Academic literature on the topic 'Perceived risk of cannabis use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Perceived risk of cannabis use"
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Tamson, Merili, Sigrid Vorobjov, Diana Sokurova, and Kersti Pärna. "Cannabis use and associated factors among 15–16-year-old adolescents in Estonia 2003–2019: Results from cross-sectional ESPAD surveys." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 38, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14550725211003415.
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Aims: (1) To describe the time trends of monthly cannabis use and (2) to analyse the association between the trends of monthly cannabis use and trends of different explanatory factors among adolescents in Estonia in 2003–2019. Methods: Nationally representative data from five waves of the cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) among 15–16-year-old adolescents ( n = 11,348) in Estonia were analysed. Tests for trends were used to assess significant changes in monthly cannabis use and explanatory variables over time. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the association between monthly cannabis use and perceived easiness of getting cannabis, perceived health risk of cannabis use, parental factors, risk behaviours, and leisure time activities. The model included interaction terms between the study year and each explanatory variable. Gender-adjusted odds ratios ( OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: Monthly cannabis use increased from 5.3% in 2003 to 7.7% in 2015 and thereafter decreased to 6.6% in 2019 among adolescents in Estonia ( P = 0.007). The association between monthly cannabis use and alcohol use was significant over the study period and the interaction of alcohol use with study year indicated significantly increased effect of alcohol use over time ( P = 0.038). The association between monthly cannabis use and perceived easiness of obtaining cannabis, perceived low health risk from cannabis use and smoking was significant, but remained unchanged over the study period. The relationship between monthly cannabis use and low parental control was significant in two last study years but did not show any changes over time. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate the need for the implementation of multi-component substance use prevention programmes among adolescents in Estonia that also pay attention to the factors associated with the cannabis use.
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Barrett, P., and C. Bradley. "Attitudes and perceived risk of cannabis use in Irish adolescents." Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 185, no. 3 (July 4, 2015): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11845-015-1325-2.
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Chadi, Nicholas, Jonathan P. Winickoff, and Olivier Drouin. "Parental Optimism and Perceived Control over Children’s Initiation of Tobacco, Cannabis, and Opioid Use." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176181.
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Families play an important role in helping teenagers avoid using tobacco, cannabis, and opioids, but some parents may underestimate the risk of their children using those substances. This study aimed to determine parents’ perceived likelihood of their child initiating tobacco, cannabis, and opioid use, as well as the control they have in preventing their child from using those substances. We surveyed 427 parents of children aged 0–18 years old using the online Amazon Mechanical Turk platform in the spring of 2019. We measured participants’ perceived likelihood of their child initiating tobacco, cannabis, or opioid use before the age of 18 compared to other children, using a five-point Likert scale. This perceived likelihood was dichotomized between optimistic (less likely than average) and non-optimistic (average or more likely than average). Independent variables included parental tobacco use, perceived parental control, and perceived severity of the behavior. Participants with missing data and participants with children who had already initiated substance use were excluded from statistical analyses. Mean age of participants was 38.1 years (Standard Deviation 8.4); 67% were female. Level of parental optimism was 59% for cannabis, 77% for tobacco, and 82% for opioids. Perceived severity was significantly lower for cannabis use (71/100) than tobacco (90/100) and opioid use (92/100) (p < 0.001). Current smokers were less likely than never smokers to be optimistic about their child’s risk of initiating using tobacco (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.18 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.10–0.34]) or cannabis (AOR: 0.21 [95% CI 0.12–0.38]). Parental perceived likelihood of a child initiating substance use represents an understudied and potential target for substance use prevention.
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Odom, Gage C., Linda B. Cottler, Catherine W. Striley, and Catalina Lopez-Quintero. "Perceived Risk of Weekly Cannabis Use, Past 30-Day Cannabis Use, and Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Pregnant Women in the United States." International Journal of Women's Health Volume 12 (November 2020): 1075–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s266540.
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Whiteley, Laura, Kayla K. Haubrick, Trisha Arnold, Lacey Craker, Elizabeth Olsen, Dylan Hershkowitz, Shannon Maj, and Larry K. Brown. "Motivators for Cannabis Use Among Young Adults in Outpatient Psychiatric Care: A Qualitative Study." Journal of Drug Issues 51, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 590–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220426211002125.
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Cannabis use is prevalent among youth with mental illness, despite the increased risk of exacerbating psychiatric symptoms. The rapidly changing legality of cannabis has contributed to its normalization and decreased perceived risks. This study qualitatively gathered young adult psychiatric patients’ ( n=15) perspectives on cannabis to inform a use reduction intervention. NVivo12 was used to organize coded data and facilitate analysis. Motivations to use included viewing cannabis utilization as normalized, supported, and a safer alternative to psychiatric medications. Facilitators for decreasing use were cannabis’ inadequacy at long-term symptom relief, the negative psychiatric sequelae seen in other users, and moderation of intake. Recommendations for the intervention included avoiding overly critical content and providing behavioral skills to aid reduction while improving psychiatric symptoms. Young adults in psychiatric care have unique motivations for cannabis consumption and decreasing use, which should be targeted in future interventions.
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Pacek, Lauren R., Sheri L. Towe, Andrea L. Hobkirk, Denis Nash, and Renee D. Goodwin. "Frequency of Cannabis Use and Medical Cannabis Use Among Persons Living With HIV in the United States: Findings From a Nationally Representative Sample." AIDS Education and Prevention 30, no. 2 (April 2018): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2018.30.2.169.
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Little is known about cannabis use frequency, medical cannabis use, or correlates of use among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in United States nationally representative samples. Data came from 626 PLWH from the 2005–2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Logistic regression identified characteristics associated with frequency of cannabis use. Chi-squares identified characteristics associated with medial cannabis use. Non-daily and daily cannabis use was reported by 26.9% and 8.0%. Greater perceived risk of cannabis use was negatively associated with daily and non-daily use. Younger age, substance use, and binge drinking were positively associated with non-daily cannabis use. Smoking and depression were associated with non-daily and daily use. One-quarter reported medical cannabis use. Medical users were more likely to be White, married, and nondrinkers. Cannabis use was common among PLWH. Findings help to differentiate between cannabis users based on frequency of use and medical versus recreational use.
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Munn, Matthew Brendan, Melissa Sydney White, Alison Hutton, Sheila Turris, Haddon Tabb, Adam Lund, and Jamie Ranse. "Does Medical Presence Decrease the Perceived Risk of Substance-Related Harm at Music Festivals?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002656.
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Introduction:The use of recreational substances is a contributor to the risk of morbidity and mortality at music festivals. One of the aims of onsite medical services is to mitigate substance-related harms. It is known that attendees’ perceptions of risk can shape their planned substance use; however, it is unclear how attendees perceive the presence of onsite medical services in evaluating the risk associated with substance use at music festivals.Methods:A questionnaire was administered to a random sample of attendees entering a multi-day electronic dance music festival.Results:There were 630 attendees approached and 587 attendees completed the 19 item questionnaire. Many confirmed their intent to use alcohol (48%, n=280), cannabis (78%, n=453), and recreational substances other than alcohol and cannabis (93%, n=541) while attending the festival. The majority (60%, n=343) stated they would still have attended the event if there were no onsite medical services available. Some attendees agreed that the absence of medical services would have reduced their intended use of alcohol (30%, n=174) and recreational substances other than alcohol and cannabis (46%, n=266).Discussion:In the context of a music festival, plans for recreational substance use appear to be substantially altered by attendees’ knowledge about the presence or absence of onsite medical services. This contradicts our initial hypothesis that medical services are independent of planned substance use and serve solely to reduce any associated harms. Additional exploration and characterization of this phenomenon at various events would further clarify the understanding of perceived risks surrounding substance use and the presence of onsite medical services.
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Prince, Mark A., Tiffany Jenzer, Whitney Brown, Eleftherios M. Hetelekides, Rachel A. Mumm, and R. Lorraine Collins. "Examining cannabis protective behavioral strategy use using multiple methods." Drugs and Alcohol Today 19, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-10-2018-0061.
