Academic literature on the topic 'Percent penetration'
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Journal articles on the topic "Percent penetration"
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Dhaniyala, Suresh, and Benajamin Liu. "Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters: Part I. Experimental." Journal of the IEST 42, no. 1 (January 14, 1999): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.42.1.k71lm163x574w701.
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This article is the first of a two-part series. The second article titled "Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters, Part II. Theoretical" will appear in the upcoming March/April 1998 issue of the Journal of the IEST. The performance of high-efficiency filters is evaluated using a semiautomated test system. This system is used for accurate measurements of submicron particle penetrations and pressure drops of filters. The system is designed to minimize errors and uncertainties associated with filter testing procedures. New commercial filter media, rated from ASHRAE-grade to ULPA, are tested using this system. The particle penetration characteristics of these media are obtained at different face velocities, ranging from 2 to 20 cm/s (0.79 to 7.9 in/s), and the particle diameter is varied from 0.05 to 0.05μm. The efficiencies of these media range from 15 percent to 99.9999 percent. The particle penetration characteristics of the media are consistent with the theories of collection by diffusion and interception in the range of operating conditions studies. The presence of the most penetrating particle size is observed, varying from 0.1 to 0.3μm for the different media. The most penetrating particle size is shown to shift toward the smaller particle size for increasing face velocity.
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Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.
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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.
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Carisse, K. Xi, P. A. Burnett, J. P. Tewari, M. H. Chen, T. K. Turkington, and J. H. Helm. "Histopathological Study of Barley Cultivars Resistant and Susceptible to Rhynchosporium secalis." Phytopathology® 90, no. 1 (January 2000): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.1.94.
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Differences in the penetration process by Rhynchosporium secalis were compared in resistant and susceptible barley cultivars at the seedling stage. Percent penetration and percent host cell wall alteration (HCWA) differed significantly among cultivars and isolates as revealed by light microscopy. Based on these two variables, the cultivars were statistically separated into two groups that corresponded to their disease reactions. The resistant cultivars, Johnston and CDC Guardian, showed 81.2 to 99.4% HCWA and 0.1 to 20.1% penetration at encounter sites, whereas the susceptible cultivars, Harrington, Argyle, and Manley, had 30.1 to 78.3% HCWA and 31.8 to 81.8% penetration. In the current study, cv. Leduc, which is susceptible at the seedling stage and resistant at the adult stage, showed the same percent HCWA and penetration as did susceptible cultivars. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) was found between percent penetration and percent HCWA for cultivars inoculated with two isolates of the pathogen. Isolate 1 was less virulent than isolate 2 with respect to percent penetration and induced significantly fewer HCWA. Scanning electron microscopy showed various shapes of fungal appressoria but no apparent difference in host reaction between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Transmission electron microscopy revealed interactions between the host and pathogen at various stages of penetration. The resistant cv. Johnston responded by producing appositions, as evidenced by a layer of compact osmiophilic material deposited on the inner side of the cell wall. Infection pegs produced by conidia were unable to penetrate the cuticle where an apposition had formed inside. When penetration occurred in the susceptible cv. Argyle, cytoplasmic aggregates and separation of the plasmalemma were visible from the host cell wall, but the layer of compact osmiophilic material was not always present. Data based on light microscopic observations suggested that HCWA may be one of the mechanisms responsible for resistance that is characterized as penetration prevention rather than as a slow rate of mycelial growth after successful penetration. HCWA occurred in response to attempted cuticle penetration, suggesting that HCWA may produce chemical barriers that help to prevent penetration.
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Gagnon, Darrel P., and D. J. Laurie Kennedy. "Behaviour and ultimate tensile strength of partial joint penetration groove welds." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-062.
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Partial joint penetration groove welds may be used in columns, for example, when it is not necessary to develop the full tensile capacity of the cross section. Also, where it is not feasible to make a full joint penetration groove weld because welding can be done from one side only, the strength of a partial joint penetration groove weld may be adequate. Limited experimental data have shown that the strength of partial penetration welds are proportional to their areas.A series of 75 tests on 25 mm thick, grade 300W and grade 350A steel plates, with welds made with matching electrodes and with 20–100% penetration, were conducted. The overall behaviour, the effects of percent penetration, plate strength, and the eccentricity of the load were investigated. The inherent ductility of the welds allows lateral deflections and straining to take place so that eccentrically loaded welds are as strong as concentrically loaded welds. The strength of welds is greater than the strength of the plate multiplied by the percent penetration and increases with the increasing lateral restraint that occurs with decreasing penetration. Design equations and resistance factors, based on weld strengths at least equal to the percent penetration multiplied by the ultimate tensile resistance of the plate, are proposed. Recommendations for fabrication are presented. Key words: behaviour, groove weld, limit states, partial joint penetration, strength, resistance factor, tension, ultimate.
