Academic literature on the topic 'People with disabilities – services for – great britain'
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Journal articles on the topic "People with disabilities – services for – great britain"
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Udovenko, J., and O. Honcharenko. "BRITISH EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Social work, no. 3 (2018): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-7786.2018/3-1/14.
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The article is devoted to the study of the UK experience with the system of social and psychological rehabilitation of people with disabilities. The legislation analyzes the protection and support of people with disabilities in the UK, which enables them to maximize their potential, live a full and active life in their families, communities and society as a whole. The content of the concept of "rehabilitation", defined in normative documents, is disclosed as a personalized, interactive and collaborative process that reflects a person as a whole, enabling her to maximize their potential, to live a full and active life in their family, community, educational activities, and the workplace where it is needed. The goals of social rehabilitation of people with disabilities in the UK are considered, namely the orientation towards the person, its needs, and not the diagnosis; active involvement process, not passive care; integration of specialized and universal services; maximizing the potential of personality; work in partnership etc. The model of socio-psychological rehabilitation of people with disabilities in Great Britain, based on a multidisciplinary approach, is presented. The principles and stages of this model are described, aimed at implementation of complex, individually oriented approaches and active involvement of people with disabilities in different spheres of activity according to their needs and possibilities. The experience of British organizations that implement innovative technologies of physical, financial, informational support of people with disabilities is studied and described, in particular: the system of "contactless physiotherapy", independent personal payments, special online applications for various events of soplife, etc. The model of employment support for people with disabilities is presented in detail, which involves finding a job in accordance with the client's capabilities, training and adaptation to the workplace, and the general support of the work program for 2 years.
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McConkey, Roy, and Sarah Craig. "Change over 12 years in residential provision for adult persons with intellectual disabilities in Ireland." Tizard Learning Disability Review 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-01-2017-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the impact of major policy changes and reductions in government funding on residential provision for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach Ireland is unique in having a national database of people in receipt of services from specialist ID providers. Information on persons in residential settings from 2005 to 2016 was examined in terms of changes in the types of provision over time and broken down by age groups. Findings From 2011 onwards, cuts in government funding coincided with a continuing reduction in the overall provision of residential accommodation for adults with ID. There was a parallel increase in the number of people living with family carers, especially persons aged 55 years and over. The greatest reduction was in residential centres which was in line with recent policy but this was not matched by an increase in alternative options, with fewer people aged 20-34 living in residential accommodation of any kind. Compared to Great Britain, Ireland has proportionately more residential places with fewer people living independently. Social implications More Irish families have to continue caring for their adult relatives into their old age. Likewise, those resident in group homes and living independently are growing older which means there is an increased likelihood they will require additional support. Originality/value This national data set is a valuable tool for monitoring changes in service provision over time and for determining the impact of government policy and funding decisions.
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Florek, Paweł, and Tomasz Kołodziejczyk. "Supporting Evacuation of Disabled People – Organizational and Technological Challenges." Safety & Fire Technology 57, no. 1 (2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.9.
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Aim: The aim of this publication is to present the most important aspects concerning the conditions for evacuation of people with various types of disabilities – from mobility problems, to reduced perception in the event of a threat, and to indicate the most important challenges both in terms of legal regulations, as well as organizational and technological conditions for ensuring effective evacuation of disabled people. Introduction: People with disabilities are a group that requires special consideration when planning evacuation from public utility facilities, because many of these people – depending on the type and degree of their dysfunction – will not be able to evacuate from the danger zone on their own. The inspection carried out in 2019 by the Delegation of the Supreme Audit Office in Poznań confirmed the need to adapt the applicable legal regulations in this regard (in practice, fire safety instructions, evacuation plans, staff training and equipping facilities with adequate equipment supporting the evacuation of people with disabilities) [1]. In addition to legal and technological aspects, a very important factor in the effective evacuation of disabled people are organizational solutions adopted in a given facility, which should take into account the individual specificity (cubature) and functions of a given facility. Methodology: As part of the research process, theoretical research was used, such as: analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, general- ization, inference, comparison and analogy. During the research, national and foreign sources (from the United States and Great Britain) were analyzed. The selection of individual countries was guided by the level of development of the solutions adopted in these countries dedicated to supporting the evacuation of disabled people in a situation of threat to their life or health, as well as the availability of data sources. Conclusions: The presented analysis of the conditions for the evacuation of people with disabilities from public utility buildings shows the challenges that both the legislator and managers of facilities in the country face in this area, as well as the emergency services. The latter – similarly to people with disabilities – are the systemic beneficiaries of the desired changes in the area of law and tactics of rescue operations, from the moment of alerting about an event in the facility where there are people who are unable to evacuate themselves. Introducing good practices, verified in other countries, into common application, should significantly improve rescue operations. The expected effect will be to shorten the time of providing help to all people unable to evacuate themselves in an emergency – regardless of their number, as well as the type and specificity of the public facility in which the life or health threatening situation occurred. Keywords: evacuation of disabled people, public utility buildings, intelligent construction, modelling and computer simulations, individual evacuation plan Type of article: review article
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Ivanova, O., and M. Senkiv. "ACCESSIBLE TOURISM FOR ALL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 74 (2019): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2019.74.12.
