Journal articles on the topic 'Percentage Consonants Correct (PCC)'
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Shriberg, Lawrence D., Diane Austin, Barbara A. Lewis, Jane L. McSweeny, and David L. Wilson. "The Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) Metric." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 4 (August 1997): 708–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4004.708.
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Research in normal and disordered phonology requires measures of speech production that are biolinguistically appropriate and psychometrically robust. Their conceptual and numeric properties must be well characterized, particularly because speech measures are increasingly appearing in large-scale epidemiologic, genetic, and other descriptive-explanatory database studies. This work provides a rationale for extensions to an articulation competence metric titled the Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC; Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982; Shriberg, Kwiatkowski, Best, Hengst, & Terselic-Weber, 1986), which is computed from a 5- to 10-minute conversational speech sample. Reliability and standard error of measurement estimates are provided for 9 of a set of 10 speech metrics, including the PCC. Discussion includes rationale for selecting one or more of the 10 metrics for specific clinical and research needs.
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Dale, Emily W., Allison M. Plumb, Mary J. Sandage, and Laura W. Plexico. "Speech-Language Pathologists’ Knowledge and Competence Regarding Percentage of Consonants Correct." Communication Disorders Quarterly 41, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740119853806.
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The aim of this article is to examine speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs) knowledge and competence using Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC). Participants were recruited through posts on social media and message boards for the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Special Interest Groups. In addition, surveys were emailed via the ASHA membership directory to SLPs in selected states who reported working in settings with a primarily pediatric population. The majority of SLPs reported a lack of academic and clinical training in the area of PCC. Participants demonstrated limited knowledge of the rules for calculating PCC in addition to decreased calculation ability and confidence. Because PCC is well-validated, SLPs would benefit from increased clinical and academic exposure to the measure; however, as many report that they do not use PCC, this calls into question its clinical practicality. The question remains if there is a need for a more expedient process by which to objectively quantify severity, such as use of an automated metric.
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Alighieri, Cassandra, Kim Bettens, Laura Bruneel, Evelien D'haeseleer, Ellen Van Gaever, and Kristiane Van Lierde. "Reliability of Outcome Measures to Assess Consonant Proficiency Following Cleft Palate Speech Intervention: The Percentage of Consonants Correct Metric and the Probe Scoring System." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1811–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00628.
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Purpose This study compared the inter- and intrarater reliability of the percentage of consonants correct (PCC) metrics and the probe scoring system between an experienced and a less experienced rater and between two experienced raters. In addition, these outcome measures' ability to reflect changes following speech intervention was measured. Method During Phase 1, two raters (Rater 1 with 5 years of experience in cleft-related speech disorders and Rater 2 with limited experience in cleft-related speech disorders) independently assessed 134 speech samples at the word and sentence levels, which were collected on different data points before, during, and following a cleft palate speech intervention. During Phase 2, a third rater (with 8 years of experience) analyzed 34 speech samples. The percentage of consonants correct–revised, the percentage of correct places and manners, and probe scores at the word and sentence levels were measured. Results Poor-to-moderate interreliability between Raters 1 and 2 was found due to differences in error classification. Interrater reliability between Raters 1 and 3 was very good for both the PCC metrics and the probe scores. The interrater reliability for the amount of targets elicited was lower compared to the interrater reliability for the amount of targets correct. The probe scoring system demonstrated a greater ability to detect changes toward the correct production of the target consonant compared to the PCC metrics. Conclusions Having an experience with the assessment of cleft-related speech disorders is a crucial factor to gain reliable results. The interrater reliability for the PCC metrics and the probe scoring system between two experienced raters did not differ, suggesting that both outcome measures can be used in cleft palate speech intervention studies. Despite the ability of the probe scoring system to detect changes, further research should provide insight in the benefits of this system both for research and clinical purposes.
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Campbell, Thomas F., Christine Dollaghan, Janine E. Janosky, and P. David Adelson. "A Performance Curve for Assessing Change in Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R)." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50, no. 4 (August 2007): 1110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/077).
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Babatsouli, Elena. "Correlation between the measure for cluster proximity (MCP) and the percentage of consonants correct (PCC)." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 35, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2020.1744189.
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Pham Thi, Van, Ben Pham Thi, Sharynne McLeod, and Trung Vo Nguyen. "Review of diagnostic criteria for speech sound disorders in children." Journal of Science Educational Science 66, no. 4AB (October 2021): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2021-0063.
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Speech sound disorders (SSD) is a common communication disorder with long-term consequences in children. Diagnosis and assessment play an important role in the identification of SSD and its severity, to assist goal setting and intervention planning and to measure progression. In order to define and describe diagnostic criteria regarding SSD in children, this review paper uses content analysis of 14 studies reporting on children with SSD. Results reveal that diagnostic criteria for SSD in children include: 1) Mean scores of percentage phonemes correct (e.g., percentage of consonants correct, PCC, and percentage of vowels correct, PVC); 2) phonological processes; 3) “concern” from parents, teachers, and children themselves about children’s speech and pronunciation; and 4) children's speech intelligibility. While mean scores of the percentage of consonants correct were varied between studies, diagnostic criteria for identifying SSD were achieving a PCC score between one and two standard deviations below the mean for the child’s age. Some children with SSD were reported to use phonological processes that are occasional (>10%) and rare (>5%), or are still being used at an older age compared to typically developing children. Many children with SSD had parents and teachers who were concerned about their speech and pronunciation. Mean scores of young children’s speech intelligibility measured by the Intelligibility in Context Scale were typically below 4.0. This review provides useful information and a foundation for research and clinical practice in a language in which diagnosis criteria for SSD have not been established.
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Keffala, Bethany, Shelley Scarpino, Carol Scheffner Hammer, Barbara Rodriguez, Lisa Lopez, and Brian Goldstein. "Vocabulary and Phonological Abilities Affect Dual Language Learners' Consonant Production Accuracy Within and Across Languages: A Large-Scale Study of 3- to 6-Year-Old Spanish–English Dual Language Learners." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 1196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00145.
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Purpose This study examined factors of language ability that predict consonant production accuracy in young Spanish–English dual language learners (DLLs). Method Participants were 695 Latino DLLs, ages 3;0–6;5 (years;months). Single-word productions were elicited using the Bilingual Phonological Assessment (Miccio & Hammer, 2006). Children's consonant productions were assessed using Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R; Shriberg et al., 1997a). Vocabulary abilities were assessed using the Woodcock–Muñoz Language Survey–Revised (Woodcock et al., 2005). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the effects of vocabulary abilities and cross-language consonant production abilities on children's consonant production accuracy in each language. Results Large amounts of the variance in PCC-R scores for English ( R 2 = .65) and Spanish ( R 2 = .43) were predicted by children's age, vocabulary scores within the same language, and PCC-R scores across languages. Conclusion Spanish–English DLLs' consonant production abilities in both languages improve with age between 3;0 and 6;5. DLLs' accuracy in each language is also affected by vocabulary abilities within the same language and by their consonant production abilities in the other language. In particular, children's consonant production abilities in each language were highly predictive of their consonant production abilities in the other language, which suggests that shared phonological skills support their development across languages.
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Smit, Ann Bosma, Klaire Mann Brumbaugh, Barbara Weltsch, and Melanie Hilgers. "Treatment of Phonological Disorder: A Feasibility Study With Focus on Outcome Measures." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0225.
