale was that spoken word recognition depends on the accuracy of sublexical (phonemic/phonetic) speech perception; effective feedback during training must support sublexical perceptual learning. Method: Normal-hearing (NH) adults were assigned to one of three types of feedback: Sentence feedback was the entire sentence printed after responding to the stimulus. Word feedback was the correct response words and perceptually near but incorrect response words. Consonant feedback was correct response words and consonants in incorrect but perceptually near response words. Six training sessions were given. Pre- and posttraining testing included an untrained control group. Test stimuli were disyllable nonsense words for forced-choice consonant identification, and isolated words and sentences for open-set identification. Words and sentences were VO, AV, and audio-only (AO) with the audio in speech-shaped noise. Results: Lipreading accuracy increased during training. Pre- and posttraining tests of consonant identification showed no improvement beyond test–retest increases obtained by untrained controls. Isolated word recognition with a talker not seen during training showed that the control group improved more than the sentence group. Tests of untrained sentences showed that the consonant group significantly improved in all of the stimulus conditions (VO, AO, and AV). Its mean words correct scores increased by 9.2 percentage points for VO, 3.4 percentage points for AO, and 9.8 percentage points for AV stimuli. Conclusions: Consonant feedback during training with sentences stimuli significantly increased perceptual learning. The training generalized to untrained VO, AO, and AV sentence stimuli. Lipreading training has potential to significantly improve adults' face-to-face communication in noisy settings in which the talker can be seen.

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Pham Thi, Van, Ben Pham Thi, Sharynne McLeod, and Trung Vo Nguyen. "Review of diagnostic criteria for speech sound disorders in children." Journal of Science Educational Science 66, no. 4AB (October 2021): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2021-0063.

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Speech sound disorders (SSD) is a common communication disorder with long-term consequences in children. Diagnosis and assessment play an important role in the identification of SSD and its severity, to assist goal setting and intervention planning and to measure progression. In order to define and describe diagnostic criteria regarding SSD in children, this review paper uses content analysis of 14 studies reporting on children with SSD. Results reveal that diagnostic criteria for SSD in children include: 1) Mean scores of percentage phonemes correct (e.g., percentage of consonants correct, PCC, and percentage of vowels correct, PVC); 2) phonological processes; 3) “concern” from parents, teachers, and children themselves about children’s speech and pronunciation; and 4) children's speech intelligibility. While mean scores of the percentage of consonants correct were varied between studies, diagnostic criteria for identifying SSD were achieving a PCC score between one and two standard deviations below the mean for the child’s age. Some children with SSD were reported to use phonological processes that are occasional (>10%) and rare (>5%), or are still being used at an older age compared to typically developing children. Many children with SSD had parents and teachers who were concerned about their speech and pronunciation. Mean scores of young children’s speech intelligibility measured by the Intelligibility in Context Scale were typically below 4.0. This review provides useful information and a foundation for research and clinical practice in a language in which diagnosis criteria for SSD have not been established.

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Ha, Ji-Wan, Soo-Jin Kim, Young Tae Kim, and Moonja Shin. "Developmental Analysis in Korean Children’s Speech Production Using Percentage of Consonants Correct and Whole-Word Measurements." Communication Sciences & Disorders 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.19622.

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Dyson, Alice T. "Development of Velar Consonants among Normal Two-Year-Olds." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 4 (December 1986): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2904.493.

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This study examined the frequency of occurrence of velar deviations in spontaneous single-word utterances over a 6-month period for 40 children who ranged in age from 1:11 (years:months) to 3:1 at the first observation. The productions of a subset of 14 children whose percentage of occurrence of velar deviations was greater than the mean of the total group were examined further to describe the types of velar deviations and the effects of word position and phonetic context. Results indicated that velars presented difficulty for less than half of the children. In the subgroup the type of deviation and the percentage of correct velars appeared to vary with the position in the word, the vowel environment, and the velar's function as a singleton or as one segment of a cluster.

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Keffala, Bethany, Shelley Scarpino, Carol Scheffner Hammer, Barbara Rodriguez, Lisa Lopez, and Brian Goldstein. "Vocabulary and Phonological Abilities Affect Dual Language Learners' Consonant Production Accuracy Within and Across Languages: A Large-Scale Study of 3- to 6-Year-Old Spanish–English Dual Language Learners." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 1196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00145.