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The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism promotes the right of all people to equality in access to contemplate the resources of the planet, which, in turn, is the main principle of accessible tourism for all. Modern approaches to understanding the concepts of accessible tourism for all are analyzed in this paper. Accessible tourism for all means that any tourism product should be designed irrespective of age, gender and ability and with no additional costs for customers with disabilities and specific access requirements. Role of the principles of universal design for accessible tourism for all is characterized. In contrast to the concept of accessibility, which only applies to low-mobility categories of the population and focuses on physical access to transport and buildings, as well as access to information, the concept of universal design emphasizes creating the same conditions convenient for all users, without impersonating some of them. Three main prerequisites for the development of accessible tourism for all in the European Union are determined and characterized, in particular, existing accessibility legislation and standards at the global, European and national levels, population ageing and increase in the number of people with disabilities. There is the problem in Ukraine of the lack of accessibility standards for tourism facilities and services, so it is important to learn the experience of the European Union. The European Union population is aging and this trend will continue in the future. This phenomenon is a major challenge for the society, but at the same time, it also represents a great opportunity for local businesses and for the whole European economy. Elderly people (65 years and older) are encouraged to travel by different motives: visiting relatives, gaining cultural or gastronomic experience, they are interested in traveling on cruise ships, relaxing on the coast, participating in sports events or ethnic holidays. They tend to spend more while traveling and stay longer. Tourists with disabilities, above all, make travel decisions based on the opinions of their friends, and rely less on special offers aimed at them. Online offers and printed brochures of travel agencies influence their decision at the same level. France and the United Kingdom have the most disabled people in the EU. The European Union is the main tourism destination in the world. Five its member states (France, Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Germany) belong to the top ten countries of the world on arrival of tourists. The map of the most accessible cities of the European Union is created and the quantitative distribution of these cities by country of ownership is presented. France, Germany and Sweden are leaders in the European Union by the number of the most accessible cities in 2011-2018. Among the 23 most accessible cities, only five are the capitals of states. At the same time, the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia was twice noted by the European Commission as one of the most accessible. Elements of the tourism chain include: tourism destination management; tourism information and advertising (preparation, information and booking); urban and architectural environments; modes of transport and stations; accommodation, food service and conventions; cultural activities (museums, theatres, cinemas, and other); other tourism activities and events. On the basis of the theory of accessibility chain structure and the tourism chain, the best practices of accessible tourism for all are analyzed using the example of the city of Lyon – the great business center in France, which in 2018 was recognized by the European Commission accessible in the European Union.
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Zajadacz, Alina. "Evolution of models of disability as a basis for further policy changes in accessible tourism." Journal of Tourism Futures 1, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-04-2015-0015.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical analysis of the disability models developed to date and of how they function in practice. Furthermore, it aims to answer the following question: which model of disability (MD) will provide the most suitable foundation for any course of action undertaken in the process of planning accessible tourism development in the future? Design/methodology/approach In the first stage of the study a critical analysis of the MDs described in the literature as well as in selected reports and expert opinions relating to people with disability (PwD) was performer. These findings then became the basis for the second stage of the study which focuses on identifying attitudes within society towards the types of tourism on offer connected to the analysed MDs. The applied research methods include an analysis of a survey (2013, 2014) carried out face-to-face and on the SurveyMonkey web site. The study group consisted of 619 people (from Poland, Russia, Germany, Portugal, Slovakia, Canada, Tunisia and Great Britain). Findings The great diversity of disabilities makes finding a universal solution in the creation of accessible tourism supply a complex task. This supports the need for a flexible “mix of various models” aimed at finding optimal solutions and the personalisation of tourism. In this context the greatest potential in the development of accessible tourism are models which are a synthesis of many determiners of disability such as the biopsychosocial or the geographical model of disability. The dynamics of accessible tourism development is likely to be increasingly influenced by the economic model, reflecting current trends for the personalisation of tourism supply. Research limitations/implications The survey was carried out mainly within the European Community, the exception being respondents from Irkutsk in eastern (Asian) Russia. In order to gain a global view of the development of accessible tourism, research should be performed in countries representing all continents or tourist regions. Additionally, reflecting the definition of accessible tourism its beneficiaries – PwD – should participate in decision-making processes. Tourism service providers who are directly engaged in tourism supply also have a role to play. Their opinions and attitudes towards the development of accessible tourism determine its very nature in reality. Practical implications The survey on attitudes in society regarding the organisation of tourist trips for PwD confirmed conclusions from the analysis of the practical implications of various disability models in the creation of tourism supply that a single universal, optimal solution does not exist. All of the described MD can be applied in the development of a diverse tourism supply. The proposed model “diversification of supply […]” is the theoretical basis for the conscious development of accessible tourism in practice which in accordance with changes observed in the tourism market is undergoing increasing diversification and personalisation. Social implications In each of the tourism supply for PwD types the economic model of disability based on the identification of PwD needs and surrounding society is important. The number of PwD and the scope of necessary services, social support (PwD often travel accompanied by one to three people) is determined by income in all the sectors identified in the structure of tourism supply. From the economic point of view, awareness of different types of disability and the diverse models describing it are significant aids in the segmentation of tourism supply and placement of products accessible to PwD on the tourism market. Originality/value The paper presents a new, critical perspective on the selected MD, the key to which is the search for optimal solutions in the development of accessible tourism. The analysis performed indicated the need for a synthesis of paradigms at the core of the conceptualisation of particular models, including those often regarded as being contrary (medical and social). The results of studies would give tourism providers important data on an increasingly competitive tourism market, and also affect changes in how PwD, the elderly, are viewed, from the category of “relatively poor” to “attractive, using a wide range of services”.
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FLOYD, MICHAEL, PAUL CORNES, and GEORGE BOECKENFOERDE. "New technology training for people with disabilities in Great Britain." International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 16, no. 1 (March 1993): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004356-199303000-00005.
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Bouras, Nick, Geraldine Holt, and Shaun Gravestock. "Community care for people with learning disabilities: deficits and future plans." Psychiatric Bulletin 19, no. 3 (March 1995): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.19.3.134.
