Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pepy I'

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plants exhibit a flexible array of morphological, physiological and biochemical adaptations during phosphorous limitation. Legumes are vulnerable to P deficiency, because it affects their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2). In particular, legumes from nutrient-poor ecosystems, such as the Fynbos in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) evolved on P deficient soils and may therefore display unique adaptations to soil P stress. In general, very few studies on legumes have focussed on the belowground structures of nodules as a plant organ. Moreover, even less is known about the P stressed responses in nodules from legumes in nutrient-poor ecosystems. The aim of this research was to investigate the metabolic flexibility of organic acid and amino acid metabolism in the nodulated root system of the Fynbos legume Virgilia divaricata, during low P stress. Virgilia divaricata, which grows in the Cape Floristic Region, was used in this study to enhance our knowledge regarding the vital role that the cytosolic enzyme, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays in phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) metabolism, in roots and nodules of this legume during phosphate stress. V. divaricata was grown under glasshouse conditions (20 - 25°C) in sterilized quartz sand for 2-3 months whilst being inoculated with the nitrogen fixation bacteria, Burkholderia phytofirmans, which was isolated from V. divaricata nodules grown in fynbos soil. Two phosphate treatments, 5 μM and 500 μM, were applied simulating low-phosphate and high phosphate conditions respectively using a modified Long Ashton Nutrient Solution to simulate a low nutrient ecosystem such as the Cape Floristic Region. Roots and nodules were then analysed for growth kinetics, nutrient acquisition and distribution, enzyme activity and genetic responses. It was shown that during phosphate deficiency, V. divaricata nodules experienced less Pi stress than roots, due to increased metabolic phosphate conservation reactions during organic acid synthesis via an increased PEPC activity. The increased PEPC activity resulted in an increase in downstream metabolic products such as organic acids, (malic acid and citric acid), and amino acids (glutamate, aspartate and asparagine). Although the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) declined, the high efficiency of BNF may be underpinned by these altered phosphate conservation pathways and enhanced resource allocation during growth particularly under low phosphate (LP) conditions. Therefore, it can be concluded that the efficiency of the nodules via an increased allocation of resources and P acquiring mechanisms in V. divaricata may be the key to the plant’s ability to adapt to poor P environments and thus sustaining its reliance on BNF. From the data obtained as well as previous findings, it has been established that the phosphate conservation mechanisms in roots and nodules, involve the non-adenylate requiring PEPC-bypass route. 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gave us a better understanding regarding the incorporation rates of the PEPCderived C into malate, α-ketoglutarate and asparagine. It therefore is suggested that V. divaricata nodules may use their large PEPC-derived malate pool to prevent large declines in BNF under low phosphate conditions. The nodules of V. divaricata were able to offset an excessive drop in BNF, despite a decline in inorganic phophosphate (Pi) levels. It therefore appears that nodules have evolved to acquire different mechanisms than roots to adapt to phosphate deficiency in order to maintain their function. This was achieved via increased regulation of nodule PEPC and its downstream products. This implies that compared to roots under low P, nodules alter the metabolism of PEPC derived C, in order to maintain nodule respiration and amino acid synthesis. This trait could be observed in the synthesis of larger 13C malate pools of nodules compared to roots, from PEPC, which was underpinned by their different regulation mechanisms of enzyme activity, of the same protein isoform. Since malate is a potent inhibitor of PEPC activity, roots appear to have invested in more PEPC protein compared to nodules. In contrast, nodules with lower PEPC protein, achieved greater enzyme activity than roots, possibly due to higher phosphorylation in order to reduce the malate effect. The subsequent metabolism of this PEPCderived malate, caused roots and nodules to synthesise asparagine via different pathways. These findings imply that roots and nodules under P stress, synthesise their major export amino acid, asparagine, via different routes. This research has generated new knowledge regarding the physiological impact of the organic and amino acid metabolism, derived from PEPC-C in the roots and nodules of legumes growing in nutrient poor ecosystems. It has demonstrated for the first time that the nodules of legume from a nutrient-poor ecosystem rely on improved resource allocation, Pi distribution, and PEPC-derived organic acids to maintain the efficient functioning of N assimilation under P stress. This may be a consequence of having evolved in a nutrient-poor ecosystem, so that nodule-bacteroid respiration and N metabolism can be maintained in P-poor soils such as the Fynbos.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens fosfaat stremming maak plante gebruik van buigsame kombinasies van morfologiese, fisiologiese en biochemiese aanpassings. Peulplante is sensitief vir fosfaat tekorte omdat dit die vermoë om atmosferiese stikstof te kan fikseer, grootliks beïnvloed. Peulplante vanuit ekosisteme met mineraal-arme gronde, soos Fynbos binne die Kaapse Blommeryk, het ontwikkel in grond met lae fosfaatvlakke en mag dus unieke aanpassings tot fosfaat tekorte toon. Oor die algemeen is daar baie min peulplant studies wat fokus op die ondergrondse strukture van wortelknoppies as ‘n plant orgaan. Nog minder inligting is beskikbaar oor wortelknoppies, van peulplante, vanuit mineraalarme ekosisteme, se reaksie teenoor ‘n fosfaat tekort. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die metaboliese buigsaamheid van organiese- en aminosuur metabolisme in die (nodulated) wortelknoppie-wortelstelsel van die Fynbos peulplant Virgilia divaricata, tydens fosfaat tekort te ondersoek. Virgilia divaricata wat voorkom in die Kaapse Blommeryk, was gebruik in hierdie studie om die huidige kennis te verbeter van die essensiële rol wat die sitisoliese ensiem, fosfo-enol piruvaat karboksilase (PEPC) in fosfo-enol piruvaat metabolisme tydens ‘n fosfaat tekort speel binne die wortels en wortelknoppies van hierdie peulplant. V. divaricata was gegroei onder glashuis toestande (20 - 25°C) in gesteriliseerde kwartssand vir 2-3 maande. Die plante was geïnokuleer met die stikstoffikserende bakterie, Burkholderia phytofirmans, wat geïsoleer is vanaf V. divaricata wortelknoppies wat in Fynbos grond gegroei is. Twee fosfaatbehandelings, 5μM and 500μM, was toegedien om lae en hoë fosfaat toestande, onderskeidelik, na te boots deur gebruik te maak van ‘n aangepasde Long Ashton voedingstofmengsel om ‘n ekosisteem, soos die Kaapse Blommeryk, met lae voedingstofvlakke na te boots. Die wortels en knoppies was geanaliseer ten opsigte van die groeikinetika, opname en verspreiding van voedingstowwe, ensiemaktiwiteit en genetiese aanpassings. Dis is bewys dat tydens fosfaat tekort V. divaricata wortelknoppies minder fosfaat stres ervaar as die wortels, as gevolg van die verhoogde metaboliese fosfaat bewaringsreaksies tydens organise suur sintese via die styging in PEPC aktiwiteit. Die styging in PEPC aktiwiteit lei tot ‘n verhoging in stroomaf metaboliese produkte soos organiese- (appel- en sitroënsuur) en aminosure (glutamaat, aspartaat en asparagien). Alhoewel biologiese stikstoffiksering verlaag het, kan die hoë doeltreffendheid daarvan ondersteun word deur díe aangepasde fosfaat bewarings weë asook verhoogde hulpbron toekenning tydens groei onder lae fosfaat omstandighede. Dit kan dus afgelei word dat die doeltreffendheid van die wortelknoppies via die verhoging in belegging van hulpbronne en fosfaat opname meganismes in V. divaricata moontlik die sleutel is tot die plant se vermoë om aan te pas tot omgewings met lae fosfaatvlakke en sodoende die afhanklikheid van biologiese stikstofbinding te kan onderhou. Data in hierdie as ook vorige studies, wys dat die fosfaat bewaringsmeganismes in wortels en wortelknoppies die PEPC-ompad roete, wat nie adenilaat benodig nie, gebruik. 13C NMR het meer lig gewerp aangaande die vaslegging van koolstof vanaf PEPC na malaat, α-ketoglutaraat en asparagien. Dit word voorgestel dat V. divaricata knoppies ‘n groot hoeveelheid malaat, afkomstig van PEPC-werking, gebruik om groot dalings in biologiese stikstofbinding tydens fosfaat tekort, te verhoed. Die wortelknoppies van V. divaricata kon ‘n oormatige verlaging in biologiese stikstofbinding voorkom ten spyte van die verlaging in fosfaatvlakke. Dit wil voorkom dat wortelknoppies ander meganismes as die wortels ontwikkel het om aan te pas tot fosfaat tekort en sodoende dus hul funksie behou. Dit word bereik deur ‘n verhoging in die regulering van PEPC en die stroomaf produkte in die wortelknoppies. Dit blyk dat wortelknoppies tydens fosfaat te kort, in vergelyking met wortels, die metabolisme van die koolstof vanaf PEPC verander om sodoende respirasie en aminosuursintese te onderhou. Dit wil voorkom dat hierdie meganismes verskil van die van wortel meganismes. Hierdie eienskap kan toegeskryf word aan die produksie van ‘n groter hoeveelheid van 13C malaat vanaf PEPC in die wortelknoppies teenoor die wortels, wat ondersteun word die verskillende reguleringsmeganismes van ensiemaktiwiteit van dieselfde proteïen isoform. Malaat is ‘n kragtige inhibeerder van PEPC-aktiwiteit, dus blyk dit dat die wortels belê in meer PEPC proteïene as die wortelknoppies. In teenstelling, toon die wortelknoppies met laer PEPC proteïene, ‘n hoër ensiem aktiwiteit as die wortels. Dit kan wees as gevolg van hoër fosforilasie om die effek van malaat te verlaag. Die metabolisme van die malaat vanaf PEPC het die sintese van asparagien in die wortels en wortelknoppies via verskillende roetes tot gevolg gehad. Dit impliseer dat tydens ‘n tekort aan fosfaat, wortels en wortelknoppies hul hoof uitvoer aminosuur, asparagien, deur verskillende roetes sintetiseer. Hierdie studie het nuwe kennis aangaande die fisiologiese impak van organiese- en aminosuur metabolisme met koolstof vanaf PEPC in die wortels en wortelknoppies van peulplante wat voorkom in ekosisteme met lae voedingstofvlakke, voortgebring. Vir die eerste keer is dit bewys dat die wortelknoppies vanaf peulplante wat voorkom in mineraal-arme ekosisteme, staatmaak op verbeterde hulpbron beleggings, fosfaat verspreiding en organiese sure vanaf PEPC om die doeltreffendheid van funksionele stikstofassimilasie tydens fosfaat tekort, te onderhou. Dit mag die gevolg wees van, om in ‘n voedingstof arme ekosisteem te ontwikkel sodat die wortelknoppiebakteroïed respirasie en stikstofmetabolisme onderhou kan word in fosfaat arme grond soos die Fynbos.