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Li, Feng Lan, Hai Na Chen, Xue Zhen Feng, and Su Yang. "Durability of Concrete for Thermal Insulation Composite Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.314.
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Tests were carried out to study the durability of fine aggregate concrete and composite concrete simultaneously provided by the wet-sieving technique for the thermal insulation composite wall as building envelops. The workability of every concrete satisfied the basic requirement of cast quality. The composition analyses of concrete showed that compared with the ordinary concrete, the volume percent of coarse aggregate was increased and the volume percent of cement mortar was decreased due to that the residual coarse aggregate stayed on the sieve was blended with ordinary concrete, which increased the resistances of composite concrete to chloride penetration, water penetration and carbonization. Meanwhile, the resistances of fine aggregate concrete to chloride penetration, water penetration and carbonization were reduced due to the obvious increase of the volume percent of cement mortar.
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Denney, James O., and George C. Martin. "Ethephon Tissue Penetration and Harvest Effectiveness in Olive as a Function of Solution pH, Application Time, and BA or NAA Addition." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1185.
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Fruit removal force (FRF) and percent leaf drop (LD) of fruit-bearing olive (Olea europaea L.) shoots were examined 120 hours after being sprayed with ethephon at 600 mg·liter-1 and held under controlled-environmental conditions analogous to those found in the field in California at harvest time in mid-October. FRF was not significantly affected by solution pH, but FRF of all treated shoots was significantly lower than that of the untreated controls. Only at pH 5 was percent LD significantly greater than that of the controls, but, of the shoots treated with ethephon, the lowest percent LD occurred at pH 3. Percent LD after treatment with ethephon at pH 3 was not affected by application time, but FRF was significantly less than the controls' when shoots were treated at 7 am or 12 pm but not at 5 pm or 10 pm. Adding NAA to the ethephon solution raised FRF and adding BA lowered FRF compared to ethephon alone. Adding NAA or BA did not mitigate percent LD significantly. Adding BA advanced anthocyanin production in fruit. Ethephon penetration of rachides was ≈70% that of petioles. Correlation between ethephon penetration of petioles and percent LD was greater than that between penetration of rachides and FRF. Correlation was significant for both tissues only in the 12 pm pH 3 treatment; correlation was also significant for petiole penetration and percent LD at pH 5. Autoradiographic studies of the 14C-ethephon penetration showed no pH effect, greater penetration into petioles than rachides, and that radioactivity was limited largely to intercellular spaces, with accumulation in vascular bundles, especially xylem. Regardless of treatment, FRF and percent LD are negatively correlated (r2 = 0.615). Mean results to be expected using ethephon as an olive harvest aid under these conditions are an FRF of ≈3 N and a percent LD of ≈15%. The desired low FRF and percent LD were obtained by applying ethephon alone at pH 3 at 7 am. Raising ethephon solution pH does not increase harvest effectiveness. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).
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Lacy, Stephen, and Todd F. Simon. "Intercounty Group Ownership of Daily Newspapers and the Decline of Competition for Readers." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74, no. 4 (December 1997): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909707400410.
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This study used a national sample to estimate the potential for intercounty daily competition and how many counties contained dailies whose companies owned a daily in an adjoining county. In 1993, an estimated 347 dailies circulated in adjoining counties in which another daily was headquartered. In 113 such situations, the intruding daily reached 10 percent or more penetration in the adjoining county. Intercounty ownership existed in about 15 percent of all counties in 1983, 20 percent in 1988, and 18 percent in 1993. Intercounty ownership was associated with reduced overall county penetration and reduced intercounty competition.
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Sun, Yao Xing, Gui Zhen Fang, and Yi Xing Liu. "The Decay Resistance Properties of P. Ussuriensis Kom Lumber Impregnated with Preservative by Roller-Compression." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.947.
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Waterborne preservative of DDAC and boride are used to impregnate P. ussuriensis Kom lumbers by roller compression under compression rates ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent. Results showed that the cranny in intervascular pit membranes appeared, and the cell wall of vessel element and fiber segment displayed drape and cranny due to roller compression. With the rise of compression rate, both the penetration depth of preservative and the retention quantity of preservative in the experimental lumber increased, while the mass loss rate decreased.The penetration depth perpendicular to the grain was more than 3.9 mm, while that parallel to the grain of wood was more than 20 mm when the compression rate was greater than or equal to 30 percent. Under the compression rate of 30 percent, the retention quantity of preservative in the experimental lumber impregnated with DDAC (thickness of 1 percent) was 8.743 kg/m3 and the mass loss rate was 14.36 percent, while those with boride (thickness of 2 percent) are 3.322kg/m3 and 9.92 percent.
