Journal articles on the topic 'Percent penetration'
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1
Dhaniyala, Suresh, and Benajamin Liu. "Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters: Part I. Experimental." Journal of the IEST 42, no. 1 (January 14, 1999): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.42.1.k71lm163x574w701.
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This article is the first of a two-part series. The second article titled "Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters, Part II. Theoretical" will appear in the upcoming March/April 1998 issue of the Journal of the IEST. The performance of high-efficiency filters is evaluated using a semiautomated test system. This system is used for accurate measurements of submicron particle penetrations and pressure drops of filters. The system is designed to minimize errors and uncertainties associated with filter testing procedures. New commercial filter media, rated from ASHRAE-grade to ULPA, are tested using this system. The particle penetration characteristics of these media are obtained at different face velocities, ranging from 2 to 20 cm/s (0.79 to 7.9 in/s), and the particle diameter is varied from 0.05 to 0.05μm. The efficiencies of these media range from 15 percent to 99.9999 percent. The particle penetration characteristics of the media are consistent with the theories of collection by diffusion and interception in the range of operating conditions studies. The presence of the most penetrating particle size is observed, varying from 0.1 to 0.3μm for the different media. The most penetrating particle size is shown to shift toward the smaller particle size for increasing face velocity.
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Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.
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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.
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Carisse, K. Xi, P. A. Burnett, J. P. Tewari, M. H. Chen, T. K. Turkington, and J. H. Helm. "Histopathological Study of Barley Cultivars Resistant and Susceptible to Rhynchosporium secalis." Phytopathology® 90, no. 1 (January 2000): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.1.94.
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Differences in the penetration process by Rhynchosporium secalis were compared in resistant and susceptible barley cultivars at the seedling stage. Percent penetration and percent host cell wall alteration (HCWA) differed significantly among cultivars and isolates as revealed by light microscopy. Based on these two variables, the cultivars were statistically separated into two groups that corresponded to their disease reactions. The resistant cultivars, Johnston and CDC Guardian, showed 81.2 to 99.4% HCWA and 0.1 to 20.1% penetration at encounter sites, whereas the susceptible cultivars, Harrington, Argyle, and Manley, had 30.1 to 78.3% HCWA and 31.8 to 81.8% penetration. In the current study, cv. Leduc, which is susceptible at the seedling stage and resistant at the adult stage, showed the same percent HCWA and penetration as did susceptible cultivars. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) was found between percent penetration and percent HCWA for cultivars inoculated with two isolates of the pathogen. Isolate 1 was less virulent than isolate 2 with respect to percent penetration and induced significantly fewer HCWA. Scanning electron microscopy showed various shapes of fungal appressoria but no apparent difference in host reaction between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Transmission electron microscopy revealed interactions between the host and pathogen at various stages of penetration. The resistant cv. Johnston responded by producing appositions, as evidenced by a layer of compact osmiophilic material deposited on the inner side of the cell wall. Infection pegs produced by conidia were unable to penetrate the cuticle where an apposition had formed inside. When penetration occurred in the susceptible cv. Argyle, cytoplasmic aggregates and separation of the plasmalemma were visible from the host cell wall, but the layer of compact osmiophilic material was not always present. Data based on light microscopic observations suggested that HCWA may be one of the mechanisms responsible for resistance that is characterized as penetration prevention rather than as a slow rate of mycelial growth after successful penetration. HCWA occurred in response to attempted cuticle penetration, suggesting that HCWA may produce chemical barriers that help to prevent penetration.
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Gagnon, Darrel P., and D. J. Laurie Kennedy. "Behaviour and ultimate tensile strength of partial joint penetration groove welds." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-062.
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Partial joint penetration groove welds may be used in columns, for example, when it is not necessary to develop the full tensile capacity of the cross section. Also, where it is not feasible to make a full joint penetration groove weld because welding can be done from one side only, the strength of a partial joint penetration groove weld may be adequate. Limited experimental data have shown that the strength of partial penetration welds are proportional to their areas.A series of 75 tests on 25 mm thick, grade 300W and grade 350A steel plates, with welds made with matching electrodes and with 20–100% penetration, were conducted. The overall behaviour, the effects of percent penetration, plate strength, and the eccentricity of the load were investigated. The inherent ductility of the welds allows lateral deflections and straining to take place so that eccentrically loaded welds are as strong as concentrically loaded welds. The strength of welds is greater than the strength of the plate multiplied by the percent penetration and increases with the increasing lateral restraint that occurs with decreasing penetration. Design equations and resistance factors, based on weld strengths at least equal to the percent penetration multiplied by the ultimate tensile resistance of the plate, are proposed. Recommendations for fabrication are presented. Key words: behaviour, groove weld, limit states, partial joint penetration, strength, resistance factor, tension, ultimate.
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Li, Feng Lan, Hai Na Chen, Xue Zhen Feng, and Su Yang. "Durability of Concrete for Thermal Insulation Composite Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.314.
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Tests were carried out to study the durability of fine aggregate concrete and composite concrete simultaneously provided by the wet-sieving technique for the thermal insulation composite wall as building envelops. The workability of every concrete satisfied the basic requirement of cast quality. The composition analyses of concrete showed that compared with the ordinary concrete, the volume percent of coarse aggregate was increased and the volume percent of cement mortar was decreased due to that the residual coarse aggregate stayed on the sieve was blended with ordinary concrete, which increased the resistances of composite concrete to chloride penetration, water penetration and carbonization. Meanwhile, the resistances of fine aggregate concrete to chloride penetration, water penetration and carbonization were reduced due to the obvious increase of the volume percent of cement mortar.
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Denney, James O., and George C. Martin. "Ethephon Tissue Penetration and Harvest Effectiveness in Olive as a Function of Solution pH, Application Time, and BA or NAA Addition." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1185.
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Fruit removal force (FRF) and percent leaf drop (LD) of fruit-bearing olive (Olea europaea L.) shoots were examined 120 hours after being sprayed with ethephon at 600 mg·liter-1 and held under controlled-environmental conditions analogous to those found in the field in California at harvest time in mid-October. FRF was not significantly affected by solution pH, but FRF of all treated shoots was significantly lower than that of the untreated controls. Only at pH 5 was percent LD significantly greater than that of the controls, but, of the shoots treated with ethephon, the lowest percent LD occurred at pH 3. Percent LD after treatment with ethephon at pH 3 was not affected by application time, but FRF was significantly less than the controls' when shoots were treated at 7 am or 12 pm but not at 5 pm or 10 pm. Adding NAA to the ethephon solution raised FRF and adding BA lowered FRF compared to ethephon alone. Adding NAA or BA did not mitigate percent LD significantly. Adding BA advanced anthocyanin production in fruit. Ethephon penetration of rachides was ≈70% that of petioles. Correlation between ethephon penetration of petioles and percent LD was greater than that between penetration of rachides and FRF. Correlation was significant for both tissues only in the 12 pm pH 3 treatment; correlation was also significant for petiole penetration and percent LD at pH 5. Autoradiographic studies of the 14C-ethephon penetration showed no pH effect, greater penetration into petioles than rachides, and that radioactivity was limited largely to intercellular spaces, with accumulation in vascular bundles, especially xylem. Regardless of treatment, FRF and percent LD are negatively correlated (r2 = 0.615). Mean results to be expected using ethephon as an olive harvest aid under these conditions are an FRF of ≈3 N and a percent LD of ≈15%. The desired low FRF and percent LD were obtained by applying ethephon alone at pH 3 at 7 am. Raising ethephon solution pH does not increase harvest effectiveness. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).
