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Tamson, Merili, Sigrid Vorobjov, Diana Sokurova, and Kersti Pärna. "Cannabis use and associated factors among 15–16-year-old adolescents in Estonia 2003–2019: Results from cross-sectional ESPAD surveys." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 38, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14550725211003415.
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Aims: (1) To describe the time trends of monthly cannabis use and (2) to analyse the association between the trends of monthly cannabis use and trends of different explanatory factors among adolescents in Estonia in 2003–2019. Methods: Nationally representative data from five waves of the cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) among 15–16-year-old adolescents ( n = 11,348) in Estonia were analysed. Tests for trends were used to assess significant changes in monthly cannabis use and explanatory variables over time. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the association between monthly cannabis use and perceived easiness of getting cannabis, perceived health risk of cannabis use, parental factors, risk behaviours, and leisure time activities. The model included interaction terms between the study year and each explanatory variable. Gender-adjusted odds ratios ( OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: Monthly cannabis use increased from 5.3% in 2003 to 7.7% in 2015 and thereafter decreased to 6.6% in 2019 among adolescents in Estonia ( P = 0.007). The association between monthly cannabis use and alcohol use was significant over the study period and the interaction of alcohol use with study year indicated significantly increased effect of alcohol use over time ( P = 0.038). The association between monthly cannabis use and perceived easiness of obtaining cannabis, perceived low health risk from cannabis use and smoking was significant, but remained unchanged over the study period. The relationship between monthly cannabis use and low parental control was significant in two last study years but did not show any changes over time. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate the need for the implementation of multi-component substance use prevention programmes among adolescents in Estonia that also pay attention to the factors associated with the cannabis use.
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Barrett, P., and C. Bradley. "Attitudes and perceived risk of cannabis use in Irish adolescents." Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 185, no. 3 (July 4, 2015): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11845-015-1325-2.
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Chadi, Nicholas, Jonathan P. Winickoff, and Olivier Drouin. "Parental Optimism and Perceived Control over Children’s Initiation of Tobacco, Cannabis, and Opioid Use." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176181.
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Families play an important role in helping teenagers avoid using tobacco, cannabis, and opioids, but some parents may underestimate the risk of their children using those substances. This study aimed to determine parents’ perceived likelihood of their child initiating tobacco, cannabis, and opioid use, as well as the control they have in preventing their child from using those substances. We surveyed 427 parents of children aged 0–18 years old using the online Amazon Mechanical Turk platform in the spring of 2019. We measured participants’ perceived likelihood of their child initiating tobacco, cannabis, or opioid use before the age of 18 compared to other children, using a five-point Likert scale. This perceived likelihood was dichotomized between optimistic (less likely than average) and non-optimistic (average or more likely than average). Independent variables included parental tobacco use, perceived parental control, and perceived severity of the behavior. Participants with missing data and participants with children who had already initiated substance use were excluded from statistical analyses. Mean age of participants was 38.1 years (Standard Deviation 8.4); 67% were female. Level of parental optimism was 59% for cannabis, 77% for tobacco, and 82% for opioids. Perceived severity was significantly lower for cannabis use (71/100) than tobacco (90/100) and opioid use (92/100) (p < 0.001). Current smokers were less likely than never smokers to be optimistic about their child’s risk of initiating using tobacco (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.18 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.10–0.34]) or cannabis (AOR: 0.21 [95% CI 0.12–0.38]). Parental perceived likelihood of a child initiating substance use represents an understudied and potential target for substance use prevention.
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Odom, Gage C., Linda B. Cottler, Catherine W. Striley, and Catalina Lopez-Quintero. "Perceived Risk of Weekly Cannabis Use, Past 30-Day Cannabis Use, and Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Pregnant Women in the United States." International Journal of Women's Health Volume 12 (November 2020): 1075–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s266540.
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Whiteley, Laura, Kayla K. Haubrick, Trisha Arnold, Lacey Craker, Elizabeth Olsen, Dylan Hershkowitz, Shannon Maj, and Larry K. Brown. "Motivators for Cannabis Use Among Young Adults in Outpatient Psychiatric Care: A Qualitative Study." Journal of Drug Issues 51, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 590–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220426211002125.
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Cannabis use is prevalent among youth with mental illness, despite the increased risk of exacerbating psychiatric symptoms. The rapidly changing legality of cannabis has contributed to its normalization and decreased perceived risks. This study qualitatively gathered young adult psychiatric patients’ ( n=15) perspectives on cannabis to inform a use reduction intervention. NVivo12 was used to organize coded data and facilitate analysis. Motivations to use included viewing cannabis utilization as normalized, supported, and a safer alternative to psychiatric medications. Facilitators for decreasing use were cannabis’ inadequacy at long-term symptom relief, the negative psychiatric sequelae seen in other users, and moderation of intake. Recommendations for the intervention included avoiding overly critical content and providing behavioral skills to aid reduction while improving psychiatric symptoms. Young adults in psychiatric care have unique motivations for cannabis consumption and decreasing use, which should be targeted in future interventions.
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Pacek, Lauren R., Sheri L. Towe, Andrea L. Hobkirk, Denis Nash, and Renee D. Goodwin. "Frequency of Cannabis Use and Medical Cannabis Use Among Persons Living With HIV in the United States: Findings From a Nationally Representative Sample." AIDS Education and Prevention 30, no. 2 (April 2018): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2018.30.2.169.
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Little is known about cannabis use frequency, medical cannabis use, or correlates of use among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in United States nationally representative samples. Data came from 626 PLWH from the 2005–2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Logistic regression identified characteristics associated with frequency of cannabis use. Chi-squares identified characteristics associated with medial cannabis use. Non-daily and daily cannabis use was reported by 26.9% and 8.0%. Greater perceived risk of cannabis use was negatively associated with daily and non-daily use. Younger age, substance use, and binge drinking were positively associated with non-daily cannabis use. Smoking and depression were associated with non-daily and daily use. One-quarter reported medical cannabis use. Medical users were more likely to be White, married, and nondrinkers. Cannabis use was common among PLWH. Findings help to differentiate between cannabis users based on frequency of use and medical versus recreational use.
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Munn, Matthew Brendan, Melissa Sydney White, Alison Hutton, Sheila Turris, Haddon Tabb, Adam Lund, and Jamie Ranse. "Does Medical Presence Decrease the Perceived Risk of Substance-Related Harm at Music Festivals?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002656.
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Introduction:The use of recreational substances is a contributor to the risk of morbidity and mortality at music festivals. One of the aims of onsite medical services is to mitigate substance-related harms. It is known that attendees’ perceptions of risk can shape their planned substance use; however, it is unclear how attendees perceive the presence of onsite medical services in evaluating the risk associated with substance use at music festivals.Methods:A questionnaire was administered to a random sample of attendees entering a multi-day electronic dance music festival.Results:There were 630 attendees approached and 587 attendees completed the 19 item questionnaire. Many confirmed their intent to use alcohol (48%, n=280), cannabis (78%, n=453), and recreational substances other than alcohol and cannabis (93%, n=541) while attending the festival. The majority (60%, n=343) stated they would still have attended the event if there were no onsite medical services available. Some attendees agreed that the absence of medical services would have reduced their intended use of alcohol (30%, n=174) and recreational substances other than alcohol and cannabis (46%, n=266).Discussion:In the context of a music festival, plans for recreational substance use appear to be substantially altered by attendees’ knowledge about the presence or absence of onsite medical services. This contradicts our initial hypothesis that medical services are independent of planned substance use and serve solely to reduce any associated harms. Additional exploration and characterization of this phenomenon at various events would further clarify the understanding of perceived risks surrounding substance use and the presence of onsite medical services.
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Prince, Mark A., Tiffany Jenzer, Whitney Brown, Eleftherios M. Hetelekides, Rachel A. Mumm, and R. Lorraine Collins. "Examining cannabis protective behavioral strategy use using multiple methods." Drugs and Alcohol Today 19, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-10-2018-0061.