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Paz, Lourenço S. "The China Shock Impact on Labor Informality: The Effects on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10050109.
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The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its increasingly successful role in international trade may have profoundly impacted developing countries. This study examines the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy during 2000–2012 to assess the impacts of import competition on its manufacturing formal and informal labor markets. In this period, import penetration grew by more than 20 percent in Brazil, and the share of the import penetration originating in China increased from 3 to 20 percent. At the same time, the share of informal workers in manufacturing declined from 27 to approximately 15 percent. Employing a switching regression model and Brazilian household survey data, this study finds that a greater industry-level Chinese and ‘rest of the world’ import penetration increases the likelihood of jobs becoming informal at different intensities, and these effects are smaller in unskilled-labor intensive industries and manufacturing states. Additionally, both types of import penetration positively impact the average informal wage. In contrast, the estimates suggest that a larger Chinese import penetration reduces average formal wages, while imports from elsewhere have the opposite effect. The results also indicate that the magnitude of the effects on wages are moderated by the unskilled labor intensity of the industry and whether the worker is located in a manufacturing state.
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Vermeulen, P. J., P. Grabinski, and V. Ramesh. "Mixing of an Acoustically Excited Air Jet With a Confined Hot Crossflow." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906306.
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The mixing of an acoustically pulsed air jet with a confined hot crossflow has been assessed by temperature profile measurements. These novel experiments were designed to examine the effects of acoustic driver power and Strouhal number on jet structure, penetration, and mixing. The results showed that excitation produced strong changes in the measured temperature profiles. This resulted in significant increases in mixing zone size, penetration (at least 100 percent increase), and mixing, and the length to achieve a given mixed state was shortened by at least 70 percent. There was strong modification to the jet-wake region. The increase in jet penetration and mixing was saturating near 90 W, the largest driving power tested. The jet response as determined by penetration and mixing was optimum at a Strouhal number of 0.27. Overall, pulsating the jet flow significantly improved the jet mixing processes in a controllable manner.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Percent penetration"
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Mullen, Damon Anthony. "COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM FORCES REQUIRED TO PENETRATE TEN AND TWENTY PERCENT BALLISTICS GELATIN, MEAT, AND CLAY TO ASSESS VARIATION BETWEEN TARGET MEDIAIN ARROW PENETRATION STUDIES." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1619013100008557.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Percent penetration"
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Cooper, Mark N. "Broadband in America." In Networking and Telecommunications, 990–1017. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-986-1.ch065.
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Under the Bush Administration, the U.S. failed to close the digital divide and fell behind on broadband. In 2001, 54 percent of households did not have the Internet. In late 2007, 49 percent of households did nothave broadband. About 25 percent of households with incomes below $25,000 per year had broadband in 2007; whereas over 80 percent of households with incomes above $75,000 did. In 2001, the U.S. ranked third in the world in the penetration of broadband, but had fallen to 15th by 2007. A variety of measures of performance and econometric models that control for economic and social factors show a dozen nations are ahead of the U.S. The laissez faire policy pursued by the Bush administration let a duopoly of cable and telephone companies dribble out broadband at slow speed and high prices. In contrast, the nations that passed the U.S. implemented much more aggressive policies to promote broadband and instead of relying on weak intermodal competition, they required the dominant networks to be open to competition in Internet services. This kept the price down and stimulated adoption and innovation.
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Sanakulov, Nodir, and Heikki Karjaluoto. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Smartphone Adoption in Uzbekistan and South Korea." In Global Observations of the Influence of Culture on Consumer Buying Behavior, 171–89. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2727-5.ch011.
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Smartphone technology has changed how mobile phones are perceived and used in daily life. In 2015, global smartphone sales reached 1.4 billion units, representing an increase of 14.4 percent from 2014. Despite this popularity, penetration rates vary significantly across countries, with a global median of 43%. The main purpose of this research is to examine smartphone adoption in Uzbekistan and South Korea based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and to categorize constructs according to the Kano model. The findings indicate significant differences between South Korea and Uzbekistan in terms of technology adoption as a whole and perception of UTAUT constructs.
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Sanakulov, Nodir, and Heikki Karjaluoto. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Smartphone Adoption in Uzbekistan and South Korea." In Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use, 944–62. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7909-0.ch051.