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Lacy, Stephen, and Todd F. Simon. "Intercounty Group Ownership of Daily Newspapers and the Decline of Competition for Readers." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74, no. 4 (December 1997): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909707400410.
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This study used a national sample to estimate the potential for intercounty daily competition and how many counties contained dailies whose companies owned a daily in an adjoining county. In 1993, an estimated 347 dailies circulated in adjoining counties in which another daily was headquartered. In 113 such situations, the intruding daily reached 10 percent or more penetration in the adjoining county. Intercounty ownership existed in about 15 percent of all counties in 1983, 20 percent in 1988, and 18 percent in 1993. Intercounty ownership was associated with reduced overall county penetration and reduced intercounty competition.
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Sun, Yao Xing, Gui Zhen Fang, and Yi Xing Liu. "The Decay Resistance Properties of P. Ussuriensis Kom Lumber Impregnated with Preservative by Roller-Compression." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.947.
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Waterborne preservative of DDAC and boride are used to impregnate P. ussuriensis Kom lumbers by roller compression under compression rates ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent. Results showed that the cranny in intervascular pit membranes appeared, and the cell wall of vessel element and fiber segment displayed drape and cranny due to roller compression. With the rise of compression rate, both the penetration depth of preservative and the retention quantity of preservative in the experimental lumber increased, while the mass loss rate decreased.The penetration depth perpendicular to the grain was more than 3.9 mm, while that parallel to the grain of wood was more than 20 mm when the compression rate was greater than or equal to 30 percent. Under the compression rate of 30 percent, the retention quantity of preservative in the experimental lumber impregnated with DDAC (thickness of 1 percent) was 8.743 kg/m3 and the mass loss rate was 14.36 percent, while those with boride (thickness of 2 percent) are 3.322kg/m3 and 9.92 percent.
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Paz, Lourenço S. "The China Shock Impact on Labor Informality: The Effects on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10050109.
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The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its increasingly successful role in international trade may have profoundly impacted developing countries. This study examines the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy during 2000–2012 to assess the impacts of import competition on its manufacturing formal and informal labor markets. In this period, import penetration grew by more than 20 percent in Brazil, and the share of the import penetration originating in China increased from 3 to 20 percent. At the same time, the share of informal workers in manufacturing declined from 27 to approximately 15 percent. Employing a switching regression model and Brazilian household survey data, this study finds that a greater industry-level Chinese and ‘rest of the world’ import penetration increases the likelihood of jobs becoming informal at different intensities, and these effects are smaller in unskilled-labor intensive industries and manufacturing states. Additionally, both types of import penetration positively impact the average informal wage. In contrast, the estimates suggest that a larger Chinese import penetration reduces average formal wages, while imports from elsewhere have the opposite effect. The results also indicate that the magnitude of the effects on wages are moderated by the unskilled labor intensity of the industry and whether the worker is located in a manufacturing state.
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Vermeulen, P. J., P. Grabinski, and V. Ramesh. "Mixing of an Acoustically Excited Air Jet With a Confined Hot Crossflow." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906306.
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The mixing of an acoustically pulsed air jet with a confined hot crossflow has been assessed by temperature profile measurements. These novel experiments were designed to examine the effects of acoustic driver power and Strouhal number on jet structure, penetration, and mixing. The results showed that excitation produced strong changes in the measured temperature profiles. This resulted in significant increases in mixing zone size, penetration (at least 100 percent increase), and mixing, and the length to achieve a given mixed state was shortened by at least 70 percent. There was strong modification to the jet-wake region. The increase in jet penetration and mixing was saturating near 90 W, the largest driving power tested. The jet response as determined by penetration and mixing was optimum at a Strouhal number of 0.27. Overall, pulsating the jet flow significantly improved the jet mixing processes in a controllable manner.
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Jedwanna, Krit, and Saroch Boonsiripant. "Evaluation of Bluetooth Detectors in Travel Time Estimation." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084591.
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With the current popularity of mobile devices with Bluetooth technology, numerous studies have developed methods to analyze the data from such devices to estimate a variety of traffic information, such as travel time, link speed, and origin–destination estimations. However, few studies have comprehensively determined the impact of the penetration rate on the estimated travel time derived from Bluetooth detectors. The objectives of this paper were threefold: (1) to develop a data-processing method to estimate the travel time based on Bluetooth transactional data; (2) to determine the impact of vehicle speeds on Bluetooth detection performance; and (3) to analyze how the Bluetooth penetration rate affected deviations in the estimated travel time. A 28 km toll section in Bangkok, Thailand, was chosen for the study. A number of Bluetooth detectors and microwave radar devices were installed to collect traffic data in October 2020. Five data-processing steps were developed to estimate the travel time. Based on the results, the penetration rate during the day (50 to 90 percent) was higher than during the night (20 to 50 percent). In addition, we found that speed had adverse effects on the MAC address detection capability of the Bluetooth detectors; for speeds greater than 80 km/h, the number of MAC addresses detected decreased. The minimum Bluetooth penetration rate should be at least 1 percent (or 37 vehicles/h) during peak periods and at least 5 percent (or 49 vehicles/h) during the off-peak period.
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Neoh, Chin Fen, Lok Leung, Anant Misra, Rasik B. Vajpayee, Geoffrey E. Davies, Robert O. Fullinfaw, Kay Stewart, and David C. M. Kong. "Penetration of Topically Administered 0.5-Percent Caspofungin Eye Drops into Human Aqueous Humor." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 4 (January 24, 2011): 1761–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01175-10.
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ABSTRACTTen participants attending elective anterior segment eye surgery received 0.5% caspofungin eye drops either 1 drop hourly for 4 h or 1 drop an hour before surgery. The eye drops were generally well tolerated. In the absence of inflammation or corneal abrasion, topical caspofungin does not achieve clinically relevant concentrations.
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Fader, Royal G., Patricia Luque, and Martin J. Bukovac. "Further Studies on Enhancement of Transcuticular Penetration of NAA with Spray Additives." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 598a—598. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.598a.
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The cuticle is the prime barrier to penetration of foliar applied plant growth regulators, which must penetrate and be transported to a reaction site before a response can be induced. Urea has enhanced performance of Fe and Zn foliar sprays and a mixture of urea and ammonium nitrate (WAN) the performance of some herbicides. The mechanism of this enhancement is not clear. We find that urea and UAN increased 14C-NAA transport across enzymatically isolated tomato fruit cuticular membranes (CM) from simulated spray droplets using a finitedose diffusion system. The initial rate and total amount of NAA penetrated was significantly increased relative to NAA alone, the enhancement being greater for UAN than urea (total amount 101% vs. 78% at 120 hours) and for the NAA anion (pH 5.2, pKa 4.2) than for the nondissociated (pH 3.2) moiety. When evaluating the concentration effect of urea and NH4NO3 individually, the greatest enhancement with urea was at 62 mm and with NH4NO3 at 8 mm. Generally the effect of urea was significantly less than NH4NO3 (+24% vs. 296%). NAA penetration was greater with NH4NO3 than with KNO3 or Ca(NO3)2 or when the nitrate anion was replaced with sulfate or phosphate. Transcuticular penetration of NAA was enhanced greatly (190% in 120 hours) on removal of cuticular waxes; however, penetration was further increased (252% in 120 hours) by adding 8 mm NH4NO3. Methylamine hydrochloride (CH3NH2.HC1, 8 mm) also increased NAA diffusion, the initial slopes (>8 hours) were 23, 14, and 2 pmols·h–1 for methylamine, ammonium nitrate, and NAA alone, respectively, while the percent of applied that penetrated after 120 hours was 68.5, 67.6, and 21.4 for methylamine, ammonium nitrate, and NAA alone, respectively. The enhancement of NAA penetration by NH4NO3 equaled or exceeded that obtained with a group of surfactants of diverse chemistries. When the surfactant Triton X-100 was compared with NH4NO3, initial penetration was more rapid with ammonium nitrate (11.7 vs. 7.3 pmols·h–1) but percent penetrating after 120 hours was greater for Triton X-100 (80.5 vs. 66.8). The possible action of NH4NO3 on NAA uptake will be discussed.