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The challenge facing services for people with learning disabilities is to create the environment in which clients have the best quality of life without preconception. The heterogenous nature of people with learning disabilities requires diversity of care provisions sensitive to their individual needs. The different demonstration and presentation of their mental health needs has influenced the development of services and different models of specialist services have emerged with local variations. There is still, however, a great deal of confusion on both ideological and service delivery level. Although services for people with learning disabilities have succeeded in resettling people in the community and supporting them in developing adaptive skills, unfortunately these successes are not matched by equally effective and efficient services to those with mental health needs.
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Sin, Chih, Nina Mguni, Chloe Cook, Natasha Comber, and Annie Hedges. "Targeted violence, harassment and abuse against people with learning disabilities in Great Britain." Tizard Learning Disability Review 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/tldr.2010.0026.
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Olszowski, Patrick, and Anna Boaden. "Targeted violence, harassment and abuse against people with learning disabilities in Great Britain." Tizard Learning Disability Review 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/tldr.2010.0027.
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Snowdon, John, and Tom Arie. "Old age psychiatry services: long-stay care facilities in Australia and the UK." Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no. 1 (January 2002): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.1.24.
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We are old age psychiatrists; T.A. based in Britain, J.S. in Australia. A return visit by T.A. to Australia allowed us to focus attention on differences between the two countries in their provision of long-term care for old people with mental disabilities. What works well? What constrains development?
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "People with disabilities – services for – great britain"
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Hubbard, M. M. "School leavers with multiple disabilities : an exploratory study of the issues and problems relating to the planning and provision of formal post-school services." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22864.
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This research is an exploratory study of the issues and problems encountered by Young People with multiple disabilities when they leave school and for whom formal post-school service provision is relevant within the Scottish setting. The research problem is tackled by a qualitative and an empirically grounded study with a central focus was on the way in which decisions about the nature and range of services are made and their potential for making a major impact on quality of life. From conception, the study was innovatory and it was necessary to combine methods of data collection and to analyse in ways that had previously not been used in the field. The design and methods are eclectic with an emphasis on in-depth case-studies. The research process began with the development of a functional classification used to define the sub-population. This was followed by an investigation of the structure and organisation of the Future Needs Assessment process which is central to the planning of formal post-school provision. together with Carer perspectives and opinions of the process. The next phase was to examine the nature and range of formal post-school service provision in relation to the issue of quality of life and in the meeting of developmental needs. Discussion then took place with the Young People and the Carers about their judgements of post-school provision and 'ideal' provision. The final phase developed recommendations on the practical application of, the research findings. The major research findings, derived from the fieldwork evidence. indicate that there is a radical change in emphasis in the transition from school to adult-based formal service provision which result in the limitation of services and of personal choice. There is a major disjunction in the quality of life experienced by the Young People. The Future Needs Assessment process fails to adequately plan for the transition to formal post-school provision which fails to meet individual personal and social development. The major recommendations, derived from the research, state that the Future Needs Assessment process must play a more effective role in identifying the post-school needs of the School-leavers to ensure that formal post-school provision and delivery planning is individually-centred and 'needs-led'. In addition, there should be greater choice of provision which follows the 'independent /enabling /empowering model and which will offer the School leaver the potential to experience a high quality of life.
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Carter, Holly R. "The Effects of Age, Sex, and Class Stratification and the Use of Health Care Services among Older Adults in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2256/.
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As the population ages, providing health services for the growing number of older people will become an increasingly difficult problem. In countries where the health services are provided by the government, these problems are involved with complicated issues of finance and ethics. This is the case of the National Health Service, the government institution providing health care for the citizens of the United Kingdom. Knowing what social factors influence health care usage can be a link to match usage and funding. Literature has shown that health care utilization can be predicted by social factors, as well as the medical model, and from this orientation social variables were drawn from the 1994 General Household Survey. Social factors were analyzed to determine relationships that exist between certain types of health care use and these factors. Age, sex, and class, the three main factors shown in literature to affect usage, were then analyzed to determine if services are allocated on the basis of these factors or the basis of need from illness and disability. Results of the study show that of the predisposing variables, age, sex, and class, are associated with most types of health care use. From the enabling variables, both source of income and visits from friends and relatives are associated with most types of health care. Of the illness determinants, disability, limiting illness, restricted activity days and eyesight difficulty were all related to health care use. When intervening control variables were introduced, the intervening control variables of difficulty with activities of daily living and difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living had an explanatory effect on the use of home help, district nursing, consultations with a general practitioner at home, consultations with a general practitioner at a surgery or health clinic, and inpatient stays. These services were offered more according to need than the factors of age, sex, and class.
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Monahan, Ann Corneille. "Day care for people with dementia--the importance of communicating a safe and uncritical environment to clients and facilitating stimulating activity." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/270.
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Exploratory case studies investigated the day care benefit from the multiple perspectives of the person with dementia, caregiver, and day care worker. The routines, daily processes, and factors promoting benefit were reported. The day care client was also queried to explore their ability to contribute useful information about their care environment. The adult day care is primarily a social occasion for its clients, who enjoy the benefits of companionship and interaction. Day cares were differentiated by the environmental features: worker:client ratio, size, suitability of the site for intended purpose, quality of client-worker relationships, and quality of the activities offered. The quality of each of these features is an important component in the day care environment. All components at their highest quality are not necessary for the environment to be beneficial. The most important factors contributing to day care quality were workers who (1) communicated safety to the client through a relaxed, uncritical environment, and (2) facilitated client stimulation through activity and personal interaction, satisfying the clients’ basic needs to be safe and occupied. This evaluation was comprised of: two sets of case studies. Each evaluation was concurrently conducted and consistently designed. Participant observation and survey were the primary methods of data collection. Informed consent was sought from day care clients with dementia, family caregivers, and day care workers.