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Purpose This study examined factors of language ability that predict consonant production accuracy in young Spanish–English dual language learners (DLLs). Method Participants were 695 Latino DLLs, ages 3;0–6;5 (years;months). Single-word productions were elicited using the Bilingual Phonological Assessment (Miccio & Hammer, 2006). Children's consonant productions were assessed using Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R; Shriberg et al., 1997a). Vocabulary abilities were assessed using the Woodcock–Muñoz Language Survey–Revised (Woodcock et al., 2005). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the effects of vocabulary abilities and cross-language consonant production abilities on children's consonant production accuracy in each language. Results Large amounts of the variance in PCC-R scores for English ( R 2 = .65) and Spanish ( R 2 = .43) were predicted by children's age, vocabulary scores within the same language, and PCC-R scores across languages. Conclusion Spanish–English DLLs' consonant production abilities in both languages improve with age between 3;0 and 6;5. DLLs' accuracy in each language is also affected by vocabulary abilities within the same language and by their consonant production abilities in the other language. In particular, children's consonant production abilities in each language were highly predictive of their consonant production abilities in the other language, which suggests that shared phonological skills support their development across languages.

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Jang, Seon Jeong, and Hyun Joo Choi. "Effect of Percentage of Correct Consonants and Nasalance Score on the Speech Intelligibility and Acceptability in Adults with Dysarthria." Korean Society for Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities 20, no. 3 (September 27, 2016): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.16884/jrr.2016.20.3.67.

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Hardin-Jones, Mary, and Kathy L. Chapman. "Early Lexical Characteristics of Toddlers with Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 51, no. 6 (November 2014): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/13-076.

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Objective To examine development of early expressive lexicons in toddlers with cleft palate to determine whether they differ from those of noncleft toddlers in terms of size and lexical selectivity. Design Retrospective. Patients A total of 37 toddlers with cleft palate and 22 noncleft toddlers. Main Outcome Measures The groups were compared for size of expressive lexicon reported on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory and the percentage of words beginning with obstruents and sonorants produced in a language sample. Differences between groups in the percentage of word initial consonants correct on the language sample were also examined. Results Although expressive vocabulary was comparable at 13 months of age for both groups, size of the lexicon for the cleft group was significantly smaller than that for the noncleft group at 21 and 27 months of age. Toddlers with cleft palate produced significantly more words beginning with sonorants and fewer words beginning with obstruents in their spontaneous speech samples. They were also less accurate when producing word initial obstruents compared with the noncleft group. Conclusions Toddlers with cleft palate demonstrate a slower rate of lexical development compared with their noncleft peers. The preference that toddlers with cleft palate demonstrate for words beginning with sonorants could suggest they are selecting words that begin with consonants that are easier for them to produce. An alternative explanation might be that because these children are less accurate in the production of obstruent consonants, listeners may not always identify obstruents when they occur.

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Shetty, Amarshree, Kavita Rai, Amitha M. Hegde, and T. Dattatreya. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENTAL ARCH DIMENSIONS & INCISAL ABNORMALITIES TO THE MISARTICULATION OF CONSONANTS IN CHILDREN WITH ORAL CLEFTS." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 02, no. 04 (December 2012): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703608.

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AbstractThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between the dental arch dimensions and the incisal abnormalities or anomalies, to the consonant mis-articulations in children with unilateral cleft palate with the involvement of lip, before and after surgical correction.50 Non-syndromic children with unilateral cleft palate belonging to various experimental groups and 25 non-cleft children (control group) between the age group of 7-9 years were selected for the study. Dental arch dimensions were measured on the dental casts & the selected consonants were evaluated from all the four groups, by 3 qualified speech pathologists and then statistically analyzed. Reduction in the dental arch dimensions was observed in children with untreated cleft palate which further decreased after surgery. The correct production of all the selected consonants /ta/, /da/, /tha/, /dha/, /na/, /na/, /la/, /sa/ and /sha/ which was observed to be 15% in the untreated CP group, improved upto 52.4% after surgical correction in spite of the reduction in the dental arch dimensions. Speech analysis showed a high percentage of distorted sounds were maximum in untreated CP patients which decreased in surgically treated CP patients. Substituted sounds which was found to be absent in untreated cleft palate patients was observed in children who had undergone surgical correction of the palate Conclusion: the reduced arch dimensions and incisal abnormalities may be contributing factors which do not allow 100% normal speech in children with oral clefts.