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Purpose Cannabis use among young adults is increasing, despite being associated with several negative consequences. Protective behavioral strategies (PBSs) are a potential mechanism of behavior change for reducing substance use, yet PBS use for cannabis is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to further define and measure the PBS construct for cannabis. Design/methodology/approach A community sample of cannabis users (n=54) participated in eight focus groups discussing the use of PBSs. Participants completed surveys regarding demographics, cannabis use habits and cannabis problems. The authors also administered an existing measure of cannabis PBS and asked them to generate new or unique protective strategies that they had used or had heard of others using. Findings Thematic analysis of qualitative focus group data provided information about cannabis users’ reasons for regulating cannabis use (e.g. health or legal problems, interpersonal) as well as strategies to moderate cannabis use or attenuate their risk for experiencing adverse consequences (e.g. distraction, existential/spiritual strategies). Analyses of quantitative survey data revealed that use of PBSs was negatively correlated with cannabis outcomes. Perceived helpfulness of strategies was an important predictor of decreased cannabis use and adverse consequences. Research limitations/implications Findings expand the understanding of the definition and measurement of strategies for regulating cannabis use and reducing related risk of experiencing adverse consequences. Originality/value This is the first study to examine cannabis-related PBS using both qualitative and quantitative methods, which provide insights into the definition of PBS and for future refinements of PBS measurement.
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Ghelani, Amar. "Cannabis Use Among Mental Health Professionals: A Qualitative Study of Cannabis-Related Risk Perceptions." Journal of Drug Issues 51, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220426211032558.
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Background: Perceptions of cannabis-related risk are changing, and many are viewing cannabis as harmless despite the biopsychosocial risks. Perceptions of risk have an impact on behavior as individuals who are less likely to view cannabis as risky are more likely to use it problematically. Purpose: This study examined how mental health professionals who use cannabis perceive the risks related to use. Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilized to understand how participants made sense of the harm related to personal and client use. Interviews were conducted with a sample of social workers, nurses, and psychotherapists who work with cannabis-consuming clients. Results: Participants reported cannabis use is related to anxiety, relational challenges, impaired driving, psychosis, cognitive impairment, educational/employment dysfunction, and addiction in some users. Conclusion: Assessing risk perceptions among cannabis users can reveal subtle psychosocial problems the user may be experiencing. Mental health workers may benefit from further education regarding cannabis-related physical health harm.
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Coomber, Ross, Michael Oliver, and Craig Morris. "Using Cannabis Therapeutically in the UK: A Qualitative Analysis." Journal of Drug Issues 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 325–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300204.
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Thirty-three therapeutic cannabis users in England were interviewed about their experiences using an illegal drug for therapeutic purposes. Interviews were semi-structured, and responses highly qualitative. Particular issues included how and why cannabis was used therapeutically; what problems its illegality posed in terms of access, cost, reliability of supply, and quality of the product; the perceived beneficial effects of its use; and unwanted effects (problems in relation to family, friends, partners, the criminal justice system, and the health care system). The study did not seek to prove or disprove the efficacy of cannabis used as a therapeutic agent merely to report the experiences of those who use it in that way. It was found that users perceived cannabis to be highly effective in treating their symptoms, to complement existing medication, and to produce fewer unwanted effects. Smoking was the preferred method of administration, permitting greater control over dose and administration. Problems related to prescribed medication motivated many to use cannabis therapeutically. Few problems were experienced with friends, family, partners, and the criminal justice or health care systems, although other concerns about cannabis's illegality were reported. Although most were relatively unconcerned about the risk involved and were determined to continue use, many resented that they felt they were being forced to break the law. Problems relating to access to the drug (in an illegal context) and managing its administration were reported. A brief discussion of the continued prohibition of cannabis for this group is undertaken, and a harm reduction approach is suggested.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Perceived risk of cannabis use"
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Ali, Mohamed Kaltum. "Perceived risk of cannabis use and cannabis use among Swedish youth : A quantitative study from a public health perspective." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Hälsa och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55093.
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Background: Risk perception has been studied concerning the use of marijuana and it impacts the intention to use that specific substance. Aim: The aim was to study the association between the perceived risk of cannabis use and cannabis use among Swedish youth after controlling for gender, age, and education. The aim was also to study whether the association between the perceived risk of cannabis use and cannabis use was different according to gender. Method: The thesis project was based on data from the Flash Eurobarometer 330 - Youth Attitudes on Drugs. Results: When age and education were controlled for, both among Swedish youth and among male participants, the perceived risk had an association with cannabis use - higher risk perception entailed a lower use. Discussion: The association between the perceived risk of cannabis use and cannabis use appears to be due to the impact of risk perception on behaviour. Conclusion: By preserving the risk perception that Swedish youth have of cannabis, it may be possible to protect them from the potential harm that cannabis use cause.
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Masse, Marjolaine. "Risk factors for premorbid cannabis use and the relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia symptoms." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95187.
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Cannabis use increases the risk for psychosis with a dose response relationship; the risk is particularly strong before age 15. Factors precipitating use and explaining total amount used in patients are unknown. It is likewise unknown whether patients and controls differ on predictor profiles. The amount of variance in psychotic symptoms explained by premorbid cannabis use and the unique contribution of cannabis use when controlling for risk factors for schizophrenia is also unknown. The results show that some risk factors found in the community apply to both groups in the same way, and others did not. Total amount, intensity and duration of marijuana use were also associated with positive symptoms in patients. No mediation effects of marijuana use variables on more distal predictors of schizophrenia symptoms were found. Results are discussed in the context of a hypothesis of common neural networks for both schizophrenia and substance misuse.L'usage de cannabis accroit proportionnellement le risque de développer la psychose. Ce risque est particulièrement élevé chez les moins de 15 ans. Les facteurs prédisposant à l'usage prémorbide, et expliquant le montant utilisé par les patients sont inexplorés, conséquemment, on ignore si ces groupes ont des prédispositions différentes. La variation dans les symptômes expliquée par ces facteurs d'usage et la contribution unique du cannabis, lorsque les facteurs de risques pour la psychose sont contrôlés, sont également inconnus. Les résultats démontrent que certains facteurs de risque s'appliquent aux deux populations et d'autres pas. Le montant, l'intensité et la durée de l'usage sont associés avec les symptômes positifs chez les patients. Aucun effet de médiation de l'usage de marijuana sur les facteurs de prédisposition à la schizophrénie n'a été observé. Les résultats sont examinés dans le contexte d'une hypothèse de réseaux neuronaux communs à la schizophrénie et l'usage de cannabis.
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McCabe, Patrick J. "Cannabis Use and Bipolar Disorder: Bipolar Disorder Case Identification and Cannabis Use Risk Assessment: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/584.
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Bipolar disorders (BD) are characterized by symptoms of grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressure to keep talking, flight of ideas, distractibility, increased goal-directed activities, psychomotor agitation, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities. Those with a bipolar disorder have a high degree of psychiatric comorbidity including substance use disorders, and they also experience increased mortality. Despite the widespread recognition of BD as an important psychiatric condition, available population-based estimates for BD prevalence differs across data sources.
Cannabis is one of the most widely-used illicit substances. Evidence supports it as a risk factor for psychotic symptoms and disorders. Because populations with psychotic disorders and populations with bipolar disorder share genetic characteristics, cannabis may increase risk for bipolar disorders through the same pathways as it does with psychotic disorders. Limited and conflicting evidence regarding the association of cannabis use and bipolar disorder is currently available. This dissertation investigates cannabis use as a risk factor for incident manic symptoms and bipolar disorders in a large nationally representative longitudinal cohort.
The first aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the implications for manic, hypomanic and major depressive episode prevalence estimates arising from the different approaches to assessing DSM-IV criterion between two national surveys. Differences in the assessment of impairment strongly influence manic or hypomanic classification within the NESARC. Compared to multiple imputation estimates (19.7% [95% CI: 19.3-20.1]) which treat depressed mood and anhedonia as separate symptoms, symptom assessment in the NESARC substantially underestimates major depressive episode prevalence (16.9% [95% CI: 16.1-17.6]).
The second research objective examined self-reported cannabis use as a risk factor for incident manic symptoms, bipolar spectrum disorders (including manic and hypomanic episodes) and SCID-based recalibrated BD I and II. Cannabis use risk was assessed in the population as a whole and in sub-populations defined by age, substance abuse/dependence status, and family history. Among those reporting no lifetime major depressive or manic symptoms at baseline, self-reported past-year cannabis use was associated with increased odds of an incident week of extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by at least two manic episode criterion B symptoms (adj. OR 1.69, 95% CI: 1.08-2.65, p=.02) over the three year follow-up period. Among adults (ages 26 to 45) >=1 reported use(s) of cannabis per week was associated with incident manic or hypomanic episodes (adjusted OR 2.52, 95% CI: 1.32-4.80, p=.006). Among those endorsing no major depressive symptoms, substance abuse/dependence, or anti-social traits in their first degree relatives, past year cannabis use is associated with increased risk for incident bipolar spectrum disorders (adjusted OR 2.27, 95% CI: 1.01-5.10, p=.05) and CIDI recalibrated BD I and II (adjusted OR 5.49, 95% CI: 1.38-21.9, p=.02). Past year cannabis use risk for DSM-IV manic or hypomanic episodes among those aged 26 to 45 is concentrated in those with a baseline history of a substance use disorder (adj. OR 2.00, 95% CI: 1.10-3.66, p=.02) as compared to those with no such history (adj. OR 1.87, 95% CI: 0.49-7.21, p=.36).