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Rait, Greta. "The adaptation and performance of screening instruments for depression and cognitive impairment for use with older African-Caribbean and South Asian populations in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.673820.
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Lake, Rosalind. "Discrimination against people with mental health problems in the workplace : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005712.
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For a long time the rights of disabled persons have been ignored worldwide. A major obstacle faced by disabled persons is discrimination in the workplace. Due to the development of a social approach to disability and the efforts of the Disability Rights Movement, legislation has been passed throughout the world to improve this dire situation. The thesis considers the efficacy of some of these statutes. It is concluded that stigma and negative stereotypes remain a constant hurdle in overcoming discrimination. The forthcoming UN Disability Convention is demonstrative of the recognition of the importance of the needs and rights of disabled people. The convention proposes some innovative measures to overcome stigma and stereotyping. Mental health problems constitute one of the leading causes of disability. The thesis explores how people with mental health problems fit within the concept of people with disabilities and whether they are included in anti-discrimination legislation and affirmative action measures. Special attention is given to statutory definitions of disability, the different forms of discrimination and the concept of reasonable accommodation. A comparative approach is taken to analyse how South Africa's disability law measures up against that of Britain and Australia in terms of its substantive provisions and enforcement thereof. In considering the South African position American and Canadian jurisprudence is consulted in order to aid in interpretation. It is concluded that although South Africa has a comparatively good legislative framework, it is held back by an overly restrictive and medically focused definition of disability. As a result many individuals with mental health difficulties, desirous of obtaining and retaining employment may be excluded from protection against discrimination in the workplace. It is argued that it will be necessary either to amend the Employment Equity Act or for the courts to adhere strictly to the concept of substantive equality in order to ensure that the rights and dignity of people with mental health difficulties are adequately protected.
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Boyd, Victoria A. "'Looking okay' : exploring constructions of fluctuating or recurring impairments in UK Higher Education." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/11014.
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This research explores constructions and understandings of fluctuating or recurring impairments in Higher Education in the UK. It considers ways in which institutional discourses within one UK University have shaped policy and provision for disabled students, and how students with fluctuating or recurring impairments negotiate and enact identities in this context. For many students, impairments such as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/ myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), epilepsy or diabetes, for example, have the potential to vary in intensity, and thus impact, on participation in learning activities and on self-perception/ identity. With increasing disclosure, yet limited recognition, of such types of impairment comes a need for institutions to better understand changing impact in terms of inclusion and in observing anticipatory aspects of legislation, as well as furthering insight into how student identities are negotiated and constructed in an educational context. This research uses a social constructionist framework to explore constructions and subjectivities as regards fluctuating or recurring impairments, and comprises both staff and student perspectives. The staff perspective is based on the thematic narrative analysis of interviews with three members of staff, and is presented in conjunction with an example of institutional policy to highlight discourses drawn upon in constructing disability and disabled students. The impact of these discourses on institutional constructions and practice is key to the analysis. The student perspective is based on two phases of data collection: firstly, 24 semi-structured interviews with students who self-described a fluctuating or recurring impairment; and secondly, five students’ responses to six bi-weekly emails over the course of one academic trimester (January – April 2011). Summary data from the first phase is used to frame discussion on issues raised by students regarding institutional constructions and support. A ‘hybrid’ narrative analysis framework incorporating positioning analysis as well as both ‘big’ and ‘small stories’ has been used in analysing the phase two data. The approach considers the influence of institutional discourses on how students are positioned institutionally and position themselves, as well as ways in which performances of identity may be shaped. The thesis concludes by considering the implications of the research outcomes for Higher Education. In so doing, it notes the significance of policy implementation and cultural change, and makes recommendations for areas of focus in raising institutional awareness of fluctuating or recurring impairments within existing constructions of disability.
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Summers, Michael. "Great expectations : a policy case study of four case management programs in one organisation /." Connect to thesis, 2007. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2182.
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Four different case management programs delivered by UnitingCare Community Options (UCCO) in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne were examined against the expectations of case management as a policy solution to a range of perceived policy problems at the micro-, meso- and macro-levels. The micro-level expectations were related to client and family experiences of the service system and outcomes. At the meso-level expectations were focused on perceived service delivery problems such as poor matching of services to the needs of ‘complex’ clients including a lack of integration, flexibility and responsiveness to clients’ needs and preferences. Perceived macro-level policy problems were concerned with a variety of issues including increasing rates of institutionalisation, increasing costs to governments, lack of economic efficiency and the desire to create market or quasi-market conditions in the community care service delivery sector. (For complete abstract open document)
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Thouroude, Véronique Joséphine Gabrielle. "Sickness, disability, and miracle cures : hagiography in England, c.700-c.1200." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9c42b2d-9d25-454c-bed9-169ef79e223b.
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This thesis considers how religious literature represented sickness and disability in Anglo- Saxon and post-Conquest England. Based on Gospel accounts of Jesus's healings, narratives of miracle-cures were highly valued within medieval Christian culture. By analysing a selection of miracle-cure narratives from the main period of miracle writing in England, from the age of Bede to the late twelfth century, this project considers the social significance of such stories. All miracle-cures followed the pattern of a spiritual triumph over the material world, but this thesis focuses on how hagiographers represented human experiences of sickness and disabilities. The first two chapters of this thesis address the conceptual structure of the project. The first explains the two areas of scholarly theory that underpin this thesis. These are the use of narrative sources for historical study; and sociological conceptualisations of bodily difference. The second chapter orientates the case-studies selected for this project in their context. Miracle-cures were recounted in relation to other aspects of the culture of medieval England, most importantly the theology of sainthood and of sin. The remaining three chapters of the thesis provide detailed thematic analysis of selected miracle-cure narratives. The third chapter asks how the spiritual experience of bodily difference was understood. The next chapter considers the physical understandings of a body that was affected by either sickness or disability, and the links between miracle-cure narratives and contemporary medical theory. The fifth and final chapter addresses the representation of social aspects of sickness and disability in these texts, in particular the moralising rhetoric of such texts in favour of community support. This thesis concludes with a discussion of how modern Disability Studies and scholarship on medieval culture benefit from interaction with one another.