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Hammarström, Inger Lundeborg, Jill Nyberg, Suvi Alaluusua, Jorma Rautio, Erik Neovius, Anders Berggren, Christina Persson, Elisabeth Willadsen, and Anette Lohmander. "Scandcleft Project Trial 2—Comparison of Speech Outcome in 1- and 2-Stage Palatal Closure in 5-Year-Olds With UCLP." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619888316.

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Objective: To investigate in-depth speech results in the Scandcleft Trial 2 with comparisons between surgical protocols and centers and with benchmarks from peers without cleft palate. Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: Two Swedish and one Finnish Cleft Palate center. Participants: One hundred twelve participants were 5-years-old born with unilateral cleft lip and palate randomized to either lip repair and soft palate closure at 4 months and hard palate closure at 12 months or lip repair at 3 to 4 months (Arm A), or a closure of both the soft and hard palate at 12 months (Arm C). Main Outcome Measures: A composite measure dichotomized into velopharyngeal competency (VPC) or velopharyngeal incompetency (VPI), overall assessment of velopharyngeal function (VPC-Rate), percentage of consonants correct (PCC score), and consonant errors. In addition, number of speech therapy visits, average hearing thresholds, and secondary surgeries were documented to assess burden of treatment. Results: Across the trial, 53.5% demonstrated VPC and 46.5% VPI with no significant differences between arms or centers. In total, 27% reached age-appropriate PCC scores with no statistically significant difference between the arms. The Finnish center had significantly higher PCC scores, the Swedish centers had higher percentages of oral consonant errors. Number of speech therapy visits was significantly higher in the Finnish center. Conclusion: At age 5, poor speech outcomes with some differences between participating centers were seen but could not be attributed to surgical protocol. As one center had very few participants, the results from that center should be interpreted with caution.

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Smit, Ann Bosma, Klaire Mann Brumbaugh, Barbara Weltsch, and Melanie Hilgers. "Treatment of Phonological Disorder: A Feasibility Study With Focus on Outcome Measures." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0225.

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Purpose In a feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial of treatments for phonological disorders conducted over a period of 8 months, we examined 6 clinically relevant outcome measures. We took steps to reduce error variance and to maximize systematic variance. Method Six children received traditional treatment (Van Riper, 1939), and 7 received expansion points (Smit, 2000), a treatment program with both phonological and traditional elements. Outcome measures, which were applied to both word list and conversational samples, included percentage of consonants correct (PCC; Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982), PCC for late and/or difficult (L/D) consonants and number of L/D consonants acquired. Results In repeated-measures analyses of variance, all measures showed significant differences from pretreatment to posttreatment, and the word list measures were associated with very high power values. In analyses of covariance for between-groups contrasts, the adjusted expansion points mean exceeded the adjusted traditional treatment mean for every measure; however, no differences reached significance. For the L/D PCC (conversation) measure, the contrast between groups was associated with a large effect size. Conclusion We recommend that practitioners use outcome measures related to a word list. We recommend that researchers consider using L/D PCC on the basis of conversational samples to detect differences among treatment groups. Supplemental Materials https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5872677

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Choi, Yoejin, and Hyunsub Sim. "Relationship between the Maximal Tongue and Lip Strength and Percentage of Correct Consonants and Speech Intelligibility in Dysarthric Adults with Cerebral Palsy." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2013.5.2.011.

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Nelson, Lauren K., and Harold R. Bauer. "Speech and Language Production at Age 2." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 4 (August 1991): 879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3404.879.

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The purpose of this study was to explore how 2-year-old children manage the relationship between phonetic production and production of word combinations in their spontaneous speech. The subjects were 5 normally developing 2-year-olds who were participants in an ongoing longitudinal study of speech and language acquisition. Three measures were used to estimate phonetic production skills in the children’s spontaneous speech samples. These included a measure of the accuracy of consonant production (Percentage of Consonants Correct), and two estimators of phonetic complexity (phonetic products for utterance and word length units). Regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between complexity of word combinations, as measured by length of utterance in morphemes and a propositional complexity analysis, and utilization of phonetic production skills. The results revealed modest tradeoffs between complexity of word combinations and accuracy of consonant production for 2 of the 5 children. The results also showed tradeoffs between complexity of word combinations and phonetic complexity of individual lexical items (phonetic product for words) for 4 of the 5 children. As the complexity of these 4 children’s multiword combinations increased, the phonetic complexity of individual lexical items decreased. These results are consistent with synergistic theories of language acquisition and language processing that emphasize dynamic tradeoffs in interactions among language processing levels in a limited capacity production system.