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Purpose In a feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial of treatments for phonological disorders conducted over a period of 8 months, we examined 6 clinically relevant outcome measures. We took steps to reduce error variance and to maximize systematic variance. Method Six children received traditional treatment (Van Riper, 1939), and 7 received expansion points (Smit, 2000), a treatment program with both phonological and traditional elements. Outcome measures, which were applied to both word list and conversational samples, included percentage of consonants correct (PCC; Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982), PCC for late and/or difficult (L/D) consonants and number of L/D consonants acquired. Results In repeated-measures analyses of variance, all measures showed significant differences from pretreatment to posttreatment, and the word list measures were associated with very high power values. In analyses of covariance for between-groups contrasts, the adjusted expansion points mean exceeded the adjusted traditional treatment mean for every measure; however, no differences reached significance. For the L/D PCC (conversation) measure, the contrast between groups was associated with a large effect size. Conclusion We recommend that practitioners use outcome measures related to a word list. We recommend that researchers consider using L/D PCC on the basis of conversational samples to detect differences among treatment groups. Supplemental Materials https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5872677
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Hammarström, Inger Lundeborg, Jill Nyberg, Suvi Alaluusua, Jorma Rautio, Erik Neovius, Anders Berggren, Christina Persson, Elisabeth Willadsen, and Anette Lohmander. "Scandcleft Project Trial 2—Comparison of Speech Outcome in 1- and 2-Stage Palatal Closure in 5-Year-Olds With UCLP." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619888316.
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Objective: To investigate in-depth speech results in the Scandcleft Trial 2 with comparisons between surgical protocols and centers and with benchmarks from peers without cleft palate. Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: Two Swedish and one Finnish Cleft Palate center. Participants: One hundred twelve participants were 5-years-old born with unilateral cleft lip and palate randomized to either lip repair and soft palate closure at 4 months and hard palate closure at 12 months or lip repair at 3 to 4 months (Arm A), or a closure of both the soft and hard palate at 12 months (Arm C). Main Outcome Measures: A composite measure dichotomized into velopharyngeal competency (VPC) or velopharyngeal incompetency (VPI), overall assessment of velopharyngeal function (VPC-Rate), percentage of consonants correct (PCC score), and consonant errors. In addition, number of speech therapy visits, average hearing thresholds, and secondary surgeries were documented to assess burden of treatment. Results: Across the trial, 53.5% demonstrated VPC and 46.5% VPI with no significant differences between arms or centers. In total, 27% reached age-appropriate PCC scores with no statistically significant difference between the arms. The Finnish center had significantly higher PCC scores, the Swedish centers had higher percentages of oral consonant errors. Number of speech therapy visits was significantly higher in the Finnish center. Conclusion: At age 5, poor speech outcomes with some differences between participating centers were seen but could not be attributed to surgical protocol. As one center had very few participants, the results from that center should be interpreted with caution.
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Campbell, Thomas F., Christine Dollaghan, Janine Janosky, Heather Leavy Rusiewicz, Steven L. Small, Frederic Dick, Jennell Vick, and P. David Adelson. "Consonant Accuracy After Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 1023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0077).
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Purpose The authors sought to describe longitudinal changes in Percentage of Consonants Correct—Revised (PCC–R) after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), to compare the odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at older and younger ages, and to correlate predictor variables and PCC–R outcomes. Method In 56 children injured between age 1 month and 11 years, PCC–R was calculated over 12 monthly sessions beginning when the child produced ≥ 10 words. At each session, the authors compared odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at younger (≤ 60 months) and older (> 60 months) ages. Correlations were calculated between final PCC–R and age at injury, injury mechanism, gender, maternal education, residence, treatment, Glasgow Coma Score, and intact brain volume. Results PCC–Rs varied within and between children. Odds of normal-range PCC–R were significantly higher for the older than for the younger group at all sessions but the first; odds of normal-range PCC–R were 9 to 33 times higher in the older group in sessions 3 to 12. Age at injury was significantly correlated with final PCC–R. Conclusion Over a 12-month period, severe TBI had more adverse effects for children whose ages placed them in the most intensive phase of PCC–R development than for children injured later.
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Johnson, Carol A., Audrey D. Weston, and Barbara A. Bain. "An Objective and Time-Efficient Method for Determining Severity of Childhood Speech Delay." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 13, no. 1 (February 2004): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2004/007).
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To address the need for an efficient and valid approach to determining the severity of a child’s speech delay, this study compared 2 types of sampling procedures to derive a measure of percentage of consonants correct (PCC; L. D. Shriberg & J. Kwiatkowski, 1982). PCC scores of twenty-one 4- to 6-year-old children with speech delay derived from both an imitative sentence task and a conversational task were compared. Scores did not differ significantly and corresponded favorably with a reference criterion (S. M. Benner, 1992) for determining clinical equivalence. The imitative approach required considerably less time to complete. Thus, the sentence imitation procedure offers a valid and efficient alternative to conversational sampling. However, clinicians should consider individual child characteristics when choosing an imitative approach.
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Willadsen, Elisabeth, Anette Lohmander, Christina Persson, Maria Boers, Mia Kisling-Møller, Christina Havstam, Anna Elander, and Mikael Andersen. "Scandcleft Project, Trial 1: Comparison of Speech Outcome in Relation to Timing of Hard Palate Closure in 5-Year-Olds With UCLP." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 10 (June 12, 2019): 1276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619854632.
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Objective: To compare in-depth speech results in Scandcleft Trial 1 as well as reference data from peers without cleft palate (CP). Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: A Danish and a Swedish CP center. Participants: 143 of 148 randomized 5-year-olds with unilateral cleft lip and palate. All received lip and velum closure at 4 months, and hard palate closure at 12 months (arm A) or 36 months (arm B). Main Outcome Measures: A composite measure based on velopharyngeal competence (VPC) or velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), an overall assessment of VPC from connected speech (VPC-Rate), Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC-score), and consonant errors. Speech therapy visits, average hearing thresholds, and secondary pharyngeal surgeries documented burden of treatment. Results: Across the trial, 61.5% demonstrated VPC and 38.5% VPI. Twenty-two percent of participants achieved age appropriate PCC-scores. There were no statistically significant differences between arms or centers for these measures. In the Danish center, arm B: achieved lower PCC-scores ( P = .01); obtained PCC-scores without s-errors below 79% ( P = .002); produced ≥3 active oral cleft speech characteristics ( P = .004) than arm A. In both centers, arm B attended more speech visits. Conclusions: At age 5, differences between centers and treatment arms were not statistically significant for VPC/VPI, but consonant proficiency differed between treatment arms in the Danish center. Poor speech outcomes were seen for both treatment arms. Variations between centers were observed. As the Swedish center had few participants, intercenter comparisons should be interpreted with caution.
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Brunnegård, Karin, Emilie Hagberg, Christina Havstam, Åsa Okhiria, and Kristina Klintö. "Reliability of Speech Variables and Speech-Related Quality Indicators in the Swedish Cleft Lip and Palate Registry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 6 (January 7, 2020): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619894497.