The third research objective of this dissertation was a sensitivity analysis using externally-predicted categorized exposures and continuous cannabis use propensities. The sensitivity analysis found evidence of exposure misclassification. Exposures defined by external propensity scores had improved cross-sectional association with bipolar spectrum disorders compared to reported use when both were compared to an external standard. No significant risk estimates were found for categorized predicted cannabis use among groups that were previously found to have significant risk from reported exposure. However, among adults 18 to 45 years of age with no manic or major depressive symptoms at baseline, past year cannabis use propensity (as a log transformed continuous measure) was associated with incident manic or hypomanic episodes (adj. OR 1.49, 95% CI: 1.10-2.03, p=.01). Elevated risk for high cannabis use propensity (>=1 use/week in the past year) was also found in this same group (adj. OR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.03-1.72, p=.03). Among those with no reported history of depression, substance abuse/dependence, or anti-social traits among their first-degree relatives, propensity for past year cannabis use (adj. OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.11-2.32, p=.01) and propensity for >=1 use/week of cannabis in the past year (adj. OR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.03-1.85, p=.03) were associated with incident manic or hypomanic episodes. Among those without a substance use history at baseline, propensity for past year cannabis use (adj. OR 1.63, 95% CI: 1.33-1.55, p=1 use/week of cannabis in the past year (adj. OR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.26-1.88, p
The findings of the first aim support the conclusion that the AUDADIS substantially under-estimated lifetime major depressive episode prevalence compared to an imputed estimate that treated anhedonia and depressed mood as separate and concurrent MDE symptoms. The operationalization of impairment for manic disorders in both the AUDADIS and CIDI strongly influences case identification, with the CIDI having suppressed manic and hypomanic prevalence estimates. Evidence was found supporting the conclusion that self-reported cannabis use is a significant risk factor for incident bipolar spectrum outcomes within subpopulations in a nationally representative cohort. A sensitivity analysis finds evidence that supports the conclusion that increasing cannabis use propensity is associated with increased risk of bipolar spectrum outcomes within population subgroups, with the greatest increased risk among those with the lowest innate risk. Under-reporting of illicit substance use is a major limitation in this dissertation; further study is needed with improved exposure measures.
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Schulz-Katterbach, Michèle Sabrina. "Cannabis and caries - does regular cannabis use increase the risk of caries in cigarette smokers? /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000297946.
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Kosty, Derek. "Trajectories of Cannabis Use Disorder: Risk and Developmental Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19200.
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Efforts to objectively inform cannabis discourses include research on the epidemiology of cannabis abuse and dependence disorders or, collectively, cannabis use disorder (CUD). For my dissertation I identified classes of individuals based on intraindividual CUD trajectory patterns and contrasted trajectory classes with respect to clinical characteristics of CUD, developmental risk factors, and psychosocial outcomes.
Identifying differences between trajectory classes provides evidence for the validity of trajectory-based CUD constructs and informs the development of comprehensive models of CUD epidemiology and trajectory-specific intervention approaches. My dissertation used data from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, a prospective epidemiological study of the psychiatric and psychosocial functioning of a representative community-based sample randomly selected from nine high schools across western Oregon. Four waves of data collection occurred between mid-adolescence and early adulthood and included diagnostic interviews and self-report questionnaires. Onset and offset ages of all CUD episodes were recorded. The reference sample included 816 participants who completed all diagnostic interviews.
A series of latent class growth models revealed three distinct CUD trajectory classes through age 30: (1) a persistent increasing risk class; (2) a maturing out class, marked by increasing risk through age 20 and then a decreasing risk through early adulthood; and (3) a stable low risk class. Rates of cannabis dependence were similar across the persistent increasing and the maturing out classes. Trajectory classes characterized by a history of CUD were associated with a variety of childhood risk factors and measures of psychosocial functioning during early adulthood. Participants who were male, had externalizing disorders, and had psychotic experiences during early adulthood discriminated between the persistent increasing and the maturing out classes.
Future research based on more diverse samples is indicated, as are well-controlled tests of associations between risk factors, trajectory class membership, and psychosocial outcomes. A better understanding of these relationships will inform etiological theories of CUD and the development of effective intervention programs that target problematic cannabis use at specific developmental stages. Designing targeted versus undifferentiated interventions for those at greatest risk for adult psychosocial impairment could be a cost-effective way to mitigate the consequences of CUD.
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Cassidy, Clifford Mills. "Investigating common risk factors in the comorbidity of cannabis use and psychosis." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119360.
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Background. The comorbidity between psychotic illness and substance abuse is associated with negative outcomes. To better treat substance use in psychosis it is necessary to identify factors specifically promoting substance use in this population, particularly aspects of psychotic illness which may exacerbate substance use. Purpose. to identify whether early-life inattention-hyperactivity and deficits in reward processing could qualify as common factors underlying the comorbidity of psychotic illness and cannabis abuse. Methods. We conducted the following four experiments: 1. The ability of childhood symptoms of ADHD measured using retrospective parental report (Child Behavior Checklist) to predict cannabis-use outcomes in first episode psychosis (FEP). 2. Associations between self-reported anticipatory pleasure and cannabis use in psychosis patients and controls. 3. The effect of cannabis on daily activities and functional measures and on behavioural exertion for rewarding stimuli in psychosis patients and controls with cannabis use. 4. Examining physiological response to pleasant and cannabis images using event-related potentials (ERP), facial expressivity, and galvanic skin response in controls and psychosis patients with cannabis use. Results. 1. Higher levels of inattention symptoms in childhood predicted lifetime cannabis-use disorder and inability to maintain abstinence from cannabis in FEP. 2-4. Psychosis patients showed reward deficits on several measures including: self-reported reward response, engagement in effortful daily activities, behavioural exertion to seek pleasant stimuli, and sustained processing of pleasant stimuli as measured with the late positive potential (LPP) of the ERP. When comparing subjects' response to pleasant stimuli versus cannabis stimuli, control cannabis users showed a significant bias towards pleasant images on all measures, whereas patients showed similar response to both pleasant and cannabis stimuli on most measures. Reduced response on several of the measures on which patients showed a deficit was associated with greater cannabis use: self-reported reward response, behavioral exertion to seek pleasant stimuli, and LPP response to pleasant stimuli. Conclusions and significance. 1. Our finding that childhood inattention is associated with subsequent cannabis in FEP when complemented by studies showing these symptoms are more prevalent in subjects who later develop psychotic disorders is consistent with childhood inattention being a marker for shared vulnerability to develop both psychotic and substance-use disorders. 2-4. Deficits in reward processing are present in individuals with psychotic disorders and some of these deficits may predispose individuals to use cannabis more heavily. If these findings are further developed they could inform treatments targeted for substance use in populations with psychosis.Introduction. La comorbidité entre les troubles psychotiques et l'abus de substances est associée à une évolution négative. Pour mieux traiter l'abus de substance dans la psychose, il est nécessaire d'identifier les facteurs spécifiques qui augmentent la prévalence de consommation de substances dans cette population, particulièrement les aspects du trouble psychotique qui pourraient exacerber la consommation de substances. Objectifs. Identifier si des symptômes d'hyperactivité-inattention durant l'enfance et des déficits dans les processus de récompense pourraient se qualifier comme des facteurs communs sous-jacents de la comorbidité des troubles psychotiques et de la consommation du cannabis. Méthodes. Nous avons fait les quatre expériences suivantes : 1. L'utilisation des symptômes de TDAH mesurés de façon rétrospective en utilisant un rapport des parents (Child Behavior Checklist) pour prédire la consommation de cannabis chez les premiers épisodes psychotiques (PEP). 2. L'association entre le plaisir anticipé rapporté et la consommation de cannabis chez les patients psychotiques et les contrôles. 3. L'examen de la réponse physiologique à des images plaisantes et de cannabis en utilisant les potentiels évoqués cérébraux (ERP), l'expressivité faciale et la conductivité de la peau chez les contrôles et les patients psychotiques qui consomment du cannabis. 4. L'effet du cannabis sur les activités quotidiennes, les mesures fonctionnelles et l'effortcomportemental pour des stimuli de récompense chez les patients psychotiques et les contrôles qui consomment du cannabis. Résultats. 1. Plus de symptômes d'inattention durant l'enfance prédirait un trouble de consommation du cannabis et l'inaptitude de rester abstinent pour le cannabis chez les PEP. 2-4. Les patients psychotiques démontrent des déficits de récompense sur plusieurs mesures incluant : la réponse rapportée de récompense, l'engagement dans des activités quotidiennes qui demandent de l'effort, l'effort exercé pour rechercher des stimuli plaisants et le traitement prolongé des stimuli plaisants tel que mesuré avec le potentiel retardé positif (LPP) de l'ERP. Lorsque l'on compare la réponse des sujets pour les stimuli plaisants versus les stimuli de cannabis, les consommateurs de cannabis contrôles ont démontré un biais significatif envers les images plaisantes sur toutes les mesures, alors que les patients ont démontré une réponse similaire sur les stimuli plaisants et de cannabis sur la plupart des mesures. Une réponse diminuée sur plusieurs mesures sur lesquelles les patients ont démontré un déficit était associée avec une consommation plus grande de cannabis : la réponse rapportée de récompense, l'effort comportemental pour rechercher des stimuli plaisants et la réponse LPP aux stimuli plaisants.Conclusions et signification. 1. Nos résultats concernant l'inattention durant l'enfance associée à une consommation subséquente du cannabis chez les PEP, lorsque complémentés par les études qui démontrent que ces symptômes sont plus prévalent chez les sujets qui développent plus tard des troubles psychotiques, sont consistants avec les symptômes d'inattention durant l'enfance qui sont déterminants dans la vulnérabilité à développer des troubles psychotiques et de consommation de substances. 2-4. Des déficits dans les processus de récompense sont présents chez les individus avec des troubles psychotiques et certains de ces déficits pourraient prédisposer les individus à consommer du cannabis de façon plus importante. Si ces résultats sont plus amplement développés, ils pourront donner des pistes de traitement pour la consommation de substances dans les populations psychotiques.