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Shriberg, Lawrence D. "Four New Speech and Prosody-Voice Measures for Genetics Research and Other Studies in Developmental Phonological Disorders." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 1 (February 1993): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3601.105.

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Research in developmental phonological disorders, particularly emerging subgroup studies using behavioral and molecular genetics, requires qualitative and continuous measurement systems that meet a variety of substantive and psychometric assumptions. This paper reviews relevant issues underlying such needs and presents four measurement proposals developed expressly for causal-correlates research. The primary qualitative system is the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS), a 10-category nosology for dichoto mous and hierarchical-polychoto mous classification of speech disorders from 2 years of age through adulthood. The three quantitative measures for segmental and suprasegmental analyses are (a) the Articulation Competence Index (ACI), an interval-level severity index that adjusts a subject’s Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) score for the relative percentage of distortion errors; (b) Speech Profiles, a series of graphic-numeric displays that profile a subject’s or group’s severity-adjusted consonant and vowel-diphthong mastery and error patterns; and (c) the Prosody-Voice profile, a graphic-numeric display that Profiles a subject’s or group’s status on six suprasegmental domains divided into 31 types of inappropriate prosody-voice codes. All data for the four measures are derived from one sample of conversational speech, which obviates the limitations of citation-form testing; enables speech assessment as a qualitative, semi-continuous, and continuous trait over the life span; and provides a context for univariate and multivariate statistical analyses of phonetic, phonologic, prosodic, and language variables in multiage, multidialectal, and multicultural populations. Rationale, procedures, validity data, and examples of uses for each measure are presented.

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Johnson, Carol A., Audrey D. Weston, and Barbara A. Bain. "An Objective and Time-Efficient Method for Determining Severity of Childhood Speech Delay." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 13, no. 1 (February 2004): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2004/007).

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To address the need for an efficient and valid approach to determining the severity of a child’s speech delay, this study compared 2 types of sampling procedures to derive a measure of percentage of consonants correct (PCC; L. D. Shriberg & J. Kwiatkowski, 1982). PCC scores of twenty-one 4- to 6-year-old children with speech delay derived from both an imitative sentence task and a conversational task were compared. Scores did not differ significantly and corresponded favorably with a reference criterion (S. M. Benner, 1992) for determining clinical equivalence. The imitative approach required considerably less time to complete. Thus, the sentence imitation procedure offers a valid and efficient alternative to conversational sampling. However, clinicians should consider individual child characteristics when choosing an imitative approach.

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Brunnegård, Karin, Emilie Hagberg, Christina Havstam, Åsa Okhiria, and Kristina Klintö. "Reliability of Speech Variables and Speech-Related Quality Indicators in the Swedish Cleft Lip and Palate Registry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 6 (January 7, 2020): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619894497.

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Objective: To assess the reliability of speech variables and speech-related quality indicators in the Swedish quality registry for cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Primary care university hospitals. Participants: Fifty-two 5-year-old children with unilateral CLP and 41 with bilateral CLP. Main Outcome Measures: Registry data for “percent nonoral errors” and “perceived velopharyngeal competence” (VPC) were compared to reassessments by 4 independent judges based on audio recordings. Interjudge agreement for “percent consonants correct” (PCC) and the reliability of 3 quality indicators were also assessed. Agreement was calculated with single measures intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for articulation outcomes, quadratic weighted κ and ICC for VPC, and percentage agreement and κ for quality indicators. Results: When the agreement between registry data and the judges’ reassessments was assessed, the ICC was 0.79 for percent nonoral errors. For VPC, the κ coefficient was 0.66 to 0.75 and the ICC was 0.73. Interjudge agreement for PCC calculated with ICC was 0.85. For the quality indicator “proportion of children with ≥86% correct consonants,” all 4 judges were in agreement for 72% of the cases. For “proportion of children without nonoral speech errors” and “proportion of children with competent or marginally incompetent velopharyngeal function,” the agreement between registry data and the 4 judges was 89% and 85%, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that registry data on PCC, percent nonoral errors, VPC, and the quality indicators “proportion of children without nonoral speech errors” and “proportion of children with competent or marginally incompetent velopharyngeal function” are reliable.