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Smartphone technology has changed how mobile phones are perceived and used in daily life. In 2015, global smartphone sales reached 1.4 billion units, representing an increase of 14.4 percent from 2014. Despite this popularity, penetration rates vary significantly across countries, with a global median of 43%. The main purpose of this research is to examine smartphone adoption in Uzbekistan and South Korea based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and to categorize constructs according to the Kano model. The findings indicate significant differences between South Korea and Uzbekistan in terms of technology adoption as a whole and perception of UTAUT constructs.
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Savković, Željko, Miloš Stupar, Nikola Unković, Aleksandar Knežević, Jelena Vukojević, and Milica Ljaljević Grbić. "Fungal Deterioration of Cultural Heritage Objects." In Biodegradation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98620.
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Significant percent of world cultural heritage artifacts is threatened by fungal infestation. Fungi can deteriorate different substrates via various physical and chemical mechanisms. Hyphal growth and penetration into the substrate can cause symptoms like discoloration, biopitting, cracking, exfoliation and patina formation. On the other hand, chemical mechanisms include acid secretion, release of extracellular enzymes, pigment production, oxidation/reduction reactions and secondary mycogenic minerals formation. These processes can lead to serious, both esthetic and structural, alterations which may be irreversible and could permanently impair artworks. Proper isolation and identification of autochthonous isolates, as well as employment of different microscopic techniques and in vitro biodegradation tests are pivotal in understanding complex biodeterioration mechanisms caused by microorganisms, including fungal deteriogens. Biodeterioration and biodegradation studies require multidisciplinary approach and close collaboration of microbiologists, chemists, geologists and different personnel responsible for the safeguarding of cultural heritage monuments and artifacts, especially restorers and conservators.
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Kalia, Prateek, Navdeep Kaur, and Tejinderpal Singh. "E-Commerce in India." In Advances in E-Business Research, 99–120. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9921-2.ch005.
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This chapter uniquely reports origin of e-commerce and holistic present scenario of online retail in India. Desk research and extant review of literature from reliable market research reports, books, journals and web has been done to decipher internet penetration, evolution of e-commerce and present scenario. Study observed that India is third largest country in terms of internet users. India will drive e-commerce in Asia pacific region after China and Indonesia. Reasons hampering India from finding place in global retail e-commerce index are also put in foreground. Sequential events leading to growth of different types of e-commerce in India are delineated into two waves to understand the evolutionary process. Out of total non-travel B2C e-commerce, online retail holds significant fifty percent share and its prospects for future growth are extremely positive. Businesses and researchers will find this chapter useful to devise future strategies to win and sustain e-commerce market in India.
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Kalia, Prateek, Navdeep Kaur, and Tejinderpal Singh. "E-Commerce in India." In Mobile Commerce, 736–58. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch036.
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This chapter uniquely reports origin of e-commerce and holistic present scenario of online retail in India. Desk research and extant review of literature from reliable market research reports, books, journals and web has been done to decipher internet penetration, evolution of e-commerce and present scenario. Study observed that India is third largest country in terms of internet users. India will drive e-commerce in Asia pacific region after China and Indonesia. Reasons hampering India from finding place in global retail e-commerce index are also put in foreground. Sequential events leading to growth of different types of e-commerce in India are delineated into two waves to understand the evolutionary process. Out of total non-travel B2C e-commerce, online retail holds significant fifty percent share and its prospects for future growth are extremely positive. Businesses and researchers will find this chapter useful to devise future strategies to win and sustain e-commerce market in India.
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Dulik, Tomas, Michal Bliznak, and Roman Jasek. "Best Practices in Designing Low-Cost Community Wireless Networks." In Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures, 215–35. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2997-4.ch012.
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The Czech Republic (CR) has been ranked the 1st among the countries of the European Union (EU) countries in the growth rate of broadband access. The Internet penetration rate has increased by 48 percent between 2005 and 2011. This high growth rate is driven by the entry of new operators and the proliferation of Community Wireless Networks (CWNs). The CR holds the first place in EU in the number of newly entered operators. There are 1150 companies providing Internet access in 601 Czech towns and 5645 villages. In addition, a number of community wireless networks have emerged as an alternative of these commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Their main purpose is to increase the affordability and penetration of broadband Internet in the country. This chapter discusses the contribution of CWNs to the proliferation and affordability of broadband access in the CR, focusing on the reasons for their success and popularity. Their key success factors include obtaining a non-profit status, engaging academics, and cooperating with government entities. They formed the CZFree.net forum for experts and volunteers to exchange information and best practices with respect to new technologies, design considerations, and technical and social issues. It also articulates on technology options and best practices for building low-cost CWNs. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the role of the Netural czFree eXchange association in aggregating their technical, financial, and personal resources of individual CWNs. Thanks to this association and the CZFree.net forum, CWNs in the CR have become influential competitors in the local telecommunication industry.