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Purpose Cannabis use among young adults is increasing, despite being associated with several negative consequences. Protective behavioral strategies (PBSs) are a potential mechanism of behavior change for reducing substance use, yet PBS use for cannabis is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to further define and measure the PBS construct for cannabis. Design/methodology/approach A community sample of cannabis users (n=54) participated in eight focus groups discussing the use of PBSs. Participants completed surveys regarding demographics, cannabis use habits and cannabis problems. The authors also administered an existing measure of cannabis PBS and asked them to generate new or unique protective strategies that they had used or had heard of others using. Findings Thematic analysis of qualitative focus group data provided information about cannabis users’ reasons for regulating cannabis use (e.g. health or legal problems, interpersonal) as well as strategies to moderate cannabis use or attenuate their risk for experiencing adverse consequences (e.g. distraction, existential/spiritual strategies). Analyses of quantitative survey data revealed that use of PBSs was negatively correlated with cannabis outcomes. Perceived helpfulness of strategies was an important predictor of decreased cannabis use and adverse consequences. Research limitations/implications Findings expand the understanding of the definition and measurement of strategies for regulating cannabis use and reducing related risk of experiencing adverse consequences. Originality/value This is the first study to examine cannabis-related PBS using both qualitative and quantitative methods, which provide insights into the definition of PBS and for future refinements of PBS measurement.
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Ghelani, Amar. "Cannabis Use Among Mental Health Professionals: A Qualitative Study of Cannabis-Related Risk Perceptions." Journal of Drug Issues 51, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220426211032558.
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Background: Perceptions of cannabis-related risk are changing, and many are viewing cannabis as harmless despite the biopsychosocial risks. Perceptions of risk have an impact on behavior as individuals who are less likely to view cannabis as risky are more likely to use it problematically. Purpose: This study examined how mental health professionals who use cannabis perceive the risks related to use. Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilized to understand how participants made sense of the harm related to personal and client use. Interviews were conducted with a sample of social workers, nurses, and psychotherapists who work with cannabis-consuming clients. Results: Participants reported cannabis use is related to anxiety, relational challenges, impaired driving, psychosis, cognitive impairment, educational/employment dysfunction, and addiction in some users. Conclusion: Assessing risk perceptions among cannabis users can reveal subtle psychosocial problems the user may be experiencing. Mental health workers may benefit from further education regarding cannabis-related physical health harm.
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Coomber, Ross, Michael Oliver, and Craig Morris. "Using Cannabis Therapeutically in the UK: A Qualitative Analysis." Journal of Drug Issues 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 325–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300204.
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Thirty-three therapeutic cannabis users in England were interviewed about their experiences using an illegal drug for therapeutic purposes. Interviews were semi-structured, and responses highly qualitative. Particular issues included how and why cannabis was used therapeutically; what problems its illegality posed in terms of access, cost, reliability of supply, and quality of the product; the perceived beneficial effects of its use; and unwanted effects (problems in relation to family, friends, partners, the criminal justice system, and the health care system). The study did not seek to prove or disprove the efficacy of cannabis used as a therapeutic agent merely to report the experiences of those who use it in that way. It was found that users perceived cannabis to be highly effective in treating their symptoms, to complement existing medication, and to produce fewer unwanted effects. Smoking was the preferred method of administration, permitting greater control over dose and administration. Problems related to prescribed medication motivated many to use cannabis therapeutically. Few problems were experienced with friends, family, partners, and the criminal justice or health care systems, although other concerns about cannabis's illegality were reported. Although most were relatively unconcerned about the risk involved and were determined to continue use, many resented that they felt they were being forced to break the law. Problems relating to access to the drug (in an illegal context) and managing its administration were reported. A brief discussion of the continued prohibition of cannabis for this group is undertaken, and a harm reduction approach is suggested.
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Karlsson, Patrik, Mats Ekendahl, Isabella Gripe, and Jonas Raninen. "Individual and school-class correlates of youth cannabis use in Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072518763426.
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Background and aims: The school-class context is a crucial social environment for young people but substance use researchers have largely overlooked potential influences operating at this level. This study explores associations between school-class and individual-level factors and cannabis use in Swedish youth. Data and methods: Data comprised four waves (2012–2015) of the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs’ (CAN) nationally representative school surveys among individuals in 9th and 11th grade. For the present analyses, we had data on totally 28,729 individuals from 2377 unique school classes. Multilevel logistic regressions predicted lifetime and 10+ times use of cannabis from both individual-level predictors and school-class-level measures derived from the individual-level variables. Results: There were individual-level associations between most predictor variables and cannabis use. An early debut of tobacco use and binge drinking as well as low cannabis related risk perceptions had strong associations with cannabis use. Conversely, several school-class-level variables had aggregate relationships with cannabis use, most notably the overall level of risk perceptions in the school class. Some of the school-class factors predicted cannabis use over and above the individual-level covariates, suggesting the presence of contextual effects. Surprisingly, while female gender was negatively related with cannabis use at the individual level, a higher proportion of females in the classroom increased the odds for lifetime cannabis use even after controlling for individual and other contextual-level covariates. Conclusions: Youth cannabis use is related to various factors at both the individual and school-class level in Sweden. Truancy and perceived risk related to cannabis use had contextual associations with cannabis use. The positive contextual association between a higher proportion of females in the classroom and lifetime use should be explored further.
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Anthenien, Amber, Mark Prince, Gemma Wallace, Tiffany Jenzer, and Clayton Neighbors. "Cannabis Outcome Expectancies, Cannabis Use Motives, and Cannabis Use among a Small Sample of Frequent Using Adults." Cannabis 4, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2021.01.005.
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Background: Little is known about the factors influencing use among frequent cannabis users, defined here as using at least three times per week. Outcome expectancies and motives for cannabis use have been independently examined in relation to cannabis use, but not among frequent users. Further, the associations among distinct expectancies and motives for cannabis use have yet to be explored. The current study examined whether expectancies influence cannabis use through cannabis use motives among frequent users. Additionally, we examined more nuanced relationships among three cannabis outcome expectancies (relaxation/tension reduction, social, perceptual/cognitive) and four motives (enhancement, social, coping, expansion). Method: Bayesian path analysis with informative priors was used to examine associations among expectancies, motives, and outcomes in a sample of 54 (63% male) young adult frequent users (i.e., at least three times per week; 65% used daily). Participants were recruited from the community and completed self-report questionnaires assessing cannabis use, expectancies, and motives. Results: Findings support hypotheses that cannabis use expectancies were associated with unique motives for frequent cannabis users. Perceptual/cognitive enhancement expectancies were the only expectancy to consistently relate to all four cannabis use motives. Social expectancies were related to enhancement, social, and expansion motives for use, and relaxation/tension reduction expectancies were associated with coping motives. Conclusions: Results extend previous work examining direct and indirect effects of expectancies and motives among frequent using young adults. Findings support the potential clinical utility of exploring the perceived functional benefits of cannabis use for individual frequent users as well as potential alternatives that might serve similar functions with fewer risks and consequences.
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Palacios-Ceña, Domingo, Isabel Jiménez-Trujillo, Valentín Hernández-Barrera, Lidiane Lima Florencio, and Pilar Carrasco-Garrido. "Time Trends in the Co-use of Cannabis and the Misuse of Tranquilizers, Sedatives and Sleeping Pills among Young Adults in Spain between 2009 and 2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 15, 2019): 3423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183423.
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The aims of this study were: (a) to estimate time trends in the prevalence of the co-use of cannabis and other cannabis-based products (CBP) with the misuse of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills (TSSp) between 2009 and 2015; and (b) to identify the factors associated with the probability of the co-use of CBP with TSSp misuse during this period among Spanish younger adults (15–34 years old). We analyzed data collected from the Spanish National Surveys on Alcohol and Other Drugs (EDADES) in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. CBP co-use with TSSp misuse were the dependent variables. We also analyzed sociodemographic features, self-perceived health status, lifestyle habits, perceived health risk of consumption, and perceived availability of substance using logistic regression models. The prevalence of CBP co-use with TSSp misuse has decreased in Spain. The factors associated with co-use were a lack of education (OR 2.34), alcohol (OR 7.2), tobacco (OR 6.3) and other illicit psychoactive drug (OR 6.5) consumption, perceived non-health risk for the consumption of CBP and TSSp (OR 3.27), and perceived availability of CBP (OR 2.96). Our study identified several factors that appear to affect CBP and TSSp co-use in younger adults, with potential implications for healthcare providers.