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Objective: To assess the reliability of speech variables and speech-related quality indicators in the Swedish quality registry for cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Primary care university hospitals. Participants: Fifty-two 5-year-old children with unilateral CLP and 41 with bilateral CLP. Main Outcome Measures: Registry data for “percent nonoral errors” and “perceived velopharyngeal competence” (VPC) were compared to reassessments by 4 independent judges based on audio recordings. Interjudge agreement for “percent consonants correct” (PCC) and the reliability of 3 quality indicators were also assessed. Agreement was calculated with single measures intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for articulation outcomes, quadratic weighted κ and ICC for VPC, and percentage agreement and κ for quality indicators. Results: When the agreement between registry data and the judges’ reassessments was assessed, the ICC was 0.79 for percent nonoral errors. For VPC, the κ coefficient was 0.66 to 0.75 and the ICC was 0.73. Interjudge agreement for PCC calculated with ICC was 0.85. For the quality indicator “proportion of children with ≥86% correct consonants,” all 4 judges were in agreement for 72% of the cases. For “proportion of children without nonoral speech errors” and “proportion of children with competent or marginally incompetent velopharyngeal function,” the agreement between registry data and the 4 judges was 89% and 85%, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that registry data on PCC, percent nonoral errors, VPC, and the quality indicators “proportion of children without nonoral speech errors” and “proportion of children with competent or marginally incompetent velopharyngeal function” are reliable.
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Won, Hoseul, and Seunghee Ha. "The Relationship between Nonword Repetition and Speech Perception and Phonological Memory in Children with Speech Sound Disorders." Communication Sciences & Disorders 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.22940.
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Objectives: This study aimed to examine nonword repetition (NWR) performance of children with speech sound disorders (SSD) compared with children with typical development (TD) and investigate the relationship between NWR and speech perception, phonological short-term and phonological working memory, and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). Methods: Participants included 8 children with Pure SSD, 7 children with SSD accompanied by language disorders (LD) and 9 children with TD aged 5 to 6 years. Children completed NWR tasks, speech perception tests focusing on initial and final consonants in one-syllable words, and immediate memory tasks examining forward and reverse recall of familiar words. NWR performances were examined according to the entire, retrieval and sequencing accuracies and analyzed by 9 error types. Results: Children with SSD and LD performed significantly lower total and retrieval accuracies of NWR than children with TD. Substitution errors of articulation place were most frequent in all groups. Only children with SSD exhibited syllable structure errors. No significant group differences existed in speech perception. Children with SSD and LD showed lower phonological short-term memory than children with TD. Both children with SSD and LD and with Pure SSD performed significantly lower phonological working memory than children with TD. NWR showed significant relationship with speech perception, phonological memory, and PCC. The relationships between NWR and phonological short-term memory and PCC were striking. Conclusion: This study underlines that children with SSD and LD show remarkable difficulties in NWR and supports the close relationship of NWR with phonological short-term memory and speech accuracy.
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Malmenholt, Ann, Anita McAllister, and Anette Lohmander. "Orofacial Function, Articulation Proficiency, and Intelligibility in 5-Year-Old Children Born With Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618783154.
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Objective: To explore and describe orofacial function in 5-year-old children born with clefts affecting the palate and to investigate potential relationship with articulation proficiency and intelligibility. Design: A prospective cohort study of 88 consecutive patients born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) between July 2009 and June 2011. Participants: Excluding internationally adopted children and children with no speech production resulted in 52 children with different cleft types and additional malformations, examined at age 5. Data on orofacial function were available for 43 children. Outcome Measures: Screening of orofacial function resulted in a profile and a total score, narrow phonetic transcription of test consonants produced a percentage of consonants correct (PCC) score, and ratings of intelligibility by speech and language pathologists (SLPs) and by parents gave 2 estimates. Inter- and intra-transcriber agreement was calculated. Results: Orofacial dysfunction was found in 37% of children, with results not significantly different between cleft types but significantly more frequent than in children born without CLP. Age-appropriate articulation proficiency was found in 39%, 49% presented below −2 standard deviations. Just above 50% had good intelligibility and were always understood by different communication partners according to both SLP and parent ratings. No significant correlation was found between orofacial dysfunction and PCC or intelligibility. Conclusions: Orofacial dysfunction was not found to be an explanatory factor for speech outcome in children born with CLP.
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Allen, Melissa M. "Intervention Efficacy and Intensity for Children With Speech Sound Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0076).
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PurposeClinicians do not have an evidence base they can use to recommend optimum intervention intensity for preschool children who present with speech sound disorder (SSD). This study examined the effect of dose frequency on phonological performance and the efficacy of the multiple oppositions approach.MethodFifty-four preschool children with SSD were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions. Two intervention conditions received the multiple oppositions approach either 3 times per week for 8 weeks (P3) or once weekly for 24 weeks (P1). A control (C) condition received a storybook intervention. Percentage of consonants correct (PCC) was evaluated at 8 weeks and after 24 sessions. PCC gain was examined after a 6-week maintenance period.ResultsThe P3 condition had a significantly better phonological outcome than the P1 and C conditions at 8 weeks and than the P1 condition after 24 weeks. There were no significant differences between the P1 and C conditions. There was no significant difference between the P1 and P3 conditions in PCC gain during the maintenance period.ConclusionPreschool children with SSD who received the multiple oppositions approach made significantly greater gains when they were provided with a more intensive dose frequency and when cumulative intervention intensity was held constant.
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Dollaghan, Christine A., Thomas F. Campbell, Jack L. Paradise, Heidi M. Feldman, Janine E. Janosky, Dayna N. Pitcairn, and Marcia Kurs-Lasky. "Maternal Education and Measures of Early Speech and Language." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 6 (December 1999): 1432–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1432.
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The present study was designed to determine whether 4 measures of children’s spontaneous speech and language differed according to the educational level of the children’s mothers. Spontaneous language samples from 240 three-year-old children were analyzed to determine mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). A norm-referenced, knowledge-dependent measure of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised (PPVT–R), was also included for purposes of comparison with the spontaneous measures. Three levels of maternal education were compared: less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate. Trend analyses showed statistically significant linear trends across educational levels for MLUm, NDW, TNW, and PPVT–R; the trend for PCC was not significant. The relationship of maternal education and other sociodemographic variables to measures of children’s language should be examined before using such measures to identify children with language disorders. KEY WORDS: child language disorders, child language development, child language assessment, test bias, maternal education
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Farquharson, Kelly, Sherine R. Tambyraja, and Laura M. Justice. "Contributions to Gain in Speech Sound Production Accuracy for Children With Speech Sound Disorders: Exploring Child and Therapy Factors." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 51, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_lshss-19-00079.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which child- and therapy-level factors contribute to gains in speech sound production accuracy for children with speech sound disorders in receipt of school-based services. Method Data were obtained from 126 kindergarten and first- and second-grade children currently in receipt of speech therapy services in their public school setting. Pretest and posttest measures of spontaneous speech production and language ability were collected at the beginning and end of one academic year. Using a spontaneous speech sample, percentage of consonants correct (PCC) was calculated for each child; a gain score was computed by subtracting the pretest PCC score from the posttest PCC score. The children's speech-language pathologist completed weekly therapy logs during business-as-usual therapy, indicating the frequency, duration, and group composition of services throughout the school year. Results Results supported that gain in PCC from pretest to posttest was predicted by several child- and therapy-level variables. Children's initial speech sound severity was negatively related to gains in PCC. Our results also supported that the total number of therapy sessions received in a year was positively predictive of PCC gain. Interestingly, the number of individual therapy sessions was negatively associated with PCC gain. Conclusion Several malleable therapy factors contribute to gains in speech sound accuracy for children with speech sound disorders. Speech-language pathologists should consider how these factors may be manipulated to best tailor treatment to the individual needs of the children on their caseloads.