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Fenton, Sarah-Jane Hannah. "Mental health service delivery for adolescents and young people : a comparative study between Australia and the UK." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7111/.
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This thesis explores policy and service delivery for adolescent and young adult or ‘transition age’ mental health service users aged 16-25 across different jurisdictions in the UK and Australia. The study explores the implications that policy formulation and implementation have for service delivery in these different contextual settings; and examines how young people (who are at a vulnerable stage developmentally in terms of mental health), have their access to services affected by the existing policy framework. A policy analysis was conducted along with qualitative interviews in six case sites (three in the UK and three in Australia). The thesis adopted a critical realist approach using a laminated cross-sectional interview strategy that was developed to include interviews with national policy makers; local policy makers and service managers; staff working within services; and the young people whom were accessing services as the recipients of policy. Findings from this thesis explore how young people use risk escalation as a way of managing delays to treatment and how practitioners identify particular difficulties for young people transitioning in services when they are due to ‘step up’ into more acute services, or ‘step down’ to a less intensive service. The thesis explores the implications and unintended consequences for young people of policy including processes of ‘cost-shunting’ and ‘resource envy’ at local and national levels. Finally, the thesis offers some learning for systems working to support 16-25 year olds through demonstrating the importance of the dual role of ‘curing’ and ‘caring’ in mental health services.
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Raghavan, R., Nicole Pawson, and Neil A. Small. "Family carers' perspectives on post-school transition of young people with intellectual disabilities with special reference to ethnicity." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9794.
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School leavers with intellectual disabilities (ID) often face difficulties in making a smooth transition from school to college, employment or more broadly to adult life. The transition phase is traumatic for the young person with ID and their families as it often results in the loss of friendships, relationships and social networks. The aim of this study was to explore the family carers' views and experiences on transition from school to college or to adult life with special reference to ethnicity. Forty-three families (consisting of 16 White British, 24 Pakistani, 2 Bangladeshi and one Black African) were interviewed twice using a semi-structured interview schedule. The carers were interviewed twice, Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), T2 being a year later to observe any changes during transition. The findings indicate that although transition planning occurred it was relatively later in the young person's school life. Parents were often confused about the process and had limited information about future options for their son or daughter. All family carers regardless of ethnicity, reported lack of information about services and expressed a sense of being excluded. South Asian families experienced more problems related to language, information about services, culture and religion. The majority of families lacked knowledge and awareness of formal services and the transition process. Socio-economic status, high levels of unemployment and caring for a child with a disability accounted for similar family experiences, regardless of ethnic background. The three key areas relevant for ethnicity are interdependence, religion and assumptions by service providers.
Books on the topic "People with disabilities – services for – great britain"
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Inspectorate, Great Britain Department of Health Social Services. Developing services for young people with disabilities. [London]: Department of Health, 1990.
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Nigel, Malin, ed. Services for people with learning disabilities. London: Routledge, 1995.
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Great Britain. Dept. of Health., ed. Co-ordinating services for visually handicapped people: Report to the minister for the disabled. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.
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Stanley, Kate. The missing million: Supporting disabled people into work. London: IPPR, 2003.
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Great Britain. Department of Health. Social Services Inspectorate. Developing services for young people with disabilities: Report on the progress of six local authorities towards implementing sections 5 and 6 of the Disabled Persons (Services, Consultation and Representation) Act 1986. [London]: Social Services Inspectorate, 1990.
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Karl, Atkin, and Ahman Waqar, eds. South Asian disabled young people and their families. Bristol: Policy Press, Joseph Rowntree Association, 2002.
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Great Britain. Department of Health. Development of services for people with learning disabilities (mental handicap) or mental illness in England: 10th report prepared pursuant to section 11 of the Disabled Persons (Services, Consultation and Representation) Act 1986. London: Stationery Office, 1999.
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Janet, Leece, and Bornat Joanna, eds. Developments in direct payments. Bristol: The Policy Press, 2006.
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Equality Commission for Northern Ireland. Code of practice: Rights of access goods, facilities, services and premises. Belfast: Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, 2003.
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1948-, Swain John, and French Sally, eds. Therapy and learning difficulties: Advocacy, participation and partnership. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "People with disabilities – services for – great britain"
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Burkhauser, Richard V., and Mary C. Daly. "Lessons for US Disability Policy from Other OECD Countries." In Work and the Social Safety Net, 183—C8.P79. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190241599.003.0008.
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Abstract Although industrialized countries have long provided public protection to working-age people with disabilities, their specific policies and programs have evolved over time. The impetus for change has been multifaceted: rapid growth in program costs, greater awareness that people with impairments are able and willing to work, and increased recognition that protecting the economic security of people with disabilities might best be done by maintaining their connections with the labor market. This chapter describes the evolution of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program in the United States and the importance that policy has played in its rapid growth. Based on the shared experiences of the Netherlands, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, and Australia, this chapter outlines lessons for US policymakers as they consider reforms to more effectively control SSDI growth.