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Zimmermann, Petra, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Florian Waszak, Agnes Nocon, Michael Höfler, and Roselind Lieb. "Pathways into ecstasy use: The role of prior cannabis use and ecstasy availability." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-110187.
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Aim: To explore the role of cannabis use for the availability of ecstasy as a potential pathway to subsequent first ecstasy use.
Methods: Baseline and 4-year follow-up data from a prospective-longitudinal community study of originally 3021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years at baseline were assessed using the standardized M-CIDI and DSM-IV criteria.
Results: Baseline cannabis users reported at follow-up more frequent access to ecstasy than cannabis non-users. Higher cannabis use frequencies were associated with increased ecstasy availability reports. Logistic regression analyses revealed that cannabis use and availability of ecstasy at baseline are predictors for incident ecstasy use during the follow-up period. Testing simultaneously the impact of prior cannabis use and ecstasy availability including potential confounders, the association with cannabis use and later ecstasy use was confirmed (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 3.6–10.9). However, the association with ecstasy availability was no longer significant (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.3–3.9).
Conclusions: Results suggest that cannabis use is a powerful risk factor for subsequent first onset of ecstasy use and this relation cannot be sufficiently explained by availability of ecstasy in the observation period.
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Zimmermann, Petra, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Florian Waszak, Agnes Nocon, Michael Höfler, and Roselind Lieb. "Pathways into ecstasy use: The role of prior cannabis use and ecstasy availability." Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26818.
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Aim: To explore the role of cannabis use for the availability of ecstasy as a potential pathway to subsequent first ecstasy use.
Methods: Baseline and 4-year follow-up data from a prospective-longitudinal community study of originally 3021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years at baseline were assessed using the standardized M-CIDI and DSM-IV criteria.
Results: Baseline cannabis users reported at follow-up more frequent access to ecstasy than cannabis non-users. Higher cannabis use frequencies were associated with increased ecstasy availability reports. Logistic regression analyses revealed that cannabis use and availability of ecstasy at baseline are predictors for incident ecstasy use during the follow-up period. Testing simultaneously the impact of prior cannabis use and ecstasy availability including potential confounders, the association with cannabis use and later ecstasy use was confirmed (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 3.6–10.9). However, the association with ecstasy availability was no longer significant (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.3–3.9).
Conclusions: Results suggest that cannabis use is a powerful risk factor for subsequent first onset of ecstasy use and this relation cannot be sufficiently explained by availability of ecstasy in the observation period.
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Zammit, Stanley. "An investigation into the use of cannabis and tobacco as risk factors for schizophrenia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/48919/.
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Schoeler, Tabea. "Continued cannabis use and risk of relapse in patients with a first episode psychosis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/continued-cannabis-use-and-risk-of-relapse-in-patients-with-a-first-episode-psychosis(5d17bfaf-a5fd-4ab9-a2f9-e2b44c9b9067).html.
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Although cannabis use following a first episode of psychosis (FEP) has been linked to poor outcome such as relapse, current understanding is limited regarding the nature of this association. To shed light on the nature of this relationship, this thesis employed multiple methodological approaches: First, I pooled together data from previous studies in order to estimate the cross-sectional effects of continued and discontinued cannabis use following the onset of psychosis and risk of relapse, using a meta-analytic design (Paper 1). Second, I prospectively collected follow up data from a cohort of patients presenting with a first episode psychosis to psychiatric services in south London. Paper 2 examined the magnitude of effect of continued cannabis use on risk of relapse and related outcomes by grouping patients into classes of different patterns of cannabis use following onset of psychosis. In Paper 3, longitudinal modelling was employed to further examine whether the link between continued cannabis use and risk of relapse persists when non-causal explanations for the association are taken into account (reverse causation, premorbid genetic confounding). My findings indicate that that former regular users who stopped using cannabis after the onset had the most favourable illness course with regard to relapse. The most unfavourable course was present in those who continued to use high-potency cannabis in a high frequency manner. The results also suggest that this association reflects a dose-dependent association that is unlikely to be a result of reverse causation (e.g. selfmedication) or genetic and environmental (e.g. other illicit drug use, medication nonadherence) confounding. These findings point to reductions in cannabis use as a crucial interventional target to reduce risk of relapse in patients with a first episode psychosis.
Books on the topic "Perceived risk of cannabis use"
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Perceived risk: A critical review of applications and use over 30 years. Manchester: Manchester School of Management, UMIST, 1994.
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Martin, Rochelle Elizabeth. Gender differences in HIV-related attitudes, knowledge, and perceived risk of infection among adolescents in day-treatment for substance use, and their effect on response to preventive intervention. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.
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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, et al. Legalizing the supply of cannabis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0014.
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Changing a substance’s legal status is a perennial policy question that can be answered in many different ways. The focus of this chapter is on cannabis, the drug that has attracted the most attention because of its widespread use and relatively favourable risk profile in comparison with several legal substances.
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Gibbons, Frederick X., and Michelle L. Stock. Perceived Racial Discrimination and Health Behavior: Mediation and Moderation. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.17.
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Research has documented a strong link between perceived racial discrimination and various health outcomes among African Americans. These outcomes include health status and health-relevant behavior. This chapter focuses on the relation between the stress associated with perceived racial discrimination and health-risk behavior, primarily substance use and abuse. The chapter examines a variety of factors thought to mediate this relation, the two primary ones being negative affect and self-control. Research has shown that discrimination has an impact on both factors, and these in turn directly affect substance use. The chapter also examines several factors that have been shown to moderate the discrimination–health relationship. In addition, the chapter reviews research examining moderators that can be either risk-promoting or protective. Some research identifying individuals who appear to respond in a favorable or healthy manner to perceived discrimination is also reviewed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research.
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Brar, Jaspreet S. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0003.
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Epidemiology can help us understand who is at risk for developing a disorder, what may happen to them, and perhaps even why people get the disorder to begin with. In this chapter, we will review the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, as well as factors affecting such rates. Risk factors for psychosis include socio-demographics (e.g., gender, age, migrant status, class), predisposing factors (e.g., season of birth, perinatal trauma), and precipitating factors (e.g., substance use, psychosocial stress). We will highlight controversial issues such as traumatic life events, prenatal infection, and cannabis use, considering how epidemiological factors can shed light on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related illnesses.