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Aveling, Theresa A. S., Heidi G. Snyman, and F. H. J. Rijkenberg. "Morphology of infection of onion leaves by Alternaria porri." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-142.
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Conidial germination of Alternaria porri, formation of prepenetration structures, penetration of the onion leaf surface, and the postpenetration processes were studied using light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Ninety-six percent of conidia germinated at 25 °C within 24 h of inoculation. Each conidium formed several germ tubes that grew in any direction across the leaf surface. Each germ tube usually terminated in a bulbous appressorium formed directly on the epidermal cell (52.4% of appressoria) or on a stoma (48.6% of appressoria). Following direct penetration of the outer epidermal cell wall or the stoma, bulbous primary hyphae developed below the appressoria. Secondary hyphae developed from the primary hyphae within 48 h after inoculation and grew within the intercellular spaces penetrating mesophyll cells. The changes in ultrastructure of cells in close proximity to hyphae and of infected cells are described. Key words: Allium cepa, electron microscopy, infection process, purple blotch.
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Santhana Babu, A. V., P. K. Giridharan, A. Venugopal, P. Ramesh Narayanan, and S. V. S. Narayana Murty. "Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Flux Bounded TIG Welded AA2219 T87 Aluminum Alloy in 3.5 Weight Percent NaCl Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.733.
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Limitation in penetration depth is a concern in conventional TIG welding. To improve penetration capability of TIG process, Flux Bounded TIG (FBTIG) has been developed. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of FBTIG welds of aluminum alloy AA 2219 T87 is evaluated in 3.5 weight percent NaCl solution using Slow Strain Rate Test technique (SSRT) as per ASTM G129. SCC index defined as the ratio of the elongation of tensile tested specimen in NaCl to that of air is taken as a measure of the susceptibility to cracking. Based on the SCC index, it is concluded that the SCC resistance of FBTIG joints are good and comparable to that of conventional TIG welds.
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Appleton, Bonnie Lee, and Jeffrey F. Derr. "Growth and Root Penetration by Large Crabgrass and Bermudagrass Through Mulch and Fabric Barriers." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 8, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-8.4.197.
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Abstract Four polypropylene fabrics and five polyethylene (plastic) films, covered with shredded pinebark mulch, were compared for suppression of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) shoot and root growth, and root penetration. No covering completely controlled either grass, but significant differences existed between materials, with Weed-X giving the best overall shoot suppression. Penetration of both grasses' roots was less through Weed-X, Weed Control and brown polyethylene than through Weed Barrier, Duon, Typar, WeedBlock, Magic Mat and Weedstop. Weed growth in the mulch layers atop the fabrics and films are significant. Resistance to weed root penetration was possibly related to the percent of open versus closed areas of the fabrics and films. Fabrics or perforated films with greater root penetration resistance should generally provide greater overall landscape weed control than those allowing greater root penetration.
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Gaines, Edward T. "Designing Partial-Penetration Tee Joints for Naval Ships." Journal of Ship Production 6, no. 01 (February 1, 1990): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1990.6.1.27.
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This paper reviews development of weld design equations which can be used to analyze bevel partial-penetration tee joints. The method developed herein follows closely the development of equations for the design of square-edge partial-penetration tee joints which was presented at the 1986 Ship Production Symposium. For U.S. Navy ship design, technical authority is vested in the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). The published NAVSEA design criteria for partial-penetration tee joints are so conservative that it is mathematically impossible to design a conventional, 100 percent efficient partial-penetration bevel tee joint. With a more rigorous engineering analysis, the alternative method for bevel joints outlined in this paper might be an acceptable replacement for the simple, though unduly conservative existing design criteria.
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Gordon, J. L., D. P. Jones, D. Banas, and D. N. Hutula. "A Collapse Surface for a Perforated Plate With an Equilateral Triangular Array of Penetrations." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 124, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1357537.
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A collapse surface is developed for use in limit-load analysis of plates containing a large number of small circular penetrations arranged in an equilateral triangular array of holes with a ligament efficiency of 0.31733. The collapse surface is obtained by calculating the limit load for a unit cell model of the penetration pattern using a three-dimensional elastic-perfectly plastic [EPP] finite element analysis [FEA] computer program. The EPP response from incipient yielding to plastic collapse for the unit cell is obtained for a sufficient number of load cases to define the complete collapse surface. The collapse surface is expressed analytically by using a fourth-order function that incorporates the periodicity dictated by the triangular hole pattern. The coefficients of the fourth-order function were obtained by statistically fitting the collapse surface generated by the EPP-FEA results. The resulting collapse surface was shown to be appropriate for development of an EPP-EQS theory for perforated plates. The analytic surface agrees to within 7 percent of the actual collapse surface obtained by EPP-FEA of the unit cell representing the penetration.
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Lacy, Stephen, and Shikha Dalmia. "Daily and Weekly Penetration in Non-Metropolitan Areas of Michigan." Newspaper Research Journal 14, no. 3-4 (June 1993): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953299301400304.
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The relationship between Michigan weeklies and satellite dailies was stronger than expected. It may be that readers do not distinguish between weeklies and dailies to the degree that journalists and scholars do. If weeklies provide a good local newspaper, they may be acceptable substitutes for dailies among a significant percent of readers in a county.
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Karki, Dipendra, Sashi Rana Magar, Niranjan Devkota, Seeprata Parajuli, and Udaya Raj Paudel. "Online Shopping in Kathmandu Valley: Users’ Knowledge, Challenges and Way Forward." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 73 (August 20, 2021): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.73.135.144.
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E-payment users are expanding all over the world as a result of globalization and improved ICT facilities. Nepal has a 63 percent internet penetration rate, with 3, 59, 12,019 people using mobile services. In order to identify issues and managerial solutions of online purchasing in the Kathmandu valley, for the study, a sample of 295 e-payment users was chosen. A descriptive data analysis was carried out using the survey method. The result revealed that 95 percent of users were aware of the use of an e-payment system in Kathmandu valley. 40.13 percent of users agreed that they faced challenges while using the e-payment system. Some of the major challenges are slow internet penetration, an ineffective legal framework, a low literacy rate, and traditional payment methods. Similarly, improving security, reinforcing government policies, providing adequate internet access, and promoting digital literacy can be used to address issues with the e-payment system. The findings revealed that while 95% of e-payment users are aware of online payment systems, there is still room for improvement for the remaining 5%.