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Dwivedi, Yogesk K. "Factors Affecting Consumer Adoption of Broadband in Developing Countries." In Consumer Adoption and Usage of Broadband, 285–95. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-783-6.ch014.
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This chapter empirically examines factors affecting the adoption of broadband in the developing countries of Bangladesh and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In the case of Bangladesh, attitudinal, normative, and control factors—discussed in the UK case study in Division I of this book—were used and adapted in order to provide insights about broadband adopters and non-adopters within the developing nations. In order to examine the adoption of broadband in the KSA, a number of variables were employed, which also included some of the variables discussed in the UK case study in Division I. As the Internet was introduced comparatively late in Bangladesh (in 1996), in early 2004 the total penetration of Internet within the country was only 0.25 percent (Totel, 2004). It was suggested that the major obstacles associated with low Internet penetration were the low economic status and still-developing infrastructure within the country (Totel, 2004). A recent media report further emphasised that “Bangladesh is not anywhere on the global broadband map, but it is doing its best to get online. Local service provider, DNS SatComm has started deploying fixed wireless gear from Cambridge Broadband and will offer access to government offices, and other commercial entities” (Malik, 2005). It has also been suggested that Internet connection is slow and costly and not affordable by the general public (Hossain, 2004). Given the situations of Bangladesh in terms of demography, telecommunication infrastructure, and affordability of Internet by people, it was felt that understanding factors including cost of Internet access and subscription affecting consumer adoption might help to encourage further diffusion of high speed Internet. In the KSA, the Internet has taken some time to diffuse and is therefore seen as a relatively new technology. The KSA first started with dial up connections and then moved on to adopt broadband and satellite connections to provide better data communication services to its citizens. However, even with the availability of broadband technology, the rate of adoption is considered to be relatively poor in comparison to other developed countries such as the UK, as well as newly industrialised leading broadband users, such as South Korea (Oh et al., 2003). This poor connectivity is often claimed to be caused by website filtration in the region. Consequently, broadband adoption has been slower than expected in the region. Furthermore, a survey of existing literature on broadband adoption suggests that although both macro and micro level studies were conducted in order to understand the deployment of broadband in the developed world and leading countries such as South Korea, none of these studies focus upon developing countries, such as Bangladesh and the KSA. Although this could be attributed to the slow infrastructure development and low rate of adoption within the two countries, this has provided the motivation for undertaking exploratory research in order to develop an understanding of the perceptions of consumers regarding broadband adoption in these developing nations. Thus, this chapter aims to explore the reasons for the slow adoption of broadband in Bangladesh and the KSA by examining the individual level factors affecting broadband uptake in both cases. The research will thereby seek to adapt the individual level factors from the UK case study (Division I) and attempt to examine if and why the adapted factors affect consumers’ attitudes towards the adoption of broadband in the countries. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the theoretical basis and variables employed to examine broadband adoption. This is followed by a brief discussion of the utilized research methods. The findings are then presented and discussed. Finally, a conclusion to the chapter is provided.
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Toland, Janet. "E-Commerce in Developing Countries." In Global Information Technologies, 172–79. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch016.