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Kane, Rosalie A. "Case management and assessment of the elderly." In Improving the Health of Older People: a World View, 398–416. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192617927.003.0024.
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Abstract Over the past two decades, case management has been increasingly recognized in the United States as a way to co-ordinate services on behalf of that subgroup of elderly people with functional impairments and multiple needs.Sometimes known by other names such as care coordination or resource coordination. some form of case management has been implemented or considered in Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Israel, and many other countries in Europe and even Asia.
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Adibi, Hossein. "The Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme and People With Disabilities From CALD Backgrounds." In Research Anthology on Physical and Intellectual Disabilities in an Inclusive Society, 694–712. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3542-7.ch037.
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The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is considered to be the second greatest reform in healthcare in Australia after the introduction of Medicare in Australia in 1983. This reform was introduced in 2012 in two phases. The first phase as a trial took place for three years. The expectation was that the reform will be rolled out by 2019 or 2020. This article argues that the trial implementation process has achieved very positive outcomes in the lives of a great number of people with disability in Australia. At the same time, NDIS is facing many serious challenges in some areas. One of the obvious challenges is that this reform is a market approached reform. The second challenge relates to meeting the needs of minorities. People with disabilities from Culturally and Linguistically Divers (CALD) backgrounds are one of the five most venerable, underutilised users of NDIS services in Australia. They have no strong voice and negotiable abilities. The main question here is how NDIS is to meet its commitment to satisfy the needs of these vulnerable people in Australia.
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Dwivedi, Kedar Nath. "Caring for ethnic minority and refugee children." In Child and adolescent mental health services: strategy, planning, delivery, and evaluation, 263–70. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198508441.003.0017.
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Abstract It is a supposition of cultural psychology that when people live in the world differently, it may be that they live in different worlds. (Shweder 1991: 23) The population of Great Britain (www.statistics.gov.uk ) in 1998 was about 56.7 million, including 53.0 million whites and 3.7 million ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities include black Caribbean 0.5 million, black African 0.3 million, black-other 0.29 million, Indian 0.94 million, Pakistani 0.56 million, Bangladeshi 0.23 million, Chinese 0.16 million, other Asian (non-mixed) 0.19 million, other-other (including mixed) 0.4 million.
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Aylward, Mansel. "Origins, practice, and limitations of Disability Assessment Medicine." In Malingering and illness deception, 287–300. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198515548.003.0022.
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Abstract Disability Assessment Medicine is the specialty concerned with the assessment of people with disabilities that provides impartial medical advice and reports for decision makers in the United Kingdom (Aylward and Sawney 1999). Many such decision makers work for the Department for Work and Pensions in Great Britain and their job is to determine eligibility for a range of state incapacity and disability related benefits. Others are employed as ‘finders of fact’ in insurance companies, appeals tribunals, and courts of law. A comprehensive list of decision makers is provided in Table 22.1 which also describes the cardinal features that decision makers expect in a
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Baum, Susan, and Richard Olenchak. "Twice-Exceptional Students." In Advances in Early Childhood and K-12 Education, 20–38. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8153-7.ch003.
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Young people who present with concomitant high ability and disabilities represent one of education's greatest conundrums. While on one hand they appear capable of superior academic performance, on the other hand they struggle as students. Consequently, identification and educational services for the twice-exceptional student population remain bewildering and elusive as the combination of seemingly paradoxical traits puts them at great risk for identification and consequently this population of students is rarely served appropriately. This chapter explores the complexities of the twice-exceptional (2e) population, how they should be viewed, how schools and homes can accommodate what seem to be dichotomous needs, and how ultimately they can be successful and contented. Case examples amplify understanding of this challenging group of young people.
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Meltzer, Howard. "The nature and scale of the problem—the prevalence of mental health problems and mental disorders in childhood and adolescence." In Child and adolescent mental health services: strategy, planning, delivery, and evaluation, 161–66. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198508441.003.0010.
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Abstract This chapter is divided into three sections. In the first of them, the use of the terms, mental health problems and mental disorders, in relation to young people is discussed with respect to how they are operationalized in large-scale survey research. This is followed by a review of studies that have attempted to measure the prevalence of mental health problems and disorders among children with particular emphasis on the national study of childhood mental disorders in Great Britain. The chapter ends with a brief summary of the implications of national prevalence data for a comprehensive child and adolescent mental health service.
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Rubio-Escuderos, Lucía, and Hugo García-Andreu. "Competitiveness Factors of Accessible Tourism E-Travel Agencies." In ICT Tools and Applications for Accessible Tourism, 196–217. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6428-8.ch009.
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This chapter aims to detect the differentiating factors of the accessible e-travel agencies that enable them to be competitive in the market and, therefore, to promote the development of accessible products in the tourism sector. With this objective, an analysis of 14 accessible travel agencies' websites has been carried out. The analysis was guided by theoretical frameworks of competitiveness and accessible tourism. Taking into account the specific needs of people with disabilities, accessible e-travel agencies offer a wide range of specialized and tailor-made products and services with great quality while finding efficiency formulas to contain prices: being receptive in a specific destination; having a network of contacts in different parts of the world that can verify the specific requirements of the client; or being specialized in a specific destination/s, offering tourist packages that have previously been tested by other people with the disability for which it is offered.
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Rostow, W. W. "Population and the Stages of Growth." In The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.003.0006.