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Kurup, Pradeep U., and Mehmet T. Tumay. "Calibration of a Miniature Cone Penetrometer for Highway Applications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1614, no. 1 (January 1998): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1614-02.
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The electronic cone penetrometer is an important in situ investigation tool of choice for site characterization. Application of this proven concept of the cone penetration test (CPT) to highway design and construction control by miniaturization is described. A miniature cone penetrometer with a projected cone area of 2 cm2 has been developed and implemented in a continuous intrusion miniature cone penetration test system (CIMCPT). This device may be used for rapid, accurate, and economical characterization of sites and to determine engineering soil parameters needed in the design of pavements, embankments, and earth structures. The miniature cone penetration test (MCPT) gives finer details than the standard 10-cm2 cross-sectional area reference cone penetrometer. This makes the MCPT attractive for subgrade characterization, quality-control assessment, compaction control of embankments, and assessment of ground improvement effectiveness for transportation infrastructure. In situ calibration of the CIMCPT system was conducted at a highway embankment site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. MCPT penetration profiles were compared with those obtained by using the standard cone penetrometer at the same site. The tip resistance of the MCPT was 10 percent higher than that of the reference CPT. The sleeve friction and friction ratio of the reference CPT were higher than that of the MCPT by 12 and 23 percent, respectively. Calibration was also performed to determine empirical cone factors required for estimating undrained shear strength from MCPT data.
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Fritz, Bradley Keith, Wesley Clint Hoffmann, Jane Annalise Sara Bonds, Keith Haas, and Zbigniew Czaczyk. "The biological effect of cage design corrected for reductions in spray penetration." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0059.
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Abstract In-field measures of physical spray concentration do not tend to correlate well with caged insect mortality data. This is partly due to the reduced penetration of the spray into the cage. Spray penetration is hindered by the structure of the cage. Wind tunnel studies were conducted to investigate the accuracy of those calculations developed to correct for filtration levels in caged mosquito bioassays. Zenivex E20 (Etofenprox) was applied at rates ranging from an LD10 to an LD90. Three cage types were used, each with different penetration levels. The dose approaching the cage was converted to the dose entering the cage using cage penetration data from previous research. The penetration conversion factor returned a data set that directly correlated dose with mosquito mortality (R2 = = 0.918). The mortality percent was a function of the dose within the cage. The mesh type acted as a regulator. Although the conversion factor was effective, the differences between cages was not always significant due to within-group variation.
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Wright, Norman S., and Hadyn Bennett. "Business ethics, CSR, sustainability and the MBA." Journal of Management & Organization 17, no. 5 (September 2011): 641–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200001309.
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AbstractThe issues of business ethics, corporate social responsibility and sustainability have come to attract increasing attention in management education in recent years, at least from the perspective of potential employers, accrediting bodies and business school alumni. This paper examines the extent of penetration of these three subjects in to global MBA curricula through an examination of course content and structure pertaining to the Financial Times Global MBA Rankings top 100, the Australian Financial Review BOSS top 17 ranked Australian MBAs, and the seven MBA programmes currently offered by universities in New Zealand. The findings reveal that: a variety of delivery modes are utilised; while the teaching of ethics has achieved considerable penetration, only about fifty percent of MBA programmes include it as a required subject (and even then it may only constitute part of a larger subject); and that the teaching of sustainability has achieved much lower penetration, with only six percent of MBA programmes examined incorporating the topic into their core curriculum. Implications for the design of MBA programmes and future research directions are then discussed within the context of a business environment in which increasing prominence is being given to these subject areasx.
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Wright, Norman S., and Hadyn Bennett. "Business ethics, CSR, sustainability and the MBA." Journal of Management & Organization 17, no. 5 (September 2011): 641–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2011.17.5.641.
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AbstractThe issues of business ethics, corporate social responsibility and sustainability have come to attract increasing attention in management education in recent years, at least from the perspective of potential employers, accrediting bodies and business school alumni. This paper examines the extent of penetration of these three subjects in to global MBA curricula through an examination of course content and structure pertaining to the Financial Times Global MBA Rankings top 100, the Australian Financial Review BOSS top 17 ranked Australian MBAs, and the seven MBA programmes currently offered by universities in New Zealand. The findings reveal that: a variety of delivery modes are utilised; while the teaching of ethics has achieved considerable penetration, only about fifty percent of MBA programmes include it as a required subject (and even then it may only constitute part of a larger subject); and that the teaching of sustainability has achieved much lower penetration, with only six percent of MBA programmes examined incorporating the topic into their core curriculum. Implications for the design of MBA programmes and future research directions are then discussed within the context of a business environment in which increasing prominence is being given to these subject areasx.
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Chukka, Naga Dheeraj Kumar Reddy, B. Sudharshan Reddy, K. Vasugi, Yeddula Bharath Simha Reddy, L. Natrayan, and Subash Thanappan. "Experimental Testing on Mechanical, Durability, and Adsorption Dispersion Properties of Concrete with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Silica Fumes." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (March 25, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4347753.
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The major goal of this research is to see how carbon nanotubes and silica fume affect the durability and mechanical qualities of high-performance concrete (HPC). Mechanical properties, such as split tensile strength, compressive strength, elasticity modulus, and flexural strength, and durability properties like water absorption, abrasion, chloride penetration, acid, and sea water resistance, impact resistance of HPC consisting silica fume (SF), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were examined in this study. Varied trail combinations with different proportions of CNT and SF admixtures were created for this reason. Portland cement was partially replaced with 1 percent, 1.5 percent, 2 percent, and 3 percent CNT, while SF was substituted with 5 percent, 7.5 percent, and 10 percent. Both CNT and SF outperform conventional concrete in terms of mechanical and durability attributes, according to the findings. CNT produces superior results than SF due to its smaller size.
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Salman, Nawal, and Zeena Jaleel. "Effects of waste PVC addition on the properties of (40-50) grade asphalt." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201046.
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Disposal of plastic waste poses a serious threat nowadays. Effective solutions are required to reduce or eliminate this problem. One of these solutions is to use these materials in asphalt mixtures. PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) during melting has adhesive properties which can be used with asphalt to reduce the bitumen mixture costs. Investigation of physical characteristics of asphalt cement (40-50) mixed with PVC is presented in this paper. The main objective is to study the change in bitumen properties after mixing with PVC of percent (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12 and 15) % by weight of bitumen. Penetration, ductility, loss on heating, softening point, flash and fire tests were conducted for each percent. It is concluded that penetration decreases by 62.8% on addition of 15% PVC. Ductility also drops when PVC dosage increases. Softening point increases when PVC dosage increases by 6 % for 15% PVC.
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Kuo, T. W., K. J. Wu, and S. Henningsen. "Effects of Fuel Overpenetration and Overmixing During Ignition-Delay Period on Hydrocarbon Emissions From a Small Open-Chamber Diesel Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240142.