El presente trabajo de investigación propone la adaptación del modelo de negocio Family Office, recaudador de fondos de familiares/amigos que deseen invertir su dinero y obtener beneficio económico superior al costo de oportunidad. Asimismo, el objetivo es atender las necesidades de financiamiento de capital de trabajo para los microempresarios, personas naturales. La idea de negocio es colocar créditos a través de la empresa “PePe”, una forma de financiamiento ágil y de confianza; dirigida a microempresarios con poco acceso a fuentes de financiamiento, dispuestos a pagar intereses acorde a su necesidad e inmediatez de la transacción. En el análisis, evidenciamos que existe la oportunidad de generar negocios este segmento debido a su mentalidad emprendedora y a los volúmenes que constituyen este sector, que supera el millón de microempresarios en Lima. Asimismo, la experiencia y conocimiento de los socios en las áreas de Marketing, Recursos Humanos, Banca y Finanzas viabilizan una inversión a cinco años, sustentada en procesos ágiles aceptados por el cliente, gestión de talento humano de alto desempeño y una tasa interna de retorno superior al 50% con un VPN por encima de los 170 mil soles. Es por ello, creemos firmemente que el negocio será rentable considerando la desatención actual del nicho de mercado al que nos dirigimos, además del altísimo potencial y escalabilidad asociada al tamaño del mercado y a la tendencia digital, que crecen constantemente.
The present research project proposes the adaptation of the business model Family office, fundraiser of family / friends who wish to invest their money and obtain an economic benefit higher than the cost of the opportunity. Likewise, the objective is to meet the financing needs of working capital for micro entrepreneurs, natural persons. The business idea is a credit through the company "PePe", an agile and trustworthy form of financing; Directing micro entrepreneurs with little access to funding sources, to the interests of the transaction. In the analysis, we show that there is an opportunity to generate business in this segment due to its entrepreneurial mentality and the volumes that have become this sector, which exceeds one million micro entrepreneurs in Lima. Also, the experience and knowledge of the partners in the areas of Marketing, Human Resources, Banking and Finance through a five-year investment, based on the agile processes accepted by the client, the management of human talent and the rate of return. Greater than 50% with a VPN above 170 thousand soles. That is why we always believe that the business is profitable, the current market market disregard, the future potential and the scalability associated with the size of the market and the digital trend, which are constantly growing.
Tesis

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Florianópolis, 2009
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Através dos avanços da tecnologia tem-se buscado soluções para facilitar o trabalho do profissional assim como à assistência prestada ao paciente. Entretanto, muitas instituições ainda apresentam limitações por não conseguirem disponibilizar de maneira rápida e organizada registros de saúde do paciente como a prescrição e evolução de enfermagem que, junto com outras informações de responsabilidade da enfermagem, representam 50% de todo registro do paciente. Nesse sentido, propôs-se um framework capaz de centralizar, organizar e padronizar o registro e consulta de informações de prescrição e evolução de enfermagem com vistas a possibilitar o acesso por meio de dispositivos móveis. Para a definição do framework foi proposto uma arquitetura baseada em camadas, tornando o framework mais genérico, com isso, de mais fácil adaptabilidade às necessidades de ambientes variados. Possibilitou ainda acesso em tempo real dos registros dos pacientes. A demonstração da viabilidade do framework ocorreu por meio do desenvolvimento de um protótipo em uma instituição de saúde e através de treinamentos e questionários aplicados aos profissionais que avaliaram aspectos de usabilidade (avaliação de satisfação) e motivacional. O uso de dispositivos móveis possibilitou acesso rápido a informações simultaneamente, por qualquer profissional, de qualquer paciente em qualquer área que disponibilize acesso ao protótipo, respeitando o acesso e sigilo dessas informações. O framework obteve resultados promissores sendo caracterizado como muito interessante e eficiente com pontuações respectivamente de 31,43 e 32,86, em uma escala de 0 a 36. Obteve ainda índices de satisfação em 88,57% na facilidade de utilização e 85,71% na organização das informações apresentadas sendo que o grau de satisfação foi avaliado em 91,84%.
With the advance of technology new solutions have been proposed to support health professionals to assist their patients. However, many institutions do not make patient's health records available. Nursing evolution and prescription along with other types of nursing information represent 50% of all patient's data. Because of the dynamicity required by nursing tasks, the simultaneous access to this kind of information in any physical location in the institution is another problem that should be handled. Based on such issues, it was proposed a framework responsible for centralizing, organizing, and standardizing the gathering and searching for nursing evolution and prescription information. Moreover, this framework also intends to make this information available to mobile devices. It was developed a prototype to a health institution to demonstrate the viability, and questionnaires were applied to professionals onsite who assessed aspects related to usability and motivation. Due to the use of mobile devices, health professionals could access, respecting security issues, any patient's information any time and at any place simultaneously. The framework had promissory results and was characterized as very interesting and efficient with 31.43 and 32.86 scores respectively, in a 0 to 36 scale. The satisfaction index related to the usability aspect was 88.57% and 85.71% related to how information was presented. The overall satisfaction grade was 91.84%.

Andreas Johansson: Blos på svenska. Två låtar med Peps Persson. Uppsala: Musikvetenskap, 1998. C-uppsats (60 p). Hur låter amerikansk Chicagoblues framförd av en svensk bluesmusiker? Denna fråga har varit utgångspunkt för uppsatsen, för vilken syftet är att beskriva och jämföra likheter och skillnader mellan dagens Chicagoblues i Sverige och den ursprungliga amerikanska Chicagobluesen från 1950-talet. I uppsatsen jämförs två låtar från Peps Perssons skiva Rotblos (1997) med de låtar Peps använt som förlagor. Jag har valt att analysera låtarnas harmonik, form, ensemblespel, sångstil och text. När en musikgenre flyttas över från en kultur till en annan är ackulturationsprocessen en viktig beståndsdel. I Peps tolkningar är det svårt att hitta spår av någon annan musikform än bluesen. Den största skillnaden mellan förlaga och tolkning finns egentligen i Peps svenska texter. I dessa svenska versioner flyttar Peps låtarnas handling från USA till Skåne, men utan att förlora den ursprungliga innebörden.

Staphylococcus aureus is a remarkably successful pathogen, accounting for an estimated 95,000 invasive infections annually in the U.S. alone. The burden of MRSA infections on public healthcare continues to rise, particularly with the continued spread of antibiotic resistant strains and the hyper-virulent CA-MRSA strains. The pathogenic nature of S. aureus can be attributed to the cache of virulence factors encoded within the genome of this organism. Typically, these are secreted toxins which directly interact with the host during infection, and facilitate pathogenesis. A previous screen in our laboratory investigating proteases in S. aureus identified a mutant in aminopeptidase Z as being attenuated in disease causation. Classically aminopeptidases function in the bioactivation/inactivation of proteins; and/or the utilization of imported peptides for cellular nutrition. We therefore hypothesize that cells deficient in one of these two processes would have decreased fitness levels, resulting in reduced virulence. We therefore sought to explore the role of PepZ in S. aureus; either in the processing of exogenous oligopeptides for nutrition, or in protein bioactivation/inactivation, and protein stability. We determined that S. aureus strains deficient in PepZ are less viable when cultured under conditions of starvation or while in competition for nutrients with the parent strain, and does not appear to be peptide driven. Using protein analysis approaches we have identified PepZ externalization, suggesting a potential for the aminopeptidase beyond the confines of the cell membrane. Additionally, we have also identified a potential role for PepZ in protein stability in this organism. Lastly, we present the essential role for PepZ in S. aureus virulence.

PEPT (positron emission particle tracking) is a technique for tracking a small radioactive tracer in Lagrangian co-ordinates. The technique was used to study the flow patterns of non-Newtonian CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) solutions inside a vessel agitated by an axial flow impeller. The 'non-intrusive' PEPT technique uses two position-sensitive detectors to track a radioactive particle in space and time. The particle is labelled with a positron emitting isotope. Once emitted from the nucleus a positron annihilates with an electron releasing energy in the form of two 511 keV back-to-back gamma-rays travelling in opposite directions, 180 degrees apart. The tracer particle is introduced into the stirred vessel which is mounted between the two detectors of the positron camera. Three axial flow impellers produced by Lightnin Mixers Ltd were used to carry out the experiments. Results showed that the discharge from the three impellers was radial when agitating non-Newtonian viscous solutions of CMC. Trajectory analysis was used to compare the performance of the impellers using the agitation index and the efficiency of circulation. A limited number of experiments was carried out to compare the effect of baffles on the circulation of the fluids in a mixing tank. The results showed that mixing of these non-Newtonian liquids in an unbaffled tank is better than in a baffled tank when using axial flow impellers. Other experiments were carried out to suspend solid particles in viscous fluids. Results showed that the minimum speed required to suspend large particles is lower than that required to suspend small particles. There are many correlations and models in the literature to determine the minimum speed required to suspend all the particles in a fluid; some of these correlations and models were compared with experimental results from this work. The correlation of Zweitering (1958) agreed with experimental data after modification. The Geisler et al. (1993) model agreed with the data provided that the power consumption is correctly substituted. The last part of this work concerned the flow of non-Newtonian viscous materials through industrial equipment. Yoghurt was chosen as the test fluid as one of the companies sponsoring this project was Eden Vale, a yoghurt manufacturer. A method was proposed using rheological measurements to simulate the flow through the dispensing pipeline and distributing nozzles; this method allows the designer to predict the final properties of yoghurt after passing through the paching head. Measurements were also carried out to determine the final gel structure of yoghurt in the delivery pots. This data of this thesis is useful in designing stirred tanks when non-Newtonian fluid is present, either for agitation or when suspending solids. Also, a method was provided to design yoghurt manufacturing line.

An algorithm is presented which makes use of three-dimensional Voronoi tessellations to track up to 20 tracers using a PET scanner. The lines of response generated by the PET scanner are discretized into sets of equidistant points, and these are used as the input seeds to the Voronoi tessellation. For each line of response, the point with the smallest Voronoi region is located; this point is assumed to be the origin of the corresponding line of response. Once these origin points have been determined, any outliers are removed, and the remaining points are clustered using the DBSCAN algorithm. The centroid of each cluster is classified as a tracer location. Once the tracer locations are determined for each time frame in the experimental data set, a custom multiple target tracking algorithm is used to associate identical tracers from frame to frame. Since there are no physical properties to distinguish the tracers from one another, the tracking algorithm uses velocity and position to extrapolate the locations of existing tracers and match the next frame's tracers to the trajectories. A series of experiments were conducted in order to test the robustness, accuracy and computational performance of the algorithm. A measure of robustness is the chance of track loss, which occurs when the algorithm fails to match a tracer location with its trajectory, and the track is terminated. The chance of track loss increases with the number of tracers; the acceleration of the tracers; the time interval between successive frames; and the proximity of tracers to each other. In the case of two tracers colliding, the two tracks merge for a short period of time, before separating and become distinguishable again. Track loss also occurs when a tracer leaves the field of view of the scanner; on return it is treated as a new object. The accuracy of location of the algorithm was found to be slightly affected by tracer velocity, but is much more dependent on the distance between consecutive points on a line of response, and the number of lines of response used per time frame. A single tracer was located to within 1.26mm. This was compared to the widely accepted Birmingham algorithm, which located the same tracer to within 0.92mm. Precisions of between 1.5 and 2.0mm were easily achieved for multiple tracers. The memory usage and processing time of the algorithm are dependent on the number of tracers used in the experiment. It was found that the processing time per frame for 20 tracers was about 15s, and the memory usage was 400MB. Because of the high processing times, the algorithm as is is not feasible for practical use. However, the location phase of the algorithm is massively parallel, so the code can be adapted to significantly increase the efficiency.