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Willadsen, Elisabeth, Anette Lohmander, Christina Persson, Maria Boers, Mia Kisling-Møller, Christina Havstam, Anna Elander, and Mikael Andersen. "Scandcleft Project, Trial 1: Comparison of Speech Outcome in Relation to Timing of Hard Palate Closure in 5-Year-Olds With UCLP." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 10 (June 12, 2019): 1276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619854632.

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Objective: To compare in-depth speech results in Scandcleft Trial 1 as well as reference data from peers without cleft palate (CP). Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: A Danish and a Swedish CP center. Participants: 143 of 148 randomized 5-year-olds with unilateral cleft lip and palate. All received lip and velum closure at 4 months, and hard palate closure at 12 months (arm A) or 36 months (arm B). Main Outcome Measures: A composite measure based on velopharyngeal competence (VPC) or velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), an overall assessment of VPC from connected speech (VPC-Rate), Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC-score), and consonant errors. Speech therapy visits, average hearing thresholds, and secondary pharyngeal surgeries documented burden of treatment. Results: Across the trial, 61.5% demonstrated VPC and 38.5% VPI. Twenty-two percent of participants achieved age appropriate PCC-scores. There were no statistically significant differences between arms or centers for these measures. In the Danish center, arm B: achieved lower PCC-scores ( P = .01); obtained PCC-scores without s-errors below 79% ( P = .002); produced ≥3 active oral cleft speech characteristics ( P = .004) than arm A. In both centers, arm B attended more speech visits. Conclusions: At age 5, differences between centers and treatment arms were not statistically significant for VPC/VPI, but consonant proficiency differed between treatment arms in the Danish center. Poor speech outcomes were seen for both treatment arms. Variations between centers were observed. As the Swedish center had few participants, intercenter comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

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Malmenholt, Ann, Anita McAllister, and Anette Lohmander. "Orofacial Function, Articulation Proficiency, and Intelligibility in 5-Year-Old Children Born With Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618783154.

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Objective: To explore and describe orofacial function in 5-year-old children born with clefts affecting the palate and to investigate potential relationship with articulation proficiency and intelligibility. Design: A prospective cohort study of 88 consecutive patients born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) between July 2009 and June 2011. Participants: Excluding internationally adopted children and children with no speech production resulted in 52 children with different cleft types and additional malformations, examined at age 5. Data on orofacial function were available for 43 children. Outcome Measures: Screening of orofacial function resulted in a profile and a total score, narrow phonetic transcription of test consonants produced a percentage of consonants correct (PCC) score, and ratings of intelligibility by speech and language pathologists (SLPs) and by parents gave 2 estimates. Inter- and intra-transcriber agreement was calculated. Results: Orofacial dysfunction was found in 37% of children, with results not significantly different between cleft types but significantly more frequent than in children born without CLP. Age-appropriate articulation proficiency was found in 39%, 49% presented below −2 standard deviations. Just above 50% had good intelligibility and were always understood by different communication partners according to both SLP and parent ratings. No significant correlation was found between orofacial dysfunction and PCC or intelligibility. Conclusions: Orofacial dysfunction was not found to be an explanatory factor for speech outcome in children born with CLP.

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La, Eun Young, and Hyun Sub Sim. "Repetition Practice and Speech-Rate Control Training’s Effect on the Percentage of Correct Consonants and Ratio of Delayed Words in Apraxia of Speech Patients with Aphasia." Communication Sciences & Disorders 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.14124.

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Wambaugh, Julie L., Sandra Wright, Christina Nessler, and Shannon C. Mauszycki. "Combined Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Treatment (CAAST): Effects of a Novel Therapy." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 6 (December 2014): 2191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-14-0004.

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Purpose This investigation was designed to examine the effects of a newly developed treatment for aphasia and acquired apraxia of speech (AOS). Combined Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Treatment (CAAST) targets language and speech production simultaneously, with treatment techniques derived from Response Elaboration Training (Kearns, 1985) and Sound Production Treatment (Wambaugh, Kalinyak-Fliszar, West, & Doyle, 1998). The purpose of this study was to determine whether CAAST was associated with positive changes in verbal language and speech production with speakers with aphasia and AOS. Method Four participants with chronic aphasia and AOS received CAAST applied sequentially to sets of pictures in the context of multiple baseline designs. CAAST entailed elaboration of participant-initiated utterances, with sound production training applied as needed to the elaborated productions. The dependent variables were (a) production of correct information units (CIUs; Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993) in response to experimental picture stimuli, (b) percentage of consonants correct in sentence repetition, and (c) speech intelligibility. Results and Conclusions CAAST was associated with increased CIU production in trained and untrained picture sets for all participants. Gains in sound production accuracy and speech intelligibility varied across participants; a modification of CAAST to provide additional speech production treatment may be desirable.