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Internet access in developing countries is growing rapidly. Developing countries accounted for one-third of Internet users worldwide by the end of 2003, and the catch up rate is getting faster. Between 2000 and 2003, developing countries increased their share of the Internet population of the world by nearly 50%. This has led some commentators, such as World Bank to claim that initiatives to close the digital divide are no longer relevant (Atkins, 2005). However, most residents of these countries still have no access to the Internet. For example, Internet access in Africa is less than two percent in a population of more than 900 million; the lowest rate of access in the world (Dunphy, 2000, UNCTAD 2004). E-commerce, e-government, and mobile commerce provide significant opportunities for developing countries, but their adoption will be slowed by technological, cultural, economic, political, and legal problems (Davis, 1999; Enns & Huff, 1999). Differences in e-readiness and related barriers to e-commerce will sustain substantial differences between regions of the world, between countries within regions, between urban and rural areas within countries, and between the genders and age groups. Different opinions exist as to what benefits the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can offer developing countries. Do they provide developing countries with the opportunity to “leapfrog” ahead, skipping over certain stages of infrastructure development? Or do ICTs simply widen the gulf between the developed and the developing world even further (Economist, 2005)? The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) views ICTs as enabling technologies that can improve the quality of life for citizens of developing countries. Whereas Bill Gates view is that ICTs can provide little benefit to developing countries until more basic needs like clean water, health, and education have been met. In spite of this lack of agreement the reality is that if a basic communications infrastructure is available, options do exist to utilize e-commerce in developing countries. This article explores the potential opportunities that these technologies offer, and considers the barriers to uptake. E-commerce involves buying and selling goods and services within an electronic marketplace, and also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization (Turban, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2004). E-commerce can take place between one business and another (Business-to-business), and between a business and its customers (business-to-consumer). E-government is the application of e-commerce technologies to the public sector. Developments in e-government have opened up the potential for governments worldwide to improve the services they offer to their citizens. A move towards e-government offers particular advantages to developing countries that may have difficulties interacting with their citizens through more traditional communication channels. E-government consists of two separate areas. First, it is concerned with changing internal government operations, inasmuch as information technology is used to support cooperation among government agencies (government-to-government). Second, it is used to support external government operations, in particular the interactions between citizens and companies, and the public sector, on a self-service basis (government-to-citizen) (Howle, 2003). Mobile commerce offers the potential to bypass inadequate landline telecommunications infrastructure. Growth in the number of mobile telephone users worldwide has expanded from 50 million in 1998 to over 1.3 billion by 2004 (Turban et al., 2004). Wireless technologies have taken off even in relatively low-income areas of the world, where prepaid cards allow access without having to pass a creditworthiness check. At the end of 2003, Africa had more than 50 million mobile device users, whilst the number of fixed line telephone subscribers stood at only 25.1 million (ITU, 2004). Similar trends have been observed in Latin America and Asia, where handheld devices enable users to overcome the difficulties caused by low fixed line penetrations.
Conference papers on the topic "Percent penetration"
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Huang, Yolin I., and William J. Bruchey. "Impact Simulation Plus Probability of Material Failure." In ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1995-0753.
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Abstract A study to investigate the probabilistic variation in material failure mechanics of a typical high hardness armor (HHA) impacted by a tungsten penetrator was conducted. The HULL package was patched for simulation studies. Results from two different sets of calculations, each with a different randomness level, showed a relationship between the final penetrator lengths (between stations) and the prescribed randomness. Since higher percent deviation is likely associated with the higher failure rate of the target material, thus, at lower percent deviations, there is less penetration into the target and more compression of the penetrator, resulting in a smaller final length. Hence, the relationship seems to be a result of the compressive state of the penetrator rather than a result of its erosion. This relationship is likely to be present also in a more rigorous calculation with a Lagrangian-based formulation.
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Rhode, David L., and Brian F. Allen. "Visualization and Measurements of Rub-Groove Leakage Effects on Straight-Through Labyrinth Seals." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-506.
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For the first time flow visualization images and leakage measurements were obtained and analyzed for an enhanced understanding of the effect of rub-grooves on straight-through labyrinth seal leakage. It was found that leakage resistance decreases sharply with increasing rub-groove axial width. Further, for small tooth clearances with medium- or large-width rub-grooves, the groove gives an approximate 50 percent drop in leakage resistance. At the medium clearance, the presence of medium- or large-width rub-grooves increases and decreases the resistance at low Re and high Re, respectively. At the large clearance, the presence of grooves increases the resistance by some 200 percent and 40 percent for low Re and high Re, respectively. However, large clearance applications generally give very high Re where the 40 percent increase occurs. In addition, a vena contracta effect from the throughflow jet penetration into the rub-grooves was found on the flow pattern and on the leakage resistance. When penetration occurs, the trajectory angle of the jet entering the subsequent labyrinth cavity is sometimes dramatically altered, giving less kinetic energy carry-over to the subsequent tooth clearance.
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Frybarger, Michelle R., and Karim H. Muci-Küchler. "Distribution of Bacterial Contamination in Partial Penetration Surrogate Ballistic Wounds." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23897.
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Abstract With the rise in use of IEDs during armed conflicts, there has been an increase in the number of injuries to the extremities. Shrapnel and debris ejected during the explosion become high-speed projectiles capable of penetrating soft tissues, bringing bacterial contamination into the wound. If not properly treated, that contamination could lead to infection. Studies aimed at understanding the distribution of bacterial contamination along the permanent cavity could provide useful information to improve treatment protocols for these types of injuries. In this paper, a lower extremity surrogate model was used to investigate bacterial distribution in partial penetration ballistic wounds. The targets used were ballistic gelatin blocks that had an Escherichia coli-laden filter paper placed on their front face. Spherical projectiles were fired into the targets adjusting their speed to obtain three different partial penetration depths. After each shot, a gelatin strip containing the permanent cavity was extracted and segmented. The permanent cavity was removed from each segment, placed in a test tube with buffer solution, and heated in a water bath to melt the gelatin. Standard microbiology protocols were followed to determine the number of colony forming units (CFUs) in each segment. The bacteria distribution was represented by percent of total CFU in the permanent cavity versus segment number. In addition, bacterial contamination as a function of projectile penetration depth was explored. For the cases considered, most of the bacterial contamination occurred in the segments closer to the projectile entry point.