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Degenhardt, Louisa, Wayne Hall, and Chiara Bucello. Illicit Drugs. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.016.
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Although illicit drug use has been documented across the world, the quality of these estimates is best in the developed countries of Europe, North America, and Australasia. Regular use, “problem drug use,” and drug dependence are less frequently measured but are important to quantify in order to identify disease burden. This paper reviews European, North American, and Australasian estimates of illicit drug use, problem drug use, and drug dependence and presents risk factors of illicit drug use. These risk factors include health risks related to cannabis and mortality associated with problem drug use and injecting drug use. Drug-related morbidity is reviewed, including nonfatal overdose, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis B and C. Future research needs to focus on obtaining better estimates of mortality and morbidity to better understand the harms associated with illicit drug dependence.
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Unger, Christoph. Cognitive Pragmatics and Multi-layered Communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0013.
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Allegory is a figure of speech that is frequently used in Christian religious discourse, not only in the Christian Scriptures, but also in theological and homiletic literature throughout history. However, its use has also been viewed with suspicion by various schools of Christian thought. That is, allegory as a figure of speech is perceived as both being a useful tool for religious discourse and beset by limitations. This double-sided perception of the utility of allegory is rooted in the cognitive complexities that the comprehension of allegory involves, according to Unger (2017). Processing allegory involves our ability to detect and process multiple layers of communication in one act of ostensive communication. Thus, allegory has the potential for being effective for communicating complex thoughts in an elegant and effective way; at the same time, it runs the risk of inviting the audience to overinterpret the communication event.
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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Thanatosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0014.
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When physically restrained, many animals adopt a relatively immobile state that can last after the constraint has been released. The lack of movement is suggested to inhibit further attack by the predator and reduce the perceived need of the predator to continue to attack or constrain the prey. This phenomenon has been variously called death feigning, animal hypnosis, tonic immobility, and playing dead. However, we will use the term that the scientific literature seems to be coalescing around: thanatosis. Thanatosis is distinct from immobility used to reduce the risk of detection or tracking by a predator, since it acts later in the sequence of a predation event (generally after the prey has been detected and contacted by the predator). Although some instances of thanatosis are strongly suggestive of mimicry of death, some are less so, and there is potential for thanatosis to offer protection from predators through other mechanisms than feigning death. However, except for some very specialist situations considered briefly here, the function of thanatosis does appear to be employed as a means of protection from predators. Thanatosis is widespread taxonomically, and has been well known for a long time, but only recently has it received purpose-designed study.
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Beunza, Daniel. Taking the Floor. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691162812.001.0001.
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Debates about financial reform have led to the recognition that a healthy financial system does not depend solely on how it is structured—organizational culture matters as well. Based on extensive research in a Wall Street derivatives-trading room, this book considers how the culture of financial organizations might change in order for them to remain healthy, even in times of crises. In particular, the book explores how the extensive use of financial models and trading technologies over the recent decades has exerted a far-ranging and troubling influence on Wall Street. How have models reshaped financial markets? How have models altered moral behavior in organizations? The book takes readers behind the scenes in a bank unit that, within its firm, is widely perceived to be “a class act,” and it considers how this trading room unit might serve as a blueprint solution for the ills of Wall Street's unsustainable culture. It demonstrates that the integration of traders across desks reduces the danger of blind spots created by models. Warning against the risk of moral disengagement posed by the use of models, the book also contends that such disengagement could be avoided by instituting moral norms and social relations. The book profiles what an effective, responsible trading room can and should look like.
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Timmins, Bryan. Non-prescription drugs. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0342.
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The use of non-prescription drugs is widespread and has a major impact on the health of the individual user and society. In 2006, the British Crime Survey reported that 10% of adults had used one or more illicit drugs in the preceding year, with 3% reporting using a Class A drug. Over 11 million people in the UK are estimated to have used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetime (35%). Drugs abused vary in their intrinsic potential to cause addiction and, with it, more regular and harmful use. Drug users are influenced by trends and fashions, adopting new compounds such as crack cocaine and experimenting with routes of ingestion. Some drugs may become less popular over time, such as LSD, while others, such as cannabis, experience a revival as more potent strains (e.g. Skunk) are developed. A problem drug user is best defined as a person whose drug taking is no longer controlled or undertaken for recreational purposes and where drugs have become a more essential element of the individual’s life. The true economic and social cost of drug use is likely to be substantially greater than the published figures, which are derived from a variety of health and crime surveys which may overlook vulnerable groups such as the homeless. The majority of non-prescription drugs used in the UK are illegal and covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The drugs most commonly abused gave rise in 2003–4 to an estimated financial cost in England and Wales of 15.4 billion pounds to the economy, with Class A drugs such as heroin and cocaine accounting for the majority of this. Some 90% of the cost is due to drug-related crime, with only 3% (£488 million) due to health service expenditure, which is mainly spent on inpatient care episodes. This still represents a major health pressure, which in 2006–7 amounted to 38 000 admissions, in England, for primary and secondary drug-related mental or behavioural problems, and over 10 000 admissions recorded for drug poisoning. Clinicians in all specialities can expect to encounter harmful drug use, especially those working in primary care, A & E, and psychiatric services. Presenting problems are protean, ranging from mood disorders, delirium, and psychosis to sepsis, malnutrition, and hepatitis. Blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C and HIV are widespread, as contaminated needles and syringes are shared by up to a quarter of problem drug users. Even smoking drugs such as crack cocaine can lead to increased transmission of hepatitis C through oral ulceration and contact with hot contaminated smoking pipes. Amongst the UK population, over half of IV drug users have hepatitis C, a quarter have antibodies to hepatitis B, and, by 2006, 4662 had been diagnosed with HIV. Non-prescription drug abuse is a leading cause of death and morbidity amongst the young adult population (those aged 16–35). In 2006 there were 1573 deaths where the underlying cause was poisoning, drug abuse, or dependence on substances controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act. The vast majority (79%) were male. Young men, in particular, are at greater risk of violent death through associated criminal activity such as drug supplying and from deliberate and accidental overdose. The male-to-female ratio for deaths associated with mental and behavioural disorder is 6:1.
Book chapters on the topic "Perceived risk of cannabis use"
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Malik, Akmal Nashren Abd, and Sharifah Nurafizah Syed Annuar. "The Effect of Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Reward, and Perceived Risk toward E-Wallet Usage Intention." In Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 115–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65147-3_8.
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Ramaekers, Johannes G., Günter Berghaus, MargrietW van Laar, and Olaf H. Drummer. "Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use: an update." In Drugs, Driving and Traffic Safety, 477–99. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9923-8_29.
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Fosso Wamba, Samuel, and Shahriar Akter. "Impact of Perceived Connectivity on Intention to Use Social Media: Modelling the Moderation Effects of Perceived Risk and Security." In Social Media: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, 219–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45234-0_20.
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Altin Gumussoy, Cigdem, Aycan Kaya, and Erhan Ozlu. "Determinants of Mobile Banking Use: An Extended TAM with Perceived Risk, Mobility Access, Compatibility, Perceived Self-efficacy and Subjective Norms." In Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering, 225–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71225-3_20.
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Boussaa, Asia Tran-Trong, and Prokriti Mukherji. "Patients’ Adoption of E-Consultation: The Role of Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use, Trust, and Risk Aversion: An Abstract." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 855–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02568-7_233.
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Lee, Seonglim, Hee Ra Ha, Ji Hyei Oh, and Naeun Park. "The Impact of Perceived Privacy Benefit and Risk on Consumers’ Desire to Use Internet of Things Technology." In Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information in Applications and Services, 609–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_50.
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Baabdullah, Abdullah, Omar Nasseef, and Ali Alalwan. "Consumer Adoption of Mobile Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: The Role of Usefulness, Ease of Use, Perceived Risk and Innovativeness." In Social Media: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, 267–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45234-0_25.
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Sarkady, Daniel, Larissa Neuburger, and Roman Egger. "Virtual Reality as a Travel Substitution Tool During COVID-19." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 452–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_44.
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AbstractThe pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has profoundly affected the global leisure and tourism industry, with international travel bans affecting over 90% of the world’s population. Widespread restrictions on community mobility have resulted in a projected decline of international tourism arrivals up to 30%. The rapid development of Virtual Reality (VR) and its effectiveness in the simulation of real-life experiences provides an opportunity for virtual holiday making especially when actual travel is not possible. Based on a quantitative study with 193 participants, the role of VR as a substitute for physical travel during the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 was examined, more specifically by looking at the relationship between perceived risk to travel and technological acceptance of VR. The findings suggest that tourists use VR as a travel substitute during and even after a pandemic. However, perceived risk does not play a significant role when it comes to using VR.