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Hamish McRae's The World in 2020 begins its discussion of population with this blunt sentence: "Of all the forces that will change the world over the next generation, demography is probably the most important." 1 agree. After all, men, women, and children determine the demand for things; men and women determine the size of the workforce; and if the supply of goods and services they produce and export is not adequate, people go hungry, lack medical services, and all too often perish too young. The rhythm of human life is such that those who are born now will, by and large, live through the middle of the next century. We owe them some things. However, as this chapter argues, the future is complicated by more than simply the rate of increase of the population. There are those who do not trace the beginning of modern economics to David Hume, Adam Smith, and their colleagues in the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century. They prefer the "Political Arithmeticians"— the statisticians—of the late 17th century, the greatest of whom was William Petty. Petty ranged widely over the field of economics including some wise and subtle reflections on the role of minorities in international trade. In 1695, Gregory King estimated the national accounts of England and Wales as of 1688. He used, essentially, a modern balance-sheet method, demonstrating the relationships between output and expenditure for five sectors of the economy. But it was John Gaunt as early as 1662 who cast the longest shadow on the future with his estimates of death rates in London based on the bills of mortality. His work is the beginning of modem demography. What stirred these late-17th-century inquiries? It was not a precocious academic interest in measuring population and national income; it was a sense that the nations of Europe were emerging from the feudal past and its internal struggles for power into an international arena of hostility and combat. In the following century, Britain and France, for example, were at war for more than 43 years.
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Castaldelli-Maia, João Mauricio, Antonio Ventriglio, and Dinesh Bhugra. "Homelessness and mental health." In Oxford Textbook of Social Psychiatry, edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Driss Moussaoui, and Tom J. Craig, 301–8. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0032.
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Abstract There is considerable research evidence indicating that rates of psychiatric disorders are higher in homeless individuals, although, in some cases, psychiatric illnesses may lead to homelessness. It is likely that in spite of high rates of illness, individuals who are homeless or are in insecure housing may be more reluctant to seek help. Thus, it is of paramount importance to enable homeless people with mental illness to access mental health services easily, which is a worldwide challenge. Homelessness and psychiatric disorders are both strongly affected by other social determinants and thus may feed into each other. A significant improvement in the health of these persons can be through outreach programmes leading to early detection of psychiatric disorders. In view of the great vulnerability to which the homeless are exposed, the special psychological treatments they may need are obvious, but interventions require joined up thinking between health, housing, employment, education, justice, and other ministries. Each nation may need to develop optimal models of social care and rehabilitation that rely on the particular research-driven needs of homeless people with mental illnesses. In order to improve the availability of services to the homeless, it is also important to consider and value their experiences and opinions. Many underprivileged groups such as refugees and migrants, adolescents, those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, LGBTIQ, and homeless individuals may need extra input. The well-recognized association between homelessness and mental illness needs to be addressed at multiple levels in any society.
Conference papers on the topic "People with disabilities – services for – great britain"
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Oulton, K., L. Carr, C. Jewitt, C. Kenten, S. Kerry, A. Hassiotis, J. Russell, M. Whiting, I. Tufrey-Wijne, and F. Gibson. "005 Delivering hospital care and services to children and young people with learning disabilities: the national picture." In Great Ormond Street Hospital Conference 2018: Continuous Care. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/goshabs.5.
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Juodisius, Mantas, and Aiste Barbora Uspuriene. "Accessibility of Rural Tourism Services for the Disabled in Lithuania." In International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-551747.
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Rural tourism has great potential for attracting people with different interests, but it requires close cooperation in the planning and implementation of strategic development directions and measures related to tourism. At present time, the social model of integration of the disabled is becoming more and more established. A person with a disability needs adapted infrastructure to travel. Actions should be implemented in accordance with the principle that people with disabilities, like all people, need access and integration. Therefore, it is important to study the accessibility of rural tourism services for the disabled in Lithuania.
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Aitken, Z., G. Disney, L. Krnjacki, A. Milner, E. Emerson, and AM Kavanagh. "P62 How much of the disability-related inequalities in health and well-being are mediated by barriers to participation faced by people with disabilities? A causal mediation analysis using longitudinal data from working age people with and without disabilities in great britain." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.213.
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Matúš, Peter, and Matúš Materna. "Approaches of chosen air navigation services providers to UAV integration into air traffic control systems." In Práce a štúdie. University of Zilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.2.26.
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In this article are approaches of Air Navigation Services (ANS) providers in chosen countries to UAV integration into Air Traffic Control Systems identified and described. Firstly we made a synpaper of theoretical information about ANS and UAV. Product of ANS providers has 11 parts. For UAV traffic control and management are important ATC, CNS, AIS, MET, ATFCM and ASM services. The volume of ANS provided depends on UAV operation development in the country, and on the level of integration of UAV into ATC systems. The biggest problem of UAV operation is the risk of collision with piloted aircraft, and potential threat of people and property on the ground. The biggest risk is during UAV operation close to airports, because there are many aircrafts flying in low altitudes (after take-off and on approach to landing). The consequences of collision in this altitudes in the most serious. Because of this, 4 ways to detect and 2 ways to mitigate an unauthorized UAV close to airport are currently in use. Various combinations of UAV detection and mitigation ways create complex airport UAV protection systems. Secondly, we chose 7 countries (Poland, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, USA, India, and United Arab Emirates), and analysed their approaches to UAV integration. In all of the analysed countries can remote pilots use a mobile application, which allows them to create a flight plan, and receive all the information, necessary for the flight. Differences between these countries are for example if the permission in required for every UAV flight (in Hungary and India yes), if the ANS provider has an opportunity to watch UAV during flight (in Poland, India, and partly in Germany), if the UAV operation without direct visual contact between remote pilot and UAV is allowed (in Poland and Germany), and if are UAV operations included into airspace capacity management systems (in Poland, Hungary, Germany, and Great Britain). UAV integration process in next years will relate to development of communication systems between UAVs, between UAV and ATC, and between UAV and piloted aircraft. The process will also relate to development of technologies to avoid mid-air collisions.