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Ullah, Syed Zahoor, Alexey Ruzhnikov, Syed Siddik, Maxim Sizov, and Abdulqawi Alfakih. "Drill Bits Evolution in Lump-Sum Turnkey Project Delivers Up to 70 Percent ROP Improvement." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21173-ms.
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Abstract Drilling rate of penetration (ROP) is one of the variables that influences well delivery timing and cost. ROP is affected by many factors, including but not limited to rock strength, well profile, bottom hole assembly (BHA) design, challenging formations per section, and drill bit selection. In one of the drilling projects in the Middle East, the primary method chosen to improve well delivery is to focus on optimizing the drill bit design to improve ROP while delivering other drilling objectives. As the project progressed, the ROP plateaued in most of sections in the field. The drilling team collaborated with the drill bit engineering to launch a drill bit optimization campaign in various hole sizes ranging from 16-in to 6⅛-in. Since fixed-cutter bits are predominantly used in these sections, improvements are made to the existing drill bit designs by replacing the cutting elements with more efficient 3D polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters or 3DC. 3DC cutters have different shapes, uniquely designed to tackle different drilling challenges. Using an in-house petrophysical log analysis program, each formation drilled in this field was analyzed and drilling challenges and ROP values were compared against previous performance. This information paired with finite element analysis (FEA) for dynamic drilling simulation was used to optimize drill bit selection. This conceptual workflow was followed to avoid costly field tests and ensure that the newly designed drill bit performs flawlessly downhole. Other design elements, such as choosing bit body material, were also incorporated by converting matrix-bodied to steel-bodied, which not only improved the ROP but also reduced the cost-per-foot (CPF). Initially the bit optimization program enabled ROP improvement in the 16-in section by 36% from 53 ft/h to 73 ft/h by replacing the roller-cone bit with a matrix-bodied fixed-cutter bit. Moreover, the drilling team further improved their performance, achieving 118 ft/hr. ROP when using the steel-bodied bit. With successful deployment of 3DC cutters in Middle East, ridged diamond element was introduced in the 8½-in section and successfully improved overall ROP by 11%. In addition, the 6⅛-in section showed 25% improvement in ROP following several design iterations that utilized two different types of 3DC cutters. By the end of the drill bit optimization campaign, the operator was able to improve the drilling curve and save up to 2.5 days per well. The 3DC cutters also helped eliminate the risk of bit failure in the 8½-in section, wherein offset wells several bits were required to complete the section. With the performance mindset, new technology deployment made it faster to test new bit designs. This helped with getting early data point for analysis before being able to test in the different fields in the area.
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Zeinoddini, Mostafa, Woorya H. Shariati, and Mahmood Nabipour. "Tapering Effects on the Installation of Suction Caissons in Clay." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57583.
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This paper reports results from an investigation on the tapering effects on the installation and pull-out performance of suction caissons. A numerical finite element approach has been used for the study. The finite element models have first been calibrated/verified against several available experimental data for the installation of the upright suction caissons in clay. The verified models have then been used to examine the behaviour of the tapered suction caissons during the pull-out and installation phases. Numerical results indicate that tapered caissons present considerable enhancement in their pull-out capacity comparing to those from corresponding upright caissons. Also it has been noticed that in general tapered caissons of positive wall slopes need extra forces, in comparison to their equivalent upright caissons, to achieve a full penetration. However, at least with those models studied, these extra forces have found to be less than twenty five percent when the wall slope varies from zero (upright) to 15%. This is while the additional pull-out capacities that might be achieved from these tapered suction caissons could reach to several hundred percents. An almost linear relationship has been observed between the total installation force and the caisson’s wall slope.
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Yuce, Celalettin, Fatih Karpat, and Nurettin Yavuz. "Influence of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Laser Welded Dissimilar Galvanized Steel-Aluminum Joints." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6419.
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The hybrid structures of aluminum-steel have been increasingly used for body-in-white constructions in order to reduce weight and green gas emissions. Obtaining acceptable joints between steel and aluminum required a better understanding of welding metallurgy and their effects on the resultant mechanical properties as well as the microstructure of the joints. In this research, the fiber laser welding of zero-gap galvanized steel and aluminum alloy in an overlapped configuration was carried out. The influence of heat input on the weld bead dimension, microstructural and mechanical properties of the joints was studied. A detailed study was conducted on the effects of the heat input on the penetration depth, weld width and microstructure of the laser welded dissimilar joints by means of an optical microscopy. A scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was carried out to determine the atomic percent of the elements for intermetallic compounds (IMC) occurred at the interface of the aluminum and steel. Microhardness measurement and tensile shear tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints. The experimental results showed that the penetration depth and weld width increased with the increase of heat input level. However, in order to limit IMC layer thickness and hardness at the surface of the weld seam and aluminum alloy, iron to aluminum dilution should be restricted by limiting the penetration depth. At lower heat input levels, less brittle IMC formation was formed. Consequently, with limited penetration depths at low heat input levels, up to 520 N tensile shear load achieved, with failures located in the interface of the joints.
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Rhode, David L., James W. Johnson, and Daniel H. Broussard. "Flow Visualization and Leakage Measurements of Stepped Labyrinth Seals: Part 1 — Annular Groove." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-136.
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An improved understanding of a new category of stepped labyrinth seals, which feature a new “annular groove”, was obtained. A water leakage and flow visualization test facility of very large scale (relative to a typical seal) was utilized. Flow visualization experiments using a new method and digital facilities for capturing and editing digital images from an 8 mm video were conducted. The presence of an annular groove machined into the stator land increases the leakage resistance by up to 26 percent for the cases considered here. Tracer particles show the degree of throughflow path penetration into the annular groove (i.e. serpentining), which gives the largest and the smallest leakage resistance improvement over that of the corresponding conventional stepped seal.
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Saha, N. K., H. C. Wang, and R. El-Achkar. "Frontal Offset Pole Impact Simulation of Automotive Vehicles." In ASME 1992 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1992-0110.
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Abstract A finite element model has been developed to simulate 25 percent offset impact of a vehicle to a rigid pole. The finite element model uses large displacement formulation and elastic-plastic material models. Techniques for crashworthiness simulation such as contact and sliding interfaces to prevent penetration of surfaces and hourglass control of mesh instability are also used. In a pole impact, vehicle front end members undergo large localized plastic deformation and usually fracture. In this study, the fracture process is simulated using effective plastic strain limit derived from component tests. The finite element model contains about 20,000 elements. It predicts overall vehicle deformation, acceleration, and velocity histories at key vehicle locations. Model predictions are compared with prototype test data.
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McNeff, Patrick S., and Brian K. Paul. "Predicting the Force Needed to Create a Compression Seal in an Ultra-Thin Elastoviscoplastic Membrane." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8638.
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In this paper, a finite element model is developed, and experimentally validated, for predicting the force required to produce a compression seal between a polycarbonate sealing boss and a 25 μm thick elastoviscoplastic hemodialysis membrane. This work leverages previous efforts to determine the conditions for hermetic sealing in a microchannel hemodialyser fabricated using hot-embossed polycarbonate microchannel laminae containing sealing boss features. Methods are developed for mechanically characterizing the thin elastoviscoplastic hemodialysis membrane. Experimental data for assessing the depth of penetration into the membrane as a function of force show an R2 value of 0.85 showing good repeatability. The average percent error was found to be −8.0% with a range between −21.9% and 4.4% error in the strain region of interest.
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McMasters, Robert L. "Modeling Flash Diffusivity Experiments in Two Dimensions for Thick Samples." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56038.
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The laser flash method for measuring thermal diffusivity is well established and has been in use for many years. Early analysis methods employed a simple model, in which one dimensional transient conduction was assumed, with insulated surfaces during the time subsequent to the flash. More recently, models of grater sophistication have been applied to flash diffusivity experiments. These models have been matched to experimental data using nonlinear regression and assume one-dimensional conduction. The advanced models have achieved highly accurate agreement with experimental data taken from thin samples, on the order of one millimeter in thickness. As samples become thicker, models which neglect edge losses can lose some conformity to the experimental data. The present research involves the application of a two dimensional model which allows for penetration of the laser flash into the sample. The accommodation of the flash penetration is important for porous materials, where the coarseness of the porosity is more than one percent of the sample thickness. Variability of the area of incidence of the flash is also investigated to determine the effect on the model and the results. Statistical methods are used in order to make a determination as to the validity of the two dimensional model, as compared with the one dimensional analysis method.