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Hobbins, Robert, Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson, and Clark Miller. "Producing and Communicating Flood Risk: A Knowledge System Analysis of FEMA Flood Maps in New York City." In Resilient Urban Futures, 67–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_5.
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AbstractThe burgeoning development of coastal cities coupled with increasing exposure to sea level rise and extreme weather events has exacerbated the vulnerability of coastal communities and infrastructure to floods. In order to make good flood risk reduction and resilience decisions, cities are interested in gaining better insights into what are perceived to be the “real” risks of floods. However, what counts as a good estimate of such risks is constructed through the design of a knowledge system that ratifies certain ideas and methods over others. We refer to knowledge systems as the organizational practices and routines that produce, validate and review, communicate, and use knowledge relevant to policy and decision-making. In this chapter, we conduct a knowledge system analysis of FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rate Maps in New York City. In 2012, Superstorm Sandy exposed in the national spotlight the shortcomings of how we calculate, map, and use knowledge about flood risk. Through this case study, we hope to demonstrate the value of knowledge systems analysis as a method to stress-test and identify the weaknesses of a knowledge system that warrant attention, as well as to inform potential methods ofupgrading or redesigning that system in support of building resilient cities.
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Ware, Mark A., Rebecca Pitt, and Pablo Ingelmo. "Cannabis." In Oxford Textbook of Pediatric Pain, edited by Bonnie J. Stevens, Gareth Hathway, and William T. Zempsky, 520–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198818762.003.0050.
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There is relatively little evidence around the role of cannabis and cannabinoids in the treatment of pediatric pain, leading to a reliance on limited adult research that may or may not be relevant. In this chapter, we discuss the science behind cannabinoid receptors, current indications for cannabis and cannabinoid use and associated risks, evolving evidence around their use in pain medicine, and particular considerations of treatment in children. We present a hypothetical clinical scenario to more clearly set the stage for addressing these considerations in adolescents. Finally, we discuss important points for researchers and clinicians to examine as they weigh the risk and benefit of treatment in a world where cannabis and its derivatives are available, evidence-based, and sought-after options for various conditions related to pediatric chronic pain.
Conference papers on the topic "Perceived risk of cannabis use"
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Shorey-Fennell, Bethany, Renee Magnan, Benjamin Ladd, and Jessica Fales. "What’s Pain Got To Do With It?: Young Adults With and Without Chronic Pain Perceive Minimal Risks and Moderate Benefits from Cannabis Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.9.
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Many young adults experience chronic pain and given its wide availability and potential pain reducing properties, young adults may use cannabis to self-medicate for pain. However, little is known about young adult users’ perceptions of potential health risks and benefits of cannabis, and whether these perceptions differ by chronic pain status. As a part of a larger study, young adult recreational cannabis users (N=176, ages 18-29) who reported using at least once a week completed assessments of use frequency and perceived cannabis-related risks and benefits. The sample had a high proportion of participants who met criteria for chronic pain (51.1%). The majority of the sample reported using daily or multiple times daily (80.7%) with an average of 2.68 (SD=1.42) sessions per day across administration modes (e.g. smoking, edibles, tinctures). Participants answered questions about their lifetime chances of experiencing five cannabis-related risks (personal harm, negative health outcome, negative mental health outcome, harming someone else, increased pain) and benefits (personal benefit, positive health outcome, positive mental health outcome, benefitting someone else, decreased pain; 1=Very low to 7=Very high). Overall, young adult users perceived their risk to be very low (M=1.62, SD=.73) and 40.3% of the sample had an average risk score (combined across the five risk items) of 1.00, while only one participant reported an average risk above 4.00. In particular, participants reported a low lifetime chance of experiencing personal harm (M=1.51, SD=.90), harming someone else (M=1.20, SD=.58), or experiencing increased pain (M=1.24, SD=.74) due to their cannabis use. In contrast, young adult users perceived somewhat high chances of experiencing benefits related to their cannabis use (M=4.78, SD=1.46). In particular, participants perceived a high chance of experiencing reduced pain (M=5.88, SD=1.55), personal benefit (M=4.84, SD=1.86), and positive mental health outcomes (M=4.82, SD=1.77). There was no difference based on pain status on frequency of use, average daily sessions, or perceived risks, and only one difference in perceived benefits. Participants without chronic pain anticipated more personal benefit from cannabis use (M=5.15, SD=1.74) than those with chronic pain (M=4.53, SD=1.94, t(171)=2.21, p=.03). Overall, results suggest young adult recreational users perceive very low risks of their cannabis consumption and moderately high benefits, regardless of pain status. Looking at individual areas of potential risk and benefits may yield targets for future health education campaigns. For example, perceptions of low risk/high benefits regarding mental health outcomes may not be accurate for this heavy using sample.
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Cavalli, Jessica, and Anita Cservenka. "Emotion Dysregulation Moderates the Association Between Stress and Problematic Marijuana Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.8.
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Objective. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance in the United States and in 2018 alone, an estimated 40.3 million adults reported using marijuana in the past year. This is concerning since growing research suggests that marijuana use is associated with adverse health and life outcomes, such as mental health issues, and cognitive impairment. Thus, determining factors that influence marijuana use-related problems is critical for understanding how to effectively implement prevention, intervention, and treatment efforts. Because research has proposed that emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic risk factor for substance use and addiction, the investigation of emotion regulation capabilities in marijuana users is warranted. Furthermore, since prior studies suggest that stress may lead to greater marijuana use-related problems, additional research into how emotion dysregulation may affect these relationships is needed. Thus, the current study examines how emotion dysregulation moderates the association between stress and problematic marijuana use in adults through an online survey. Methods. 852 adults reporting any lifetime marijuana use completed an online survey through Qualtrics. Participants completed a brief demographic questionnaire and were asked to report their past 30-day use of marijuana, alcohol, nicotine, and illicit substances. To assess past month problematic marijuana use, participants completed the Marijuana Problem Scale (MPS). To assess emotion dysregulation, participants completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory (H-RLSI) to assess past month perceived stress and past year stressful life events, respectively. We investigated the association between scores on the DERS, PSS, and H-RLSI with scores on the MPS. Additionally, we conducted hierarchical multiple linear regression models to test whether emotion dysregulation, stress, and their interaction predicted problematic marijuana use. Results. Scores on the DERS (r = .53, p < .001), PSS (r = .13, p < .001), and H-RLSI (r = .32, p < .001) were significantly correlated with scores on the MPS. Additionally, emotion dysregulation (B = .32, p < .001), stressful life events (B = .21, p < .001), and their interaction (B = .07, p = .003) were significant predictors of problematic marijuana use. Finally, emotion dysregulation (B = .44, p < .001), perceived stress (B = -.18, p < .001), and their interaction (B = -.06, p = .04) were significant predictors of problematic marijuana use. Conclusion. These findings indicate that when examined separately, greater emotion dysregulation, experiencing more stressful life events in the past year, and experiencing more perceived stress in the past month were associated with greater problematic marijuana use in the past month. However, when examining the moderating role of emotion dysregulation, more stressful life events and less perceived stress predicted greater problematic marijuana use, and these associations were stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation. Overall, these results suggest that emotion dysregulation and greater stress may be risk factors for developing problematic marijuana use, and could be possible targets for prevention, intervention, and treatment efforts.
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Johnson, Julie, and Samantha Doonan. "Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Cannabis Use in Massachusetts Youth." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.2.
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Cannabis policies are continuously evolving, over half of U.S. youth now live in a state with a form of legalized cannabis. Monitoring risk and protective factors is critical to ensure evidence-based youth prevention in this post cannabis-prohibition era. Massachusetts has enacted and implemented three forms of legalization: (1) Decriminalization (2008), (2) medical cannabis (2012), and (3) adult-use cannabis (2016). This study used state Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data of participants in grades 9-12 from 2007-2017 (N=17,691). Logistical regression models were run to assess effects of varying cannabis policy and risk or protective behaviors on cannabis use outcomes: (1) Lifetime use; (2) Past 30-day; and (3) Past 30-day heavy use. The enactment of cannabis policies was not associated with greater odds of youth reporting Lifetime and Past 30-day cannabis use behaviors. Any adult-support [heavy use OR=0.43 (95% CI=0.37,0.50), p<.001], better grades [heavy use OR=0.25 (95% CI=0.21,0.29), p<.001], and being heterosexual [heavy use OR=0.42 (95% CI=0.34,0.51), p<.001] were associated with lower odds of all cannabis use outcomes. Multiple risk factors broadly categorized under: risky sexual behaviors, non-heterosexual orientation, weapon carrying/exposure, hopelessness and suicidality behaviors, driving behaviors, and disability were associated with greater odds of cannabis use. Sensitivity analyses showed only one risk behavior was moderate by cannabis policy enactment. Results suggest that cannabis prevention efforts should not occur in a silo, rather evidence-based models for reducing risky behaviors generally may have the largest impact. Building and supporting relationships with trusted adults for youth at higher risk should be emphasized.