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Portugalov, Anna, and Irit Akirav. "Do Adolescent Exposure to Cannabinoids and Early Adverse Experience Interact to Increase the Risk of Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Rodent Models." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020730.
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There have been growing concerns about the protracted effects of cannabis use in adolescents on emotion and cognition outcomes, motivated by evidence of growing cannabis use in adolescents, evidence linking cannabis use to various psychiatric disorders, and the increasingly perceived notion that cannabis is harmless. At the same time, studies suggest that cannabinoids may have therapeutic potential against the impacts of stress on the brain and behavior, and that young people sometimes use cannabinoids to alleviate feelings of depression and anxiety (i.e., “self-medication”). Exposure to early adverse life events may predispose individuals to developing psychopathology in adulthood, leading researchers to study the causality between early life factors and cognitive and emotional outcomes in rodent models and to probe the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we aim to better understand the long-term effects of cannabinoids administered in sensitive developmental periods (mainly adolescence) in rodent models of early life stress. We suggest that the effects of cannabinoids on emotional and cognitive function may vary between different sensitive developmental periods. This could potentially affect decisions regarding the use of cannabinoids in clinical settings during the early stages of development and could raise questions regarding educating the public as to potential risks associated with cannabis use.
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Mitchell, John T., Thomas S. Weisner, Peter S. Jensen, Desiree W. Murray, Brooke S. G. Molina, L. Eugene Arnold, Lily Hechtman, et al. "How Substance Users With ADHD Perceive the Relationship Between Substance Use and Emotional Functioning." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 9_suppl (February 1, 2017): 49S—60S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716685842.
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Objective: Although substance use (SU) is elevated in ADHD and both are associated with disrupted emotional functioning, little is known about how emotions and SU interact in ADHD. We used a mixed qualitative–quantitative approach to explore this relationship. Method: Narrative comments were coded for 67 persistent (50 ADHD, 17 local normative comparison group [LNCG]) and 25 desistent (20 ADHD, 5 LNCG) substance users from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) adult follow-up (21.7-26.7 years-old). Results: SU persisters perceived SU positively affects emotional states and positive emotional effects outweigh negative effects. No ADHD group effects emerged. Qualitative analysis identified perceptions that cannabis enhanced positive mood for ADHD and LNCG SU persisters, and improved negative mood and ADHD for ADHD SU persisters. Conclusion: Perceptions about SU broadly and mood do not differentiate ADHD and non-ADHD SU persisters. However, perceptions that cannabis is therapeutic may inform ADHD-related risk for cannabis use.
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Andrews, Natasha J., and Adele J. Phillips. "Community nurses' support for patients with fibromyalgia who use cannabis to manage pain." British Journal of Community Nursing 26, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.2.92.
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Supporting patients to manage chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia (FM), remains a challenge for community nurses. Research suggests that despite the absence of a licensed cannabis-based product for medicinal use (CBPM) available for people with FM in the UK, there is an appetite for FM patients to use cannabis for pain management. Nurses have expressed anxieties when balancing tensions between helping patients and working within medical guidelines, as well as a need for further education about patient cannabis use. This article provides community nurses with insight into how cannabis use affects the pain experience for people living with FM. Despite potential harms, cannabis is perceived by users to have a positive impact on the lived experience of pain, and it may be preferred to prescribed opioid medication. This understanding can help to inform empathic practice and recommendations are made for reducing the risks of cannabis use to patient health.
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Strizek, Julian, Josefine Atzendorf, Ludwig Kraus, Karin Monshouwer, Alexandra Puhm, and Alfred Uhl. "Perceived problems with adolescent online gaming: National differences and correlations with substance use." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00061.
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AbstractBackgroundNot much is known about the correlation between gaming problems and substance use across different countries. This paper presents cross-national analyses of different gaming indicators and their relationship to substance use.MethodsBased on data from the 2015 ESPAD study, differences in the relationship between gaming and substance use across 35 countries were analysed using multi-level logistic regression, using substance use as an individual level predictor, economic wealth as a country-level predictor and a combined problem gaming indicator as the outcome.ResultsMulti-level logistic regressions revealed significant correlations between individual substance use and gaming problems, which varied across countries and were moderated by economic wealth. Students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in high-income countries had a smaller risk of scoring positively on a combined problem gaming indicator than students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in less prosperous countries.DiscussionDifferent gaming indicators varied substantially across countries, with self-perceived gaming problems being more common in countries with a low prevalence of gaming. Significant cross-level effects demonstrate the need to take the societal context into account when the relationship between problem gaming and substance use is analysed. Prevention measures need to take the fact into account that patterns of substance use among problem gamers vary across countries.
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Fitzcharles, Mary-Ann, Omid Zahedi Niaki, Winfried Hauser, and Glen Hazlewood. "Position Statement: A Pragmatic Approach for Medical Cannabis and Patients with Rheumatic Diseases." Journal of Rheumatology 46, no. 5 (January 15, 2019): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.181120.
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Objective.Pain is one reason some rheumatology patients may consider use of medical cannabis, a product increasingly perceived as a safe and neglected natural treatment option for many conditions. Legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada will promote access to cannabis. Physicians must therefore provide patients with the best evidence-based information regarding the medicinal effects and harm of cannabis.Methods.The Canadian Rheumatology Association (CRA) mandated the development of a position statement for medical cannabis and the rheumatology patient. The current literature regarding the effects of medical cannabis for rheumatology patients was assessed, and a pragmatic position statement to facilitate patient care was developed by the Therapeutics Committee of the CRA and approved by the CRA board.Results.There are no clinical trials of medical cannabis in rheumatology patients. Evidence is insufficient about the benefit of pharmaceutical cannabinoids in fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and back pain, but there is evidence of a high risk of harm. Extrapolating from other conditions, medical cannabis may provide some symptom relief for some patients. Short-term risks of psychomotor effects can be anticipated, but longterm risks have not been determined and are of concern.Conclusion.Despite lack of evidence for use of medical cannabis in rheumatology patients, we acknowledge the need to provide empathetic and pragmatic guidance for patient care. This position statement aims to facilitate the dialogue between patients and healthcare professionals in a mutually respectful manner to ensure harm reduction for patients and society.
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CALABRIA, BIANCA, WENDY SWIFT, TIM SLADE, WAYNE HALL, and JAN COPELAND. "The perceived health risks of cannabis use in an Australian household survey." Drug and Alcohol Review 31, no. 6 (March 4, 2012): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00421.x.
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Thornton, Louise K., Amanda L. Baker, Martin P. Johnson, and Terry Lewin. "Perceived risk associated with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among people with and without psychotic disorders." Addictive Behaviors 38, no. 6 (June 2013): 2246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.02.003.
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Ashton, C. Heather. "Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 2 (February 2001): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101.
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BackgroundIncreasing prevalence of recreational cannabis use among the young population has stimulated debate on the possible effects of acute and long-term use.AimsTo highlight recent knowledge of mechanisms of action, effects on psychomotor and cognitive performance, and health risks associated with cannabis consumption.MethodA brief review of recent literature on the prevalence of recreational cannabis use, the potency of modern cannabis preparations and the pharmacological actions of cannabis.ResultsCannabinoids derived from herbal cannabis interact with endogenous cannabinoid systems in the body. Actions on specific brain receptors cause dose-related impairments of psychomotor performance with implications for car and train driving, aeroplane piloting and academic performance. Other constituents of cannabis smoke carry respiratory and cardiovascular health risks similar to those of tobacco smoke.ConclusionsCannabis is not, as widely perceived, a harmless drug but poses risks to the individual and to society.
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Mariani, Abigail Cadua, and April R. Williams. "Perceived risk of harm from monthly cannabis use among US adolescents: National Survey on drug Use and Health, 2017." Preventive Medicine Reports 23 (September 2021): 101436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101436.
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Kaskie, Brian P., and Julie Bobitt. "POLICY SERIES: REEFER MADNESS, SADNESS, OR GLADNESS? THE CANNABIS AND OLDER PERSONS STUDY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.735.
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Abstract In 2016, we began our examination of the intersection between cannabis and older persons by convening focus groups with 163 older adults from senior centers and dispensaries in nine states with varying levels of cannabis legalization. Since then, we have secured competitive research grants and contracts to examine cannabis use among older persons in California, Colorado, Illinois and Iowa. Our work is guided by the primary hypothesis that cannabis use among older persons is shaped by an individual’s calculations concerning risk (e.g., developing a cannabis use disorder, lawbreaking) and reward (e.g., relaxation, symptom relief), and individuals living in a state with a legal cannabis program may perceive less risk and also may be receiving more information about the benefits of cannabis. We also hypothesize that older adults’ access to and use of cannabis is shaped by where they live, particularly defined by local cannabis program implementation efforts and relevant contextual conditions. In this symposium, we will examine our latest work concerning (a) life-span attitudes toward cannabis, (b) clinical perspectives on counseling and certifying older persons for medical cannabis, (c) provider perspectives on state cannabis policy and program implementation, (d) cannabis use among a sample of dementia caregivers and (e) outcomes experienced by older persons who use cannabis for medical or recreational purposes. Our discussion focuses on implication for policy development and program implementation.
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Vallentin-Holbech, Lotte, Birthe Marie Rasmussen, and Christiane Stock. "Are perceptions of social norms regarding peer alcohol and other drug use associated with personal use in Danish adolescents?" Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 8 (August 15, 2017): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817724313.
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Aims: This study aims to describe norm perceptions among Danish pupils aged 13–17 years related to the prevalence of personal lifetime use of alcohol and other drugs (AODs). Further we examined if norm perceptions were associated with personal lifetime AOD use. Method: The data were collected as baseline data in the trial The GOOD Life. A total of 2601 pupils from 42 public schools in the Region of Southern Denmark completed an online questionnaire measuring personal lifetime AOD use and personal approval of use. Additionally the perceived frequency of AOD use and approval of use among peers of their own grade were measured. Lifetime AOD outcome variables were alcohol consumption (at least one drink, being drunk and had five or more drinks on one occasion), smoking, and cannabis use. Results: Pupils’ perceptions of peer approval were significantly higher than pupils’ personal approval of AOD use among adolescents for all outcomes. With the exception of cannabis use the estimated AOD prevalence among peers (median) were higher than the actual prevalence of personal lifetime use. Multilevel logistic regression models showed a significantly increased risk of personal AOD use for pupils that overestimated their peers’ AOD use and also for pupils that perceived peers to approve of AOD use. Conclusions: The findings highlight that pupils’ exaggerated perceptions regarding their peers’ use and approval of AOD use are related to personal experience with AODs.
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Behl, Deepti, Stacy D. D'Andre, and Carol Parise. "Patterns of use of medical cannabis in a community oncology clinic." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e24111-e24111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24111.
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e24111 Background: Despite the fact that cannabis is still illegal in some states, two-thirds of all patients with cancer may have used cannabis at some point in their life to alleviate anorexia, nausea, chronic pain, and/or insomnia. Cannabis remains a Schedule 1 drug on the federal list with drugs such as heroin and LSD, which limits the ability to conduct quality clinical trials. This purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, reasons for use, methods of use, and perceived benefits of medical cannabis in an adult community oncology clinic. Methods: Patients completed a questionnaire when they checked in for their appointment at the outpatient oncology clinic at Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento. Patients who used marijuana were asked questions regarding the mode of ingestion, perceived benefits, types of underlying cancer, and estimated monthly cost. Results: Of the 775 patients who completed the study to date, 129 men (29.3%) and 54 women (70.1%) responded that they used medical cannabis. Approximately 72% were white, 29.3% had breast cancer, and 13% had lung cancer. 39% percent had a diagnosis of metastatic cancer and 44% were undergoing chemotherapy. The most often stated reasons for use were pain (45%), sleep (43%), nausea (38%); and anxiety/mood (38%). Over 50% reported use of oils and tinctures and 44% used edibles. A smaller percentage preferred vaping (26%) or smoking (30%). Topical use was preferred by fewer patients (17%). Over 58% of patients stated they used more than one method. Most patients felt that use of cannabis helped alleviate symptoms. Marked improvement was reported by 40% patients; moderate improvement by another 41%. Only 13% users stated that they noted little to no improvement. The majority of patients (66%) spent $100 or less per month on marijuana whereas 22% spent between $100 and$200 per month. Conclusions: Medical cannabis is used by approximately one-fourth of all patients in an urban community cancer center in Northern California and the majority reported that cannabis provided improvements in symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment. Further research regarding mechanism of actions and associated risks is warranted.
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Chadi, Nicholas, Claudia Minato, and Richard Stanwick. "Cannabis vaping: Understanding the health risks of a rapidly emerging trend." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, Supplement_1 (June 2020): S16—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa016.
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Abstract The rapid emergence of youth vaping has completely changed the landscape of adolescent substance use in Canada and has become a pressing public health issue of our time. While nicotine remains the most common substance encountered in vaping devices, cannabis vaping is now reported by one-third of youth who vape. Though cannabis vaping is thought to generate fewer toxic emissions than cannabis smoking, it has been associated with several cases of acute lung injury and often involves high-potency forms of cannabis, exposing youth to several acute and long-term health risks. The low perceived riskiness of cannabis as a substance and of vaping as a mode of consumption may bring a false sense of security and be particularly appealing for youth who may be looking for a ‘healthier way’ to use substances. While research is still lacking on how best to support youth who may have already initiated cannabis vaping, concerted efforts among paediatric providers, public health experts, schools, communities, and families are urgently needed to limit the spread of cannabis vaping among Canadian youth.
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Kothadia, Jiten P., Saurabh Chhabra, Alan Marcus, Michael May, Biren Saraiya, and Salma K. Jabbour. "Anterior Mediastinal Mass in a Young Marijuana Smoker: A Rare Case of Small-Cell Lung Cancer." Case Reports in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/754231.
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The use of cannabis is embedded within many societies, mostly used by the young and widely perceived to be safe. Increasing concern regarding the potential for cannabis to cause mental health effects has dominated cannabis research, and the potential adverse respiratory effects have received relatively little attention. We report a rare case of 22-year-old man who presented with bilateral neck lymphadenopathy, fatigue, and sore throat without significant medical or family history. The patient had smoked one marijuana joint three times a week for three years but no cigarettes. Chest CT demonstrated a large anterior mediastinal mass compressing the superior vena cava and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A final diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer was reached. Although rare, a small-cell lung cancer in this patient should alert the physician that cannabis smoking may be a risk factor for lung cancer.
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Burrow-Sánchez, Jason J., and Benjamin R. Ratcliff. "Adolescent Risk and Protective Factors for the Use of Electronic Cigarettes." Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 100–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2632077020980734.
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The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) by adolescents is a serious public health concern. The major aim of the current study is to conduct a comprehensive examination of adolescent e-cigarette use in relation to risk and protective factors for a school-based sample. The present study is based on a secondary data analysis of the 2017 Prevention Needs Assessment (PNA) Survey that is administered every 2 years in the state of Utah to a large sample of students ( n = 54,853) in Grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 from more than 400 schools. The PNA Survey measures substance use, mental health symptoms, and antisocial behavior as well as their associated risk and protective factors. Almost 9% of adolescents in this study reported using e-cigarettes in the past 30 days. Adolescents who reported infrequent (1–5 days) and frequent (6+ days) use of e-cigarettes also indicated lower levels of protection (e.g., perceived harm) and higher levels of risk (e.g., favorable attitudes) compared with students who did not report using e-cigarettes in the past 30 days. The frequency of adolescent e-cigarette use can distinguish between risk and protective factors. Findings suggest that the risk and protective factors relevant for adolescent alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use extend to the use of the e-cigarettes. Certain risk factors (e.g., favorable attitudes toward substance use) and protective factors (e.g., perceived risk for use of e-cigarettes) hold promise for preventive interventions in addressing this public health concern.
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Tinajero, Carolina, Fernando Cadaveira, M. Soledad Rodríguez, and M. Fernanda Páramo. "Perceived Social Support from Significant Others among Binge Drinking and Polyconsuming Spanish University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 4506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224506.