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Tyler, Ann A., Kerry E. Lewis, and Carissa M. Welch. "Predictors of Phonological Change Following Intervention." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 12, no. 3 (August 2003): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/075).
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To date, predictor variables strongly associated with phonological change as a result of intervention have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to determine the best predictor or combination of predictors of change in percentage of consonants correct (PCC; L. D. Shriberg & J. Kwiatkowski, 1982) as a result of speech-language intervention for a group of 20 participants and to replicate this procedure with a second group of 20. Participants were preschool children, ages 3;0 (years;months) to 5;11, with impairments in phonology and morphosyntax who received intervention focused on both phonology and morphosyntax in different goal attack configurations. The relationship of predictor variables chronological age, inventory size, error consistency, and expressive language to the criterion variable, change in PCC, was investigated. In both the initial study and the replication, the mean change in PCC following a 24-week intervention period was 13.1%. In the initial study, error consistency and a finite morpheme composite (FMC; L. M. Bedore & L. B. Leonard, 1998) accounted for 52% of the variance for the criterion variable. Error consistency at the first step in the regression accounted for 31.6% of the variance. In the replication, error consistency was the only variable related to PCC change, again accounting for 31% of the variance. Further research examining overall error consistency is warranted.
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Shriberg, Lawrence D. "Four New Speech and Prosody-Voice Measures for Genetics Research and Other Studies in Developmental Phonological Disorders." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 1 (February 1993): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3601.105.
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Research in developmental phonological disorders, particularly emerging subgroup studies using behavioral and molecular genetics, requires qualitative and continuous measurement systems that meet a variety of substantive and psychometric assumptions. This paper reviews relevant issues underlying such needs and presents four measurement proposals developed expressly for causal-correlates research. The primary qualitative system is the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS), a 10-category nosology for dichoto mous and hierarchical-polychoto mous classification of speech disorders from 2 years of age through adulthood. The three quantitative measures for segmental and suprasegmental analyses are (a) the Articulation Competence Index (ACI), an interval-level severity index that adjusts a subject’s Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) score for the relative percentage of distortion errors; (b) Speech Profiles, a series of graphic-numeric displays that profile a subject’s or group’s severity-adjusted consonant and vowel-diphthong mastery and error patterns; and (c) the Prosody-Voice profile, a graphic-numeric display that Profiles a subject’s or group’s status on six suprasegmental domains divided into 31 types of inappropriate prosody-voice codes. All data for the four measures are derived from one sample of conversational speech, which obviates the limitations of citation-form testing; enables speech assessment as a qualitative, semi-continuous, and continuous trait over the life span; and provides a context for univariate and multivariate statistical analyses of phonetic, phonologic, prosodic, and language variables in multiage, multidialectal, and multicultural populations. Rationale, procedures, validity data, and examples of uses for each measure are presented.
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Roberts, Julie, Leslie Rescorla, Jennifer Giroux, and Lisa Stevens. "Phonological Skills of Children With Specific Expressive Language Impairment (SLI-E)." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 2 (April 1998): 374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4102.374.
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Naturalistic speech samples of 29 3-year-olds diagnosed with specific expressive language delay (SLI-E) were compared to those produced by 19 age-matched normally developing peers in order to determine their improvement in phonological skills since age 2, when Rescorla and Ratner (1996) studied them. Specifically, the groups were compared with regard to vocalization rate, verbalizations, fully intelligible utterances, phonetic inventories, percentages of consonants correct (PCC), phonological processes, and mean length of utterance (MLU). Results revealed that there was no significant difference between the groups in their numbers of vocalizations (as there had been at age 2), although there continued to be differences in their phonetic inventories, PCC scores, and overall intelligibility. These findings suggest that at age 2 the children with SLI-E were not only less phonologically skilled but less talkative, whereas by age 3 they were equally vocal. Analysis of the phonetic inventories of the children demonstrated that for most consonants, the SLI-E group followed the same pattern of development as the comparison children, but more of the normally developing group had productive control of each consonant, consistent with findings of Rescorla and Ratner. There continued to be differences in intelligibility as measured by rates of verbalization (those utterances with at least one intelligible word) and fully intelligible utterances. Using these measures, we found that approximately half the SLI-E children had caught up with their normally developing peers in terms of articulation, whereas half of them continued to be significantly delayed. Finally, although some of the late-bloomer group had caught up to the comparison children in language skills, as measured by MLU, many had not, suggesting that there was a tendency for the children to catch up in some articulation skills before catching up in language abilities.
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WARING, Rebecca, Susan RICKARD LIOW, Patricia EADIE, and Barbara DODD. "Speech development in preschool children: evaluating the contribution of phonological short-term and phonological working memory." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 04 (March 4, 2019): 632–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000035.
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AbstractEmerging evidence suggests domain-general processes, including working memory, may contribute to reduced speech production skills in young children. This study compared the phonological short-term (pSTM) and phonological working memory (pWM) abilities of 50 monolingual English-speaking children between 3;6 and 5;11 with typical speech production skills and percentage consonant correct (PCC) standard scores of 12 and above (n = 22) and typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of between 8 and 11 (n = 28). A multiple hierarchical regression was also conducted to determine whether pSTM and/or pWM could predict PCC. Children with typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of 12 and above had better pWM abilities than children with typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of between 8 and 11. pSTM ability was similar in both groups. pWM accounted for 5.3% variance in overall phonological accuracy. Implications of phonological working memory in speech development are discussed.
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Kim, Ju Eun, Bo Ram Keum, Sung Won Li, Sung Min Park, Bin Kwon, Heejin Kim, and Il-Seok Park. "The Effect of Frenotomy on the Tongue Length, Motion, and Speech According to Age." Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 64, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2020.00381.
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Background and Objectives Ankyloglossia often results in articulation disorders, which depends on age, articulation ability, and mobility of the tongue. A primary treatment strategy includes surgery and/or speech therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the changes of the tongue length, tongue mobility, and percentage of consonants correct (PCC) after frenotomy. We investigated the optimal surgery timing for ankyloglossia.Subjects and Method A total of 136 patients underwent frenotomy for the tongue tie between January 2016 and December 2019. There were 90 males and 46 females, with the mean age of 5.23, which ranged from 2 to 10 years. The length of the tongue was measured for all patients during the operation preoperatively and postoperatively. The mobility of the tongue and PCC were performed preoperatively and 1 month after surgery by two speech therapists. Patients were divided according to age into three groups: 2-3 years, 4-5 years, and over 6 years old.Results The mean tongue length of all age groups was significantly elongated after surgery (<i>p</i><0.05). After frenotomy, the mobility of tongue, including horizontal protrusion, protrusion with upward pointing, circumlocution, and lateral movement, was improved. Also, PCCs of all age groups were significantly improved after surgery (<i>p</i><0.05).Conclusion Frenotomy can be an effective procedure for children with ankyloglossia in all age groups. After frenotomy, length of the tongue, mobility of the tongue and PCC were significantly improved.