The primary contributor to Vibrio fischeri aminopeptidase activity is aminopeptidase N, PepN. Colonization assays revealed the pepN mutant strain to be deficient at forming dense aggregates and populating the host’s light organ compared to wildtype within the first 12 hours of colonization; however the mutant competed normally at 24 hours. To address the role of PepN in colonization initiation and establish additional phenotypes for the pepN mutant strain, stress response and other physiological assays were employed. Marked differences were found between pepN mutant and wildtype strain in response to salinity, acidity, and antibiotic tolerance. This study has provided a foundation for future work on identifying a putative role for V. fischeri PepN in regulating stress response.

La cryptococcose est une infection opportuniste grave, associée à un taux de mortalité élevé en dépit d’un traitement antifongique adéquat. Dans un modèle murin de cryptococcose disséminée, les souris survivantes à l'inoculation d'une dose habituellement mortelle de Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) ont majoritairement développé une réponse humorale contre une aspartyl protéase (PEP1). Nous avons évalué si une vaccination avec rPep1 et/ou une sérothérapie avec des anticorps anti-PEP1 pouvaient modifier le cours de l'infection.Par comparaison à une mortalité de 100 % chez les témoins, la vaccination de souris avec la protéine recombinante rPep1 avant l'inoculation des Cn permettait de prolonger leur survie et de diminuer leur charge fongique. Le vaccin thérapeutique basé sur une seule injection de rPep1 chez des souris préalablement infectées a prolongé leur survie, avec un contrôle partiel à total de leur infection dans les tissus. Le traitement de souris avec 1 injection d’anti-PEP1 7 jours après inoculation des Cn a permis de prolonger leur survie (effet dépendant de la souche de Cn, de l’Acm testé, du moment et de la dose administrée) par rapport aux souris traitées avec un Acm non pertinent. Les différents anti-PEP1 testés reconnaissaient plusieurs épitopes, n'ont pas démontré de capacité opsonisantes mais ont pu influencer la croissance de C. neoformans. L'expression in vivo du gène PEP1 était différente selon la souche inoculée, quel que soit le stade de la maladie et nous avons prouvé que PEP1 était sécrété dans le compartiment extracellulaire en association avec le développement de l'infection, suggérant pour PEP1, un rôle de possible biomarqueur
Cryptococcosis is a severe opportunistic infection associated with a 20 % mortality rate despite adequate antifungal therapy. In a relevant murine model of disseminated cryptococcosis, mice that survive the inoculation of a usually lethal challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) were more likely to develop a delayed and monospecific antibody response against an aspartyl protease (PEP1). We assessed whether vaccination with rPep1 and/or serotheray with anti-PEP1 antibodies could alter the course of the infection. Compared to 100 % mortality rate in control mice, active immunization with recombinant protein rPep1 prior to Cn inoculation was associated with prolonged survival and decreased fungal burden. Therapeutic vaccine based on a single injection of rPep1 in mice previously infected provided prolonged survival with partial to total control of the infection of tissues. Passive serotherapy with 1 injection of anti-PEP1 Mabs 7 days after Cn inoculation led to a prolonged survival (dependent on the Cn strain, the Mab tested, the timing and the Mab dose) compared to mice treated with an irrelevant Mab. Anti-PEP1 Mabs have recognized different epitopes, have not demonstrated opsonisation capacity but were able to impact the growth of C. neoformans. The in vivo expression of the gene PEP1 was different depending on the inoculated strain, irrespective of the stage of the disease and we proved that Pep1 was secreted into the extracellular compartment in association with the development of infection, suggesting a possible role as biomarker for PEP1. These results suggest that immunomodulation with PEP1 or anti-PEP1 may be of benefit during disseminated cryptococcosis

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
A necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimicrobianos cresce ? medida que se torna maior a resist?ncia de microrganismos aos antibi?ticos usualmente empregados. Nesse sentido, os pept?deos antimicrobianos (PAMs) surgem como uma excelente alternativa para o desenvolvimento de novos antibi?ticos. O presente trabalho prop?s a s?ntese do pept?deo antimicrobiano LyeTx-I para estudos de mecanismo de a??o em membranas bacterianas, empregando diferentes t?cnicas biof?sicas e estruturais. O pept?deo LyeTx-I, composto por 24 res?duos de amino?cidos, foi isolado pela primeira vez do veneno de aracn?deos da esp?cie Lycosa erythrognata. Utilizando como t?cnicas principais a ITC e a RMN para obten??o de par?metros cin?ticos, termodin?micos e da intera??o pept?deo-membrana, foi poss?vel avaliar a rela??o estrutura e atividade do pept?deo LyeTx-I. Foram utilizadas ainda, t?cnicas complementares de CD, extravasamento de CF, fluoresc?ncia de Trp, DLS e, potencial zeta para obter informa??es adicionais acerca do modo de intera??o do pept?deo. Observou-se a predomin?ncia de conforma??o helicoidal do pept?deo LyeTx-I, tanto em meios biomim?ticos zwitteri?nicos, quanto em meios ani?nicos. Em meios ani?nicos, observou-se maior conte?do de ?-h?lice, bem como maior constante de intera??o, enquanto que em presen?a de ambientes zwitteri?nicas foram observadas menor helicidade e constante de intera??o. Os dados termodin?micos, obtidos para ambos os meios, mostraram que o processo de intera??o pept?deo-membrana ? dirigido principalmente pela componente entr?pica, uma vez que a componente ent?lpica ? menor. Os dados estruturais e termodin?micos foram coerentes com os demais estudos biof?sicos. Foi observada a partir da an?lise de extravasamento de CF maior capacidade de forma??o de poros no meio ani?nico. Os dados de fluoresc?ncia intr?nseca de Trp e de supress?o de fluoresc?ncia por acrilamida mostraram maior mudan?a de ambiente qu?mico para apolar, do res?duo de Trp-2, quando em presen?a de meio biomim?tico ani?nico. Dessa forma, o pept?deo apresenta maior capacidade de permeabilizar a membrana ani?nica. Al?m disso, o estudo comparativo entre os meios zwitteri?nicos e ani?nicos, permitiu verificar que, embora a intera??o eletrost?tica seja importante para a intera??o pept?deo-membrana, a permeabiliza??o do LyeTx-I na membrana fosfolip?dica ? fundamental para a lise celular. Dessa forma, este estudo mostra que o pept?deo LyeTx-I apresenta elevada prefer?ncia por intera??o com bicamadas fosfolip?dicas ani?nicas, o que faz dele um potencial agente bactericida.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Qu?mica, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The demand for the development of new antimicrobial agents increases in line with the resistance of microorganisms to the antibiotics usually employed. In this sense, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear as an alternative to the classical antibiotics. The present work proposed the synthesis of the antimicrobial peptide LyeTx-I for studies of mechanism of action in bacterial membranes using a set of biophysical and structural techniques. LyeTx-I peptide is composed of 24 amino acid residues and was isolated for the first time from the venom of the Lycosa erythrognata arachnid species. In order to evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the LyeTx-I, we have employed ITC and NMR as main techniques to obtain the kinetic, thermodynamic and structural parameters of the peptide-membrane interaction. Complementary measurements of CD, CF extravasation, Trp fluorescence, DLS and zeta potential were also used as additional information about the mode of action of the peptide. The ?-helical conformation of the LyeTx-I peptide was observed either in presence of zwitterionic and anionic biomimetic media. Nevertheless, a higher ?-helix content and interaction constant was observed for LyeTx-I in all anionic media when compared to the zwitterionic environments. The thermodynamic data gathered in both media, showed that the peptide-membrane interaction is driven mainly by the entropic contributions, since the enthalpic component is smaller. The structural and thermodynamic data were consistent with the complementary biophysical experiments. It was observed from the CF extravasation a greater capacity of pore formation in the anionic medium. Intrinsic Trp fluorescence showed also a greater change of the residue of Trp-2 to the apolar chemical environment in the presence of anionic biomimetic medium. In this way, the peptide presents a higher capacity to permeabilize the anionic membrane. In addition, the comparative study between the zwitterionic and anionic media, reveals that, although the electrostatic interaction is important to the peptide-membrane interaction, the permeabilization of the LyeTx-I peptide in the phospholipid membrane is fundamental for the cellular lysis. Finally, the study clearly shows the high preference of LyeTx-I for interacting anionic phospholipid bilayers, which makes it a potential bactericidal agent.

Chez les plantes de type c#4, la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ec 4. 1. 1. 31, pepc) catalyse la fixation photosynthetique primaire du co#2 dans les cellules du mesophylle. Son activite est soumise a deux niveaux de controle: i) metabolique, par des metabolites photosynthetiques (l-malate, retro-inhibiteur ; glucose 6-p et trioses-p, activateurs allosteriques), ii) covalent par phosphorylation d'une serine du domaine n-terminal (n 8 chez le sorgho). Une etude generale des relations structure/fonction de la pepc-c#4 a ete entreprise afin de preciser les bases moleculaires de la regulation covalente. La mutagenese dirigee a permis de modifier certains acides amines consensus du site de phosphorylation de la pepc-c#4 recombinante de sorgho. L'introduction d'une charge negative en position 8, le remplacement de la proline 18 par une alanine ou l'interaction de la proteine sauvage avec un anticorps specifique du site de phosphorylation, modifient la sensibilite au l-malate de la pepc de facon similaire a la phosphorylation. Par ailleurs, une pepc-kinase de feuilles de mais partiellement purifiee phosphoryle une threonine, mais non une tyrosine, substituees a la serine 8. Le couple acide-base consensus (glutamate4-arginine5) est implique dans la reconnaissance de la pepc par la proteine-kinase. Enfin la cristallisation de la pepc-c#4 a debute et les premiers cristaux ont ete obtenus. Differentes techniques de purification ont ete developpees afin de caracteriser la pepc-kinase (pepc-k) responsable de la phosphorylation de la pepc in vivo. Apres purification partielle, deux types d'activite pepc-k sont mesurees dans les extraits proteiques: bk dependante du magnesium et de l'atp, et cdpk necessitant de plus la presence du calcium. Selon la technique utilisee, les proportions relatives des deux types de pepc-k varient, et la cdpk semble etre co-purifiee avec la pepc. Les deux enzymes phosphorylent la proteine cible sur la serine regulatrice et sont toutes deux presentes dans les cellules de mesophylle, ce qui rend l'authentification de la pepc-k physiologique difficile. D'autre part, l'utilisation des protoplastes de cellules de mesophylle de sorgho a permis d'etablir que le calcium et l'alcalinisation du ph cytosolique sont des elements de la chaine de transduction du signal lumineux conduisant a la phosphorylation de la pepc. Nous avons etudie les proprietes de la pepc-c#4 in vitro, dans des milieux reconstitues simulant l'environnement de l'enzyme dans le cytoplasme de cellules de mesophylle. Combines, la phosphorylation et le glucose 6-phosphate, a ph 7,3, augmente fortement la valeur d'ic#5#0 pour le malate de la pepc (15 mm), permettant ainsi a l'enzyme de fonctionner en presence de fortes concentrations en son retro-inhibiteur. Ces metabolites controlent egalement la vitesse de phosphorylation de la pepc. Ainsi, l'activite de la pepc-c#4 resulterait in vivo, de l'interaction reciproque entre les regulations covalente et metabolique. In vitro, la pepc-c#3 racinaire recombinante est phosphorylee par les pepc-kinases de feuilles et de racines, et par la sous-unite catalytique de la proteine-kinase dependante de l'ampc de buf sur le site n-terminal regulateur. L'activite de la pepc-kinase racinaire varie en fonction de l'alimentation azotee et devient maximale lorsque les plantes carencees en azote sont realimentees en ions ammoniums. Il semble donc que cette forme de pepc-c#3 pourrait etre regulee par phosphorylation, contribuant ainsi a la coordination des metabolismes carbone et azote dans la racine de sorgho

The morphological investigation of AFR-PEPA-N and the development of a new polyimide have been established herein. AFR-PEPA-N is an imide oligomer that was created out of the need to attain a high temperature polyimide that is also resistant to hygrothermal and thermooxidative degradation. Previously, AFR700B was implemented in aerospace applications, but it was found to be hygrothermally unstable. It experienced a severe drop in its glass transition temperature and composite blistering. AFR700B was improved upon, by altering the chemical structure of the polyimide. The nadic end-cap was removed and replaced by a more hydrolytically stable end-cap. However this phenylethynyl-terminated end-group could possibly create semi-crystallinity or liquid-crystalline characteristics within the polymer. Previous research suggests further study of the relationships between AFR-PEPA-N's oligomer crystallinity and the properties of phenylethynyl-terminated polyimides. This understanding is valuable in processing AFR-PEPA-N by resin transfer molding (RTM) to obtain its optimum properties. The investigation included the identification of a processing window, temperature overlap between the melting of residual crystals and crosslinking reactions, and liquid crystallinity behavior. These reactions were investigated primarily through birefringence. The residual crystals were found to be innate in the oligomer powder and not created by preliminary thermal processing. Therefore a reasonable processing window was found based upon the reduction of crystal size by appropriate dissolution techniques. Possible nematic liquid-crystalline characteristics were found to be present at 360oC. A new imide oligomer, which was based upon AFR-PEPA-N's original structure, was synthesized. The non-linear, flourinated backbone of AFR-PEPA-N was replaced with a co-linear backbone, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). These modifications were made in hopes to improve upon the network structure by it becoming more regular and resistance to nano-sized defects in the final crosslinked structure. The initial characterization found that the new polyimide, AFR-P3, displayed a cure temperature at 350oC. The degree of cure reaches about 80 to 90 percent complete based upon the consumption of the carbon-triple bond. AFR-P3 did not show signs of liquid-crystalline behavior. However, there will be future work in creating a more rigid-rod, self-assembling oligomer that can attain optimum thermal and mechanical properties.

This thesis is situated in three fields of academic research. The first is the on-going reconceptualization of early modern political history conducted under the title of ‘post-revisionism’. Within this field of research, Jurgen Habermas’s notion of an emergent public sphere has proven a key, if contested, heuristic in the production of a more expansive and inclusive political field. The next field is Restoration studies. Whilst this period has enjoyed a much-heralded renaissance of interest in the past quarter century, this has largely bypassed its opening decade, the focus of this study. Finally, this thesis is an intervention in the field of Pepys studies: an extensive corpus of work spanning the academic-popular divide, and extending across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Despite this continued interest in Pepys, there has been no recent study focusing on his participation in the public sphere identified by recent research. This thesis then brings these fields of inquiry together in an attempt to raise questions about all three. In particular it examines questions of space and practice, agency and publicity, and identity and identification. Whilst this study confirms the post-revisionist notion of an expansive field of political discourse, it emphasizes different features of this space than those that have dominated recent research. First it suggests the need for a reconfiguration of public space, alternative modes of publicity and a more hierarchical understanding of interactions within it. Next, in the place of an inclusive and anonymous public, it emphasizes the exclusionary and disciplinary nature of the public and operation of the public sphere. Finally it emphasizes Pepys’ position as not merely spectator of, or participant in this public space/public, but also, increasingly, as its object or effect.

Trade-off between security and performance has become an intriguing area in recent years in both the security and performance communities. As the security aspects of security protocol research is fully- edged, this thesis is therefore devoted to conducting a performance study of these protocols. The long term objective is to translate formal de nitions of security protocols to formal performance models automatically, then analysing by relevant techniques. In this thesis, we take a preliminary step by studying five typical security protocols, and exploring the methodology of construction and analysis of their models by using the Markovian process algebra PEPA. Through these case studies, an initial framework of performance analysis of security protocol is established. Firstly, a key distribution centre is investigated. The basic model su ers from the commonly encountered state space explosion problem, and so we apply some efficient solution techniques, which include model reduction techniques and ordinary di fferential equation based fluid flow analysis. Finally, we evaluate a utility function for this secure key exchange model. Then, we explore two non-repudiation protocols. Mean value analysis has been applied here for a class of PEPA models, and it is compared with an ODE approximation. After that, an optimistic nonrepudiation protocol with off-line third trust party is studied. The PEPA model has been formulated using a concept of multi-threaded servers with functional rates. The nal case study is a cross-realm Kerberos protocol. A simplified technique of aggregation with an ODE approximation is performed to do efficient cient analysis. All these modelling and analysis methods are illustrated through numerical examples.

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When the field is the 'Rio Beach of Pepê' and the 'Social Uses of the Body' in the form of 'distinction' in relation to social classes in the construction of the aesthetic disposition with regard to taste, consumption, lifestyle and class habits. Through this 'field study', I tried to capture the representations that individuals make of their bodies in the ' Rio Beach of Pepê ' to confront the reality presented to me on that beach space investigated. With that sought to establish whether there is a social imaginary of the 'body' and how this imagery appears in this space from the beach.
Quando o campo é a 'Praia Carioca do Pepê' e os 'Usos Sociais do Corpo', a forma de 'distinção' em relação às classes sociais na construção da disposição estética, no gosto, consumo, estilo de vida e nos hábitos de classe. Através deste 'estudo de campo', procurei captar as representações que os indivíduos fazem de seus corpos na 'Praia Carioca do Pepê' ao confrontar com a realidade apresentada a mim nesse espaço da praia investigado. Com isso busquei averiguar se existe um imaginário social do 'corpo' e como esse imaginário aparece nesse espaço da praia.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Ureases (urea amidohydrolases, EC 3.5.1.5) are nickel-dependent enzymes, widely spread in bacteria, fungi and plants, which catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Jaburetox is a peptide derived from a urease isoform of the Canavalia ensiformis plant. Structurally, jaburetox is an intrinsically disordered peptide, demonstrated by bioinformatics tools, and experimentally, by circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Several biological properties of jaburetox have already been described, such as insecticidal activity, ability to interact with lipid bilayers, fungitoxic effect, among others. Soyuretox is a peptide colinear to jaburetox derived from the soybean ubiquitous urease. One of the objectives of this thesis was to carry out structural studies of the soyuretox peptide by CD and NMR, which revealed its intrinsically disordered nature and that its secondary structure content is modified in the presence of SDS micelles. Biological properties of soyuretox were evaluated. The peptide has entomotoxic activity, inducing aggregation of hemocytes from Rhodnius prolixus, the vector of Chagas disease, both in vivo and in vitro. The fungitoxic effect of soyuretox on yeast Candida albicans involves the production of superoxide anions, and the peptide was immunolocalized on the surface of the yeast. Finally, the behavioral and morphological effects of soyuretox on zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) were evaluated, aiming to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of toxic action and the toxicological profile of this molecule, which presents biotechnological potential as a biopesticide.
Ureases (ureia amido-hidrolases; EC 3.5.1.5) s?o enzimas n?quel dependentes, amplamente distribu?das em bact?rias, fungos e plantas, que catalisam a hidr?lise da ureia ? am?nia e di?xido de carbono. O jaburetox ? um pept?deo derivado de uma isoforma de urease da planta Canavalia ensiformis. Estruturalmente, o jaburetox ? um pept?deo intrinsecamente desordenado, demonstrado por ferramentas in silico de bioinform?tica, e experimentalmente, por dicro?smo circular (CD) e resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN). Diversas propriedades biol?gicas do jaburetox j? foram descritas, tais como atividade inseticida, capacidade de interagir com bicamadas lip?dicas, efeito fungit?xico, dentre outras. O soyuretox ? um pept?deo colinear ao jaburetox, por?m derivado da urease ub?qua de soja. Um dos objetivos dessa tese foi realizar estudos estruturais do pept?deo soyuretox por CD e RMN, que revelaram sua natureza intrinsecamente desordenada e aumento no conte?do de estrutura secund?ria na presen?a de micelas de SDS. Propriedades biol?gicas do soyuretox foram avaliadas. O pept?deo tem atividade entomot?xica, induzindo agrega??o de hem?citos de Rhodnius prolixus, o vetor da doen?a de Chagas, tanto in vivo como in vitro. O efeito fungit?xico do soyuretox na levedura Candida albicans envolve a produ??o de ?nions super?xido, sendo o pept?deo imunolocalizado ligado na superf?cie da levedura. Por fim, foram avaliados os efeitos comportamentais e morfol?gicos do soyuretox em larvas de zebrafish (Danio rerio), visando aprofundar o entendimento do mecanismo de a??o t?xica e o perfil toxicol?gico dessa mol?cula, que apresenta potencial biotecnol?gico como biopesticida.

Le projet concerne l’etude des roles de la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase dans les graines et feuilles d’arabidopsis thaliana. Une approche genetique a ete choisie pour rechercher les fonctions de l’enzyme in vivo. Les quatre genes atppc sont exprimes simultanement dans differents organes vegetaux, atppc1-2 et atppc3 etant majoritairement exprimes respectivement dans les organes reproducteurs et dans les racines. Le mutant d’insertion pour atppc2 presente un phenotype macroscopique de retard de croissance. L’activite pepc et sa sensibilite au malate ont ete mesurees au cours du developpement de la graine d’a. Thaliana. La pepc serait impliquee dans la fourniture de squelettes carbones pour la synthese des reserves et leur mobilisation a la germination. Des lignees transformees avec un adnc de pepc c4 ont une activite pepc augmentee dans les graines, due a l’isoforme c4, qui n’a pas d’effet sur le poids, les teneurs en azote et en carbone total ou les profils de proteines. L’augmentation d’activite pepc est correlee negativement aux contenus en acides gras abondants, en acides organiques et en saccharose. Au niveau des feuilles, l’activite enzymatique dans les plantes transgeniques peut diminuer jusqu’a 25 %. La cosuppression est d’autant plus forte que l’activite dans les graines est elevee. La diminution de l’enzyme est correlee a une diminution de la teneur en malate, fumarate et glutamine, confirmant la fonction anaplerotique de l’enzyme. En condition normale de culture, les plantes transgeniques n’ont pas de phenotype macroscopique mais, sur lithium, elles montrent un retard de croissance plus prononce que les plantes temoins
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is a central enzyme in plant metabolism. This work concerns its physiological roles, investigated by a genetic approach in seeds and leaves of a c3 plant, arabidopsis thaliana. The four genes atppc are co-expressed in different plant organs and expression of atppc1-2 and atppc3 is greater in reproductive organs and roots, respectively. Growth delay phenotype was obtained with t-dna insertion mutant in atppc2 gene. Pepc activity and malate sensibility were measured during seed development. Enzymatic activity is elevated at the beginning of seed filling and at the end of development, malate sensibility increase during seed maturation. Pepc could be involved in furnishing carbon skeleton to storage compounds synthesis and in remobilising storage compounds for germination. Transgenic plants, expressing a cdna coding for pepc c4, have elevated seeds pepc activity linked to a large quantity of c4 isoform. No effect was determined on seed weight, on nitrogen and carbon content or on soluble protein profiles. A negative correlation links the increase of pepc activity to fatty acids, organic acids and sucrose contents. In transgenic plants leaves, pepc activity is diminished as far as 25 % of controls activity. Cosuppression is even more pronounced as seed activity is elevated. Pepc decrease is correlated to a decrease of malate, fumarate and glutamine contents, confirming anaplerotic function of pepc. In standard culture conditions, transgenic plants have no macroscopic phenotype but show a more pronounced growth delay than controls during a lithium stress