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Won, Hoseul, and Seunghee Ha. "The Relationship between Nonword Repetition and Speech Perception and Phonological Memory in Children with Speech Sound Disorders." Communication Sciences & Disorders 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.22940.

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Objectives: This study aimed to examine nonword repetition (NWR) performance of children with speech sound disorders (SSD) compared with children with typical development (TD) and investigate the relationship between NWR and speech perception, phonological short-term and phonological working memory, and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). Methods: Participants included 8 children with Pure SSD, 7 children with SSD accompanied by language disorders (LD) and 9 children with TD aged 5 to 6 years. Children completed NWR tasks, speech perception tests focusing on initial and final consonants in one-syllable words, and immediate memory tasks examining forward and reverse recall of familiar words. NWR performances were examined according to the entire, retrieval and sequencing accuracies and analyzed by 9 error types. Results: Children with SSD and LD performed significantly lower total and retrieval accuracies of NWR than children with TD. Substitution errors of articulation place were most frequent in all groups. Only children with SSD exhibited syllable structure errors. No significant group differences existed in speech perception. Children with SSD and LD showed lower phonological short-term memory than children with TD. Both children with SSD and LD and with Pure SSD performed significantly lower phonological working memory than children with TD. NWR showed significant relationship with speech perception, phonological memory, and PCC. The relationships between NWR and phonological short-term memory and PCC were striking. Conclusion: This study underlines that children with SSD and LD show remarkable difficulties in NWR and supports the close relationship of NWR with phonological short-term memory and speech accuracy.

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Seo, Saehee, Pilyeon Jeong, and Hyunsub Sim. "The effects of repeated speech training using speech cues on the percentage of correct consonants and speech intelligibility in children with cerebral palsy: A single-subject design research." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 13, no. 3 (September 2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2021.13.3.079.

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Dias, Roberta Freitas, Roberta Michelon Melo, Carolina Lisboa Mezzomo, and Helena Bolli Mota. "The interaction between awareness of one' s own speech disorder with linguistics variables: distinctive features and severity of phonological disorder." CoDAS 25, no. 5 (October 2013): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822013000500006.

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PURPOSE: To analyze the possible relationship among the awareness of one' s own speech disorder and some aspects of the phonological system, as the number and the type of changed distinctive features, as well as the interaction among the severity of the disorder and the non-specification of distinctive features. METHODS: The analyzed group has 23 children with diagnosis of speech disorder, aged 5:0 to 7:7. The speech data were analyzed through the Distinctive Features Analysis and classified by the Percentage of Correct Consonants. One also applied the Awareness of one' s own speech disorder test. The children were separated in two groups: with awareness of their own speech disorder established (more than 50% of correct identification) and without awareness of their own speech disorder established (less than 50% of correct identification). Finally, the variables of this research were submitted to analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The type of changed distinctive features weren' t different between the groups, as well as the total of changed features and the severity disorder. However, a correlation between the severity disorder and the non-specification of distinctive features was verified, because the more severe disorders have more changes in these linguistic variables. CONCLUSION: The awareness of one' s own speech disorder doesn' t seem to be directly influenced by the type and by the number of changed distinctive features, neither by the speech disorder severity. Moreover, one verifies that the greater phonological disorder severity, the greater the number of changed distinctive features.

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Dollaghan, Christine A., Thomas F. Campbell, Jack L. Paradise, Heidi M. Feldman, Janine E. Janosky, Dayna N. Pitcairn, and Marcia Kurs-Lasky. "Maternal Education and Measures of Early Speech and Language." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 6 (December 1999): 1432–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1432.

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The present study was designed to determine whether 4 measures of children’s spontaneous speech and language differed according to the educational level of the children’s mothers. Spontaneous language samples from 240 three-year-old children were analyzed to determine mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). A norm-referenced, knowledge-dependent measure of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised (PPVT–R), was also included for purposes of comparison with the spontaneous measures. Three levels of maternal education were compared: less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate. Trend analyses showed statistically significant linear trends across educational levels for MLUm, NDW, TNW, and PPVT–R; the trend for PCC was not significant. The relationship of maternal education and other sociodemographic variables to measures of children’s language should be examined before using such measures to identify children with language disorders. KEY WORDS: child language disorders, child language development, child language assessment, test bias, maternal education

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Rallo, Lucrecia. "Factors Affecting Pronunciation Accuracy in English as a Foreign Language: The Case of Spanish-Catalan Intermediate Learners." Atlantis. Journal of the Spanish Association for Anglo-American Studies 44, no. 2 (December 23, 2022): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2022-44.2.03.

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In the present study, we investigate the factors that influence pronunciation accuracy by Spanish-Catalan bilinguals learning English as a foreign language (EFL). A group of intermediate EFL learners were recorded producing a series of cognate and non-cognate words in two different conditions: a reading aloud task and a delayed repetition task. In the reading aloud task, the target words were presented as visual prompts in a carrier phrase. In the delayed repetition, words were presented aurally and participants repeated them after a two-second delay followed by an audio prompt. The words were phonemically transcribed using PHON. As expected, task condition and cognate-status influenced the percentage of correct vowels and consonants. The number of errors was significantly higher in the reading aloud condition than in the delayed repetition condition. Cognates exhibited more pronunciation errors than non-cognates. In contrast, learners’ vocabulary-size and lexical frequency did not have a clear impact on the results. These findings suggest that focusing on spelling might interfere with the way EFL learners process the phonological forms of words.

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Roberts, Joanne, Steven H. Long, Cheryl Malkin, Elizabeth Barnes, Martie Skinner, Elizabeth A. Hennon, and Kathleen Anderson. "A Comparison of Phonological Skills of Boys With Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 5 (October 2005): 980–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/067).

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In this study, the authors compared the phonological accuracy and patterns of sound change of boys with fragile X syndrome, boys with Down syndrome, and typically developing mental-age-matched boys. Participants were 50 boys with fragile X syndrome, ages 3 to 14 years; 32 boys with Down syndrome, ages 4 to 13 years; and 33 typically developing boys, ages 2 to 6 years, who were matched for nonverbal mental age to both the boys with fragile X syndrome and the boys with Down syndrome. All participants were administered a standardized articulation test, and their sound accuracy, phonological process, and proportion of whole-word proximity scores were analyzed. Although boys with fragile X syndrome were delayed in their speech development, they did not differ from the typically developing, mental-age-matched boys in the percentage of correct early-, middle-, and late-developing consonants; phonological processes; or whole-word proximity scores. Furthermore, boys with fragile X syndrome had fewer errors on early-, middle-, and late-developing consonants; fewer syllable structure processes; and higher whole-word proximity scores than did boys with Down syndrome. Boys with Down syndrome also were delayed in their speech development, yet their phonological inventories, occurrences of phonological processes, and proportion of whole-word proximity scores indicated greater delays in their phonological development than the younger, typically developing boys. These results suggest that males with fragile X syndrome display phonological characteristics in isolated words similar to younger, typically developing children, whereas males with Down syndrome show greater delays as well as some developmental differences compared with both the males with fragile X syndrome and typically developing males.

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Al-Jarf, Reima. "Gemination Errors in Arabic-English Transliteration of Personal Names on Facebook." International Journal of Linguistics Studies 2, no. 2 (December 5, 2022): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijls.2022.2.2.18.

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This study aimed to explore how Arabic native speakers transliterate personal names containing geminates to English on social media and what transliteration anomalies they produce. A sample of 406 English transliterations of Arabic personal names with geminates by Arabic native speakers was compiled from Facebook and analyzed to find out the percentage of Arabic names in which geminates were transliterated into double consonants correctly; the percentage of Arabic names in which geminated consonants were reduced to a singleton consonant in the English transliteration; and the percentage of Arabic names where a singleton consonant was doubled in the English transliteration. It was found that one third of the Arabic name tokens with geminates were transliterated correctly, i.e., the geminated consonant in Arabic was represented by a double consonant in the corresponding English transliteration as in compound names (Abdullah, Noureddin) and Nassar, Algammal, Alqattan, Allam, Hagga and son. In 41% of the name tokens, the geminate was represented by a single consonant in the corresponding English transliteration as in Amouna, Amool, Elzahar, Hamam, Elnagar, Sedeek, Fatouh. In 26% of the English transliterations, a single consonant was doubled in the corresponding transliteration, although the Arabic name has no geminates and the consonant is pronounced as a single phoneme as in Ahmmed, Anass, Ossama, Quassem, Sammar, Wissam, Yassin, Youniss. The most commonly geminated consonant was the s which comprised 23% of the tokens. Since Arabic geminates are spelled with a single consonant and a diacritical mark ّ that is not usually shown in the written form used by Arab adults, Arabic speakers tended to transfer the spelling of Arabic geminates into a single consonant in English. They also overgeneralized double consonants in the English transliteration of Arabic names that are pronounced with a single consonant phoneme. Recommendations for improving the transliteration competence of personal names by Arabic native speakers on social media are given.