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A quasi-steady gas-jet model was applied to examine the spray trajectory in swirling flow during the ignition-delay period in an open-chamber diesel engine timed to start combustion at top dead center. Spray penetration, deflection, and the fractions of too-lean-mixed, burnable, and overpenetrated fuel at the start of combustion were calculated by employing the measured ignition delay and mean fuel-injection velocity. The calculated parameters were applied to correlate the measured exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. The engine parameters examined were bowl geometry, compression ratio, overall air-fuel ratio, and speed. Both the ignition delay and the relative spray-penetration parameter, defined as the ratio of the spray-penetration distances at the moments of start of combustion and wall impingement, gave good correlations for some of the engine parameters examined but could not explain all the measured trends. However, good correlation of the measured exhaust HC emissions was obtained by using the calculated too-lean-mixed and overpenetrated fuel fractions at the start of combustion. Correlation of the overpenetrated fuel with the measured HC indicated that approximately 2 percent of the fuel mass that overpenetrated before start of combustion emitted from the engine as unburned HC. This could account for 0 to 65 percent of the total HC emission from this engine. Additionally, it was found that the too-lean-mixed fuel could contribute 10 to 30 percent of the total HC emission, as found in a previous study on a somewhat similar engine. The remaining HC emission is caused by other sources such as bulk quenching.
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Azaioud, Hakim, Robbert Claeys, Jos Knockaert, Lieven Vandevelde, and Jan Desmet. "A Low-Voltage DC Backbone with Aggregated RES and BESS: Benefits Compared to a Traditional Low-Voltage AC System." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051420.
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The increasing penetration of PV into the distribution grid leads to congestion, causing detrimental power quality issues. Moreover, the multiple small photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) result in increasing conversion losses. A low-voltage DC (LVDC) backbone to interconnect these assets would decrease the conversion losses and is a promising solution for a more optimal integration of PV systems. The multiple small PV systems can be replaced by shared assets with large common PV installations and a large BESS. Sharing renewable energy and aggregation are activities that are stimulated by the European Commission and lead to a substantial benefit in terms of self-consumption index (SCI) and self-sufficiency index (SSI). In this study, the benefit of an LVDC backbone is investigated compared to using a low-voltage AC (LVAC) system. It is found that the cable losses increase by 0.9 percent points and the conversion losses decrease by 12 percent points compared to the traditional low-voltage AC (LVAC) system. The SCI increases by 2 percent points and the SSI increases by 6 percent points compared to using an LVAC system with shared meter. It is shown that an LVDC backbone is only beneficial with a PV penetration level of 65% and that the BESS can be reduced by 22% for the same SSI.
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Woirgard, J., and J.-C. Dargenton. "An alternative method for penetration depth determination in nanoindentation measurements." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 9 (September 1997): 2455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0324.
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The information provided by the shape of the unloading portion of indentation curves is used to calculate the area of contact between the indenter and the material. Results obtained in fused silica and nickel, including Young's modulus and hardness values, are presented to illustrate the validity of the approach. It is shown that errors of only a few percent are introduced when fitting unloading curves with power laws. The present method is especially useful when direct specimen stiffness measurements can be performed.
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Puppala, Anand J., Yalcin B. Acar, and Mehmet T. Tumay. "Low Strain Dynamic Shear Modulus of Cemented Sand from Cone Penetration Test Results." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1548, no. 1 (January 1996): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154800109.
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Low strain dynamic shear modulus property is generally used to subclassify soil strata, determine elastic settlements under geotechnical structures, and characterize the dynamic nature of soils. Several methods to interpret the dynamic shear modulus of sands from in situ friction cone test results have been developed. These methods used calibration chamber test data of clean sands. Therefore, these methods are not valid for interpreting the shear modulus of cemented sands. Introduced here is an interpretation method to estimate the shear modulus of cemented sand. Thirty-seven friction cone penetration tests (CPTs) were conducted on artificially cemented sand specimens of relative densities ranging from 45 percent to 85 percent and confining pressures ranging from 100 to 300 kPa in a laboratory stress-strain-controlled calibration chamber. Cementation levels of 1 and 2 percent were used in preparing cemented specimens. Resonant column tests were also conducted on the same sand with identical cementation levels. The CPT and resonant column test data are used in developing an interpretation method that includes semiempirical correlations. Simple interpretation charts are also provided to directly estimate the low strain shear modulus of cemented sand from tip resistance, unconfined compressive strength, and relative density data. Comparisons between predictions of the proposed interpretation method and the present measured shear modulus test data indicate that the interpretation charts have provided reasonable predictions. The comparisons also indicate that the predicted results on clean sands obtained by different researchers are in agreement with each other.
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Sandoval, Guillermo A., Adalsteinn D. Brown, Walter P. Wodchis, and Geoffrey M. Anderson. "The relationship between hospital adoption and use of high technology medical imaging and in-patient mortality and length of stay." Journal of Health Organization and Management 33, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 286–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-08-2018-0232.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between hospital adoption and use of computed tomography (CT) scanners, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines and in-patient mortality and length of stay. Design/methodology/approach This study used panel data (2007–2010) from 124 hospital corporations operating in Ontario, Canada. Imaging use focused on medical patients accounting for 25 percent of hospital discharges. Main outcomes were in-hospital mortality rates and average length of stay. A model for each outcome-technology combination was built, and controlled for hospital structural characteristics, market factors and patient characteristics. Findings In 2010, 36 and 59 percent of hospitals had adopted MRI machines and CT scanners, respectively. Approximately 23.5 percent of patients received CT scans and 3.5 percent received MRI scans during the study period. Adoption of these technologies was associated with reductions of up to 1.1 percent in mortality rates and up to 4.5 percent in length of stay. The imaging use–mortality relationship was non-linear and varied by technology penetration within hospitals. For CT, imaging use reduced mortality until use reached 19 percent in hospitals with one scanner and 28 percent in hospitals with 2+ scanners. For MRI, imaging use was largely associated with decreased mortality. The use of CT scanners also increased length of stay linearly regardless of technology penetration (4.6 percent for every 10 percent increase in use). Adoption and use of MRI was not associated with length of stay. Research limitations/implications These results suggest that there may be some unnecessary use of imaging, particularly in small hospitals where imaging is contracted out. In larger hospitals, the results highlight the need to further investigate the use of imaging beyond certain thresholds. Independent of the rate of imaging use, the results also indicate that the presence of CT and MRI devices within a hospital benefits quality and efficiency. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the combined effect of adoption and use of medical imaging on outcomes specific to CT scanners and MRI machines in the context of hospital in-patient care.
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Radhakrishnan, J. K., V. C. Padaki, and U. K. Singh. "Mechanical Failure Analysis of Needles, for Micro-needle Array Dry-electrodes." Defence Life Science Journal 2, no. 4 (November 10, 2017): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.2.12282.
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<p class="p1"><span class="s1"> </span>Dry electrodes, which have an array of vertically aligned conducting micro-needles over a conducting substrate/base are most suitable for long-term continuous monitoring of EEG-signal, and overcomesthe disadvantages of conventional wet electrodes. A crucial design requirement for thesemicro-needlearrays, is the choice of the needle material with suitable mechanical strength to penetrate the skin without mechanical failure. This paper gives, the results of mechanical failure analysis of different needle materials that have been typically used/proposed for invasive use. A conical needle with 150μ width at the base and 10μ width at the tip, and length in the range 10μ - 200μ was taken up for calculation. The Critical load for failure, falls in the following descending order for the selected materials: viz., Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum-Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent), Stainless Steel (SS304),Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polyimide, Polycarbonate, Gold, Silver, Photoresist-SU8, Polyurethane and Poly DiMethylSiloxane (PDMS).Taking the most accepted value of 0.1N as the penetration force required for needle penetration into skin, it is seen that for a needle length of 100μ, the following materials, Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum -Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent) andStainless Steel (SS304), can penetrate the skin without mechanical failure.</p>
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Wen, Chang Ping, and Liang Zhao. "Unascertained Average Clustering Analysis on SMA Mixture Ratio Design." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.539.