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Feck, Sam, and Rebecca Houston. "Associations between Cannabis Use Characteristics, Impulsivity, and Mindfulness." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.37.
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Impulsivity has been implicated as a factor in cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. However, impulsivity is a multi-faceted construct. Recent work in substance use has used the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Questionnaire (UPPS-P), which is designed to assess five facets of impulsivity. Research examining these facets of impulsivity and cannabis use characteristics is somewhat inconsistent, but generally has suggested that Sensation Seeking and Lack of Premeditation may be related to cannabis use and Negative Urgency may be associated with cannabis-related problems. In addition, a substantial literature exists suggesting that mindfulness, the ability to focus one’s attention on the present moment in a non-judgmental, non-reactive, and tolerant manner, is decreased in substance users. However, the literature specific to mindfulness and cannabis use characteristics is relatively inconsistent. Thus, the aim of the current study was to replicate and extend prior research on the associations between impulsivity, mindfulness, and cannabis use. A community sample of adults (N = 289, 137 female) completed an online survey that included the Short UPPS-P (SUPPS-P) impulsiveness questionnaire, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and questions about cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. A logistic regression in the full sample revealed that SUPPS-P Lack of Premeditation and MAAS total scores, as well as alcohol consumption, were significant positive predictors of cannabis user status (i.e., use in the past 30 days). The Lack of Premeditation finding is consistent with prior studies, but the association between increased mindfulness and cannabis user status was unexpected. It’s possible that the mind set and physical setting in which cannabis is used has influence on the subjective experience, and thus, users may be seeking effects relevant for an overall sense of well-being similar to that seen in research on psychedelic drug use. In the subsample of cannabis users that reported use in the past 30 days (n = 87), no significant associations were revealed between impulsivity facets or mindfulness and cannabis use frequency. No impulsivity or mindfulness variables emerged as significant predictors of cannabis-related problems in users; although, consistent with prior studies, the association with SUPPS-P Negative Urgency approached significance. Alcohol-related problems were associated with cannabis-related problems as well. These findings extend the previous literature and have implications in identifying risk for problematic/disordered use as well as improving upon interventions and treatment approaches for problematic cannabis use.
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Drohan, Megan, Christina Schulz, Emily Glatt, Amy Stamates, and Michelle Kelley. "Impulsivity and Childhood Physical Abuse Predict Past 30-day Cannabis Use Among Bisexual Women." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.11.
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Previous research suggests that bisexual women’s rate of cannabis use is 2 to 7 times higher than their heterosexual peers; however, factors contributing to this are unclear. Trait impulsivity (i.e., tendency to act without forethought) and history of childhood physical abuse (CPA) are two risk factors that may be relevant for bisexual women’s cannabis use. Specifically, bisexual women indicate high levels of risk-taking and commonly report histories of CPA. While both impulsivity and CPA have been identified as predictors of cannabis use in heterosexual women, research has yet to explore these factors as predictors of cannabis use among bisexual women. Consequently, the present study examined CPA and trait impulsivity as predictors of cannabis use in a sample of bisexual women. It was hypothesized that both trait impulsivity and exposure to CPA would predict greater frequency of cannabis use. Participants were 225 bisexual women aged 22.77 years (SD = 3.45) recruited from a southeastern university and community area. Participants completed an online survey including questions about their past 30-day frequency of cannabis use (5-point scale ranging from 0 = never to 4 = daily), CPA using the Child Maltreatment Scale-physical abuse subscale, and impulsivity using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-version 11. A majority of the sample reported cannabis use in the past 30 days (60.3%), with 23.2% using once or twice, 12.9% using weekly, 11.2% using almost daily, and 12.9% using daily. To account for the large number of zero values on the cannabis use score, we tested a Poisson hurdle model to evaluate the effects of CPA and impulsivity on cannabis use. Frequency of cannabis use was modeled first as a binary logistic model (0 versus any use) and then as a truncated regression model for non-zero responses. Results indicated that across all participants, greater impulsivity predicted any cannabis use in the past 30 days (p = .003), but CPA did not (p = .942). Among participants who reported past 30-day cannabis use only, CPA was associated with increased frequency of cannabis use (p = .003), and impulsivity did not predict frequency of cannabis use (p = .683). Overall, results indicated that greater trait impulsivity was associated with past 30-day cannabis use, but not frequency of cannabis use. Conversely, greater CPA exposure was not associated with whether one used cannabis in the past 30 days but instead was related to increased frequency of past 30-day cannabis use. Thus, although trait impulsivity may identify cannabis users, CPA may identify sexual minority women who are at risk for increased frequency of cannabis use. Given the potential long-term harms associated with increased cannabis use (e.g., changes in brain morphology, cognitive impairment, and respiratory issues), prevention efforts targeting bisexual women may want to consider impulsivity and CPA.
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Sun, Tianze, Carmen Lim, Gary Chan, and Janni Leung. "High times for cannabis-related videos on YouTube during the COVID-19 lockdown: implications on the risk of cannabis use disorders." In The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Environmental Research and Public Health —Public Health Issues in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecerph-3-09041.
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Woodward, Kelsey, Annalee Ellis, Jenni Teeters, and Matthew Woodward. "Examining Associations Between Trauma Exposure and Cannabis Use Frequency, Quantity, Duration, and Age of Onset." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.39.
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Prior research has identified an association between trauma exposure and cannabis use, such that a history of trauma exposure is associated with greater likelihood of lifetime cannabis use. However, little research has expanded upon this association, making it unclear whether trauma exposure is associated with cannabis use outcomes beyond lifetime history of use. Given that heavy cannabis use and trauma exposure are risk factors for a number of deleterious outcomes, it is important to further examine the influence of trauma exposure on cannabis use. The purpose of the current study was to further explore this relationship by examining associations between trauma exposure and various indices of cannabis use. Participants included a sample of 722 female undergraduates at least 18 years or older (M = 19.0) who were recruited through a campus-wide online study pool. Participants completed measures on trauma exposure (calculated as number of traumas experienced), cannabis use (i.e., Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use [DFAQ-CU]; Cutler & Spradlin, 2017), and mental health symptoms. Specific indices of cannabis use were lifetime history of cannabis use, age of onset of cannabis use, current frequency of use, current quantity of use (in grams), and length of use. Logistic regression analyses and correlations were used to explore the associations between trauma and cannabis use variables. Subsequent analyses were conducted controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to determine whether relationships between trauma exposure and cannabis use remained after accounting for PTSD symptoms. Thirty-seven percent (n = 266) of the sample indicated a lifetime history of cannabis use. Similar to previous research, greater trauma exposure was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of a lifetime history of cannabis use (OR = 1.14, p < .001). Additionally, number of traumas experienced and age of onset of cannabis use were significantly negatively correlated, r(262) = -.16, p < .01, indicating that greater trauma exposure was associated with earlier onset of use. Number of traumas experienced was positively correlated with duration of cannabis use, r(236)=.14, p = .03, indicating greater trauma exposure was associated with greater duration of use. Number of traumas experienced was also positively correlated with quantity of cannabis use, r(175)=.20, p < .01, showing that greater trauma exposure was associated with higher amounts of cannabis used. These associations remained significant even after controlling for PTSD symptoms. Frequency of cannabis use was not significantly correlated with trauma exposure, r(266) = -.01, p = .82. The results of the present study indicate that trauma exposure is associated with a range of indices of cannabis use beyond lifetime history of use, even after accounting for the influence of PTSD. These findings highlight the importance of extending examination of trauma and cannabis beyond frequency of use. Although trauma exposure may serve as a risk factor for elevated cannabis use, it is also possible that cannabis use may increase the risk of trauma exposure. Future studies should explore these associations longitudinally as well as examine the mechanisms that link these outcomes together.