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Persson, Christina, Nina-Helen Pedersen, Christine Hayden, Melanie Bowden, Ragnhild Aukner, Hallvard A. Vindenes, Frank Åbyholm, David Withby, Elisabeth Willadsen, and Anette Lohmander. "Scandcleft Project Trial 3: Comparison of Speech Outcomes in Relation to Sequence in 2-Stage Palatal Repair Procedures in 5-Year-Olds With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619896637.
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Objective: To compare speech outcome following different sequencing of hard and soft palate closure between arms and centers within trial 3 and compare results to peers without cleft palate. Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: Two Norwegian and 2 British centers. Participants: One hundred thirty-six 5-year-olds with unilateral cleft lip and palate were randomized to either lip and soft palate closure at 3 to 4 months and hard palate closure at 12 months (arm A) or lip and hard palate closure at 3 to 4 months and soft palate closure at 12 months (arm D). Main Outcome Measures: A composite measure of velopharyngeal competence (VPC), overall assessment of VPC from connected speech (VPC-Rate). Percentage of consonants correct (PCC), active cleft speech characteristics (CSCs), subdivided by oral retracted and nonoral errors, and developmental speech characteristics (DSCs). Results: Across the trial, 47% had VPC, with no statistically significant difference between arms within or across centers. Thirty-eight percent achieved a PCC score of >90%, with no difference between arms or centers. In one center, significantly more children in arm A produced ≥3 active CSCs ( P < .05). Across centers, there was a statistically significant difference in active CSCs (arm D), oral retracted CSCs (arm D), and DSCs (arms A and D). Conclusions: Less than half of the 5-year-olds achieved VPC and around one-third achieved age-appropriate PCC scores. Cleft speech characteristics were more common in arm A, but outcomes varied within and across centers. Thus, outcome of the same surgical method can vary substantially across centers.
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Wertzner, Haydée Fiszbein, Luciana Amaro, and Daniela Evaristo dos Santos Galea. "Phonological performance measured by speech severity indices compared with correlated factors." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 125, no. 6 (November 2007): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802007000600002.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Some factors seem to influence speech impairment among phonologically disordered children. The aim was to compare severity indices with some correlated factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, analytical and cross-sectional study conducted within the Language-Speech-Hearing Sciences Course, Universidade de São Paulo. METHOD: Fifty phonologically disordered children with ages ranging from 4 to 11 years took part. The indices were calculated from phonology tests and were correlated with anamnesis and audiological data. Student’s t test and Spearman’s correlation were used to compare percentages of consonants correct (PCC) and process density index (PDI) for children with and without otitis, upper respiratory histories and audiological abnormalities, with regard to whether or not they were comprehended during assessment, their ages when they started to speak and their ages at the assessment. RESULTS: The higher the age at the assessment was, the higher the PCC (imitation: 0.468; naming: 0.431; Spearman’s correlation) and the lower the PDI (imitation: 0.459; naming: 0.431); the later the child started to speak, the lower the PCC (imitation p = 0.064; naming p = 0.050) and the higher the PDI (imitation p = 0.067; naming p = 0.042). There were differences between groups with and without upper respiratory history (PCC: imitation p = 0.016, naming p = 0.005; PDI: imitation p = 0.014, naming p = 0.008). There was no difference between the groups regarding otitis, comprehension during the assessment and audiological data. CONCLUSIONS: Children with upper respiratory histories who began to speak later presented more severe speech impairment indices.
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Williams, A. Lynn, and Mary Elbert. "A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Phonological Development in Late Talkers." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 34, no. 2 (April 2003): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2003/012).
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Purpose: This study involved prospective longitudinal data on 5 late talkers to provide information about the course of phonological development in order to identify possible predictors of delayed versus deviant development. Method: Five children (3 boys, 2 girls) were identified as late talkers and divided into a younger group and an older group. Each child was followed monthly for 10 to 12 months (22–33 months for the younger group and 30–42 months for the older group). Two types of monthly language samples (free play and elicited) were obtained to describe the individual courses of phonological development for each child. Independent and relational analyses were completed at each age to describe word-initial and word-final phonetic inventories, syllable structure, syllable diversity, percentage of consonants correct (PCC), sound variability, and error patterns. Results: The results indicated that 3 of the children resolved their late onset of speech by 33 to 35 months of age. In addition to quantitative factors, (e.g., limited phonetic inventory, lower PCC, and more sound errors), qualitative variables (e.g., atypical error patterns, greater sound variability, and slower rate of resolution) also were identified as potential markers of long-term phonological delay. Clinical Implications: This study provides information to clinicians so they can identify those children who are less likely to resolve their late onset of phonological development without direct intervention. Procedures are described for assessing early linguistic behaviors that incorporate independent and relational analyses on more extensive speech samples (elicited and free play). From these analyses, clinicians can examine quantitative and qualitative variables to differentiate phonological delay from deviance.
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Goldstein, Brian, and Patricia Swasey Washington. "An Initial Investigation of Phonological Patterns in Typically Developing 4-Year-Old Spanish-English Bilingual Children." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 3 (July 2001): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/014).
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Purpose: This collaborative study investigated phonological patterns in 12 typically developing 4-year-old bilingual (Spanish-English) children. Method: A single-word phonological assessment with separate versions for English and Spanish was administered to each child. Analyses consisted of a phonetic inventory; percentage of consonants correct; percentage of consonants correct for voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation; and the percentage of occurrence for phonological processes. Results: The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two languages on percentage of consonants correct; percentage of consonants correct for voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation; or percentage of occurrence for phonological processes. However, the children exhibited different patterns of production across the two languages and showed different patterns compared to monolingual children of either language. Clinical Implications: The preliminary findings suggest that the phonological system of bilingual (Spanish-English) children is both similar to and different from that of monolingual speakers of either language. Compared to monolingual speakers, bilingual children should be expected to exhibit different types of errors and different substitution patterns for target sounds.
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Garrett, Kimberly K., and Michael J. Moran. "A Comparison of Phonological Severity Measures." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 23, no. 1 (January 1992): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2301.48.
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The severity of phonological involvement of 20 phonologically impaired children was compared using five measures: phonological deviancy score (PDS), percent consonants correct (PCC) based on connected speech and based on single words, and perceptual ratings from two groups of listeners (elementary education majors, and graduate students in speech-language pathology). All five measures were highly intercorrelated. Both PDS and PCC appear to have clinical utility as objective indicators of severity. PCC based on a standard word list correlated with listener ratings of severity just as well as PCC based on spontaneous connected speech.
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Holdgrafer, Gary. "Relationships between Measures of Phonological Performance in Preterm Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 1 (August 1995): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.1.41.
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Percent Consonants Correct (PCC) was computed for spontaneous connected speech samples and responses on a single-word articulation test from 29 preterm children in preschool. Maturity of speech motor control was also assessed. Moderate intercorrelations of all measures are mentioned with regard to clinical implications.
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Haynes, William O., and Susie F. Steed. "Multiphonemic Scoring of Articulation in Imitative Sentences." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 18, no. 1 (January 1987): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1801.04.