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Campbell, Thomas F., Christine Dollaghan, Janine Janosky, Heather Leavy Rusiewicz, Steven L. Small, Frederic Dick, Jennell Vick, and P. David Adelson. "Consonant Accuracy After Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 1023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0077).

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Purpose The authors sought to describe longitudinal changes in Percentage of Consonants Correct—Revised (PCC–R) after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), to compare the odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at older and younger ages, and to correlate predictor variables and PCC–R outcomes. Method In 56 children injured between age 1 month and 11 years, PCC–R was calculated over 12 monthly sessions beginning when the child produced ≥ 10 words. At each session, the authors compared odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at younger (≤ 60 months) and older (> 60 months) ages. Correlations were calculated between final PCC–R and age at injury, injury mechanism, gender, maternal education, residence, treatment, Glasgow Coma Score, and intact brain volume. Results PCC–Rs varied within and between children. Odds of normal-range PCC–R were significantly higher for the older than for the younger group at all sessions but the first; odds of normal-range PCC–R were 9 to 33 times higher in the older group in sessions 3 to 12. Age at injury was significantly correlated with final PCC–R. Conclusion Over a 12-month period, severe TBI had more adverse effects for children whose ages placed them in the most intensive phase of PCC–R development than for children injured later.

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Owens, Elmer, and Barbara Blazek. "Visemes Observed by Hearing-Impaired and Normal-Hearing Adult Viewers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, no. 3 (September 1985): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2803.381.

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A series of VCV nonsense syllables formed with 23 consonants and the vowels //, /i/, /u/, and // was presented on videotape without sound to 5 hearing-impaired adults and 5 adults with normal hearing. The two-fold purpose was (a) to determine whether the two groups would perform the same in their identification of visemes and (b) to observe whether the identification of visemes is influenced by vowel context. There were no differences between the two groups either with respect to the overall percentage of items correct or to the visemes identified. Noticeable differences occurred in viseme identification between the /u/ context and the other 3 vowel contexts; visemes with // differed slightly from those with // and /i/; and there were no differences in viseme identification for // and /i/ contexts. Findings were in general agreement with other studies with respect to the visemes identified, provided it is acknowledged that changes can occur depending on variables such as talkers, stimuli, recording and viewing conditions, training procedures, and statistical criteria. A composite grouping consists of /p,b,m/; /f,v/; /θ,ð/; /w,r/; /t∫,d,∫,/; and /t,d,s,k,n,g,l/.

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Allen, Melissa M. "Intervention Efficacy and Intensity for Children With Speech Sound Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0076).

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PurposeClinicians do not have an evidence base they can use to recommend optimum intervention intensity for preschool children who present with speech sound disorder (SSD). This study examined the effect of dose frequency on phonological performance and the efficacy of the multiple oppositions approach.MethodFifty-four preschool children with SSD were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions. Two intervention conditions received the multiple oppositions approach either 3 times per week for 8 weeks (P3) or once weekly for 24 weeks (P1). A control (C) condition received a storybook intervention. Percentage of consonants correct (PCC) was evaluated at 8 weeks and after 24 sessions. PCC gain was examined after a 6-week maintenance period.ResultsThe P3 condition had a significantly better phonological outcome than the P1 and C conditions at 8 weeks and than the P1 condition after 24 weeks. There were no significant differences between the P1 and C conditions. There was no significant difference between the P1 and P3 conditions in PCC gain during the maintenance period.ConclusionPreschool children with SSD who received the multiple oppositions approach made significantly greater gains when they were provided with a more intensive dose frequency and when cumulative intervention intensity was held constant.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Percentage consonants correct'

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