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Based on unascertained mathematical theory, the unascertained average clustering model (UACM) is established in the ratio design of stone matrix asphalt (SMA). Six parameters including Marshall stability, flow value, volume of air voids (VV), void in the mineral mixture (VMA), VCAmix, and asphalt saturation are selected as the index in the clustering analysis to establish UACM of design indexes including penetration, ductility, softening point, percent passing 9.5 mm sieve, percent passing 4.75 mm sieve, percent passing 0.075 mm sieve, and the asphalt-aggregate ratio respectively. The study shows that UACM has strong applicability; the results meet the engineering requirements, and can be provided a new way of SMA mixture ratio design in practical engineering.
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Singh, MD, DM, Sandeep, Balram Bhargava, MD, DM, Praveen Aggarwal, MD, Renu Dhingra, MSc, PhD, Arun Kumar Gupta, MD, Rakesh Lodha, MD, Ramesh Agarwal, MD, and Jayant S. Karve, BTech, MDes. "Performance of a novel, manually operated intraosseous device in adult human cadavers." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2018.0283.
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Aim: Intraosseous (IO) access in adults is preferred using semi-automatic devices as it is difficult to penetrate the thick cortical layer of long bones using manual needles. The authors have developed an IO device which generates both rotational and axial thrust using a manual driver. This drilling mechanism addresses certain pain-points of current IO devices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of this device in human cadavers.Methods: The authors tested the ability of this device for IO access at proximal and distal tibia in 10 adult cadavers. Needle position was confirmed by fluoroscopy after contrast injection. Needle penetration time—defined as the time required for manual drilling of bone—and the total procedure time were calculated from video analysis. A successful IO procedure was defined as an appropriate needle position without any contrast extravasation, device, or procedure-related complication. After each procedure, the authors recorded damage to the device or fracture of the bone.Results: A single physician performed 40 IO procedures. The IO access was successful in 35 (87.5 percent) and was accomplished in first attempt in 33 (82.5 percent) insertions. Reasons for failure were undershooting of needle (2/40, 5 percent), trocar damage (1/40, 2.5 percent), and detachment of plastic hub of the needle during removal in (2/40, 5 percent) procedures. There were no bone fractures. In all but one instance, needle penetration time was 3 seconds. The mean total procedure time was 40 ± 13 seconds.Conclusion: In this pilot study, the authors have demonstrated the efficacy of a novel, manually introduced IO device in adult cadavers.
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Zhang, Alissa, Eui-Chang Jung, Hanjiang Zhu, Ying Zou, Xiaoying Hui, and Howard Maibach. "Vehicle effects on human stratum corneum absorption and skin penetration." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 5 (July 19, 2016): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716656119.
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This study evaluated the effects of three vehicles—ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM)—on stratum corneum (SC) absorption and diffusion of the [14C]-model compounds benzoic acid and butenafine hydrochloride to better understand the transport pathways of chemicals passing through and resident in SC. Following application of topical formulations to human dermatomed skin for 30 min, penetration flux was observed for 24 h post dosing, using an in vitro flow-through skin diffusion system. Skin absorption and penetration was compared to the chemical-SC (intact, delipidized, or SC lipid film) binding levels. A significant vehicle effect was observed for chemical skin penetration and SC absorption. IPA resulted in the greatest levels of intact SC/SC lipid absorption, skin penetration, and total skin absorption/penetration of benzoic acid, followed by IPM and EtOH, respectively. For intact SC absorption and total skin absorption/penetration of butenafine, the vehicle that demonstrated the highest level of sorption/penetration was EtOH, followed by IPA and IPM, respectively. The percent doses of butenafine that were absorbed in SC lipid film and penetrated through skin in 24 h were greatest for IPA, followed by EtOH and IPM, respectively. The vehicle effect was consistent between intact SC absorption and total chemical skin absorption and penetration, as well as SC lipid absorption and chemical penetration through skin, suggesting intercellular transport as a main pathway of skin penetration for model chemicals. These results suggest the potential to predict vehicle effects on skin permeability with simple SC absorption assays. As decontamination was applied 30 min after chemical exposure, significant vehicle effects on chemical SC partitioning and percutaneous penetration also suggest that skin decontamination efficiency is vehicle dependent, and an effective decontamination method should act on chemical solutes in the lipid domain.
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Ye, Jian Xiong, Ye Jiang Wang, Shuang Zhao, Ming Chao Yang, and Chang Hui Yang. "Effect of Ground Phosphate Slag on the Resistance to Chloride Ion Penetration of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.924.
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The permeability resistance of concrete with ground phosphate slag(GPS) against chloride ion penetration was tested according to ASTM1202 and by nitrogen adsorption method. Test results show that by adding ground phosphate slag to concrete, the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete decreases, and the permeability resistance of concrete against chloride ion penetration increases with improvement of its pore structure. The pores in concrete are refined and the percentage of the pores with diameter less than 20nm in concrete increases. The improvement of pore structure of the concrete by ground phosphate slag is much better than that by the ground granulated blast furnace slag or fly ash, while the addition is 30 percent. The ability of additive to improve the permeability resistance of concrete against chloride ion penetration is in following order: fly ash > ground phosphate slag > ground granulated blast furnace slag.
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Bahaaldin, Karzan, Ryan Fries, Parth Bhavsar, and Plaban Das. "A Case Study on the Impacts of Connected Vehicle Technology on No-Notice Evacuation Clearance Time." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6357415.
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No-notice evacuations of metropolitan areas can place significant demands on transportation infrastructure. Connected vehicle (CV) technology, with real-time vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications, can help emergency managers to develop efficient and cost-effective traffic management plans for such events. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the impacts of CVs on no-notice evacuations using a case study of a downtown metropolitan area. The microsimulation software VISSIM was used to model the roadway network and the evacuation traffic. The model was built, calibrated, and validated for studying the performance of traffic during the evacuation. The researchers evaluated system performance with different CV penetration rates (from 0 to 30 percent CVs) and measured average speed, average delays, and total delays. The findings suggest significant reductions in total delays when CVs reached a penetration rate of 30 percent, albeit increases in delays during the beginning of the evacuation. Additionally, the benefits could be greater for evacuations that last longer and with higher proportions of CVs in the vehicle stream.
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Obaid, Mohammed, and Arpad Torok. "Macroscopic Modelling of Predicted Automated Vehicle Emissions." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2022-17.550.
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This paper studies the effect of automated vehicle implementation on transport system emission from a macroscopic point of view. The paper considers several scenarios differing in passenger car unit (PCU) and the penetration share percent of automated vehicles in the system using PTV Visum software. The study presents that automated vehicles reduce total emission by both the effect of smooth driving of each automated vehicle independently and the spread of automated vehicles in the network. Furthermore, apart from considering the effect of different PCU values and penetration levels, the developed model takes into account three different types of emissions and seven different vehicle classes.
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Agrawal, David R. "The Internet as a Tax Haven?" American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170094.
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If online transactions are tax free, increased online shopping may lower tax rates as jurisdictions seek to reduce tax avoidance; but, if online firms remit taxes, online sales may put upward pressure on tax rates because internet sales help enforce destination-based taxes. I find that higher internet penetration generally results in lower municipal tax rates but raises tax rates in some jurisdictions. The latter effect emerges in states where many online vendors remit taxes. A 1 standard deviation increase in internet penetration lowers local sales taxes in large municipalities by 0.15 percentage points, or 16 percent of the average rate. (JEL H25, H26, H71, L81, R51)
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Tu, Jay F., Kishore N. Lankalapalli, Mark Gartner, and Keng H. Leong. "On-Line Estimation of Laser Weld Penetration." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 119, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2802392.
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High-power CO2 laser welding has been widely used in the industry because of its high productivity and excellent weld quality. In order to tap the potential of this process completely, it is important to have on-line weld quality inspection methods to improve the process productivity and reliability by achieving 100 percent weld inspection. Weld penetration is one of the most important factors critical to the quality of a laser weld. However, it is very difficult to directly measure the extent of penetration without sectioning the workpiece. In this paper a model-based penetration depth estimation technique suitable for the production environment is developed. The proposed model relates the temperature measured on the bottom surface of the workpiece, weld bead width, laser beam power and welding speed to penetration depth. The closed-loop depth estimator combines the model and a model-error compensator to compensate for the uncertainty in the measurement of the laser power and absorptivity. Other effects considered are the averaging due to the finite size of the sensor, delay based on the sensor location and the process and sensor dynamics. Several bead-on-plate and butt welds were made on low carbon steel plates to validate the static process models and the depth estimation scheme. Temperatures on the bottom surface of the workpiece during welding were measured using infrared thermocouples. The welds were sectioned longitudinally to obtain the penetration profile. The penetration profiles estimated by the depth estimator matched satisfactorily with the measured penetration profiles. The results validate the capability of the proposed depth estimator to estimate penetration depth and its ability to trace the dynamic changes in penetration depth.
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Mrozik, Anna, Paweł Bilski, Wojciech Gieszczyk, Mariusz Kłosowski, Sandra Witkiewicz-Łukaszek, Vitaliy Gorbenko, Tetiana Zorenko, and Yuriy Zorenko. "Application of the LPE-Grown LuAG: Ce Film/YAG Crystal Composite Thermoluminescence Detector for Distinguishing the Components of the Mixed Radiation Field." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248708.
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Single-crystalline films (SCFs) of the LuAG: Ce garnet grown using the liquid-phase epitaxy method onto YAG single-crystal (SC) substrates were investigated for possible applications as composite thermoluminescent (TL) detectors. Such detectors may help to register the different components of ionizing radiation fields with various penetration depths, e.g., heavy charged particles and gamma or beta rays. It was found that the TL signal of LuAG: Ce SCF sufficiently differs from that of the YAG substrate concerning both the temperature and wavelength of emissions. Furthermore, even by analyzing TL glow curves, it was possible to distinguish the difference between weakly and deeply penetrating types of radiation. Within a test involving the exposure of detectors with the mixed alpha/beta radiations, the doses of both components were determined with an accuracy of a few percent.
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Al-Sanad, Hasan A., and Nabil F. Ismael. "Effects of Aging on Freshly Deposited or Densified Calcareous Sands." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1547, no. 1 (January 1996): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154700111.
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The effect of aging on the strength and compressibility of calcareous desert sands was examined by laboratory and field tests. The field tests included standard penetration and dynamic cone penetration tests on freshly deposited loose calcareous sand at one site in Kuwait City. The laboratory tests included direct shear, consolidation, and California bearing ratio tests on reconstituted compacted specimens from a naturally cemented sand. These tests were conducted at zero time and after aging for different periods in the laboratory. The results indicate an increase in the shear strength and a reduction in compressibility at a decreasing rate with time. The penetration resistance increased by 100 to 200 percent as a result of aging over a period of 1 year. The changes in strength and compressibility are attributed to mechanical effects resulting from particle interlocking, reorientation, and dispersion and increased friction at a constant effective stress.
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Takemoto, R. C., M. J. Gage, L. Rybak, M. Walsh, and K. A. Egol. "Articular cartilage skiving: the concept defined." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 36, no. 5 (March 3, 2011): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193411398196.
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‘Skiving’ is commonly used to refer to the condition when the subchondral plate is disrupted and the overlying cartilage physically displaced without the screw tip entering the joint. In this study we sought to define radiographic parameters of skiving and compare radiographs with computed tomography (CT) for accuracy in determining joint skiving. Cadaveric specimens of the distal radius were implanted with a volar plate and screws. Arthrotomies were performed to definitively assess the positions of the screws. Standard and anatomic tilt radiographs as well as CT were performed. Orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists evaluated the images and reported whether screw penetration or skiving had occurred. For screws which penetrated or skived, measurements were made to record the distances from the screw tips to the subchondral plate. Sensitivity, specificity and percent correct interpretations were 53%, 83%, 60% respectively for radiographs; and 100%, 72%, 69% for CT. Screws penetrating the articular surface protruded an average 2.3 mm (range 2–2.6 mm) from the subchondral plate and those skiving protruded 1.4 mm (range 1–1.8 mm). This study shows that articular skiving can occur with penetration of the subchondral plate of up to 1.8 mm. CT has a greater sensitivity and lower specificity in determining skiving compared to radiographs.
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Cobert, Julien, Ephraim P. Hochberg, Jeremy S. Abramson, Christiana E. Toomey, and Fred H. Hochberg. "Nervous System Invasion Occurs in 4% Percent of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4200.4200.
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Abstract Introduction: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma that manifests as high white blood cell counts and lymphadenopathy. Current clinical paradigms for the care of CLL do not include evaluation or prophylaxis of the central nervous system. Four percent of our patients with CLL developed neurologic manifestations which approximates the 3–7% risk of CNS involvement in large series of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We found that the majority of these cases had no evidence of histologic Richter’s transformation. Our experience confirms prior anecdotal reports of involvement of the central nervous system by CLL which have described: abnormal lymphocytes in the CSF or vitreous, MRI dural enhancement, enhancement within the spinal cord or cranial/peripheral nerves, orbital mass, PML-like diffuse white matter abnormalities of brain (without the presence of JC virus DNA) and/or Richter’s transformation in the nervous system. Methods: A CLL medical records review protocol was approved by the Dana Farber Harvard Cancer Center Institutional Review Board. Using our clinical lymphoma database we collected records of 755 patients at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center who carried a diagnosis of CLL from January 1988 to August 2008. We will present the neurologic involvement identified by restricting cases to those with the following diagnostic studies: patients who had received brain, head or spine MRIs, patients who had received lumbar punctures or post-mortem examinations. We also included any patient with brain, nerve (peripheral or otherwise) and/or orbital biopsies. Within this cohort, 30 patients were found with the following sites of predominant neurological involvement of CLL: dural infiltration (2), CSF infiltration by cytology or flow cytometry (6), infiltration of peripheral nerve, optic nerve or spinal nerve roots (6), ocular involvement of the vitreous or conus (7), Richter’s transformation into primary CNS DLBCL (6), and diffuse non-enhancing white matter abnormalities without the presence of JC virus (3). Many patients presented with multiple neurological sites of disease. Discussion: Recognition of the risk of central nervous involvement in DLBCL has led to a new paradigm of CNS prophylaxis in high risk patients. Our estimate of 3.97% involvement of the nervous system with CLL likely underestimates the true risk of this fatal complication for the following reasons. We did not directly examine patient records for neurologic symptoms. We did not re-evaluate the cytology of CLL patients whose neurologic symptoms prompted a negative lumbar puncture nor neuro-pathology specimens of autopsied CLL patients with negative gross involvement. Patients who were diagnosed with CLL at MGH but who had their neurologic studies performed outside of our electronic medical record (EMR) system are clearly not included in our numerator. Current CLL therapies have limited CNS penetration. Our risk estimate, if confirmed, will stimulate the inclusion of neur-axis penetrating agents into CLL therapy in high-risk patients.