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Hummer, Justin, Rachana Seelam, Eric Pedersen, Joan Tucker, and Elizabeth D'Amico. "Why Young Adults Obtain a Medical Marijuana Card: Associations with Health Symptoms, Risk, and Heaviness of Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.35.
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Objective. Prior studies documenting more frequent and problematic use among young adults who have acquired medical marijuana (MM) cards have broadly compared those who use medically to those who use recreationally. Gaining a better picture of how health symptoms and problematic use vary both within those who have a MM card for specific condition domains and between those who do not have a MM card, can provide key information for medical practitioners and states interested in adopting or updating MM policies. Method. The current study categorizes young adults authorized to use MM into four mutually exclusive groups based on endorsements of qualifying conditions: (1) Physical Health only; (2) Mental Health only; (3) Sleep only; and (4) Multiple Conditions. Analysis of covariance examined differences across marijuana use, problems, mental and physical health, and sleep for MM condition categories, and for those that only use marijuana recreationally. Results. MM card holders, particularly those with physical health or multiple health conditions, reported heavier, more frequent, and more problematic and risky marijuana use compared to those using recreationally. Despite this pattern, those in different MM condition categories were generally not found to be more symptomatic in domains of functioning relevant to their respective conditions, compared to different category groups or to those using recreationally. Conclusions. Findings emphasize the importance of providers conducting a careful assessment of reasons for needing a card, along with use, to reduce potential harms while adding credibility to a medical movement with genuine promise of relief for many medical conditions.
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Yockey, Andrew, and Shanna Stryker. "Marijuana Use among Young Adults: Findings from the 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.1.
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Marijuana is the most commonly used drug for young adults. A greater understanding of risk factors associated with recent use can inform health prevention messaging. Pooled data from the 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were utilized among 89,446 individuals ages 18-34. Weighted logistic regression analyses, controlling for covariates, were utilized to determine conditional associations to past-30-day use. A sizeable percentage (18.5%) of individuals reported smoking marijuana in the past 30 days. Individuals who identify as African American or Multi-Racial, Gay/Lesbian, Bisexual, reported their health as poor, not covered by health insurance, reported prior drug use, or who had reported any thoughts/plans of suicide were at risk for use. Of concern, high rates of alcohol (14.7%) and cocaine (1.50%) were found among users. We believe our findings can inform harm reduction efforts and policy creation.
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Wallace, Elliot, Li-Hui Chu, and Jason Ramirez. "An Examination of Relationships Between Mental Health Symptoms, Marijuana Use Motives, and Marijuana Use Outcomes Among Late Adolescents in Washington State." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.13.
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Adolescence is a critical period of development which can be affected by the initiation and escalation of marijuana use. Examining risk factors of marijuana misuse among adolescents is a public health priority. Previous research examining depression and anxiety as risk factors for marijuana use among young adults is mixed. Some studies found a positive relationship between mental health symptoms and marijuana use, while other studies have found gender-specific relationships or no relationship at all. Despite this research, little is known regarding mental health symptoms and marijuana use among adolescents. The aims of current analysis were to 1) examine associations between mental health symptoms and marijuana use behavior among adolescents, and 2) examine coping motives as a moderator of the relationship between mental health symptoms and marijuana outcomes. The current study included 170 late adolescents (15-18 years old, Mage = 16.86, SDage = 0.94, 50% female) recruited from Washington State. The sample was stratified by gender and marijuana use such that participants ranged from never using marijuana to reporting heavy, regular marijuana use. Participants were asked to complete three online assessments over the course of six months. Data described here come from the first online assessment. This included a 4-item measure of mental health symptoms (depression and anxiety) in the past 2 weeks, in addition to measures of marijuana use, marijuana-related consequences, and marijuana use motives. A series of initial linear regression models that controlled for age and sex found that mental health symptoms were not significantly associated with typical marijuana use (p > .05) but were significantly positively associated with marijuana-related consequences (β = 0.33, p < .001). Additional models that also included coping motives found that stronger endorsement of using marijuana to cope with negative affect was associated with more hours high in a typical week (β = 0.25, p < .05) and more marijuana-related consequences (β = 0.24, p < .05). There were no significant interactions between coping motives and mental health symptoms in predicting either marijuana use or consequences (ps > .05). The findings suggest that adolescents who report more mental health symptoms do not necessarily use more marijuana than those who report fewer symptoms, but may be at greater risk for experiencing negative consequences as a result of their usage. Additionally, the results suggest a stronger endorsement of using marijuana to cope with negative affect is related to greater marijuana use and risk for experiencing negative consequences. No evidence of moderation was found suggesting the relationships between mental health symptoms and marijuana use outcomes do not vary as a function of coping motives. Screening during adolescence for early signs of mental health symptoms to predict risk may be beneficial towards preventing negative outcomes and providing early interventions for marijuana misuse.
Reports on the topic "Perceived risk of cannabis use"
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Wiley, Jenny L., Camille K. Gourdet, and Brian F. Thomas. Cannabidiol: Science, Marketing, and Legal Perspectives. RTI Press, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.op.0065.2004.
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Recent loosening of legal restrictions on cannabis and its chemical constituents, including phytocannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), has led to rapid proliferation and wide availability of products containing CBD. Although using pure CBD does not result in THC-like intoxication, it is not risk-free. In this review, we examine CBD from scientific, marketing, and regulatory perspectives. Specifically, we evaluate the evidence used to support statements concerning CBD’s real and putative medical effects and discuss misleading information that has been used in marketing approaches. Also, we explore the current legal landscape surrounding CBD. We conclude that further research is necessary to clarify legitimate therapeutic effects of CBD. Federal regulation is also necessary to assure quality, safety, and efficacy of CBD products. Until new regulations are enacted to ensure purity and label accuracy, consumers should balance any perceived benefits of CBD use against potential risks associated with using products of unknown quality.
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Terry-McElrath, Yvonne, Megan Patrick, and Patrick O'Malley. Stability and change in perceived risk associations with binge drinking and marijuana use among US young adults: A national study, 1990-2016. Avondale Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/2027.42/154711.
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Hassan, Tarek A., Jesse Schreger, Markus Schwedeler, and Ahmed Tahoun. Country Risk. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp157.
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We construct new measures of country risk and sentiment as perceived by global investors and executives using textual analysis of the quarterly earnings calls of publicly listed firms around the world. Our quarterly measures cover 45 countries from 2002-2020. We use our measures to provide a novel characterization of country risk and to provide a harmonized definition of crises. We demonstrate that elevated perceptions of a country's riskiness are associated with significant falls in local asset prices and capital outflows, even after global financial conditions are controlled for. Increases in country risk are associated with reductions in firm-level investment and employment. We also show direct evidence of a novel type of contagion, where foreign risk is transmitted across borders through firm-level exposures. Exposed firms suffer falling market valuations and significantly retrench their hiring and investment in response to crises abroad. Finally, we provide direct evidence that heterogeneous currency loadings on global risk help explain the cross-country pattern of interest rates and currency risk premia.
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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara, and Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: May 2021 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccerplantpain3.
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Overview This is the third quarterly progress report for an ongoing living systematic review on cannabis and other plant-based treatments for chronic pain. The first progress report was published in January 2021 and the second in March 2021. The draft systematic review was available for public comment from May 19 through June 15, 2021, on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Health Care website. The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic pain, addressing concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. The purpose of this progress report is to describe the cumulative literature identified thus far. This report will be periodically updated with new studies as they are published and identified, culminating in an annual systematic review that provides a synthesis of the accumulated evidence. Main Points In patients with chronic (mainly neuropathic) pain with short-term treatment (4 weeks to <6 months): • Studies of cannabis-related products were grouped based on their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratio using the following categories: high THC to CBD, comparable THC to CBD, and low THC to CBD. • Comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray is probably associated with small improvements in pain severity and may be associated with small improvements in function. There was no effect in pain interference or serious adverse events. There may be a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea. • Synthetic THC (high THC to CBD) may be associated with moderate improvement in pain severity and increased risk of sedation, and large increased risk of nausea. Synthetic THC is probably associated with a large increased risk of dizziness. • Extracted whole-plant high THC to CBD ratio products may be associated with large increases in risk of withdrawal due to adverse events and dizziness. • Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, low THC to CBD ratio products (topical CBD), other cannabinoids (cannabidivarin), and comparisons with other active interventions was insufficient to draw conclusions. • Other key adverse event outcomes (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, cognitive deficits) and outcomes on the impact on opioid use were not reported. • No evidence on other plant-based compounds, such as kratom, met criteria for this review.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor