Relevant bibliographies by topics / Peptides of innate immunity

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Peptides of innate immunity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 February 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Peptides of innate immunity"

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Easton, Donna M., Shuhua Ma, Neeloffer Mookherjee, Pamela Hamill, David Lynn, Jennifer Gardy, Sarah Mullaly, et al. "Immunomodulatory activity of synthetic innate defence regulators (IDRs) (134.45)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 134.45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.134.45.

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Abstract Cationic host defence (antimicrobial) peptides, e.g. cathelicidin LL-37, have a variety of immunomodulatory activities that favour the safe resolution of infections. We have studied novel synthetic cationic innate defence regulator peptides that are not directly antimicrobial but are anti-infective in vivo, due to modulation of innate immunity. A range of peptides derived from the small bovine peptide bactenecin were screened for immunomodulatory activities in vitro; e.g. promotion of chemokine production and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Since innate immunity is complex, involving >1,500 gene products, a systems biology approach was utilized to characterize peptide modulation of innate immunity, including analysis of receptors, signalling pathways, transcription factors and downstream genes. To permit visualization and bioinformatic analysis of complex events, an innate immunity database (www.innatedb.ca), a network visualization tool (Cerebral) and downstream analysis tools (e.g. pathway overrepresentation analysis) were developed and provided insight into how this selective modulation occurs. In vivo data indicate that these activities provide protection in animal model infections of Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial infections as well as severe malaria. Thus IDRs have great potential for use as novel anti-infective agents. Supported by Genome BC, FNIH and CIHR.
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Cederlund, Andreas, Gudmundur H. Gudmundsson, and Birgitta Agerberth. "Antimicrobial peptides important in innate immunity." FEBS Journal 278, no. 20 (September 19, 2011): 3942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08302.x.

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Ganz, Tomas. "Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity." Nature Reviews Immunology 3, no. 9 (September 2003): 710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1180.

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Moser, Christian, Daniel J. Weiner, Elena Lysenko, Robert Bals, Jeffrey N. Weiser, and James M. Wilson. "β-Defensin 1 Contributes to Pulmonary Innate Immunity in Mice." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 6 (June 2002): 3068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.6.3068-3072.2002.

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ABSTRACT Innate immunity serves as a first line defense in vertebrate organisms by providing an initial barrier to microorganisms and triggering antigen-specific responses. Antimicrobial peptides are thought to be effectors of innate immunity through their antibiotic activity and direct killing of microorganisms. Evidence to support this hypothesis in vertebrates is indirect, based on expression profiles and in vitro assays using purified peptides. Here we investigated the function of antimicrobial peptides in vivo using mice deficient in an antimicrobial peptide, mouse β-defensin-1 (mBD-1). We find that loss of mBD-1 results in delayed clearance of Haemophilus influenzae from lung. These data demonstrate directly that antimicrobial peptides of vertebrates provide an initial block to bacteria at epithelial surfaces.
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Boulanger, Nathalie, Rebecca J. L. Munks, Joanne V. Hamilton, Françoise Vovelle, Reto Brun, Mike J. Lehane, and Philippe Bulet. "Epithelial Innate Immunity." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, no. 51 (October 7, 2002): 49921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m206296200.

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The gut epithelium is an essential interface in insects that transmit parasites. We investigated the role that local innate immunity might have on vector competence, takingStomoxys calcitransas a model.S. calcitransis sympatric with tsetse flies, feeds on many of the same vertebrate hosts, and is thus regularly exposed to the trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness and nagana. Despite this,S. calcitransis not a cyclical vector of these trypanosomes. Trypanosomes develop exclusively in the lumen of digestive organs, and so epithelial immune mechanisms, and in particular antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), may be the prime determinants of the fate of an infection. To investigate whyS. calcitransis not a cyclical vector of trypanosomes, we have looked in its midgut for AMPs with trypanolytic activity. We have identified a new AMP of 42 amino acids, which we named stomoxyn, constitutively expressed and secreted exclusively in the anterior midgut ofS. calcitrans. It displays an amphipathic helical structure and exhibits a broad activity spectrum affecting the growth of microorganisms. Interestingly, this AMP exhibits trypanolytic activity toTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. We argue that stomoxyn may help to explain whyS. calcitransis not a vector of trypanosomes causing African sleeping sickness and nagana.
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Shandala, Tetyana, and Doug A. Brooks. "Innate immunity and exocytosis of antimicrobial peptides." Communicative & Integrative Biology 5, no. 2 (March 2012): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.19018.

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Shin, Dong-Min, and Eun-Kyeong Jo. "Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Immunity against Mycobacteria." Immune Network 11, no. 5 (2011): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.4110/in.2011.11.5.245.

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Moosova, Z., O. Adamovsky, M. Pekarova, L. Svihalkova Sindlerova, L. Kubala, and L. Blaha. "Innate immunity response to selected cyanobacterial peptides." Toxicology Letters 238, no. 2 (October 2015): S223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.659.

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Zasloff, Michael. "Antibiotic peptides as mediators of innate immunity." Current Biology 2, no. 3 (March 1992): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(92)90251-5.

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Zanetti, Margherita. "Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity." Journal of Leukocyte Biology 75, no. 1 (July 22, 2003): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0403147.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Peptides of innate immunity"

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Sang, Yongming. "Porcine innate antiviral immunity : host defense peptides and toll-like receptors." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/960.

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Tollin, Maria. "Antimicrobial peptides and proteins in innate immunity : emphasis on isolation, characterization and gene regulation /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-270-5/.

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Barassé, Valentine. "Etude de peptides de venin de fourmis : diversité moléculaire et lien avec la fonction immunitaire." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0111.

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Les venins d’animaux sont des bibliothèques naturelles de composés bioactifs optimisés au cours de l’évolution, appelés toxines. Les venins de nombreux animaux restent néanmoins inexploités, notamment ceux des insectes. Plusieurs études portant sur les venins de fourmis ont révélé que ces venins étaient riches en peptides. La caractérisation du peptidome du venin de Tetramorium bicarinatum a également permis de constater que, malgré la diversité de peptides matures, ces derniers se classent en 3 grandes familles de précurseurs dont certaines ont déjà été décrites chez d’autres hyménoptères. Il est de plus apparu que des gènes codant certains d’entre eux s’expriment en dehors du système vulnérant. Ces résultats posent les questions des mécanismes impliqués dans la diversification des toxines peptidiques de venins de fourmis, ainsi que leur rôle en dehors de la fonction venimeuse. Pour répondre à ces problématiques, la première partie de ce travail de thèse a consisté en la caractérisation via des approches protéotranscriptomiques, des venins de 7 espèces de fourmis appartenant aux différentes tribus phylogénétiques de la sousfamille des Myrmicinae, et du venin d’une espèce appartenant à une sous-famille proche, les Pseudomyrmecinae. Cent toxines peptidiques aux structures variées ont ainsi été identifiées et classées en 8 superfamilles de précurseurs. La seconde partie a consisté en l’exploration du lien entre les toxines peptidiques du venin de T. bicarinatum et son immunité innée via des méthodes de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire. La présence de transcrits codant certains peptides a été vérifiée dans des organes impliqués dans l’immunité innée (i.e. corps gras, tubes digestifs). L’expression des gènes les codant a également été évaluée suite à une infection bactérienne. Il a ainsi été montré que les transcrits codant les peptides de venin sélectionnés sont présents dans les organes testés, et que certains sont produits dans les corps gras en réponse à une infection bactérienne. Ces résultats confirment l’existence d’un lien entre les peptides de venin et l’immunité innée de la fourmi T. bicarinatum, bien que des études complémentaires soient nécessaires
Animal venoms are natural libraries of bioactive compounds, called toxins, which have been finetuned through the course of evolution. However, numerous venomous organisms are still neglected, especially venomous insects. Several studies of ant venoms revealed that they were peptide-rich. Furthermore, the characterization of the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum venom peptidome revealed that, despite the diversity of mature peptides, they belonged to 3 superfamilies of precursors, some of which have already been described in other aculeate hymenoptera. This study also observed that genes encoding some of them were expressed outside the venom apparatus. These results raise questions about the mechanisms involved in the diversification of peptide toxins from ant venoms, as well as their role apart from the venomous function. To address these issues, the first part of this thesis work consisted in the characterization via proteotranscriptomics approaches of 7 venoms from ants belonging to the different phylogenetic tribes of the Myrmicinae subfamily, and of the venom of one species. belonging to a close subfamily, the Pseudomyrmecinae. A total of 100 peptide toxins with various structures were thus identified and classified into 8 precursor superfamilies. The second part explored the link between peptide toxins of T. bicarinatum venom and its innate immunity via molecular and cellular biology methods. The presence of transcripts encoding certain peptides have been verified in organs which are involved in innate immunity of insects (i.e. fat bodies, digestive tracts). The expression of the genes encoding them has also been evaluated following a bacterial infection. It has thus been shown that the transcripts encoding the selected venom peptides are present in the organs tested, and that some are produced in fat bodies in response to a bacterial infection. These results confirm the existence of a link between the venom peptides and the innate immunity of the ant T. bicarinatum, although further studies are needed
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Bergsson, Gudmundur. "Antimicrobial polypeptides and lipids as a part of innate defense mechanism of fish and human fetus /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-546-1/.

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Edfeldt, Kristina. "Innate immunity in atherosclerosis : signaling pattern recognition receptors and an antimicrobial peptide /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-299-3/.

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Sonthi, Molruedee. "Structure, polymorphisme et régulation de l'expression de la mytimycine, peptide antifongique de la moule Mytilus." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20105/document.

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Les peptides antimicrobiens sont des éléments clés des mécanismes d'immunité innée développés pour combattre les microorganismes. Parmi ceux-ci, il y a les peptides antifongiques dont l'un, la mytimycine (MytM), avait été partiellement décrite chez la moule Mytilus edulis. Les buts de cette thèse consistaient en la caractérisation complète de la MytM chez M. edulis et chez M. galloprovincialis, ainsi qu'en la compréhension du rôle de ce peptide dans l'immunité de la moule. Les résultats montrent (i) une diversité des séquences nucléotides et en acides aminés en fonction de l'origine géographique des moules, résultant probablement d'une adaptation aux conditions environnementales; (ii) que 2 gènes différents codant la MytM sont simultanément présents dans le génome d'une même moule; (iii) que le niveau d'expression du gène de la MytM dépend de la nature du stimulus, suggérant l'existence de processus de reconnaissance spécifiques; et (iv) que le niveau d'expression du gène de la MytM varie d'une moule à l'autre. En conclusion, la MytM joue un rôle essentiel et spécifique chez la moule. Les données apportées par cette thèse enrichissent notre connaissance sur l'immunité innée des invertébrés
Antimicrobial peptides are crucial elements of the innate immune mechanisms developed to fight microorganisms. Among them are antifungal peptides from which one, named mytimycin (MytM), had been partially reported in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. The purposes of this thesis were to fully characterize MytM in M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis and to understand how this peptide participates in mussel immunity. Results showed (i) the diversity of MytM mRNA and translated amino acid sequences according to geographic origin of mussels, probably resulting from adaptation to their environments; (ii) that 2 different MytM genes are simultaneously present in the genome of the same individual mussel; (iii) that expression level of MytM gene depends on the nature of the challenge, suggesting specific recognition processes; and (iv) MytM expression level was different from one mussel to another. In conclusion, MytM appeared to play a prominent and specific role in mussels. The advancement of our works added new data to the knowledge of innate immunity in invertebrates
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Varma, Disha [Verfasser]. "Role of antimicrobial peptides in metabolism and innate immunity in Drosophila melanogaster / Disha Varma." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058400495/34.

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Vladimer, Gregory I. "Inflammasomes and the Innate Immune Response Against Yersinia Pestis: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2013. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/649.

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Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is estimated to have claimed the lives of 30-50% of the European population in five years. Although it can now be controlled through antibiotics, there are still lurking dangers of outbreaks from biowarfare and bioterrorism; therefore, ongoing research to further our understanding of its strong virulence factors is necessary for development of new vaccines. Many Gram-negative bacteria, including Y. pseudotuberculosis, the evolutionary ancestor of Y. pestis, produce a hexa-acylated lipid A/LPS which can strongly trigger innate immune responses via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2. In contrast, Y. pestis grown at 37ºC generates a tetra-acylated lipid A/LPS that poorly induces TLR4-mediated immune activation. We have reported that expression of E. coli lpxL in Y. pestis, which lacks a homologue of this gene, forces the biosynthesis of a hexa-acylated LPS, and that this single modification dramatically reduces virulence in wild type mice, but not in mice lacking a functional TLR4. This emphasizes that avoiding activation of innate immunity is important for Y. pestis virulence. It also provides a model in which survival is strongly dependent on innate immune defenses, presenting a unique opportunity for evaluating the relative importance of innate immunity in protection against bacterial infection. TLR signaling is critical for the sensing of pathogens, and one implication of TLR4 engagement is the induction of the pro-forms of the potent inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Therefore Y. pestis is able to suppress production of these which are generated through caspase-1-activating nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing inflammasomes. For my thesis, I sought to elucidate the role of NLRs and IL-18/IL-1β during bubonic and pneumonic plague infection. Mice lacking IL-18 signaling led to increased susceptibility to wild type Y. pestis, and an attenuated strain producing a Y. pseudotuberculosis-like hexa-acylated lipid A. I found that the NLRP12, NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes were important protein complexes in maturing IL-18 and IL-1β during Y. pestis infection, and mice deficient in each of these NLRs were more susceptible to bacterial challenge. NLRC4 and NLRP12 also directed interferongamma production via induction of IL-18 against plague, and minimizing inflammasome activation may have been a central factor in evolution of the high virulence of Y. pestis. This is also the first study that elucidated a pro-inflammatory role for NLRP12 during bacterial infection.
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Vladimer, Gregory I. "Inflammasomes and the Innate Immune Response Against Yersinia Pestis: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2001. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/649.

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Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is estimated to have claimed the lives of 30-50% of the European population in five years. Although it can now be controlled through antibiotics, there are still lurking dangers of outbreaks from biowarfare and bioterrorism; therefore, ongoing research to further our understanding of its strong virulence factors is necessary for development of new vaccines. Many Gram-negative bacteria, including Y. pseudotuberculosis, the evolutionary ancestor of Y. pestis, produce a hexa-acylated lipid A/LPS which can strongly trigger innate immune responses via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2. In contrast, Y. pestis grown at 37ºC generates a tetra-acylated lipid A/LPS that poorly induces TLR4-mediated immune activation. We have reported that expression of E. coli lpxL in Y. pestis, which lacks a homologue of this gene, forces the biosynthesis of a hexa-acylated LPS, and that this single modification dramatically reduces virulence in wild type mice, but not in mice lacking a functional TLR4. This emphasizes that avoiding activation of innate immunity is important for Y. pestis virulence. It also provides a model in which survival is strongly dependent on innate immune defenses, presenting a unique opportunity for evaluating the relative importance of innate immunity in protection against bacterial infection. TLR signaling is critical for the sensing of pathogens, and one implication of TLR4 engagement is the induction of the pro-forms of the potent inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Therefore Y. pestis is able to suppress production of these which are generated through caspase-1-activating nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing inflammasomes. For my thesis, I sought to elucidate the role of NLRs and IL-18/IL-1β during bubonic and pneumonic plague infection. Mice lacking IL-18 signaling led to increased susceptibility to wild type Y. pestis, and an attenuated strain producing a Y. pseudotuberculosis-like hexa-acylated lipid A. I found that the NLRP12, NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes were important protein complexes in maturing IL-18 and IL-1β during Y. pestis infection, and mice deficient in each of these NLRs were more susceptible to bacterial challenge. NLRC4 and NLRP12 also directed interferongamma production via induction of IL-18 against plague, and minimizing inflammasome activation may have been a central factor in evolution of the high virulence of Y. pestis. This is also the first study that elucidated a pro-inflammatory role for NLRP12 during bacterial infection.
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Al, souhail Qasim Mohammed. "Characterization, regulation and biophysical studies of immune-related peptides from Manduca sexta." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32618.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Interdepartmental Program
Michael Kanost
Insects secrete antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response. Most antimicrobial peptides from insects have antibacterial but not antifungal activity. We have characterized an antifungal peptide, diapausin-1 from hemolymph of a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). Diapausin-1 was isolated by size exclusion chromatography from hemolymph plasma of larvae that were previously injected with a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fractions containing activity against S. cerevisiae were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS/MS and found to contain a 45-residue peptide that was encoded by sequences identified in M. sexta transcriptome and genome databases. A cDNA for diapausin-1 was cloned from cDNA prepared from fat body RNA. Diapausin-1 is a member of the diapausin family of peptides, which includes members known to have antifungal activity. The M. sexta genome contains 14 genes with high similarity to diapausin-1, each with 6 conserved Cys residues. Diapausin-1 was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant diapausin-1 was active against S. cerevisiae, with IC₅₀ of 12 μM, but had no detectable activity against bacteria. Spores of some plant fungal pathogens treated with diapausin-1 had curled germination tubes or reduced and branched hyphal growth. Diapausin-1 mRNA level in fat body strongly increased after larvae were injected with yeast or with Micrococcus luteus. In addition, diapausin-1 mRNA levels increased in midgut and fat body at the wandering larval stage prior to pupation, suggesting developmental regulation of the gene. Our results indicate that synthesis of diapausin-1 is part of an antifungal innate immune response to infection in M. sexta. Biophysical analysis showed that diapausin-1 binds to the β-1,3 glucan component of the S. cerevisiae cell wall. A second insect peptide investigated in this project was M.sexta stress-response peptide 1(SRP1), an immune-related peptide upregulated under different stress conditions including immune-challenge. Preliminary results for NMR structure determination are presented. Most of the amino acid residue spin systems were assigned, and we determined the connectivities of many amino residues as a first step to solve the NMR structure. The circular dichroism spectrum of SRP1 indicates that the peptide lacks alpha-helical structure and may contain beta strands and turns.
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Books on the topic "Peptides of innate immunity"

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Hiemstra, Pieter S., and Sebastian A. J. Zaat, eds. Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity. Basel: Springer Basel, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4.

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-D, Hesch R., and Atkinson M. J, eds. Peptide hormones as mediators in immunology and oncology. New York: Raven Press, 1985.

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Ezekowitz, R. Alan B., and Jules A. Hoffmann. Innate Immunity. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592593208.

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Ewbank, Jonathan, and Eric Vivier, eds. Innate Immunity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-570-1.

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Jonathan, Ewbank, and Vivier E, eds. Innate immunity. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2008.

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B, Ezekowitz R. Alan, and Hoffmann J. 1941-, eds. Innate immunity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003.

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Ezekowitz, R. Alan B., and Jules A. Hoffmann, eds. Innate Immunity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-320-0.

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Gassmann, Walter, ed. Plant Innate Immunity. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9458-8.

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Mossman, Karen, ed. Innate Antiviral Immunity. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7237-1.

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Loon, L. C. van. Plant innate immunity. Edited by Wiley online library. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Peptides of innate immunity"

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Ganz, Tomas, and Robert I. Lehrer. "Antimicrobial Peptides." In Innate Immunity, 287–303. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-320-0_16.

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Bulet, Philippe, Maurice Charlet, and Charles Hetru. "Antimicrobial Peptides in Insect Immunity." In Innate Immunity, 89–107. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-320-0_5.

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Seiler, Frederik, Robert Bals, and Christoph Beisswenger. "Function of Antimicrobial Peptides in Lung Innate Immunity." In Antimicrobial Peptides, 33–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24199-9_3.

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Zasloff, Michael. "Antimicrobial Peptides: Effectors of Innate Immunity." In The Innate Immune Response to Infection, 313–43. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817671.ch17.

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Bartlett, Jennifer A., and Paul B. McCray. "Cystic Fibrosis and Defective Airway Innate Immunity." In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 275–306. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_11.

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Paiva, Aline Dias, and Eefjan Breukink. "Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Microorganisms." In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 53–95. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_3.

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Ståhle, Mona. "Wound Repair and Antimicrobial Peptides." In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 123–39. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_5.

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Hof, Wim van ’t, Menno J. Oudhoff, and Enno C. I. Veerman. "Histatins: Multifunctional Salivary Antimicrobial Peptides." In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 167–81. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_7.

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Stotz, H. U., F. Waller, and K. Wang. "Innate Immunity in Plants: The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides." In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 29–51. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_2.

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Jäger, Simon, Eduard F. Stange, and Jan Wehkamp. "Antimicrobial Peptides and Inflammatory Bowel Disease." In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 255–73. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Peptides of innate immunity"

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JAWAD, Israa, Adian Abd Alrazak DAKL, and Hussein Jabar JASIM. "CHARACTERIZATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SOURCES TYPES AND USES OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, REVIEW." In VII. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESSOF PURE,APPLIEDANDTECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress7-13.

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This review aimed to identify the general characteristics of , mechanism of action, types and uses of antimicrobial peptides in animals, antimicrobial peptides were lass of small peptides that widely exist naturally, they varied greatly in structure, composition are found in the animal's species, and were standard structural features, twenty to sixty residue long, cationic and amphipathic peptides, have a positive charge that interacted with negatively charged molecules on the bacterial cell surfaces, a have an expansive field of inhibitory effects and were made as the first line of protection by both multicellular organisms. An essential component of the innate immune method of various organisms can have broad movement to instantly destroy bacteria, parasites, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and even cancer cells, Several antimicrobial peptides were expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the animals where they can modulate innate immune responses and the intestinal microbial, act some protective microbial species and modulate an immune response. Its interactions with innate immunity and the intestinal microbial reveal attractive drug targets, act as a new therapeutic approach against gastrointestinal infections, damage, and inflammations, and modulate obesity and metabolic diseases. In addition, its acts as a biomarker of gastrointestinal diseases. They have been useful parts of the host's defense systems for a long time. Because microbes become resistant to antimicrobial peptides more slowly than to traditional antibiotics, they could be used as alternative treatments in the future. Several thousand antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, creatures, and even humans. Conclusion: Antimicrobial peptides are small proteins found in plant and animal species. They are the first defense against infections caused by microorganisms. and work against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, both gram-positive and gram-negative. They are related together to innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
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Kamareddine, Layla, Hoda Najjar, Abeer Mohbeddin, Nawar Haj Ahmed, and Paula Watnick. "Between Immunity, Metabolism, and Development: A story of a Fly Gut!" In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0141.

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In addition to its role in initiating immune response in the body, the innate immune system seems to also play a critical role in maintaining homeostatic balance in the gut epithelium. Our recent studies in the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly model suggest that different innate immune pathways contribute to this homeostatic balance through activating the transcription of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. We provide evidence that several metabolic parameters are altered in immune deficient flies. We also highlight a role of the gut flora, particularly through its short chain fatty acid, in contributing to this metabolic balance. Interestingly, our data suggest that impaired immunity and metabolic alteration, in turn, exhibit an effect on host development. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that innate immune pathways not only provide the first line of defense against infection but also contribute to host metabolism and development.
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Kovach, Melissa A., Fu-Shin Yu, Michael W. Newstead, Xianyng Zeng, Richard Gallo, and Theodore J. Standiford. "Role Of Cathelicidin Related Antimicrobial Peptide In Lung Innate Mucosal Immunity." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a5648.

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Rakityanskaya, Irina Anisimovna, Tatiana Sergeevna Ryabova, Usmonali Adgaralievich Tajibaev, and Anastasia Andreevna Kalashnikova. "NEW APPROACHES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC VIRAL EPSTEIN-BARR INFECTION." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign intemational scientific conference «Joint innovation - joint development». Medical sciences . Part 2. Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with PS of UA. June 2023. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230629.2023.23.77.016.

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Introduction. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms. Today poisons of insects and animals were shown to be rich sources of antimicrobial substances (peptides) and contain a wide range of active biological compounds. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in the immune response of the host’s innate immunity to pathogenic microorganisms. Based on antimicrobial peptides in Russia, an antiviral drug Allokin-alpha has been developed. The active ingredient of the drug is cytokine-like peptide alloferon. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of Allokin-alpha therapy on the amount of EBV DNA in saliva samples and clinical complaints in patients with chronic Epstein-Barr viral infection (EBI). Material and methods. 59 chronic EBI patients (45 women and 14 men; mean age 32.52 ± 1.75 years) were examined. Patients were subjected to quantitative determination of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in saliva samples by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with real-time hybridization-fluorescence detection. The analytical sensitivity of the test system is 400 copies/ ml. The patients were divided into two groups: 26 patients who received Allokin-alpha therapy (9 injections subcutaneously with 1.0 mg every other day) were included in the 1st group; the 2nd group included 33 patients who received Valtrex (500 mg 2 times/day, orally) for 2 months. Results. After treatment with allocin-alpha, negative results of PCR were obtained in 59.67% of patients. After two months of Valtrex therapy, negative PCR results were obtained in only 27.27% of patients. The correlation analysis revealed a significant effect of the initial number of copies of EBV DNA on the severity of clinical complaints in the general group of EBV patients. Discussion. Allokin-alpha improves the recognition of virus-infected cells and helps to suppress viral replication. Conclusion. Allokin-alpha therapy can be recommended for the treatment of chronic EBV infection in a dose of 1 mg subcutaneously every other day with a course dose of at least 9 injections.
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Lipatov Igor, Stanislavovich, Yuri Vladimirovich Tezikov, and Marina Alekseevna Ovchinnikova. "EFFICIENCY OF GESTATIONAL AND PERINATAL PATHOLOGY PREVENTION WITH A CYTOKINE-LIKE PEPTIDE IN FREQUENTLY RECURRING HERPES AT THE PREGRAVID STAGE." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign intemational scientific conference «Joint innovation - joint development». Medical sciences . Part 2. Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with PS of UA. June 2023. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230629.2023.74.84.017.

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Objective. To evaluate the efficiency of pregravid and antenatal antiviral immunomodulatory therapy for moderate and severe recurrent herpes in preventing gestational and perinatal complications. Subjects and methods. According to the prevention method, 414 women with recurrent herpes infection (HI) were divided into three groups. The efficiency of anti-relapse therapy was objectified by the effect size for therapy intervention in terms of the results of monitoring the indicators of immunity, the course of pregnancy, the status of fetoplacental blood flow and the health of newborn infants. Results. Step-by-step prophylactic treatment according to the developed method contributes to the normalization of adaptive and innate immunity indicators, to a significant decrease in the frequency of recurrent HI, pregnancy complications, intrauterine infection and the prevention of HI in newborn infants (the average number of patients needed to treat was 3 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2-4, p = 0.004]; odds ratio (OR) 0.03 [95% CI, 0.004-0.18, p < 0.001]. Conclusion. The pre-gestational use of a cytokine-like peptide with antiherpetic activity optimizes gestational and perinatal outcomes and prevents congenital herpes.
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Mohbeddin, Abeer, Nawar Haj Ahmed, and Layla Kamareddine. "The use of Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model Organism to study the effect of Innate Immunity on Metabolism." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0224.

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Apart from its traditional role in disease control, recent body of evidence has implicated a role of the immune system in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Owing to the importance of this “immune-metabolic alignment” in dictating a state of health or disease, a proper mechanistic understanding of this alignment is crucial in opening up for promising therapeutic approaches against a broad range of chronic, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders like obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel syndrome. In this project, we addressed the role of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) innate immune pathway in regulating different metabolic parameters using the Drosophila melanogaster (DM) fruit fly model organism. Mutant JAK/STAT pathway flies with a systemic knockdown of either Domeless (Dome) [domeG0282], the receptor that activates JAK/STAT signaling, or the signal-transducer and activator of transcription protein at 92E (Stat92E) [stat92EEY10528], were used. The results of the study revealed that blocking JAK/STAT signaling alters the metabolic profile of mutant flies. Both domeG0282 and stat92EEY10528 mutants had an increase in body weight, lipid deprivation from their fat body (lipid storage organ in flies), irregular accumulation of lipid droplets in the gut, systemic elevation of glucose and triglyceride levels, and differential down-regulation in the relative gene expression of different peptide hormones (Tachykinin, Allatostatin C, and Diuretic hormone 31) known to regulate metabolic homeostasis in flies. Because the JAK/STAT pathway is evolutionary conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, our potential findings in the fruit fly serves as a platform for further immune-metabolic translational studies in more complex mammalian systems including humans.
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Agarwal, Veena, John MacDougall, shubhendu Trivedi, Dimple Bhatia, Zeenia Jagga, Hemant Banga, Diane Healy, Sreenivas Adurthi, and Vince O'Neill. "Abstract 962: The dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor BXCL701 activates innate immunity followed by adaptive immunity on a molecular and cellular level in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-962.

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Limaye, Arati, Rania Bassiouni, Jeremiah Oyer, Robert W. Igarashi, Orielyz Flores, J. Manuel Perez, Alijca Copik, and Annette R. Khaled. "Abstract A47: Use of a cytotoxic peptide that induces immunogenic cell death to engage innate immunity in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm14-a47.

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Hoffmann, Jules. "Innate immunity: From insects to humans." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.116886.

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Lam, M., S. Murphy, D. Kokkinaki, and N. S. Mangalmurti. "Nucleic Acid-Sensing Erythrocytes Trigger Innate Immunity." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a6498.

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Reports on the topic "Peptides of innate immunity"

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Alexandrea (Lexi) Duscher, Alexandrea (Lexi) Duscher. Squid in Space: Symbiosis and Innate Immunity. Experiment, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/9855.

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Umland, Timothy C. Cross-Species Virus-Host Protein-Protein Interactions Inhibiting Innate Immunity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012633.

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Cahill, Jesse. A targeted opsonization platform for programming innate immunity against rapidly evolving novel viruses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1820519.

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Weilhammer, D. R. Investigating the role of innate immunity in viral encephalitis caused by Rift Valley fever virus. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1573140.

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Barber, Glen. Identifying a Defective Pathway in Innate Immunity as an Immunoescape Mechanism for Breast Cancer Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada566916.

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Baszler, Timothy, Igor Savitsky, Christopher Davies, Lauren Staska, and Varda Shkap. Identification of bovine Neospora caninum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for development of peptide-based vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695592.bard.

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The goal of the one-year feasibility study was to identify specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes to Neosporacaninum in the natural bovine host in order to make progress toward developing an effective peptide-based vaccine against bovine neosporosis. We tested the hypothesis that: N. caninum SRS2 peptides contain immunogenicCTLepitope clusters cross-presented by multiple bovine MHC-I and MHC-IIhaplotypes. The specific objectives were: (1) Map bovine CTLepitopes of N. caninum NcSRS-2 and identify consensus MHC-I and class-II binding motifs; and (2) Determine if subunit immunization with peptides containing N. caninum-specificCTLepitopes cross-reactive to multiple bovine MHChaplotypes induces a CTL response in cattle with disparate MHChaplotypes. Neosporosis is a major cause of infectious abortion and congenital disease in cattle, persisting in cattle herds via vertical transmission.5 N. caninum abortions are reported in Israel; a serological survey of 52 Israeli dairy herds with reported abortions indicated a 31% infection rate in cows and 16% infection rate in aborted fetuses.9,14 Broad economic loss due to bovine neosporosis is estimated at $35,000,000 per year in California, USA, and $100,000,000 (Australian) per year in Australia and New Zealand.13 Per herd losses in a Canadian herd of 50 cattle are estimated more conservatively at $2,305 (Canadian) annually.4 Up to date practical measures to reduce losses from neosporosis in cattle have not been achieved. There is no chemotherapy available and, although progress has been made toward understanding immunity to Neospora infections, no efficacious vaccine is available to limit outbreaks or prevent abortions. Vaccine development to prevent N. caninum abortion and congenital infection remains a high research priority. To this end, our research group has over the past decade: 1) Identified the importance of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity, particularly IFN-γ responses, as necessary for immune protection to congenital neosporosis in mice,1,2,10,11 and 2) Identified MHC class II restricted CD4+ CTL in Neosporainfected Holstein cattle,16 and 3) Identified NcSRS2 as a highly conserved surface protein associated with immunity to Neospora infections in mice and cattle.7,8,15 In this BARD-funded 12 month feasibility study, we continued our study of Neospora immunity in cattle and successfully completed T-lymphocyte epitope mapping of NcSRS2 surface protein with peptides and bovine immune cells,15 fulfilling objective 1. We also documented the importance of immune responses NcSRS2 by showing that immunization with native NcSRS2 reduces congenital Neospora transmission in mice,7 and that antibodies to NcSRS2 specifically inhibition invasion of placental trophoblasts.8 Most importantly we showed that T-lymphocyte responses similar to parasite infection, namely induction of activated IFN-γ secreting Tlymphocytes, could be induced by subunit immunization with NcSRS2 peptides containing the Neospora-specificCTLepitopes (Baszler et al, In preparation) fulfilling objective 2. Both DNA and peptide-based subunit approaches were tested. Only lipopeptide-based NcSRS2 subunits, modified with N-terminal linked palmitic acid to enhance Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 (TLR2-TLR1), stimulated robust antigen-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and serum antibody production across different MHC-IIhaplotypes. The discovery of MHC-II cross-reactive T-cellinducing parasite peptides capable of inducing a potentially protective immune response following subunit immunization in cattle is of significant practical importance to vaccine development to bovine neosporosis. In addition, our findings are more widely applicable in future investigations of protective T-cell, subunit-based immunity against other infectious diseases in outbred cattle populations.
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Alfano, James, Isaac Barash, Thomas Clemente, Paul E. Staswick, Guido Sessa, and Shulamit Manulis. Elucidating the Functions of Type III Effectors from Necrogenic and Tumorigenic Bacterial Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592638.bard.

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Many phytopathogenic bacteria use a type III protein secretion system (T3SS) to inject type III effectors into plant cells. In the experiments supported by this one-year feasibility study we investigated type III effector function in plants by using two contrasting bacterial pathogens: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, a necrotrophic pathogen and Pantoea agglomerans, a tumorigenic pathogen. The objectives are listed below along with our major conclusions, achievements, and implications for science and agriculture. Objective 1: Compare Pseudomonas syringae and Pantoea agglomerans type III effectors in established assays to test the extent that they can suppress innate immunity and incite tumorigenesis. We tested P. agglomerans type III effectors in several innate immunity suppression assays and in several instances these effectors were capable of suppressing plant immunity, outputs that are suppressed by P. syringae effectors. Interestingly, several P. syringae effectors were able to complement gall production to a P. agglomerans pthGmutant. These results suggest that even though the disease symptoms of these pathogens are dramatically different, their type III effectors may function similarly. Objective 2: Construct P. syringae mutants in different combinations of type III-related DNA clusters to reduce type III effector redundancy. To determine their involvement in pathogenicity we constructed mutants that lack individual and multiple type III-related DNA clusters using a Flprecombinase-mediated mutagenesis strategy. The majority of single effector mutants in DC3000 have weak pathogenicity phenotypes most likely due to functional redundancy of effectors. Supporting this idea, Poly-DNAcluster deletion mutants were more significantly reduced in their ability to cause disease. Because these mutants have less functional redundancy of type III effectors, they should help identify P. syringae and P. agglomerans effectors that contribute more significantly to virulence. Objective 3: Determine the extent that P. syringae and P. agglomerans type III effectors alter hormone levels in plants. Inhibition of auxin polar transport by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) completely prevented gall formation by P. agglomerans pv. gypsophilae in gypsophila cuttings. This result supported the hypothesis that auxin and presumably cytokinins of plant origin, rather than the IAA and cytokinins secreted by the pathogen, are mandatory for gall formation. Transgenic tobacco with pthGshowed various phenotypic traits that suggest manipulation of auxin metabolism. Moreover, the auxin levels in pthGtransgenic tobacco lines was 2-4 times higher than the control plants. External addition of auxin or cytokinins could modify the gall size in gypsophila cuttings inoculated with pthGmutant (PagMx27), but not with other type III effectors. We are currently determining hormone levels in transgenic plants expressing different type III effectors. Objective 4: Determine whether the P. agglomerans effectors HsvG/B act as transcriptional activators in plants. The P. agglomerans type III effectors HsvG and HsvB localize to the nucleus of host and nonhost plants and act as transcription activators in yeast. Three sites of adjacent arginine and lysine in HsvG and HsvB were suspected to act as Nuclear localization signals (NLS) domains. A nuclear import assay indicated two of the three putative NLS domains were functional NLSs in yeast. These were shown to be active in plants by fusing HsvG and HsvB to YFP. localization to the nucleus was dependent on these NLS domains. These achievements indicate that our research plan is feasible and suggest that type III effectors suppress innate immunity and modulate plant hormones. This information has the potential to be exploited to improve disease resistance in agricultural crops.
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Evans, Donald L., Avigdor Eldar, Liliana Jaso-Friedmann, and Herve Bercovier. Streptococcus Iniae Infection in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Towards the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586538.bard.

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The objectives of the BARD proposal were to determine the mechanisms of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) that are necessary to provide heightened innate resistance to infection and to identify the antigenic determinants in Streptococcus iniae that are best suited for vaccine development. Our central hypothesis was that anti-bacterial immunity in trout and tilapia can only be acquired by combining "innate" NCC responses with antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. These Objectives were accomplished by experiments delineated by the following Specific Aims: Specific aim (SA) #1 (USA) "Clone and Identify the Apoptosis Regulatory Genes in NCC"; Specific aim #2 (USA)"Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae"; Specific aim #3 (Israel) "Characterize the Biological Properties of the S. iniae Capsular Polysaccharide"; and Specific aim #4 (Israel) "Development of an Acellular Vaccine". Our model of S. iniae pathogenesis encompassed two approaches, identify apoptosis regulatory genes and proteins in tilapia that affected NCC activities (USA group) and determine the participation of S.iniae capsular polysaccharides as potential immunogens for the development of an acellular vaccine (Israel group). We previously established that it was possible to immunize tilapia and trout against experimental S. difficile/iniaeinfections. However these studies indicated that antibody responses in protected fish were short lived (3-4 months). Thus available vaccines were useful for short-term protection only. To address the issues of regulation of pathogenesis and immunogens of S. iniae, we have emphasized the role of the innate immune response regarding activation of NCC and mechanisms of invasiveness. Considerable progress was made toward accomplishing SA #1. We have cloned the cDNA of the following tilapia genes: cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS/AF547173»; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF / A Y 428948); and nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide (NACA/ A Y168640). Similar attempts were made to sequence the tilapia FasLgene/cDNA, however these experiments were not successful. Aim #2 was to "Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae." To accomplish this, a new membrane receptor has been identified that may control innate responses (including apoptosis) of NCC to S. iniae. The receptor is a membrane protein on teleost NCC. This protein (NCC cationic antimicrobial protein-1/ncamp-1/AAQ99138) has been sequenced and the cDNA cloned (A Y324398). In recombinant form, ncamp-l kills S. iniae in vitro. Specific aim 3 ("Characterize the Biological Properties of the S.iniae Capsular Polysaccharide") utilized an in- vitro model using rainbow trout primary skin epithelial cell mono layers. These experiments demonstrated colonization into epithelial cells followed by a rapid decline of viable intracellular bacteria and translocation out of the cell. This pathogenesis model suggested that the bacterium escapes the endosome and translocates through the rainbow trout skin barrier to further invade and infect the host. Specific aim #4 ("Development of an Acellular Vaccine") was not specifically addressed. These studies demonstrated that several different apoptotic regulatory genes/proteins are expressed by tilapia NCC. These are the first studies demonstrating that such factors exist in tilapia. Because tilapia NCC bind to and are activated by S. iniae bacterial DNA, we predict that the apoptotic regulatory activity of S. iniae previously demonstrated by our group may be associated with innate antibacterial responses in tilapia.
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Avni, Adi, and Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.

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Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.
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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.
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