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Jones, D. P., J. L. Gordon, D. N. Hutula, J. E. Holliday, and W. G. Jandrasits. "Application of Equivalent Elastic Methods in Three-Dimensional Finite Element Structural Analysis." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2883704.
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This paper describes use of equivalent solid (EQS) modeling to obtain efficient solutions to perforated material problems using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3-D-FEA) programs. It is shown that EQS modeling in 3-D-FEA requires an EQS constitutive relationship with a sufficient number of independent constants to allow the EQS material to respond according to the elastic symmetry of the penetration pattern. It is also shown that a 3-D-FEA submodel approach to calculate peak stresses and ligament stresses from EQS results is very accurate and preferred over more traditional stress multiplier approaches. The method is demonstrated on the problem of a transversely pressurized simply supported plate with a central divider lane separating two perforated regions with circular penetrations arranged in a square pattern. A 3-D-FEA solution for a model that incorporates each penetration explicitly is used for comparison with results from an EQS solution for the plate. Results for deflection and stresses from the EQS solution are within 3 percent of results from the explicit 3-D-FE model. A solution to the sample problem is also provided using the procedures in the ASME B&PV Code. The ASME B&PV Code formulas for plate deflection were shown to overestimate the stiffening effects of the divider lane and the outer stiffening ring.
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Hasrul, M. Reza, Moh Junaedi Rahman, and Ahmad Rifqi Asrib. "Asphalt Concrete Mixture Innovation Using Styrofoam Waste." Journal La Multiapp 2, no. 6 (February 2, 2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v2i6.541.
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The purpose of this research is to determine the properties of an AC-BC concrete asphalt mixture with additional Styrofoam waste to bitumen. This study was conducted fully at the State University of Makassar's Laboratory of Materials Testing. The amount of Styrofoam utilized in this investigation was 6 percent, 8 percent, 10 percent, and 12 percent of the total weight of KAO asphalt (Optimum Asphalt Weight). This study used a total of 15 specimens, with 5 being used to determine KAO and 12 being used following KAO. The Marshall method was utilized, which involved immersing the test object in a water bath at 60 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Density, stability, flow, Marshall Quotient (MQ), VIM, VFA, and VMA were all determined using the Marshall test. The General Bina Marga 2018 specification revision 3 was utilized as a guideline. The findings of this investigation show that the asphalt penetration value falls as styrofoam material increases. Stability values in the additions of 6 percent and 8 percent, MQ values at 6 percent, VIM 12 percent, and VFA 6 percent do not satisfy criteria, while density values, flow, and VMA in all variations of styrofoam addition meet the General Bina Marga specifications in 2018 refisi 3. Based on the results of the Marshall test with an Optimal Asphalt Content (KAO) of 5.7 percent, this research suggests that a percentage substitution of 10% can be employed to get positive outcomes.
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Joseph, Joe, Leigh M. Vaughan, and Gurnam S. Basran. "Penetration of Intravenous and Oral Ciprofloxacin into Sterile and Empyemic Human Pleural Fluid." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 28, no. 3 (March 1994): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809402800302.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECIVE: To compare the penetration of oral and intravenously administered ciprofloxacin into infected (empyemic) and noninfected(sterile) human pleural fluid. DESIGN: Eleven men and 5 women (aged 29–76) were consecutivelyselected from adult patients referred to the respiratory unit forpleural effusion. In this open-label, prospective trial, 13 patients withsterile pleural effusions were nonrandomly assigned to receive eitherciprofloxacin 200 mg (single intravenous dose), 750 mg (single oraldose), or 750 mg (two oral doses per day for 3 days); 3 patients withinfected pleural effusions received 750 mg oral doses for 10 days. Simultaneous pleural fluid and venous blood specimens were drawnover 5 hours after single dose or when steady-state was attained, andciprofloxacin concentrations were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: Pleural fluid concentrations of ciprofloxacin equaledplasma concentrations 1.5 hours after 200 mg was givenintravenously and the pleural/plasma ratio remained ∼ 0.9 for 4hours. After a single 750-mg oral dose, pleural ciprofloxacinconcentrations rose from 0 to 1.4 ug/ml, over 5 hours with thehighest pleural fluid/plasma ratio (0.7) at 5 hours. Average steadystateciprofloxacin concentrations in sterile pleural fluid after 750mg administered twice daily for 3 days, ranged between 1.1 and 1.8ug/rnl, with ratios between 0.3 and 0.9 over 4 hours. In empyemicpleural fluid at the same dosage, average steady-state ciprofloxacinconcentrations ranged between 1.9 and 3.4 ug/ml, with ratiosbetween 1.0 and 2.0 over 5 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Oral ciprofloxacin penetrates into sterile andempyemic pleural fluid with concentrations 30–90 percent and100–200 percent of plasma concentrations, respectively.
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Chang, Wen Yeau. "Comparison of Three Short Term Photovoltaic System Power Generation Forecasting Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.585.
Full textAbstract:
An accurate forecasting method for solar power generation of the photovoltaic (PV) system is urgent needed under the relevant issues associated with the high penetration of solar power in the electricity system. This paper presents a comparison of three forecasting approaches on short term solar power generation of PV system. Three forecasting methods, namely, persistence method, back propagation neural network method, and radial basis function (RBF) neural network method, are investigated. To demonstrate the performance of three methods, the methods are tested on the practical information of solar power generation of a PV system. The performance is evaluated based on two indexes, namely, maximum absolute percent error and mean absolute percent error.
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Shapiro, Bradley T. "Promoting Wellness or Waste? Evidence from Antidepressant Advertising." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 439–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190277.
Full textAbstract:
It is taken as given by many policy makers that Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of prescription drugs drives inappropriate patients to treatment. Alternatively, advertising may provide useful information that causes appropriate patients to seek treatment. I study this dynamic in the context of antidepressants. Leveraging variation driven by the borders of television markets, I find that a 10 percent increase in anti-depressant advertising leads to a 0.3 percent ($32 million) increase in new prescriptions followed by reductions in workplace absenteeism worth about $770 million. I find no effect of advertising on prices, generic penetration, drug switches, adverse effects, non-adherence rates, or therapist visits. (JEL D83, I12, J22, L65, M31, M37)
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Shapiro, Bradley T. "Promoting Wellness or Waste? Evidence from Antidepressant Advertising." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 439–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190277.
Full textAbstract:
It is taken as given by many policy makers that Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of prescription drugs drives inappropriate patients to treatment. Alternatively, advertising may provide useful information that causes appropriate patients to seek treatment. I study this dynamic in the context of antidepressants. Leveraging variation driven by the borders of television markets, I find that a 10 percent increase in anti-depressant advertising leads to a 0.3 percent ($32 million) increase in new prescriptions followed by reductions in workplace absenteeism worth about $770 million. I find no effect of advertising on prices, generic penetration, drug switches, adverse effects, non-adherence rates, or therapist visits. (JEL D83, I12, J22, L65, M31, M37)