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Coutinho, Fábio J., Dayvson Sales, Wagner Fontes, Samuel Lucas V. L. Barbosa, Victor Accete, John Davi D. C. Pires, Rebeca De Jesus Brandão, and André Luiz de O. Cezário. "TATU: an Approach for Supporting Tourists with Disabilities to Indoor and Outdoor Navigation using Mobile Devices." In Seminário Integrado de Software e Hardware. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/semish.2021.15808.
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People with disabilities living in Brazil face great difficulties in the tasks of daily life mainly due to the lack of accessibility in public spaces, products and services. In this context, we noticed a lack of a computing tool that embraces both people with visual and hearing impairment. This work presents TATU -- a mobile application for both Android and iOS platforms aimed at supporting people with visual or hearing impairment to enjoy Brazilian tourist attractions, including both open-air and indoor spaces. TATU application has an adaptive interface exclusively designed for each of the impairment user profiles, it can work on guided tour mode by indoor navigation using BLE beacons and outdoor navigation using GPS. Our solution was evaluated by three experiments, one of which was carried out with blind volunteers and TATU application obtained satisfactory results for both spacious attractions with the lowest density of collection items and for the smallest spaces.
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Brković, Radoje. "PERSONALNA ASISTENCIJA I REGULATIVA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.581b.
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Personal assistance as one of the services of social protection is aimed at helping citizens, that is, helping a special category of citizens - people with disabilities. Given the specific needs of these persons, personal assistance as a special type of social protection is of great importance, especially if we take into account the recent demographic changes in the structure of the population, the increase in the share of persons requiring some form of social protection services, and especially this kind services. This tendency is present in almost all European countries, which certainly makes this type of service very current. The paper will analyze the concept of personal assistance as a type of social protection service, difficulties encountered by persons with disabilities in Serbia, the normative framework governing this service in the Republic of Serbia, and possible proposals for improving this institute in domestic legislation, based on the analysis the current personal assistance system.
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Antonakopoulou, Anna, Eva Grigoriadou, Pinelopi Alexiou, Ioulia Leventopoulou, Iasonas Sioutis, Vasilis Sourlas, Angelos Amditis, and Evangelia Latsa. "Approach to ensure inclusiveness for the identification of real mobility and public space re-design needs towards sustainability." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005335.
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The paper presents the methodology specified and followed in the context of the European funded project ELABORATOR, to provide a comprehensive framework that acts as a practical tool to advise all relevant parties of mobility innovation chain towards achieving a higher level of inclusivity in all phases of new mobility solutions and services’ design, implementation, deployment and evaluation. ELABORATOR aims to support cities in their transition towards climate neutrality by promoting zero-emission, active and human-centred mobility, with a special focus on inclusion. The methodology followed by the project goes beyond the technicalities of sustainable urban mobility solutions and via its inclusive research approach investigates the complex and differentiated needs conveyed by multiple stakeholders and citizens especially women and vulnerable to exclusion groups, in 12 European cities and beyond. The specified inclusion plan is enforced and validated through focus groups (1 per city) and co-creation workshops with over 200 participants of different user groups. This enriches understanding of how these needs are embedded in different social and cultural milieus, how they are interwoven with expectations and needs, how they form differentiated patterns of urban mobility as well as how they can be communicated to enhance the implementation of sustainable urban mobility solutions.The proposed research framework interacts with vulnerable to exclusion groups so that: i) a great diversity of social groups of future users and stakeholders are well represented; ii) a conscious, welcoming, and stimulating environment is created; iii) everyone in those groups feels comfortable in sharing visions, doubts and needs. The investigation, discovery, development and evaluation of the inclusivity of innovative urban mobility solutions by a large under-researched vulnerable to exclusion groups and further stakeholders’ is a complex task and is achieved through well-defined requirements, specifications, methods, tools as well as the combined access of different disciplines.The methodology followed consists of three main activities and is conducted on four distinct phases, namely the Set up phase, the Discovery & Definition phase, the Implementation phase and finally the Evaluation and Dissemination phase. The activities are related with the provision of i) an inclusive vocabulary that includes a catalog of appropriate terms to be used by all relevant parties, ii) acknowledgement of what we mean by “Vulnerable to exclusion groups” and iii) guidelines and indicators towards inclusive mobility interventions implementation and evaluation. Towards this direction, the production/capital oriented structure of societies/cities is investigated and how this norms and patterns affect women and other vulnerable groups. The challenges that women and other more vulnerable groups, such as elderly, children, people with disabilities etc. face in their daily mobility are also explored in order a set of urban quality inclusion indicators for public space and mobility to be defined. The proposed criteria are relevant to 5 broad categories: Safety & Security, Accessibility, Vitality, Public space & Mobility equipment, and Inclusive signs and representations.In more detail, the whole process consists of different steps that are followed in every phase. In the first phase specific guidelines on how to establish inclusive methodologies and co-creation tools and ensure broad representation of diverse citizen groups are provided as well as guidelines on inclusive decision-making and participation. Within the second phase an prioritization of interventions is done based on principles of inclusiveness, identified during the first phase, and using participatory decision-making as well as collective understanding of safe, sustainable, and inclusive urban transportation for all. During the third phase the enforcement of the guidelines for proposed inclusive spatial Interventions are taking place via the well-established participatory co-production processes and the definition of inclusive validation processes. Finally, the evaluation and dissemination phase that runs in parallel with the previous ones refers to the evaluation of mobility interventions using the inclusive indicators and following the inclusive and open process for evaluation.
Reports on the topic "People with disabilities – services for – great britain"
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.
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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.