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The present study gathered preliminary data on clinicians' ability to reliably score children's productions of consonants. Nine articulation-disordered children were asked to imitate 65 sentences. The consonants tested occurred in two words in each sentence. A total of 337 consonants were tested. Clinicians scored the children's productions on pretranscribed scoring sheets. Data were gathered on test-retest and interjudge reliability and efficiency of the task in minutes and a correlation coefficient was computed between the children's imitative sentence performance and their Percent Consonant Correct (PCC) from a spontaneous speech sample. Both types of reliability were above .80 for the imitative sentence task and the administration and scoring time suggest that such procedures are efficient. Finally, there was a correspondence between the imitative sentence performance and the percent of consonants correct in spontaneous speech. The results suggest that multiphonemic scoring in imitative sentences may be an economical adjunct to other clinical procedures used to assess articulation.
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Ceron, Marizete Ilha, Marileda Barichello Gubiani, Camila Rosa de Oliveira, and Márcia Keske-Soares. "Factors Influencing Consonant Acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese–Speaking Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 4 (April 14, 2017): 759–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0208.
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Purpose We sought to provide valid and reliable data on the acquisition of consonant sounds in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. Method The sample comprised 733 typically developing monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (ages 3;0–8;11 [years;months]). The presence of surface speech error patterns, the revised percentage consonants correct, and the age of sound acquisition were evaluated using phonological assessment software. The normative values for these variables were reported using means and standard deviations. Results Age had a significant impact on phoneme production. Increasing age was generally associated with an increase in correct phoneme production, a reduction in error patterns, and an increase in scores on revised percentage consonants correct. Phonological error patterns persisted for a longer time in consonants and consonant clusters acquired later in development. The 2 youngest age groups differed from the remainder of the sample on the frequency of the following phonological patterns: cluster reduction, liquid gliding, fricative deletion–coda, and weak-syllable deletion. Performance was similar between groups starting at 5;0 years old. Conclusion This study confirmed that nasal and stop consonants are acquired first, followed by fricatives and, finally, liquids. We suggest that future studies replicate our investigation in larger samples and younger age groups.
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Malmborn, Jan-Olof, Magnus Becker, and Kristina Klintö. "Problems With Reliability of Speech Variables for Use in Quality Registries for Cleft Lip and Palate—Experiences From the Swedish Cleft Lip and Palate Registry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 8 (March 26, 2018): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618765777.
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Objective: To test the reliability of the speech data in the Swedish quality registry for cleft lip and palate. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Primary care university hospital. Participants: Ninety-four children born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip between 2005 and 2009 who had been assessed and registered in the quality registry at the age of 5 years. Main Outcome Measures: Data in the registry on percent oral consonants correct, percent oral errors, percent nonoral errors, perceived velopharyngeal function (PVPF), and intelligibility were compared with results based on reassessments by 3 independent raters from audio recordings. Agreement was calculated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), quadratic weighted kappa, and percentage agreement. Results: Absolute agreement calculated by average measures ICC for percent oral consonants correct, percent oral errors, and percent nonoral errors was above >0.90. Single measures ICC for percent oral consonants correct was 0.82, for percent oral errors 0.69, and for percent nonoral errors 0.83. The kappa coefficient for PVPF was 0.5 to 0.59 and for intelligibility 0.65 to 0.77. Exact percentage agreement for PVPF was 33% and for intelligibility 47.8%. Conclusions: The data on oral consonants correct and nonoral errors in the quality registry seem to be reliable. The data on oral errors, PVPF, and intelligibility should be interpreted with caution. If differences among treatment centers are detected, one should go back and examine the collected raw data before drawing any definitive conclusions about treatment outcome.
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Salillari, Denisa, and Luela Prifti. "A multinomial logistic regression model for text in Albanian language." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2016): 6407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jam.v12i7.5486.
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In this paper we present a multinomial logistic regression model for authorship identification in the Albanian language texts. In the model fitted the dependent variable is categorical which takes different values from 1 to 10 for each of the author and the independent variables are number of words, number of letters, number of vowels, number of consonants, number of punctuations and number of sentences for each text. The model was applied with success in the set of ten authors, each of them being represented by a set of one hundred texts they authored. As results first, second and the third authors have the higher correct predicted percentage and the highest overall correct predicted probability taken was 0.738. As conclusion adding in the model number of consonants, number of punctuations and number of sentences as independent variables the overall correct predicted percentage is increased.
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Pereira, Valerie, Debbie Sell, Alan Ponniah, Rob Evans, and David Dunaway. "Midface Osteotomy versus Distraction: The Effect on Speech, Nasality, and Velopharyngeal Function in Craniofacial Dysostosis." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, no. 4 (July 2008): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/07-042.1.
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Objective: To assess speech outcomes following midface advancement and to explore whether the type of advancement surgery affects speech differently in patients with craniofacial dysostosis. Design: Prospective, before-after group design. Subjects: Fifteen consecutive patients were included in the study. Eight underwent advancement by osteotomy and seven by distraction. All patients were seen preoperatively and at least once postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of consonants correct, nature and type of articulation errors, nasalance score, severity ratings of resonance and of velopharyngeal function using nasendoscopy and lateral videofluoroscopy, and amount of forward advancement. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between groups for pre- and postoperative changes of percentage of consonants correct (p = .755, median difference 3.0, 95% confidence interval for median difference [−14.22, 20.22]) and nasalance (p = .171, median difference = −12.00, 95% confidence interval for median differences [−30.46, 6.46]). There was no statistically significant correlation between amount of forward advancement and nasalance (r = .87, p = .799) and percentage of consonants correct (r = −.550, p = .064). Findings from lateral videofluoroscopy and nasendoscopy are described. Individual changes of speech outcomes are reported. Conclusions: In view of the small sample size, results need to be interpreted with caution. However, the study adds to current limited knowledge with this clinical group. Further research with bigger sample sizes and randomization of patients into the different surgical groups is warranted.
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Jesus, Luis M. T., Joana Martinez, Joaquim Santos, Andreia Hall, and Victoria Joffe. "Comparing Traditional and Tablet-Based Intervention for Children With Speech Sound Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 4045–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0301.
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Purpose This article reports on the effectiveness of a novel tablet-based approach to phonological intervention and compares it to a traditional tabletop approach, targeting children with phonologically based speech sound disorders (SSD). Method Twenty-two Portuguese children with phonologically based SSD were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 interventions, tabletop or tablet (11 children in each group), and received intervention based on the same activities, with the only difference being the delivery. All children were treated by the same speech-language pathologist over 2 blocks of 6 weekly sessions, for 12 sessions of intervention. Participants were assessed at 3 time points: baseline; pre-intervention, after a 3-month waiting period; and post-intervention. Outcome measures included percentage of consonants correct, percentage of vowels correct, and percentage of phonemes correct. A generalization of target sounds was also explored. Results Both tabletop and tablet-based interventions were effective in improving percentage of consonants correct and percentage of phonemes correct scores, with an intervention effect only evident for percentage of vowels correct in the tablet group. Change scores across both interventions were significantly greater after the intervention, compared to baseline, indicating that the change was due to the intervention. High levels of generalization (60% and above for the majority of participants) were obtained across both tabletop and tablet groups. Conclusions The software proved to be as effective as a traditional tabletop approach in treating children with phonologically based SSD. These findings provide new evidence regarding the use of digital materials in improving speech in children with SSD. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9989816
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Klintö, Kristina, Evelina Falk, Sara Wilhelmsson, Björn Schönmeyr, and Magnus Becker. "Speech in 5-Year-Olds With Cleft Palate With or Without Cleft Lip Treated With Primary Palatal Surgery With Muscle Reconstruction According to Sommerlad." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 10 (April 3, 2018): 1399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618768541.
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Objective: To evaluate speech in 5-year-olds with cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP±L) treated with primary palatal surgery in 1 stage with muscle reconstruction according to Sommerlad at about 12 months of age. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Primary care university hospital. Participants: Eight 5-year-olds with cleft soft palate (SP), 22 with cleft soft/hard palate (SHP), 33 with unilateral cleft lip and palate, and 17 with bilateral CLP (BCLP). Main Outcome Measures: Percent oral consonants correct (POCC), percent consonants correct adjusted for age (PCC-A), percent oral errors, percent nonoral errors, and variables related to velopharyngeal function were analyzed from assessments of audio recordings by 3 independent speech-language pathologists. Results: The median POCC was 75.4% (range: 22.7%-98.9%), median PCC-A 96.9% (range: 36.9%-100%), median percent oral errors 3.4% (range: 0%-40.7%), and median percent nonoral errors 0% (range: 0%-20%), with significantly poorer results in children with more extensive clefts. The SP group had significantly less occurrence of audible nasal air leakage than the SHP and the BCLP groups. Before age 5 years, 1.3% of the children underwent fistula surgery and 6.3% secondary speech improving surgery. At age 5 years, 15% of the total group was perceived as having incompetent velopharyngeal function. Conclusions: Speech was poorer in many children with more extensive clefts. Children with CP±L had poorer speech compared to normative data of peers without CP±L, but the results indicated relatively good speech compared to speech of children with CP±L in previous studies.
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Lohmander, Anette, and Christina Persson. "A Longitudinal Study of Speech Production in Swedish Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate and Two-stage Palatal Repair." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, no. 1 (January 2008): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/06-123.1.
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Objective: To describe speech production longitudinally in a group of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Participants: Twenty consecutive children with UCLP and nine age-matched children without clefts in a comparison group. Intervention: A two-stage palatal repair procedure with soft palate closure at 6 months and hard palate repair at 3 to 4 years. Main Outcome Measures: Percent correct consonants (PCC), percent correct places (PCP), and percent correct manners (PCM) at 3, 5, and 7 years of age. Cleft speech errors at the same ages. Previously collected data on number of consonant tokens, consonant types, frequency of occurrence of places and manners of articulation at 18 months. Results: PCC and PCP were significantly lower in the UCLP group than in the comparison group at all ages. Number of consonant types and frequency of occurrence of dental plosives at 18 months correlated significantly with PCC at age 3. A high frequency of velar plosives at 18 months correlated significantly with a high prevalence of retracted oral articulation (dental/alveolar to palatal or velar) at both 3 and 5 years of age. Conclusions: The UCLP group performed worse than the comparison group at all ages. A high occurrence of dental plosives as well as a high number of consonant types in babbling and first words seem to be good indicators for better consonant production in later speech. The same prevalence of retracted oral articulation as in previous studies is attributed to the surgical technique.
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Kyra Skoog and Edwin Maas. "Predicting Intelligibility: An Investigation of Speech Sound Accuracy in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." CommonHealth 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15367/ch.v1i2.397.
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Background: Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a pediatric speech disorder that significantly affects communication and life participation. Most CAS treatment research uses speech accuracy as primary outcome measure, on the assumption that accuracy predicts communicative success. However, this relationship has not yet been examined in this population, limiting our understanding of the impact of available treatments.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between speech accuracy and intelligibility in children with CAS. Intelligibility is defined here as the proportion of words correctly understood by an unfamiliar listener.
Methods: Adult listeners, who were unfamiliar with children with CAS, listened to recordings of children with CAS producing single words, and typed what they heard the child say. Separately, and prior to the listening experiment, the children’s words were scored for accuracy using various measures, including the percent phonemes (sounds) correct (PPC), percent consonants correct (PCC), and percent vowels correct (PVC). The relationship between these accuracy measures and intelligibility were examined descriptively.
Results: Preliminary findings suggest that there is a positive relationship between intelligibility and PPC and PCC in children with CAS. Conclusions: Implications of these findings for clinical practice as well as future treatment research are discussed.
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Brumbaugh, Klaire M., and Ashley Gibson. "Expansion Points Intervention in Young Children with Speech Sound Disorders: A Multiple Baseline Design." Seminars in Speech and Language 42, no. 05 (November 2021): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736665.
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AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of expansion points (EXP) intervention with a modified criterion for preschool children with speech sound disorders (SSD). Three preschool-aged children were enrolled in a single-subject multiple baseline intervention study. Intervention took place over 16 sessions. Pre- and post-intervention data are provided. Three outcome measures (generalization to probe words and gains in percent consonants correct, PCC, in words and in conversation) were evaluated to measure the effectiveness of the EXP intervention. All three of the participants demonstrated gains by the end of the intervention phase when measuring PCC in single words. Two of the three participants demonstrated gains in PCC in conversational speech. Progress on individual phonemes was variable across participants. Utilizing the EXP approach, two of the three children showed gains in all three outcome measures. One child showed variable performance in one outcome measure, improvement in one, and a decrease in one. Findings suggest that EXP should be further explored to evaluate intervention efficacy.
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Larsson, AnnaKarin, Carmela Miniscalco, Hans Mark, Johnna Sahlsten Schölin, Radi Jönsson, and Christina Persson. "Internationally Adopted Children With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate—Consonant Proficiency and Perceived Velopharyngeal Competence at the Age of 5." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 7 (January 17, 2020): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619897233.
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Objective: To compare consonant proficiency, consonant errors, and the perceived velopharyngeal (VP) competence in internationally adopted (IA) children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and nonadopted (NA) children with the same cleft–palate type at age 5. Design: Case–control study based on phonetic transcriptions of standardized speech recordings of 5-year-olds at a tertiary hospital. Participants: Twenty-five IA children were compared to 20 NA children. All consecutive patients at a cleft lip and palate center participated. Main Outcome Measure(s): Consonant proficiency was measured using percentage consonants correct, percentage consonants correct–adjusted for age, percentage correct place, percentage correct manner, and consonant inventory. Cleft speech characteristics (CSCs), developmental speech characteristics (DSCs), and the perceived VP competence were also measured. Results: The IA children had significantly lower values for all consonant proficiency variables ( p < .05) and a smaller consonant inventory ( p = .001) compared to the NA children. The IA children had a higher frequency of CSCs (IA = 84%, NA = 50%, p < .05) and DSCs (IA = 92%, NA = 65%, p = .057), and twice as many IA children as NA children had perceived VP incompetence (IA = 52%, NA = 25%, p = .17). Conclusions: Severe speech disorder was more common in IA children than in NA children at age 5. Most importantly, the speech disorders seem to be not only cleft-related. More detailed speech assessments with a broader focus are needed for IA children with UCLP. Longitudinal studies are recommended to further investigate the impact of speech difficulties in IA children’s daily lives.
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Ha, Seunghee, Minjung Kim, and Minkyeong Pi. "Percentage of Consonants Correct and Age of Acquisition of Consonants in Korean-Speaking Children in One-Syllable Word Contexts." Communication Sciences & Disorders 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.19609.