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Sense of acceptance is conceived as a central component of perceived social support and is thought to be a key resilience factor for adjustment during transition to university. The current study examines how a binge drinking pattern of alcohol consumption and the co-consumption of binge drinking and cannabis in first-year university students are related to perceived acceptance from family, mother, father, and friends. The study sample consisted of 268 women and 216 men, of average age 18.25 years (SE = 0.01), enrolled in the first year of different degree courses at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Participants were classified in three groups (control, binge drinking, polyconsuming) on the basis of the Timeline Followback for alcohol and cannabis. Perceived sense of acceptance was measured using the Perceived Acceptance Scale. Analysis of the data revealed that perceived acceptance was lower in polyconsuming students than in the binge drinking and control groups (p < 0.05; with η2 ranging between 0.009 and 0.020). A curvilinear relationship between binge drinking and perceived acceptance from friends was identified. Social support should be considered in future investigations and interventions as a vulnerability marker for detrimental consequences of substance use and risk of consumption disorders, as well as adolescent maladjustment.
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Mullens, Amy B., Ross McD Young, Elisabeth Hamernik, and Michael Dunne. "The consequences of substance use among gay and bisexual men: A Consensual Qualitative Research analysis." Sexual Health 6, no. 2 (2009): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08061.
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Background: Substance use is common among gay/bisexual men and is associated with significant health risks (e.g. HIV transmission). The consequences of substance use, across the range of substances commonly used, have received little attention. The purpose of this study is to map participant’s beliefs about the effects of substance use to inform prevention, health promotion and clinical interventions. Methods: Participants were interviewed about experiences regarding their substance use and recruited through medical and sexual health clinics. Data were collected though a consumer panel and individual interviews. Responses regarding perceived consequences of substance use were coded using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methodology. Results: Most participants reported lifetime use of alcohol, cannabis, stimulants and amyl nitrite, and recent alcohol and cannabis use. A wide range of themes were identified regarding participant’s thoughts, emotions and behaviours (including sexual behaviours) secondary to substance use, including: cognitive functioning, mood, social interaction, physical effects, sexual activity, sexual risk-taking, perception of sexual experience, arousal, sensation, relaxation, disinhibition, energy/activity level and numbing. Analyses indicated several consequences were consistent across substance types (e.g. cognitive impairment, enhanced mood), whereas others were highly specific to a given substance (e.g. heightened arousal post amyl nitrite use). Conclusions: Prevention and interventions need to consider the variety of effects of substance use in tailoring effective education programs to reduce harms. A diversity of consequences appear to have direct and indirect impacts on decision-making, sexual activity and risk-taking. Findings lend support for the role of specific beliefs (e.g. expectancies) related to substance use on risk-related cognitions, emotions and behaviours.
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Fuentes, María C., Antonio Alarcón, Fernando García, and Enrique Gracia. "Consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y otras drogas en la adolescencia: efectos de la familia y el barrio [Use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs in adolescence: Effects of family and neighborhood]." Anales de Psicología 31, no. 3 (September 16, 2015): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.183491.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the protective or risk factors of parental educational styles for the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs, considering the interaction of parenting styles with the dangerousness of the neighborhood. Based on the responses of 628 adolescents, 369 females (58.8%) and 259 males (41.2%) between 15 and 17 years old (<em>M</em> = 16.03 years old, <em>SD</em> = 0.79 years old), families were classified according to their educational style (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian or neglectful) and their level of perceived neighborhood risk (high or low). Results showed no interaction effect; however, main effects of educational styles and perceived neighborhood risk were obtained. Adolescents from indulgent families showed the lowest consumption in the substances evaluated, while those from authoritative, authoritarian and neglectful families showed the highest consumption. Moreover, adolescents from high-risk neighborhoods obtained the highest consumption. Indulgent educational style, acting primarily through affection and not imposition, works as a protective factor regardless of the danger in the neighborhood. The importance of encouraging this parental performance in prevention and intervention programs is highlighted, promoting specific educational strategies to improve affection, communication and parental involvement.
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Han, Benjamin H., Makaya Funk‐White, Roxanne Ko, Tala Al‐Rousan, and Joseph J. Palamar. "Decreasing perceived risk associated with regular cannabis use among older adults in the United States from 2015 to 2019." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 69, no. 9 (May 26, 2021): 2591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17213.
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O'Brien, M., P. Rogers, and E. Smith. "P051: A chart review of emergency department visits following implementation of the Cannabis Act in Canada." CJEM 22, S1 (May 2020): S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.257.
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Introduction: The legalization of cannabis for recreational use in 2018 remains a controversial topic. There are multiple perceived benefits of cannabis including pain relief, treatment of epilepsy syndromes, and improving body weight of cancer patients. However, there are also many potential risks. The short-term health consequences include cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and cannabis induced psychosis. These conditions directly impact the influx of patients presenting to Emergency Departments (ED). There is currently limited research in the area of cannabis legalization burden. However, the studies performed have shown a significant impact in those states which cannabis is legal. A study completed in Colorado found that hospitalization rates with marijuana related billing codes increased from 274 to 593 per 100 000 hospitalizations after the state legalization of recreational cannabis. This study aims to examine if Canada's hospitals are experiencing the same burden as other jurisdictions. Methods: A descriptive study was preformed via a retrospective chart review of cannabis related visits in tertiary EDs in St. John's, NL, from six months prior to the date of legalization of cannabis for recreational use, to six months after. Hospital ED visit records from both the Health Science Centre and St. Clare's Mercy Hospital were searched using keywords to identify patients who presented with symptoms related to cannabis use. We manually reviewed all visit records that included one or more of these terms to distinguish true positives from false positive cases, unrelated to cannabis use. Results: A total of 287 charts were included in the study; 123 visits were related to cannabis use six months prior to legalization, and 164 six months after legalization. A significant increase in ED visits following the legalization of recreational cannabis was seen (p < .001). There was no significant difference in the age of users between the two groups. Additionally, the number one presenting complaint due to cannabis use was vomiting (47.7%), followed by anxiety (12.2%). Conclusion: Following the implementation of the Cannabis Act in Canada, EDs in St. John's, NL had a statistically significant increase in the number of visits related to cannabis use. It is important to determine such consequences to ensure hospitals and public health agencies are prepared to treat the influx of visits and are better equipped to manage the associated symptoms.
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Santesteban-Echarri, Olga, Ga Hyung Kim, Preston Haffey, Jacky Tang, and Jean Addington. "M100. LOOSELEAF: DEVELOPING A MOBILE-BASED APPLICATION TO MONITOR DAILY CANNABIS USAGE IN YOUTH AT CLINICAL HIGH-RISK OF PSYCHOSIS: APP DEVELOPMENT AND USABILITY TESTING." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.412.
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Abstract Background Youth at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) often use cannabis, which can have a negative impact on their attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS). Our overall goal is to develop an app that will monitor cannabis use and its impact on APS. Objectives: (1) To describe the development of a mobile-based application named LooseLeaf (LL) to monitor daily cannabis use of individuals at CHR through participatory design; and (2) To test initial usability, discover and fix technical issues, and ensure correct data transmission of LL. Methods Two two-hour focus groups were run with CHR participants, age 12–30. Opinions of participants on (i) application content, (ii) graphic design, and (iii) user experience of the different features (i.e., home screen, inventory, questions, feedback, and calculator) were gathered from the first focus group. Based on the comments from the first focus group, a usable prototype of the application was created and was shown to the second focus group. The second focus group provided further feedback on the user experience of each feature, and finalized the application’s name and logo. The focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis. Following Braun and Clarke’s guidelines, data obtained from the focus groups was qualitatively analyzed with thematic analysis to identify patterns in responses. The application was refined accordingly. Then, six healthy controls and two CHR participants used LL for one week to test its effectiveness in monitoring cannabis use. On days that participants used cannabis they answered LL’ questions about how much cannabis they used, how they used, their subjective emotional experience, and what their social and environmental context was during and after using cannabis. When they did not use cannabis, LL asked questions about their subjective emotional experience and how they felt about not using cannabis. LL included a bug-report feature that participants were encouraged to use when they encountered problems. Qualitative data about LL was gathered through the 23-item Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) covering questions about engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information provided, and subjective quality of LL. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the quantitative data from MARS. Results Participants favored a minimal and neutral design, buttons with icons, and color-coding of the emotions. Participants named the application “LooseLeaf” and helped to refine its features. The final design of the application consisted of 11 questions about cannabis consumption and feelings associated with it (i.e., euphoria, anxiety, and psychosis-like experiences). Over the one-week usability testing period, LL had an 85.7% response rate. The bug-report feature was used 13 times by seven participants to flag technical issues and provide suggestions to improve user experience of LL. The App received a good overall score on the MARS. LL’s functionality, aesthetics, information, and safety rated high. Few customization options, lack of willingness to pay for applications in general, and technical issues resulted in lower engagement and subjective quality scores. LL’s perceived impact score was good. Discussion The application’s development process was based on the feedback of CHR youth. This provided important information on the design and content needed to build a user-centric mobile application. LL demonstrated initial usability, an effective bug-report feature, and some technical issues and problems with data transmission. The MARS, interviews, and bug-reports provided effective feedback for refining LL for the next phase of development.
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Blomqvist, Jan. "What is the Worst Thing you could get Hooked on?: Popular Images of Addiction Problems in Contemporary Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 26, no. 4 (August 2009): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250902600404.
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Aims To investigate potentially crucial aspects of Swedes' perceptions of nine different addictions. Data and Methods Population survey, sent out to 2,000 adult Swedes (18–74 years), focusing on the perceived severity of, responsibility for, options to recover from, and character of addiction to cigarettes, snuff, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, medical drugs, and gambling. Results There are large differences in the ways in which various addiction problems are perceived. Whereas tobacco use, and to some extent gambling, are seen as relatively harmless “habits”, not particularly easy to get hooked on but easy to quit, the use of drugs such as heroin, amphetamine, and cocaine is seen as a major societal problem, and users are seen both as “sinners” who need to mend their ways and as powerless “victims”. In between comes the use and misuse of alcohol, cannabis and medical drugs, about which perceptions are more divided. Conclusions Respondents tend to downplay the risks and dangers with addictive habits that are common and familiar in mainstream culture, and to dramatise the risks and dangers with such habits that are uncommon or “strange”. This may have unfortunate consequences for addicts' options to find a path out of their predicaments.
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Pacek, Lauren R., Pia M. Mauro, and Silvia S. Martins. "Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012: Differences by sex, age, and race/ethnicity." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 149 (April 2015): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.009.
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Cheeta, Survjit, Adem Halil, Matthew Kenny, Erin Sheehan, Roxanne Zamyadi, Adrian Lloyd Williams, and Lucy Webb. "Does perception of drug-related harm change with age? A cross-sectional online survey of young and older people." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e021109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021109.
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ObjectivesTo investigate how young and older people perceive the harms associated with legal and illegal drugs.DesignCross-sectional study: adults aged 18–24 years versus 45+ completed an online survey ranking the perceived harms associated with 11 drugs on 16 drug-related harm criteria.SettingOnline survey.Participants184 participants aged 18–24 years (113 female: mean age 21: SD 1.3) and 91 participants aged 45+ (51 female: mean age 60: SD 8.5).Main outcome measures‘Perception of drug-related harms’: This was measured using a rating scale ranging from 1 (no risk of harm) to 4 (high risk of harm). Participants were also asked about sources which informed their perception on drug-related harms as well as their own personal self-reported drug experiences.ResultsOf the illegal drugs, heroin, methamphetamine and cocaine were rated as the most harmful and cannabis was rated as the least harmful. Alcohol and tobacco were also rated as less harmful. The results showed that perceptions of drug-related harms were inconsistent with current knowledge from research on drugs. Furthermore, perceptions on drug harms were more conservative in the 45+ group for a number of illegal drugs and tobacco. However, the 45+ age group did not perceive alcohol as any more harmful than the younger group.ConclusionsThis survey demonstrates that the greatest misperception was in relation to alcohol-related harms which did not change with age. In order to minimise harms, this misperception needs to be addressed through education and policies that legislate drug use.
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Mitra, MD, MBBS, FRACGP, DA, Dip. AC, Farzana, and Torres Woolley, PhD, MPHTM. "Perceived patient benefits from using prescription opioids and other therapies to manage persistent pain." Journal of Opioid Management 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2020.0545.
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Objective: There is current controversy surrounding the long-term prescription of opioids to persistent pain (PP) patients due to potential dangers of addiction and overdose. This study is the first to explore the perspectives of PP patients attending a multidisciplinary pain clinic on the benefits associated with using opioids and other self-medication strategies for pain relief.Design, patients, and setting: Cross-sectional study utilizing a self-administered survey of patients attending an Australian General Practice pain clinic for treatment of PP for at least 1 year (n = 93; response rate = 89 percent). Results: Of the 93 participants, 79 percent reported being on opioid medication, with 49 percent on such medication for over 1 year. One or more side-effects were experienced by 53 percent of PP patients using opioids (although all felt these side-effects were at least “somewhat” acceptable). In addition, 64 percent of PP on opioid medication felt the benefits were “substantially” worth the risk of harm, and 50 percent reported their medication had led to “substantial” improvements in their quality of life. Many PP patients also used nonprescription medications and other complementary therapies for pain relief; however, only the illicit drug cannabis was consistently stated (by 79 percent of users) to have benefits regarding relaxation and sleeping.Conclusion: Overall, PP patients felt the benefits of opioid use outweighed the risks, and using opioid medication significantly improved their quality of life. This may be partly due to the poor efficacy of other nonprescription medications and complementary therapies in managing PP beyond short-term relief.
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Kudre, Daisy, Sigrid Vorobjov, Inge Ringmets, and Kersti Pärna. "Adolescent alcohol use in Estonia compared with Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Sweden: results from cross-sectional surveys, 2003–2015." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e044889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044889.
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ObjectivesThe aims of the study were (1) to describe trends in the prevalence of monthly alcohol use from 2003 to 2015 and (2) to analyse the associations between alcohol use and family-related and school-related factors, risk behaviours and perceived alcohol availability in Estonia compared with Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Sweden.MethodsThe study used nationally representative data of 15–16-year-old adolescents from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Data from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Sweden collected in 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015 were utilised (n=57 779). The prevalence of monthly alcohol use including light and strong alcohol use was calculated for each study year. A χ2 test for trend was used to evaluate statistically significant changes in alcohol use over the study period. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was used for assessing the association between alcohol use and explanatory factors. Marginal ORs with 95% CIs for each country were calculated.ResultsMonthly alcohol use decreased significantly among boys and girls in all countries from 2003 to 2015. In 2015, the prevalence of monthly alcohol use among boys was 36.1% in Estonia, 44.3% in Latvia, 32.4% in Lithuania, 32.3% in Finland and 22.4% in Sweden. Among girls, it was 39.1%, 45.9%, 35.6%, 31.8% and 29.1%, respectively. In all countries, higher odds of monthly alcohol use were observed among adolescents who skipped school, smoked cigarettes, used cannabis, perceived alcohol to be easy to access and had parents who did not know always/often about their child’s whereabouts on Saturday nights. Compared with Estonia, associations between alcohol use and explanatory factors were similar in Latvia and Lithuania but different in Finland and Sweden.ConclusionResults of cross-national comparison of alcohol use and explanatory factors could be effectively used to further decrease alcohol use among adolescents.
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Saxton, Jenny, Simone N. Rodda, Natalia Booth, Stephanie S. Merkouris, and Nicki A. Dowling. "The efficacy of Personalized Normative Feedback interventions across addictions: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): e0248262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248262.
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Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) may help address addictive disorders. PNF highlights discrepancies between perceived and actual peer norms, juxtaposed against self-reported behavior. PNF can be self-directed and cost-efficient. Our study estimates the efficacy of PNF alone, and in combination with other self-directed interventions, to address frequency and symptom severity of hazardous alcohol use, problem gambling, illicit drug and tobacco use. We searched electronic databases, grey literature, and reference lists of included articles, for randomized controlled trials published in English (January 2000-August 2019). We assessed study quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria (k = 28 alcohol, k = 3 gambling, k = 3 cannabis, k = 0 tobacco). Thirty studies provided suitable data for meta-analyses. PNF alone, and with additional interventions, reduced short-term alcohol frequency and symptom severity. PNF with additional interventions reduced short-term gambling symptom severity. Effect sizes were small. PNF did not alter illicit drug use. Findings highlight the efficacy of PNF to address alcohol frequency and symptom severity. The limited number of studies suggest further research is needed to ascertain the efficacy of PNF for gambling and illicit drug use. Cost-effectiveness analyses are required to determine the scale of PNF needed to justify its use in various settings.
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Farhang, Sara, Mehrdad Ghaemmaghami, Gholamreza Noorazar, Wim Veling, Ayyoub Malek, Ali Reza Shafiee-Kandjani, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, and Richard Bruggeman. "T152. AZERI RECENT ONSET ACUTE PHASE PSYCHOSIS SURVEY (ARAS COHORT): PRELIMINARY REPORTS FROM AN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT OF FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS IN IRAN." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S288—S289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.712.
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Abstract Background Azeri Acute phase/Recent onset psychosis Survey (ARAS) is the first from central Asia to study the course of patients with recent onset psychosis. The aim is to reveal indicators for understanding the risk and resilience factors, and for choosing the best personalized treatment strategy. Methods The catchment area is north-west of Iran, with the majority having an Azeri ethnic background. All participants are evaluated for clinical signs and symptoms as well as risk and resilient factors and followed up for outcome in several domains. Here we give report of first 100 registered patients (male/female: 1.6). Results Patients are diagnosed with schizophrenia (23), brief psychotic disorder (4), schizophrenifom (9), amphetamine induced psychotic disorder (12), psychotic disorder NOS and schizoaffective (27). The mean score of PANSS was 26.79±20.62. Their mean age is 29.8±11.5. High school diploma or higher was achieved by 45. While 60 were single, 21 were married at the moment and 35 had children. All of patients were Muslims, 30 scored moderate on religiosity and the remaining scored high. Level of multidimensional perceived social support was moderate and high in 80 patients. Only 4 were living alone. Level of internalized stigma was moderate and high in 16 patients. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 11. Almost one third of patients had ever used substance including cigarette (20), alcohol (12), opioids (5), amphetamine (15) and cannabis (5). The most prevalent prescribed medication is risperidone (78). Metabolic syndrome criteria were fulfilled in 16 patients. Discussion Preliminary reports from ARAS cohort shows few differences between Iranian and European patients. Lower rate of metabolic syndrome, substance use (especially cannabis) and higher rate of religiosity, having social support, married situation and having children are noticed.
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Muquebil Ali Al Shaban Rodriguez, O. W., S. Ocio León, M. Gómez Simón, M. J. Hernández González, E. Álvarez de Morales Gómez-Moreno, J. R. López Fernández, D. F. Frías Ortiz, et al. "Tests Get Me Nervous: A Case of Pharmacological Enhancement." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1925.
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IntroductionThe use of drugs to improve cognitive performance (pharmacological enhancement) is a practice that increases in frequency, especially in individuals with a high degree of academic education, university students, and workforce with high responsibilities. Legal substances such as alcohol and caffeine, prescription drugs such as modafinil or methylphenidate and some illegal drugs such as amphetamines or cannabis are utilized to improve cognitive performance, maintain wakefulness, or induce sleep. Perception of risk is low in many cases. Internet has facilitated the illicit access to prescription drugs with astonishing ease.Objective and methodsWe want to exemplify through a clinical case, how the access to some of these substances through internet is very easy, and how, in this case, the use of Modafinil (drug indicated for narcolepsy) with the objective of maintaining academic performance aggravates symptoms of anxiety in a 22-year universitary patient.ResultsExposition of clinical case in the poster.ConclusionsThe use of substances (“smart drugs”) presents risks for both physical and psychological health that sometimes are not perceived by the user. It is surprising that a highly educated individual has taken Modafinil without researching for a deep understanding of the side effects of the drug.Internet access of regulated substances that should only be prescribed by a physician to be used on very concrete symptoms is extremely easy. In the case of the Modafinil, it is possible to access its purchase by simply searching the words “purchase/buy Modafinil” in any internet browser.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Gerra, Gilberto, Elisa Benedetti, Giuliano Resce, Roberta Potente, Arianna Cutilli, and Sabrina Molinaro. "Socioeconomic Status, Parental Education, School Connectedness and Individual Socio-Cultural Resources in Vulnerability for Drug Use among Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041306.
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Background and Aims: Families who live in a disadvantaged socioeconomic situation frequently face substandard housing, unsafe neighborhoods, inadequate schools and more stress in their daily lives than more affluent families, with a host of psychological and developmental consequences that can hinder their children’s development in many ways. However, the measurement of socioeconomic status among youth and its link with different forms of illicit substance use is challenging and still unclear. This paper extends existing research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and illicit drug use among adolescents by focusing on three different patterns of use (experimental, episodic and frequent) and making use of two indicators to improve the measurement of individual socioeconomic characteristics in a big sample of European students. Methods: Data were drawn from the European school Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), which, since 1995, collects comparable data among 15-to-16-year-old students to monitor trends in drug use and other risk behaviors across Europe. The sample comes from 28 countries that participated in the 2015 data collection. The consumption of cannabis, cocaine and heroin are considered, and the related patterns are identified based on the frequency of use. Family characteristics at student level are defined through two dimensions: parental educational level and perceived socioeconomic status. Multivariate multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was performed in order to measure the association between individual characteristics and vulnerability for drug use. Results: Some patterns of use, episodic and frequent in particular, were found strongly associated with a lower socioeconomic status and lower parental education. Conclusions: Our results suggest that drug policies should be combined with actions aimed at removing barriers to social inclusion that are attributable to the socioeconomic background of adolescents.
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Patalay, Praveetha, and Suzanne H. Gage. "Changes in millennial adolescent mental health and health-related behaviours over 10 years: a population cohort comparison study." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 1650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz006.
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Abstract Background There is evidence that mental health problems are increasing and substance use behaviours are decreasing. This paper aimed to investigate recent trends in mental ill health and health-related behaviours in two cohorts of UK adolescents in 2005 and 2015. Methods Prevalences in mental health (depressive symptoms, self-harm, anti-social behaviours, parent-reported difficulties) and health-related behaviours (substance use, weight, weight perception, sleep, sexual intercourse) were examined at age 14 in two UK birth cohorts; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 5627, born 1991–92) and Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, N = 11 318, born 2000–02). Prevalences and trend estimates are presented unadjusted and using propensity score matching and entropy balancing to account for differences between samples. Results Depressive symptoms (9% to 14.8%) and self-harm (11.8% to 14.4%) were higher in 2015 compared with 2005. Parent-reported emotional difficulties, conduct problems, hyperactivity and peer problems were higher in 2015 compared with 2005 (5.7–8.9% to 9.7–17.7%). Conversely, substance use (tried smoking, 9.2% to 2.9%; tried alcohol, 52.1% to 43.5%, cannabis, 4.6% to 3.9%), sexual activity (2% to 0.9%) and anti-social behaviours (6.2–40.1% to 1.6–27.7%) were less common or no different. Adolescents in 2015 were spending less time sleeping (<8 h 5.7% to 11.5%), had higher body mass index (BMI) (obese, 3.8% to 7.3%) and a greater proportion perceived themselves as overweight (26.5% to 32.9%). The findings should be interpreted bearing in mind limitations in ability to adequately harmonize certain variables and account for differences in attrition rates and generalizability of the two cohorts. Conclusions Given health-related behaviours are often cited as risk factors for poor mental health, our findings suggest relationships between these factors might be more complex and dynamic in nature than currently understood. Substantial increases in mental health difficulties, BMI and poor sleep-related behaviours highlight an increasing public health challenge.
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Wu, Li-Tzy, Marvin S. Swartz, Kathleen T. Brady, and Rick H. Hoyle. "Perceived cannabis use norms and cannabis use among adolescents in the United States." Journal of Psychiatric Research 64 (May 2015): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.022.
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Al-Hinaai, Hazaa, Issa Al-Busaidi, Badriya Al Farsi, and Yaqoub Al Saidi. "The Prevalence of Substance Misuse and its Effects among Omani College Students: A Cross-sectional Study." Oman Medical Journal 36, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): e224-e224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2021.04.
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Objectives: Many studies have confirmed that the use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis is prevalent among university students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of substance misuse among college students in Oman, identifying the most commonly used substances, and reviewing the effect of substance misuse on the students’ performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a higher learning institution in an urban setting in Oman from April 2018 to December 2018. A descriptive, self-administered online questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, version 3.0 (Arabic version), adapted from the World Health Organization was sent to 12 000 students at the college. The sample size was calculated using online software (Raosoft), with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. Results: A total of 375 students responded (response rate = 3.1%). The overall lifetime prevalence for any substance misuse (including tobacco and alcohol) among the participants was 41.3%, with the overall prevalence without tobacco or alcohol at 29.9%. Tobacco was the most common substance used, with a prevalence of around 23.5%, followed by alcohol at 10.7%. Male students had a significantly higher rate of substance abuse, for any substance, compared to female students (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between tobacco use, alcohol misuse, and misuse of other substances. Most of the adverse effects attributed to substance misuse reported by the respondents in this study were social (27.7%) and health-related (25.8%) problems. The impact of substance abuse on their performance was also high (23.8%). Furthermore, 15.4% of the respondents had financial problems, and 4.7%% were struggling with legal issues. Notably, only 49.1% of the respondents perceived that substance misuse was a serious problem. Conclusions: Although college students are expected to be more aware of the negative impacts of substance misuse, this study found a high prevalence of smoking, alcohol, and other substance misuses among the group of Omani college students. Further research in this field is essential, and the results of this study have shed light on a critical problem among Omani college students. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be used and built on in future research to recognize students at risk of substance misuse from early school life, leading to early intervention, and potentially preventing the possible negative consequences.
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Leos-Toro, Cesar, Samantha Shiplo, and David Hammond. "Perceived support for medical cannabis use among approved medical cannabis users in Canada." Drug and Alcohol Review 37, no. 5 (June 5, 2018): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dar.12823.
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coyne, zac, Darren Cowzer, Maeve Hennessy, Anna Linehan, Bryan T. Hennessy, William Grogan, Oscar S. Breathnach, and Patrick G. Morris. "Cannabis and cancer: Examining the use and perceived benefits in an Irish cancer cohort." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e24178-e24178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24178.
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e24178 Background: Medicinal cannabis is currently approved for symptom control in cancer patients. There is limited evidence to suggest cannabis is efficacious in the treatment of cancer. In this study we aim to characterise the extent of cannabis use in patients receiving anti-cancer therapies and what impact they think cannabis use has on their cancer. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed to patients with cancer attending the Beaumont Hospital Oncology Day Unit for anti-cancer therapy over a period of 4 weeks. Results: 175 patients completed the survey. 166 (95%) of patients said they would be comfortable talking to their oncologist about cannabis use. 161 (92%) felt their oncologist should prescribe cannabis as part of their cancer treatment. 17% thought cannabis would cure their cancer. 38% thought cannabis would slow the growth of their cancer and 33% thought cannabis would treat cancer related symptoms. 42 (24%) of all patients had tried some form of cannabis at least once in their life. 26 (15%) were actively taking CBD (Cannabidiol) oil as part of their treatment independently of any healthcare professional guidance. More females (15) were taking CBD compared to males (11). A higher proportion of patients < 50 years (14) were taking CBD during their treatment. 30% of patients using CBD had breast cancer and 23% had a primary CNS malignancy. Of the patients taking CBD, 20 (77%) patients felt it would cure or slow cancer growth and 10 (38%) patients believed it would help with cancer related symptoms. Conclusions: Patients with cancer appear to have a positive attitude towards cannabis as part of their treatment despite limited evidence to support this. With the increasing availability of cannabis-based products globally, medical oncologists must now take into consideration patient’s attitude towards cannabis while treating their cancer. [Table: see text]
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Rodriguez Almaraz, Eduardo, Nicholas Butowski, Susan Chang, Nancy Ann Oberheim-Bush, Jennifer Clarke, Jennie Taylor, Robin Buerki, and Mitchel Berger. "QOLP-13. IMPACT OF CANNABIS USE ON QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.833.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Nearly 80,000 new cases of primary brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed this year, 32% of CNS tumors are malignant. Anecdotally, patients who report use of cannabis, frequently describe higher quality of life scores (QOL) in standardized instruments. However, the lack of available tools that allow systematic documentation of cannabis use results in a barrier to accurately assess efficacy, potential benefits and risks. METHODS We conducted a single center, observational study: patients with primary brain tumors answered a previously validated instrument to explore cannabis use. QOL was assessed using the instruments from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer: QLQ-C30 and its complementary module BN-20 as well as the EuroQol instrument EQ-5D-5L. Eligible participants were identified as cannabis users or non-users, completing the instruments in a self-administered fashion. RESULTS To date, 51 patients who signed informed consent were enrolled and answered the questionnaires, mean age was 51 (SD 12.95) years, 34 were male, 30 were considered active cannabis users (66.6% males and 33.3% females). The mean global health score in the QLQ-C30 instrument was 68.4 (SD: 20.7) among cannabis users and 82.2 (SD: 17.5) among non-users. The mean difference in QOL scores between users and non-users was 13.8 (95%CI: 2.8, 24.8; p=0.01). In contrast the difference between cannabis users and non-users in QOL index in the EQ-5D-5L instrument was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.2; p=0.001). Among cannabis users, patients perceive their symptoms as moderate before using cannabis and mild after using cannabis (p >0.001) CONCLUSIONS In our analysis, patients who use cannabis reported, on average, lower QOL scores. Potentially, sicker patients resort to cannabis to improve their symptoms and ultimately quality of life. The perception of patients is that cannabis usage improves overall quality of life. Findings provide support to perform prospective studies.
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Rodriguez Almaraz, J. E., N. A. Butowski, S. M. Chang, N. A. E. Oberheim-Bush, J. R. Clarke, J. W. Taylor, R. A. Buerki, and M. S. Berger. "P08.01 Impact of cannabis use on quality of life in patients with central nervous system tumors." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_3 (August 2019): iii37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz126.127.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Nearly 80,000 new cases of primary brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed this year in the United States: 32% of CNS tumors are malignant. Anecdotally, patients who report use of cannabis, frequently describe higher quality of life scores (QOL) in standardized instruments. However, the lack of available tools that allow systematic documentation of cannabis use results in a barrier to accurately assess efficacy and potential benefits and risks. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a single center, observational study: patients with primary brain tumors answered a previously validated instrument to explore cannabis use. QOL was assessed using the instruments from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC): QLQ-C30 and its complementary module BN-20 as well as the EuroQol group’s instrument EQ-5D-5L. Eligible participants were identified as cannabis users or non-users, completing the instruments in a self-administered fashion. RESULTS To date, 45 patients who signed informed consent were enrolled and answered the questionnaires, mean age was 51 (SD 13.5) years, 31 were male, 25 were considered active cannabis users (624% males and 36% females). At baseline, the mean Global Health score in the QLQ-C30 instrument was 68.6 (SD: 20.6) among cannabis users and 82 (SD: 18.05) among non-users. The mean difference in Global Health QOL scores between users and non-users was 13.35 (95%CI: 1.34, 25.35; p=0.03). In contrast the difference between cannabis users and non-users in QOL index in the EQ-5D-5L instrument was 0.13 (0.77 vs 0.91; p=0.002). Among cannabis users, patients perceive their symptoms as moderate before using cannabis and mild after using cannabis (p>0.001). CONCLUSION In our analysis, patients who use cannabis have, on average, lower QOL scores signaling that sicker patients resort to cannabis to improve their symptoms and ultimately their quality of life. Patients’ perception is one of improvement in the overall quality of life when using cannabis. Our findings provide background support to perform prospective studies in the impact of cannabis in quality of life of patients with central nervous system tumors.