To improve the existing methods based on phenotype and/or genotype a new genotyping method was investigated to identify Lactobacillus species.
The method used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific sequences of aminopeptidase (pepN) genes. The primers for the PCR reactions derived from a pepN sequence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus S93. PepN amplification products of 387 bp were obtained from forty three Lactobacillus strains and from some strains of Lactococcus (3), Streptococcus (2) and Bifidobactertium (5).
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP) methods were used to detect polymorphisms among amplified aminopeptidase DNA fragments from the different Lactobacillus strains.
The results of RFLPs after digestions with Sau3A I, Rsa I and Tru9 I confirmed that the PCR products were specific. According to the fingerprints generated, Lactobacillus species tested could be grouped in four.
SSCP allowed a good discrimination between different pepN PCR products of the same size. Some Lactobacillus strains, Lb. plantarum and Lb. rhamnosus showed the different ssDNA patterns. Though for many strains of Lactobacillus the SSCP patterns were similar, no general comparison can be made because all the samples were not loaded on the same SSCP polyacrylamide gel. The SSCP, PCR-based method can be easily modified to increase the rate of polymorphism detection.
This new genetic identification method is different from others because it uses specific pepN DNA sequences for each strain tested and it uses SSCP to detect the presence of polymorphisms. The method is also applicable to other genera of lactic acid bacteria.

Die Entwicklung von verzweigten Blechstrukturen, die mit Hilfe der innovativen Verfahren Spaltprofilieren und Spaltbiegen hergestellt werden, erfordert eine Erweiterung des verwendeten Produktentwicklungsansatzes. Im Sonderforschungsbereich 666 wurde dafür der Algorithmen-basierte Produktentwicklungsprozess eingeführt. Im Unterschied zu etablierten Produktentwicklungsprozessen, werden mathematische Optimierungsalgorithmen mit Randbedingungen aus den formalisierten Anforderungen wie Bauraumrestriktionen oder Lasten verwendet, um optimierte verzweigte Blechstrukturen zu entwickeln. Da in der mathematischen Optimierung nicht alle Informationen aus der Fertigung berücksichtigt werden können, müssen die optimierten verzweigten Blechstrukturen fertigungsgerecht optimiert werden. Dazu wird in diesem Beitrag zunächst ein Fertigungsrestriktionsmodell eingeführt. Basierend auf den gewonnen Erkenntnissen aus dem Modell wird dann ein Ansatz zur teilautomatisierten fertigungsorientierten Optimierung von verzweigten Blechstrukturen eingeführt und anhand eines Beispiels validiert.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses e parcelamentos da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura na produção e teor de macronutrientes de frutos imaturos de abobrinha-demoita. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, com treze tratamentos, no esquema fatorial 4x3+1, com quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (62,5; 125,0; 187,5; 250,0 kg ha-1 de N), três parcelamentos (1 6 ⁄ + 1 3 ⁄ + 1 2 ⁄ ; 1 4 ⁄ + 1 2 ⁄ + 1 4 ⁄ e 1 3 ⁄ + 1 3 ⁄ + 1 3 ⁄ ) e um tratamento sem adubação em cobertura (dose zero), com quatro repetições. Os experimentos 1 e 2 foram conduzidos no ano de 2014 e 2015, respectivamente. Foram avaliados número de frutos total e comercial por planta, produção (g planta-1) total e comercial, comprimento, diâmetro e massa média de fruto comercial. Apenas no experimento 2 foi avaliado o teor de macronutrientes nos frutos. No experimento 1, o parcelamento 1 4 ⁄ + 1 2 ⁄ + 1 4 ⁄ proporcionou maior número de frutos total e comercial. No experimento 2, o aumento das doses nos parcelamentos 1 6 ⁄ + 1 3 ⁄ + 1 2 ⁄ e 1 3 ⁄ + 1 3 ⁄ + 1 3 ⁄ proporcionou incremento linear na produço de frutos total e comercial. A ordem decrescente de teores de macronutrientes nos frutos imaturos, foi de K>N>P>Ca>Mg>S.

Strategic procurement items, including complex engineered equipment and systems essential for project performance, are frequently designed, manufactured, and delivered by suppliers who are outside the circle of cooperation between owner, engineer, and contractor. When suppliers are excluded from the design and planning stages of a project, much of the knowledge needed for successful design and integration is lost or underutilized. This research was done as part of a Construction Industry Institute sponsored project to develop and quantify a step change to the EPC process that will bring the supplier into the circle of cooperation between the owner, engineer, and contractor. The result was a step change entitled PEpC (Procure, Engineer, procure, and Construct). This research also sought to provide implementation guidelines for the recommended step change. Through an examination of the literature, a survey of industry experts, and the review of four case studies, this research found that PEpC, the step change recommended by the Construction Industry Institute research team, may reduce both the time and cost required to complete a project. The anticipated savings in project duration is expected to fall between 10 and 15 percent, while the anticipated reduction in project direct labor cost is expected to fall between 4 and 8 percent.
Master of Science

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
No Brasil, ? grande a incid?ncia de animais pe?onhentos, dentre os quais se destacam os escorpi?es por sua import?ncia m?dica, sendo sua pe?onha fonte de diversas subst?ncias qu?micas com atividades biol?gicas e farmacol?gicas ainda n?o compreendidas, incluindo diversos pept?deos bioativos. Pept?deos antimicrobianos (PAMs) s?o componentes do sistema imune de procariotos e eucariotos utilizados como primeira linha de defesa contra micro-organismos. No presente trabalho, foi caracterizado o primeiro PAM do escorpi?o Tityus stigmurus, nomeado Stigmurina, previamente identificado por meio do transcriptoma da gl?ndula de veneno desta esp?cie. As caracter?sticas da Stigmurina foram investigadas por modelagem computacional e constru??o de dendrograma. Al?m disso, as caracter?sticas estruturais da Stigmurina foram investigadas por dicro?smo circular em ?gua, em 2, 2, 2- trifluoethanol (TFE) e em dodecil sulfato de s?dio (SDS) e os modelos refinados por simula??es de din?mica molecular. Testes in vitro foram empregados para investigar a atividade antibacteriana, antif?ngica, hemol?tica e citot?xica do veneno bruto e da Stigmurina. Os resultados mostraram que a sequ?ncia selecionada codifica uma prote?na madura com 17 res?duos de amino?cidos e o dendrograma revela um caso de converg?ncia evolutiva. Os espectros de dicro?smo demonstraram flexibilidade conformacional, predominando estrutura estendida e ??folha, al?m de not?vel capacidade de renatura??o. A pe?onha bruta n?o apresentou atividade relevante nos testes antimicrobianos para as concentra??es testadas. No entanto, a Stigmurina mostrou um amplo espectro de atividade antibacteriana, com concentra??es inibit?rias m?nimas (CIMs) entre 31,25?g/mL a 250 ?g/mL para diferentes micro-organismos, enquanto que os resultados para a avalia??o da atividade hemol?tica nestas concentra??es foram baixas. Nos estudos de citotoxicidade, a pe?onha bruta foi incapaz de reduzir a viabilidade celular em c?lulas VERO E6, por?m sua toxicidade em c?lulas SiHa foi significativamente superior, correspondendo a uma IC50 de 3,6 ?g/mL. J? nos testes com a Stigmurina, as concentra??es capazes de reduzir a viabilidade celular das c?lulas VERO E6 e SiHa em 50% foram de 275,67 ?g/mL e 212,54 ?g/mL, respectivamente.Os resultados sugerem que a Stigmurina poder ser considerada como um potencial medicamento anti-infeccioso.
In Brazil, there is a high incidence of venomous animals. Among them, scorpions are highlighted by their medical importance, and for being their venom a source of several molecules with biological and pharmacological activity not yet fully understood, including several bioactive peptides. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are components of the immune system in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, used in the first line of defense against microorganisms. In the present study, we characterized the first PAM previously identified through transcriptome of the venom gland of the scorpion Tityus stigmurus, named Stigmurin. The characteristics of Stigmurin were investigated by computational modeling and construction of dendrogram. In vitro tests investigated the antibacterial, antifungal, haemolytic and cytotoxic effects of crude venom and Stigmurin. In addition, the structural characteristics of Stigmurin were investigated by circular dochroism in water, 2, 2 , 2- trifluoethanol (TFE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the models were refined by molecular dynamics simulations. The results showed that the selected sequence encodes a mature protein of 17 amino acid residues and the dendrogram reveals a case of convergent evolution. The crude venom showed no antimicrobial activity, however, Stigmurin exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 31.25 and 250 ?g/mL for different strains, while the hemolytic activity at these concentrations was low. In cytotoxicity studies, the crude venom was unable to reduce cell viability in VERO E6 cells; in contrast, its activity in SiHa cells was significantly higher, corresponding to IC50 of 3.6 ?g/mL. For Stigmurin the concentration sable to decrease cell viability of Vero E6 and SiHa cells in 50% were 275.67 ?g/mL and 212.54 ?g/mL, respectively. The dichroism spectra revealed the conformational flexibility, with predominating extended and ??sheet structures, as well as a remark able renaturation ability. The results suggest that Stigmurin could be considered as a potential antiinfective drug

The PepQ prolidase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the hydrolysis of dipeptide substrates with proline residues at the C-terminus. The PepQ gene has been cloned, overexpressed and the enzyme purified to homogeneity. The kcat and kcat/Km values for the hydrolysis of Met-Pro are 109 s-1 and 8.4 x 105 M-1 s-1, respectively. The enzyme also catalyzes the stereoselective hydrolysis of organophosphate triesters and organophosphonate diesters. A series of 16 organophosphate triesters with a p-nitrophenyl leaving group was assessed as substrates for this enzyme. The SP-enantiomer of methyl phenyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate was hydrolyzed with a kcat of 36 min-1 and a kcat/Km of 710 M-1 s-1. The corresponding RP-enantiomer was more slowly hydrolyzed with a kcat of 0.4 min-1 and a kcat/Km of 11 M-1 s-1. The PepQ prolidase can be utilized for the kinetic resolution of racemic phosphate esters. The PepQ prolidase was shown to hydrolyze the p-nitrophenyl analogs of the nerve agents GB (sarin), GD (soman), GF, and VX. The pH-rate profiles for the wild-type E. coli prolidase using proline dipeptides as substrates were obtained. The roles of H346, H228, and E384 in the enzyme catalytic mechanism were also investigated by obtaining the pH-rate profiles for the mutants H346N, H228N, and E384Q. In an effort to clarify the mechanistic role of the interaction of the α-amino group of Xaa-Pro with metal at the enzyme active site, comparisons of the hydrolytic activity for Ala-Pro and 1-(1-oxopropyl)-L-proline, in which a hydrogen replaces the α-amino group of Ala-Pro, were performed.

A abobrinha de moita (Cucurbita pepo L.), espécie pertencente à família Cucurbitaceae, apresenta significativa participação na produção mundial e brasileira desta família de plantas. Porém, como em toda cultura de importância econômica, as cucurbitáceas apresentam problemas fitossanitários causados por diferentes agentes etiológicos. Na produção brasileira de abóboras, já foi constatada a presença de 8 vírus, dentre eles os potyvirus PRSV-W (Papaya ringspot virus-type W) e ZYMV (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus) e o tospovirus ZLCV (Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus) têm sido considerados os mais importantes pela predominância em diversas regiões produtoras de cucurbitáceas no país e pelos consideráveis prejuízos que geralmente causam à produção. Considerando que a maioria dos estudos epidemiológicos existentes sobre estas três viroses são poucos e fragmentados, percebe-se que não há estudos que abordam em conjunto todos os parâmetros epidemiológicos de tais vírus. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar o progresso temporal e espacial destas três viroses e verificar a relação entre a epidemiologia das mesmas em campo de abobrinha de moita, além de melhor entender o patossistema em que a clorose letal (causada pelo ZLCV) está inserida Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos com abobrinha de moita Caserta nos campos experimentais dos Departamentos de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (DFN) e Departamento de Genética (DGN) da Esalq/USP. Primeiramente foram conduzidos em 2009 dois experimentos simultâneos nas áreas do DFN e DGN para estudar a epidemiologia isolada da clorose letal acompanhada da dinâmica populacional do tripes Frankliniella zucchini, vetor deste vírus. Em seguida, em épocas diferentes 3 experimentos foram conduzidos em 2010 com o intuito de comparar as epidemiologias da clorose letal e dos mosaicos comum e amarelo, estes últimos causados por PRSV-W e ZYMV, respectivamente. Nos experimentos apenas com a clorose letal no ano de 2009, o modelo monomolecular foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados de incidência e através das análises espaciais detectou-se agregação da doença ao final dos dois experimentos. Nos 3 experimentos realizados em 2010, variações na incidência, no ajuste do modelo e no comportamento espacial de cada virose foram freqüentes. Para a clorose letal, o modelo monomolecular ofereceu melhor ajuste apenas na 3ª época de plantio. Nas duas primeiras o modelo gompertz apresentou maior coeficiente de determinação. No comportamento espacial, novamente agregação da doença foi detectada ao final do ciclo da cultura. Para o mosaico amarelo, os modelos que melhores se ajustaram na 1ª, 2ª e 3ª épocas de plantio, foram o logístico e o monomolecular (este nas duas últimas), respectivamente. O padrão espacial desta doença foi ao acaso quando da baixa incidência da doença e agregado nos casos em que elevada incidência ocorreu. Já o mosaico comum apresentou a menor incidência nas 3 épocas. O modelo logístico foi o que melhor se ajustou em todas as épocas e a doença apresentou comportamento espacial ao acaso nos três experimentos. Nos levantamentos do tripes vetor do ZLCV, verificou-se preferência do mesmo por plantas sintomáticas e consideráveis correlações do número de insetos coletados com a incidência da clorose letal.
The zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, has a good share of world and brazilian output. However, as in every plants of economically important, cucurbits have problems caused by different etiological agents. In the Brazilian production of zucchini squash, already confirmed the presence of 8 viruses, including the potyviruses PRSV-W (Papaya ringspot virus-type W) and ZYMV (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus) and the tospovirus ZLCV (Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus) have been considered the most important viruses by the predominance in several cucurbits producing regions in the Brazil and the considerable damage on production. Whereas the most of the existing epidemiological studies about these three viruses are few and fragmented, it is clear that there are no studies that deal together all the epidemiological parameters of such viruses. The objectives of this work were to study the temporal and spatial progress of these three viruses and the relation between the epidemiology of these viruses in the same field of zucchini squash in addition to better understand the lethal chlorosis pathosystem (caused by ZLCV). Trials were carried out with zucchini squash \'Caserta in the experimental fields of the Departments of Plant Pathology and Nematology (DPP) and Department of Genetics (DGN) at Esalq/USP. The firsts were conducted in 2009 simultaneously in DPP and DGN to study the epidemiology of lethal chlorosis only and to study the population dynamic of thrips Frankliniella zucchini, the vector of this virus. In 2010 three experiments were carried out in different growing seasons in order to compare the epidemiology of the lethal chlorosis, yellow mosaic and common mosaic caused by ZLCV, PRSV-W and ZYMV, respectively. In the experiments with the lethal chlorosis in 2009, the monomolecular model was the best fit to the incidence data and spatial analysis indicated aggregation of the disease at the end of both experiments. In three experiments carried out in 2010, variations in incidence, in the fit of the model and in the spatial distribution of each virus were frequents. For lethal chlorosis, the monomolecular model provided a better fit only in the 3rd growing season. In the first and second growing seasons Gompertz model had the best coefficient of determination. In the spatial distribution, aggregation of disease was detected at the end of the crop cycle again. For yellow mosaic, the models that best fit in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd planting dates were the logistic and monomolecular (this in the last two) respectively. The spatial pattern of this disease were randomly when the disease incidence was low and aggregated when the disease incidence was high. The common mosaic had the lowest incidence in all three seasons. The logistic model was the best fit in all growing seasons and the disease showed a spatial random distribuctions in all experiments. The thrips vector of ZLCV prefer symptomatic plants and good correlations between the number of insects collected with the incidence of lethal chlorosis was found.

La presente tesis arroja luz sobre la relación entre las PEPs y los bancos, y plantea que esa conexión es una red flag al Derecho penal. Su contenido significa una aproximación vertical a los elementos jurídicopolíticos necesarios para (i) conceptualizar las Politically Exposed Persons, (ii) identificar la “doble cara” del riesgo que está asociado a ellas, y (iii) visualizar el por qué y el para qué de regulación.
Esta tese lança luz sobre a relação entre PEPs e os bancos, e sugere que esta conexão é uma red flag para o Direito penal. Seu conteúdo significa uma abordagem vertical dos elementos jurídico-políticos necessários para (i) conceituar as Politically Exposed Persons, (ii) identificar a “dupla face” do risco que está associado a elas, e (iii) visualizar o porquê e o para que dessa regulamentação.

Seme tikve (Cucurbita pepo) obiluje kako uljem tako i proteinima. Nakon izdvajanja ulja, proteini se koncentrišu u uljanoj pogači, sekundarnom proizvodu procesa proizvodnje ulja, gde njihov sadrţaj dostiţe do 65%. Proteini semena tikve su primamljiv sastojak za prehrambenu, farmaceutsku i kozmetičku industriju zbog svoje farmakološke aktivnosti i visoke biološke vrednosti. Pored toga, budući da su mnogi proizvodi ovih industrija po svojoj koloidnoj prirodi emulzije, proteini semena tikve bi se u njima mogli naći i kao prirodne površinski aktivne materije. Međutim, koloidna funkcionalnost proteina semena tikve se još uvek potcenjuje zbog globularne strukture za koju se vezuju slabija funkcionalna svojstva u odnosu na proteine sa fleksibilnijom strukturom. Prema tome, cilj ove disertacije je ispitivanje funkcionalnih osobina proteinskog izolata semena tikve, pre svega njegovih adsorpcionih i emulgujućih svojstava, kao i ispitivanje uticaja promene proteinske strukture putem enzimske hidrolize na ispitivana svojstva.Pripremljeni su izolat proteina semena tikve (IPST) i dva enzimska hidrolizata, H1 i H2. IPST, H1 i H2 su okarakterisani određivanjem sadržaja vlage, proteina i pepela, zatim, određivanjem prinosa, molekulske mase i zeta potencijala. Ispitan je uticaj koncentracije proteina/peptida (0,0001–1 g/100 cm³), pH (3–8) i jonske jačine (0–1 mol/dm³ NaCl) na rastvorljivost i adsorpciona svojstva: dinamički međupovršinski pritisak (ulje/voda), statički površinski (vazduh/voda) i međupovršinski (ulje/voda) pritisak, kinetiku adsorpcije i dilatacionu reologiju proteinskih adsorpcionih filmova. Nakon toga, ispitan je i uticaj pomenutih parametara na emulziona svojstva IPST, H1 i H2. Emulgujuća svojstva IPST, H1 i H2 su okarakterisana na osnovu prosečnog prečnika kapljica emulzija, raspodele veličina kapljica i stabilnosti emulzija.Utvrđeno je da je prinos IPST veći od prinosa oba hidrolizata za oko 65 %. IPST ima najniţu rastvorljivost na pH=5, što ujedno predstavlja i njegovu izoelektričnu tačku. Enzimskom hidrolizom IPST značajno se povećava rastvorljivost, posebno na pI=5. Povećanje jonske jačine je izazvalo salting–in ili salting–out efekat rastvorljivosti kod svih uzoraka u zavisnosti od pH. IPST, H1 i H2 poseduju površinsku aktivnost pri čemu je površinski/međupovršinski pritisak H1 i H2 manje zavistan od promene pH i jonske jačine u poređenju sa površinskim/međupovršinskim pritiskom IPST. Adsorpcijom na granicu faza IPST i oba hidrolizata obrazuju adsorpcione filmove sa dominantnom elastičnom komponentom. Emulgujuća svojstva IPST, H1 i H2 zavise od koncentracije uzorka, pH vrednosti i jonske jačine kontinualne faze. Pri koncentraciji od 1 g/100 cm³ i Ic=0 mol/dm³ pripremljene emulzije su stabilne na svim pH osim emulzije IPST na pH 5. Sve emulzije podležu gravitacionoj nestabilnosti.
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed is rich source of both, oil and proteins. Once the oil has been extracted, proteins concentrate in oil cake, a by–product of the oilextraction process, where their content can reach up to 65%. Pumpkin seed proteins are desirable ingredient in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry due to their pharmacological activities and high biological value. Moreover, since many of products of these industries are, in colloidal terms, emulsions, pumpkin seed proteins could serve as surface active materies. However, colloidal functionality of pumpkin seed proteins is still underestimated for their globular structure which entails inferior functional properties to functional properties of proteins with more flexible structure. Based on that, the aim of this dissertation is to investigate functional properties of pumpkin seed protein isolate, adsorption and emulsifying properties, in the first place, and then to investigate the influence of modification of the protein structure, by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, on the aforementioned properties.Pumpkin seed protein isolate, IPST, and two enzymatic hydrolysates, H1 and H2, were prepared. IPST, H1 and H2 were characterized by determination of moisture, ash and protein content, then, by determination of protein recovery, molecular mass and zeta potential. Influence of the protein/peptide concentration (0.0001–1 g/100 cm³), pH (3–8) i ionic strength (0–1 mol/dm³ NaCl) on the solubility and adsorption properties: dynamic interfacial (oil/water) pressure, static surface (air/water) and interfacial (oil/water) pressure, adsorption kinetics and interfacial dilatational properties, wasinvestigated next. In the end, influence of the aforementioned pharameters on the emulsifying properties of IPST, H1 and H2 was investigated. Emulsifying properties of IPST, H1 and H2 were discussed in terms of mean droplet diameter, droplet size distribution and emulsion stability.Protein recovery of IPST was determined to be 65 % higher than recovery of H1 and H2. Solubility of IPST was the lowest at pH 5, what presents the isoelectric point. The enzymatic hydrolysis of IPST significantly increased solubility, especialy at the isoelectric point. Increase in the ionic strenght led to salting–in or salting–out effect depending on pH of the sample. Three investigated samples, IPST, H1 and H2 exhibited surface activity, however, sufrace/interfacial pressure of H1 and H2 were found to be less influenced by change in pH or ionic strenght of the solution in comparison to the IPST. Once adsorbed to the interface IPST and both hydrolysates form interfacial film with dominant elastic component. Emulsifying properties of IPST, H1 and H2 depend on the concentration, pH and ionic strength of the continuous phase. Stabile emulsions were formed at concentration of 1 g/100 cm3 and Ic=0 mol/dm³ regardless of pH, with the exception of the IPST at pH 5. All emulsions were susceptibile to gravitational separation.

This is a study of Samuel Pepys diary where the focal point is emotions in his professional life, emotions are understood through Barbara H. Rosenweins theory of Emotional Communities. The main part is made up of two chronological chapters following through the ten years Pepys kept a diary. The point is to illuminate Pepys professional life in the British Royal Navy through the perspective of emotions. We follow Pepys’s professional development, where emotions is discussed in relation to concepts such as personal interest and social status. From the first years of the diary to latter perspectives of him turning into the great naval administrator he became known as. Pepys in his professional sphere strictly controlled his emotions and soared above his competitors. He was a man who was puritan raised, highly emotional, educated and curious - on the fringes of the power epicentre in restoration-era England.

[EN] ABSTRACT This thesis is divided into three blocks. The first determine the goals and propose a suitable method for this research, establishing a phenomenology and a conceptual framework that develops a set of concepts necessary for the proper approach to the investigation. Such notions come from the Social Sciences as Religion, Theology, Philosophy, Anthropology, Medieval History, Psychoanalysis and Theory of the Image. Mains concepts that allow us to approach the analysis of the works within a historical political and aesthetic context in relation to the main objective of this research: to show that the work of grief can be understood as ontological process in practice and specialy reading of the artworks in general, and specifically in the production of Pepe Espaliú, Juan Muñoz and Doris Salcedo produced between 1989 and 1993. In the second section we develop the fundamental concepts of this research: the body-fragment; the good vampire; grief and melancholy. A set of ideas and notions with a particular historical development in philosophy and visual-literary images in cultural creation. Processing concepts to understand the experience of a fragmentary-contradictory body and the desires in contemporary man. Also the implications and the development of concepts as grief and melancholy in thinking and imagination in the Western. The third part is for the specific analysis of the artworks of Pepe Espaliú, Juan Muñoz and Doris Salcedo in comparison with other artistic, historical and theoretical productions that allow us to open the possibility of grief as sense's structure of these productions. In the final part we add three annexes: Relato de la producción and two conversations with individual theorists: Monserrat Rodriguez Garzo and Jesus Alcaide.
[ES] RESUMEN La tesis se divide en tres bloques principales, en el primero determinamos los objetivos que queremos alcanzar y planteamos un método adecuado para ésta investigación estableciendo una fenomenología y un marco conceptual que desarrolla todo un conjunto de nociones necesarias para el abordaje correcto de la investigación. Dichas nociones provienen de un conjunto de ciencias humanas como la religión, la teología, la filosofía, la antropología, la historial medieval, el psicoanálisis y la teoría de la imagen. Conceptos fundamentales que nos permiten abordar el análisis de las obras dentro de un contexto histórico político y estético en relación al objetivo principal de ésta investigación: demostrar que el trabajo de duelo puede entenderse como proceso ontológico en la práctica y en la lectura de las obras de arte en general, y específicamente en las producciones de Pepe Espaliú, Juan Muñoz y Doris Salcedo producidas entre 1988 y 1993. En el segundo bloque desarrollamos los conceptos fundamentales de ésta investigación: el cuerpo-fragmento, el vampiro bueno, el duelo y la melancolía. Un conjunto de ideas y nociones con un particular desarrollo histórico en la filosofía y en la creación cultural de imágenes plásticas y literarias, tratamiento de conceptos para entender la vivencia fragmentaria y contradictoria del cuerpo y los deseos en el hombre contemporáneo, así como las implicaciones y el desarrollo de los conceptos de duelo y melancolía en el pensamiento y en el imaginario occidental. La tercera parte estará dedicada a el análisis especifico de las obras de Pepe Espaliú, Juan Muñoz y Doris Salcedo a partir de comparaciones con otras producciones artísticas, históricas y teóricas que nos permitan abrir esa posibilidad del duelo como estructura de sentido de estas producciones. En la parte final añadimos tres anexos: el texto Relato de la producción, y dos conversaciones con sendos teóricos: Monserrat Rodríguez Garzo y Jesús Alcaide. ¿
[CAT] RESUM Esta tesi es dividirà en tres blocs principals, en el primer determinem els objectius que volem aconseguir i plantegem un mètode adequat per a esta investigació establint una fenomenologia i un marc conceptual que desenvolupa tot un conjunt de nocions necessàries per l'abordatge correcte de la investigació. Estes nocions provenen d'un conjunt de ciències humanes com la religió, la teologia, la filosofia, l'antropologia, la historial medieval, la psicoanàlisi i la teoria de la imatge. Conceptes fonamentals que ens permeten abordar l'anàlisi de les obres dins d'un context històric polític i estètic en relació a l'objectiu principal d'esta investigació: demostrar que el treball de dol se pot entendre com a procés ontològic en la pràctica i en la lectura de les obres d'art en general, i específicament en les produccions de Pepe Espaliú, Juan Muñoz i Doris Salcedo produïdes entre 1989 i 1993. En el segon bloc desenvolupat els conceptes fonaments d'aquesta investigació: El cos-fragment, el vampir bo, dol i malenconia. Un conjunt d'idees i nocions amb un desenvolupament històric particular a la filosofia i la creació cultural de imatges plàstics i literaris, el tractament dels conceptes per a entendre l'experiència fragmentària i contradictòria del cos i els desitjos de l'home contemporani, així com les implicacions i el desenvolupament dels conceptes de dol i melancolia en el pensament i la imaginació occidental. La tercera part es dedicarà a l'anàlisi específica de l'obra de Doris Salcedo, Juan Muñoz i Pepe Espaliú a partir de comparacions amb altres produccions teòrics, històrics i artístics que permet obrir aquesta possibilitat del dol com una estructura de significat d'aquestes produccions. En la part final afegim tres annexos: el text Retalo de la producción, i dos conversacions amb els teòrics: Monserrat Rodríguez Garzo i Jesús Alcaide.
Francés Martínez, A. (2016). FRAGMENTO Y DUELO: PEPE ESPALIÚ, JUAN MUÑOZ Y DORIS SALCEDO (1988-1993) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63675
TESIS

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This work comprised two experiments, the first of which aimed to assess the effect of pruning on production, fruit morphology and physiological quality of squash seeds. In the field the experiment was displayed as T1 (no pruning of primary branches) and T2 (pruning of main branches). For both experiments the female flowers were tagged 30, 35, 40 and 45 days after anthesis and their fruits harvested at each date. For each fruit age three parameters were measured: total number of fruits, morphology () and number of seeds per fruit and their dry weight. To assess seed quality the following parameters were considered: moisture, total germination, first count germination, accelerated ageing, field emergence and seed dry weight. The results showed that the initial moisture content was extremely high but decreased through the subsequent maturation stages at 40%. Pruning of primary branches did not increase the number of fruits or had any effects on the morphological quality (length, diameter, pulp thickness) of fruits and seeds (germination, field emergence and seed dry weight), since for the majority of the parameters evaluated T1 out yielded T2. The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the influence of age and post harvest storage of fruits on the physiological quality of squash seeds. To this purpose the fruits were harvested on four different dates after anthesis: 35, 40, 45 and 50 days and stored for 0, 20, 40 and 60 days. Seeds were analyzed for moisture, total germination, first count germination, accelerated ageing, field emergence and seed dry weight. The length of the storage period improved the seed quality of fruits harvested at early stages (35 to 40 days post-anthesis), but a storage period of at least 20 days post-harvest are needed to obtain seeds of high quality.
Este trabalho foi dividido em dois experimentos, no primeiro ano o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da poda sobre a produção, a morfologia de frutos e qualidade fisiológica das sementes de mogango. No campo foram aplicados dois tratamentos,T1 (ausência de poda dos ramos primários) e T2 (presença de poda dos ramos primários). As flores femininas foram marcadas na antese e frutos colhidos aos 30, 35, 40 e 45 dias para avaliação do número total de frutos, características de frutos (comprimento, diâmetro, espessura da polpa, massa e número de sementes por fruto) e para avaliação de sementes (teor de água, germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência em campo e biomassa seca de sementes). O teor de água (%) inicial foi muito elevado, mas tendem a ir diminuindo em decorrência da maturação atingindo valores próximos a 40 %. A poda dos ramos primários não contribuiu para o acréscimo no número total de frutos, bem como para a qualidade morfológica dos frutos (comprimento de fruto, diâmetro de frutos e massa de frutos) e na qualidade de sementes (germinação, emergência a campo e biomassa seca de sementes), pois nessas variáveis T1 se mostrou superior ou igual a T2, na maioria das idades em estudo. No segundo ano o experimento teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do armazenamento póscolheita dos frutos na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de mogango. Frutos com 35, 40, 45 e 50 dias após a antese foram armazenados por 0, 20, 40 e 60 dias. Das sementes extraídas foram analisados o teor de água, a germinação, a primeira contagem da germinação, o envelhecimento acelerado, a emergência a campo e a biomassa seca de sementes. O armazenamento dos frutos beneficia a qualidade das sementes quando estes são colhidos ainda jovens (35 e 40 dias pós a antese). No entanto, necessitam armazenamento pós-colheita de pelo menos 20 dias para a obtenção de sementes de qualidade.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Planting densities is a very important tool for planters, considering that, according to consuming market demands, we may handle it in order to obtain better financial return and increasing production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of zucchini (courgette) cultivars under different planting spacing. The experiment was accomplished in Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, belonging to Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), in Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2 x 4 with four repetitions. The treatments were formed by the combination of two zucchini (courgette) cultivars (Alice and Caserta) and four repetitions among plants (0.40 m; 0.50 m; 0.60 m e 0.70 m). The following quality characteristics were evaluated: number of marketable fruits per plant, total number of fruits per plant, market production per plant, total production per plant, market productivity, total productivity, number of non-commercial fruit per plant; non-commercial production per plant, mass of marketable fruit, mass of non-commercial fruit, non-commercial productivity, plant dry mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity and relation soluble solids/ titratable acidity. The cultivars reacted differently to the spacing among plants, in such a way distances 0.7 and 0.4 allowed the highest market productivity, respectively, for Alice and Caserta. The distances did not influence the quality of zucchini (courgette) fruit
A densidade de plantio é uma ferramenta de grande importância para os agricultores, visto que, em função da demanda do mercado consumidor, pode-se manejá-la, visando maior retorno econômico e maximizando a produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico de cultivares de abobrinha italiana sob diferentes espaçamentos de plantio. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, pertencente a Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) em Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da combinação de duas cultivares de abobrinha (Alice e Caserta) e quatro espaçamentos entre plantas (0,40 m; 0,50 m; 0,60 m e 0,70 m). As características avaliadas foram número de frutos comercial por planta, número de frutos total por planta, produção comercial por planta, produção total por planta, produtividade comercial, produtividade total, número de frutos não comercial por planta, produção não comercial por planta, massa de frutos comerciais, massa de fruto não comercial, produtividade não comercial, massa seca da planta, sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável e relação solido solúveis acidez total titulável. As cultivares responderam diferentemente aos espaçamentos entre plantas, sendo os espaçamentos de 0,7 e 0,4 m, os que proporcionaram as maiores produtividades comerciais respectivamente, para a Alice e Caserta. Os espaçamentos não influenciaram a qualidade dos frutos de abobrinha
2016-11-18