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Flint, Cari B., and Janis Costello Ingham. "Pretreatment Stimulability and Percentage of Consonants Correct as Predictors of Across-Phoneme Generalization." Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders 32, Spring (March 2005): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_32_s_53.
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Dyson, Alice T. "Development of Velar Consonants among Normal Two-Year-Olds." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 4 (December 1986): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2904.493.
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This study examined the frequency of occurrence of velar deviations in spontaneous single-word utterances over a 6-month period for 40 children who ranged in age from 1:11 (years:months) to 3:1 at the first observation. The productions of a subset of 14 children whose percentage of occurrence of velar deviations was greater than the mean of the total group were examined further to describe the types of velar deviations and the effects of word position and phonetic context. Results indicated that velars presented difficulty for less than half of the children. In the subgroup the type of deviation and the percentage of correct velars appeared to vary with the position in the word, the vowel environment, and the velar's function as a singleton or as one segment of a cluster.
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Stoel-Gammon, Carol. "Phonological Skills of 2-Year-Olds." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 18, no. 4 (October 1987): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1804.323.
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Conversational speech samples from 33 2-year-olds were analyzed to determine the word and syllable shapes produced, the inventories of initial and final consonantal phones and the percentage of consonants correct. The findings provide a profile of the phonological skills of normally developing 2-year-olds which can be used to assess young children with possible phonological disorders.
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박은숙, 이은주, and Ran Lee. "Accuracy of Final Consonants at Word-Medial Position According to Percentage of Correct Consonants in Children With Speech Sound Disorders." Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders 26, no. 1 (January 2017): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15724/jslhd.2017.26.1.008.
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Másdóttir, Thora, Sharynne McLeod, and Kathryn Crowe. "Icelandic Children's Acquisition of Consonants and Consonant Clusters." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00463.
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Purpose This study investigated Icelandic-speaking children's acquisition of singleton consonants and consonant clusters. Method Participants were 437 typically developing children aged 2;6–7;11 (years;months) acquiring Icelandic as their first language. Single-word speech samples of the 47 single consonants and 45 consonant clusters were collected using Málhljóðapróf ÞM (ÞM's Test of Speech Sound Disorders). Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;6–2;11 was 73.12 ( SD = 13.33) and increased to 98.55 ( SD = 3.24) for children aged 7;0–7;11. Overall, singleton consonants were more likely to be accurate than consonant clusters. The earliest consonants to be acquired were /m, n, p, t, j, h/ in word-initial position and /f, l/ within words. The last consonants to be acquired were /x, r, r̥, s, θ, n̥/, and consonant clusters in word-initial /sv-, stl-, str-, skr-, θr-/, within-word /-ðr-, -tl-/, and word-final /-kl̥, -xt/ contexts. Within-word phonemes were more often accurate than those in word-initial position, with word-final position the least accurate. Accuracy of production was significantly related to increasing age, but not sex. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive study of consonants and consonant cluster acquisition by typically developing Icelandic-speaking children. The findings align with trends for other Germanic languages; however, there are notable language-specific differences of clinical importance.
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Fabiano-Smith, Leah, and Katherine Hoffman. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Traditional Measures of Phonological Ability for Bilingual Preschoolers and Kindergarteners." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_lshss-17-0043.
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Purpose Bilingual children whose phonological skills are evaluated using measures designed for monolingual English speakers are at risk for misdiagnosis of speech sound disorders (De Lamo White & Jin, 2011). Method Forty-four children participated in this study: 15 typically developing monolingual English speakers, 7 monolingual English speakers with phonological disorders, 14 typically developing bilingual Spanish–English speakers, and 8 bilingual children with phonological disorders. Children's single-word speech productions were examined on Percentage Consonants Correct–Revised (Shriberg, Austin, Lewis, McSweeny, & Wilson, 1997a) and accuracy of early-, middle-, and late-developing sounds (Shriberg, 1993) in English. Consonant accuracy in English was compared between monolinguals and bilinguals with and without speech sound disorders. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to observe diagnostic accuracy of the measures examined. Results Percentage Consonants Correct–Revised was found to be a good indicator of phonological ability in both monolingual and bilingual English-speaking children at the age of 5;0. No significant differences were found between language groups on any of the measures examined. Conclusions Our results suggest that traditional measures of phonological ability for monolinguals could provide good diagnostic accuracy for bilingual children at the age of 5;0 years. These findings are preliminary, and children younger than 5;0 years should be examined for risk of misdiagnosis.
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Schleif, Eshan Pua, Kazlin Mason, and Jamie L. Perry. "English-Only Treatment of Compensatory Speech Errors in a Bilingual Adoptee With Repaired Cleft Palate: A Descriptive Case Study." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 993–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00072.
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Purpose The purpose of this clinical focus article is to provide a descriptive case study of a late-adopted, bilingual adolescent with cleft palate speech errors. Specifically, we examined the cross-linguistic generalization of remediated compensatory cleft errors, following treatment in English (second language) only. The overarching goal of this study is to gain insights into the complexity of speech intervention for the adopted population with delayed cleft palate repair. Method A 14-year-old female adopted from China with a repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate and maladaptive articulation errors underwent 55 one-hour sessions of a motor-based, speech therapy approach over a 15-month span, targeting English phonemes only. Pre-, mid-, and posttreatment evaluation included perceptual and instrumental assessment of speech and resonance. Outcome measures at each time point included perceptual speech and resonance ratings, nasometry scores, and percent consonants correct (PCC) in both English and Mandarin. Results PCC in English improved from 60% in single words and 35% in sentences pretreatment to 100% in single words and sentences during posttreatment assessment. Without direct treatment in Mandarin, PCC in Mandarin improved from 56% in single words and 50% in sentences pretreatment to 100% in single words and 99% in sentences during posttreatment assessment. Posttreatment nasometry scores decreased by 20% for the nasal sample and 17% for the oral sample compared to pretreatment. Conclusions This descriptive case study demonstrated successful remediation of cleft palate speech errors, following 15 months of treatment in a late-adopted bilingual adolescent using a motor-based therapy approach. Treatment of errors in English (second language) led to generalization of correct productions in Mandarin (first language). This study presents the potential for bilingual late adoptees to achieve intelligible speech in both languages when motor-based therapy principles are applied to intervention.
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Goldstein, Brian A., and Aquiles Iglesias. "The Effect of Dialect on Phonological Analysis." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 10, no. 4 (November 2001): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2001/034).
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This study examines the effect of dialect on phonological analyses in Spanish-speaking children. Phonological analyses were completed for fifty-four 3- and 4-year-old typically developing Spanish speakers and fifty-four 3-and 4-year-old Spanish speakers with phonological disorders. Analyses were made in reference to both the General Spanish dialect and the Puerto Rican dialect of Spanish to demonstrate the effect of dialect on the results. The results indicated that the number of consonant errors, percentage of consonants correct, number of errors within individual sound classes, and percentage of occurrence for phonological processes all differed based on the accounting of dialect features.
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Ha, Ji-Wan, Soo-Jin Kim, Young Tae Kim, and Moonja Shin. "Developmental Analysis in Korean Children’s Speech Production Using Percentage of Consonants Correct and Whole-Word Measurements." Communication Sciences & Disorders 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.19622.
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