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The guanylate cyclase activator 2B, also known as uroguanylin, is part of the guanylin peptide family, which includes peptides such as guanylin and lymphoguanylin. The guanylin peptides are related to sodium absorption inhibition and water secretion induction. Uroguanylin may be related to various pathologies such as chronic renal failure, congestive heart failure and nephrotic syndrome. Uroguanylin mutations have already been associated with essential hypertension. However, there are no studies on the structural changes in the uroguanylin???s protein that used single nucleotide polymorphisms through the use of molecular dynamics simulations. This study used 16 in silico SNP impact prediction tools to evaluate non synonymous SNPs and to select mutations considered as convergent deleterious, which were further analyzed through long time molecular dynamics simulations of 1 microsecond of duration. The results of the molecular dynamics simulations suggest that all SNPs considered as convergent deleterious suffered some kind of structural change, however, four of these nsSNPs have also undergone flexibility changes, possibly resulting in functional changes.
O ativador guanilato ciclase 2B, tamb??m conhecido como uroguanilina, faz parte da fam??lia de pept??deos da guanilina, a qual inclui pept??deos como a guanilina e a linfoguanilina. Os pept??deos da guanilina est??o ligados ?? inibi????o da absor????o de s??dio e indu????o da secre????o de ??gua. A disfun????o da uroguanilina est?? relacionada ao desenvolvimento de v??rias patologias, como insufici??ncia renal cr??nica, insufici??ncia card??aca congestiva e s??ndrome nefr??tica. Muta????es na uroguanilina tamb??m j?? foram associadas ?? hipertens??o essencial. Entretanto, n??o existem estudos sobre a utiliza????o de simula????es por din??mica molecular para avaliar o impacto estrutural causado por nsSNPs presentes no gene codificador da prote??na uroguanilina. Este estudo utilizou 16 ferramentas in silico de predi????o de impacto de nsSNPs para filtrar nsSNPs convergentes delet??rios para posterior an??lise por simula????es por din??mica molecular de longa dura????o (1 microssegundo de dura????o). Os resultados das simula????es por din??mica molecular sugerem que todos os nsSNPs considerados como convergentes delet??rios sofreram algum tipo de altera????o estrutural, por??m, quatro destes SNPs tamb??m sofreram altera????es de flexibilidade, possivelmente resultando em altera????es funcionais.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A produção orgânica está cada vez mais aumentando em importância, sendo que nesta é proibida a utilização de adubos inorgânicos. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa estudar o efeito de doses de composto orgânico no plantio para produção de frutos e doses de torta de mamona em cobertura na produção e qualidade de frutos e de sementes de abobrinha-de-moita. Objetivou-se também, estudar tratamentos alternativos de sementes de abobrinha-de-moita. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos, sendo que no primeiro (produção de frutos imaturos) foram estudados 12 tratamentos, resultantes do fatorial 6 x 2, em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram seis diferentes adubações, sendo uma inorgânica e cinco doses (0; 20; 40; 60; 80 t ha-1) de composto orgânico no plantio, e em cada adubação foram utilizadas 1 ou 2 plantas por cova. No capítulo 2 foram estudados seis tratamentos de adubação em cobertura para produção e qualidade de frutos imaturos. Foram utilizadas cinco doses de torta de mamona (TM) (0,0; 1,7; 3,4; 5,1 e 6,8 t ha-1) mais um tratamento com adubação inorgânica. No capítulo 3 foram estudados 14 tratamentos, resultantes do fatorial (4 x 3 + 1 + 1), sendo quatro doses de torta de mamona em cobertura (1,7; 3,4; 5,1 e 6,8 t ha-1) x três parcelamentos das aplicações (33-33-33%; 50-50% e 33-50-17%), além do controle com adubação inorgânica em cobertura (150 Kg ha-1 de N e 90 Kg ha-1 de K2O) e o controle sem nenhum tipo de adubação em cobertura (dose 0,0), apenas com adubação orgânica antes do plantio. No capítulo 4 foram estudados tratamentos alternativos de sementes de abobrinha-de-moita (termoterapia seca e úmida e própolis). No capítulo 1, para todas as características avaliadas relacionadas à produção de frutos por planta houve efeito linear para as doses de composto orgânico, com aumento da produção de frutos. No capítulo 2, observou-se aumento linear para todas as características avaliadas relacionadas à produção de frutos imaturos por planta quanto maior a dose de TM. Não foram observadas diferenças entre todos os tratamentos, tanto orgânicos como inorgânicos, para as características físico-químicas de qualidade de fruto avaliadas: pH, acidez titulável, textura e sólidos solúveis, obtendo-se médias de 6,33; 0,14 %; 17,31 N e 4,75 ºBrix, respectivamente. Para todas as características avaliadas pelo menos as duas maiores doses de TM (5,1 e 6,8 t ha-1) não diferenciaram da adubação inorgânica, mostrando que é possível o uso de TM em cobertura na produção de abobrinha-de-moita. Em relação aos teores de macronutrientes no fruto, foi observado efeito significativo para a maioria dos macronutrientes avaliados, exceto para o potássio, para o qual se obteve média de 52,9 g kg-1 de MS. A ordem decrescente dos teores nos frutos foi K > N > P > Mg > Ca > S. No capítulo 3, as doses de TM aumentaram o número e massa de sementes por fruto e massa de sementes por planta até a dose 4,5 t ha-1, aproximadamente. As doses de TM e o parcelamento não influenciaram na qualidade das sementes, porém as doses de 1,7; 3,4; e 5,1 t ha-1 foram superiores ao controle com adução inorgânica. A ordem decrescente dos teores de macronutrientes nas sementes foi: N > P > K > Mg > Ca > S; na folha diagnose foi K > N > Ca > P > Mg > S; e nos frutos maduros (sem sementes) foi K > N > P > Ca > Mg > S. no capítulo 4, a termoterapia a seco não afetou a germinação e o vigor das sementes. A termoterapia a úmido a 50ºC reduziu a germinação, apesar de os valores ainda estarem dentro dos padrões de germinação. A 55oC o tratamento tem que ser por menor período de tempo, até 30 minutos, e não se recomenda o tratamento a 60oC. Quanto ao própolis, resultou em pequena redução na germinação nas maiores concentrações, apesar de os valores ainda estarem dentro dos padrões de germinação.

Il pepe ‘Tsyperifery’ del Madagascar è costituito da una miscela commerciale di diverse varietà di pepe, ad oggi solo parzialmente identificate, che vengono raccolte manualmente dalla popolazione locale tra giugno a settembre. Un sottoprodotto della filiera di produzione del pepe bianco è rappresentato dalle bucce, attualmente non valorizzate. In questo elaborato di tesi, le bucce di pepe ‘Tsyperifery’ sono state sottoposte a tecniche estrattive tradizionali, quali idrodistillazione e distillazione in corrente di vapore, ed innovative, ovvero estrazione con CO2 supercritica. Gli oli essenziali così ottenuti sono stati confrontati in termini di composizione, mediante l’utilizzo della gas cromatografia accoppiata a spettrometria di massa (GC-MS) per la determinazione del profilo in composti volatili. Da questa analisi quali-quantitativa è emerso che i composti della frazione monoterpenica, di cui fanno parte, ad esempio, l’α e β-pinene, l’α e β-fellandrene ed il sabinenene, sono stati individuati in percentuali maggiori nel campione ottenuto da distillazione in corrente di vapore rispetto agli altri estratti e distillati. La frazione sesquiterpenica, che include tra gli altri il β-cariofillene, il germacrene D ed il cubebolo, è risultata, invece, presente in percentuale maggiore nell’estratto supercritico ottenuto a pressione più alta (340 bar). Sia nei distillati che negli estratti è stata evidenziata l’assenza di sostanze antinutrizionali, come safrolo, metileugenolo ed apiolo. Una valutazione olfattiva preliminare, effettuata sulle bucce e grani tal quali nonché sugli oli essenziali, ha permesso di evidenziare alcuni peculiari attributi caratterizzanti ed è stata esaminata la relazione tra la loro composizione ed il profilo sensoriale. Alla luce dei risultati ottenuti, questo lavoro esplorativo di tesi può contribuire ad aprire la strada alla valorizzazione delle bucce di pepe Tsyperifery del Madagascar, un sottoprodotto della lavorazione del pepe bianco.

La producción de la uva sin pepa en Piura para exportación ha tenido un incremento del 66% en la campaña 2016/2017 con respecto a la del periodo 2015/2016, principalmente por las nuevas tendencias de preferencias de los consumidores y también debido a la política de apertura de mercados que gestiona el gobierno peruano, manteniendo vigentes tratados comerciales con diferentes países, lo que facilita la exportación de productos agroindustriales incluyendo a países como Estados Unidos y Holanda, siendo estos los principales destinos de las exportaciones de uva sin pepa producida en Piura. Otro factor que promueve esta industria es la calidad del producto obtenido, el cual cumple con las especificaciones sanitarias y calibre exigidos por los diferentes mercados internacionales, así como con contar con la preferencia del mercado en cuestión de sabor y aroma. Es por ello que el presente documento de Planeamiento Estratégico de la uva sin pepa de la Región Piura hasta el año 2022 plantea estrategias viables paras ser ejecutadas, a partir de la recopilación y evaluación de información del sector, propuesta de una visión y misión para el sector, análisis externo e interno, así como el desarrollo de matrices mediante el proceso estratégico, por las cuales Piura se podrá convertir en el principal productor exportador de uva sin pepa del Perú, logrando mantener su liderazgo a nivel Perú así como su reconocimiento a nivel internacional.
The production of the seedless grape in Piura for export had an increase of 66% in the 2016/2017 campaign compared to 2015/2016, mainly due to new trends in consumer preferences and also due to the policy of opening markets that manages the Peruvian government, keeping trade agreements with different countries, which make easier the export of agro industrial products including countries like United States and Netherlands, which are main destinations for seedless grape exports produced in Piura. Another factor that promotes this industry is the quality of the product, which complies with the sanitary specifications and caliber required by the different international markets, as well as having the preference of the market in terms of flavor and aroma. That is why the present document of Strategic Planning of the Seedless grape of Piura Region up to the year 2022 proposes viable strategies to be executed, from the collection and evaluation of information of the sector, proposal of a vision and mission for the sector, external and internal analysis, as well as the development of matrices through the strategic process, for which Piura will be able to become the main exporter of seedless grapes in Peru, maintaining its leadership in Peru as well as its international recognition.
Tesis