Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pension reforms

Academic literature on the topic 'Pension reforms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Pension reforms"

Price, Debora. "The pensions White Paper: taking account of gender." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 15, no. 1 (February 2007): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/lbqa9574.

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Many women face severe obstacles in accumulating adequate income in later life. The pensions White Paper heralds substantive reform of the pension system, with certain elements assisting women in future to build pension entitlements. The extent to which the reforms will have the desired effect is, however, unclear since the system remains complex and means-tested benefits will remain a substantial element of pensioner income for many in the population. The government has committed to a gender impact assessment of the reforms. This article explores the elements of the pension system that should be evaluated if this assessment is to take full account of gender.

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DÍAZ-GIMÉNEZ, JAVIER, and JULIÁN DÍAZ-SAAVEDRA. "The future of Spanish pensions." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 16, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747216000093.

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AbstractWe use an overlapping generations model economy with endogenous retirement to study the 2011 and 2013 reforms of the Spanish public pension system. These reforms delay the legal retirement ages, increase the contributivity of the system, and adopt a sustainability factor and a pension revualuation index that effectively transform the Spanish pension system into a defined-contribution pension system. We find that these reforms improve the sustainability of Spanish pensions substantially, and that they limit the tax increases that would have been necessary to finance the pension system deficits. But these results are achieved at the expense of large reductions in the real value of the average pension. This reduction is progressive and, by 2050, the average pension is approximately 30% smaller in real terms than what it would have been under the pension system rules that prevailed in 2010. We also show that these reforms are costly in welfare terms and that households born between 1950 and 1970, young disabled workers who are alive at the time of the reform, and future cohorts bear the highest welfare costs. The substantial reduction of pensions and the high welfare costs that these reforms bring about lead us to conjecture that further reforms lurk in the future of Spanish pensions.

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Grech, Aaron. "What Makes Pension Reforms Sustainable?" Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082891.

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Policymakers pushing pension reforms have tended to justify changes on the basis that they would make systems more sustainable by lowering future spending on pensions. This is a rather narrow interpretation of sustainability that fails to consider that other fiscal programs may need to accommodate the impact of reforms that reduce pension system adequacy. In this light, this article argues that in order to correctly assess the sustainability of pension reforms, one needs to adopt a more holistic framework that encapsulates the interaction between pension system goals and constraints. In a number of countries, reforms focused solely on reducing future spending were followed by reforms that restored generosity. A holistic approach to assess pension sustainability could help limit this cycle of reform and increase trust in pension systems.

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Rasmussen, Magnus B., and Carl Henrik Knutsen. "Laying Down The Principles: How Local Socialist Achievements Spurred National Bourgeois Support for Noncontributory Pensions." World Politics 76, no. 1 (January 2024): 172–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2024.a916344.

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abstract: The authors develop a perspective of locally embedded welfare state development to explain how relatively weak national political actors can, nonetheless, shape national policy over time by pursuing local reforms. Empirically, the authors assess their argument by using municipality-level representative shares, data on noncontributory pension reforms, roll-call votes from parliament, and archival material from early twentieth-century Norway, in which several local governments introduced noncontributory old-age pensions before Norway adopted a national scheme. The authors show, first, how nationally underrepresented but highly institutionalized socialist parties with geographically concentrated support introduced local pensions. Over time, these parties thus shaped the possibility space for national reform, effectively locking the national policy agenda into a pension system preferred by the socialists—namely, noncontributory pensions. Citing high municipality-debt pressures in their constituencies, bourgeois politicians from districts with local pensions eventually supported and promoted national-level pension reform. This support, in turn, spurred the cross-class alliance required to establish a national noncontributory pension system.

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Petreski, Blagica, and Marjan Petreski. "Dynamic microsimulation modelling of potential pension reforms in North Macedonia." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 20, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747219000374.

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AbstractDue to structural and policy shifts, pension deficit in North Macedonia doubled over a decade and significantly outpaced the central budget deficit. The objective of the paper is to examine fiscal and development effects of few pension-reform designs. We constructed MK-PENS Dynamic Microsimulation Pension Model and simulated the effects of few reforms affecting one stakeholder and few combined reforms. Results robustly suggest that without reform and assuming only statutory pension adjustment, the deficit will remain as is. Simulated scenarios suggest that proposed pension reforms significantly reduce the pension deficit, with the most favourable results obtained within the combined scenarios of shared burden. Gradual introduction of reform's elements should come into play in case large political cost is envisaged.

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Bridgen, Paul, and Traute Meyer. "Fair Cuts? The Impact of British Public Service Pension Reform on Workers in the Main Occupations." Social Policy and Society 12, no. 1 (October 22, 2012): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000541.

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Public service pensions have been a fundamental component of the British pension system in the post-war period and recent reform initiatives have caused political controversy. This article assesses the impact of the Conservative/Liberal government's public sector pension reform plans of 2011 for different public sector workers. It simulates their projected pension outcomes, assuming people contribute to the new system throughout their working lives. In particular, we examine the government's claim that the move away from final to average salary schemes will make pensions fairer for women and lower paid workers. The article shows that the reforms are indeed fair, if measured by the government's standards: retirement is delayed for all, but the lowest skilled and women lose least and some even gain higher pensions without paying proportionately more. Despite austerity, recent British pension reforms reflect a greater awareness of social inequality than many would expect and they have been built on more cross-party agreement than apparent at first sight.

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Zhukova, T. V. "Wavelike Character of Pension Reforms. First-wave 1994–2008." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 6 (December 30, 2019): 130–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-6-6.

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The article puts forward the hypothesis about the wave nature of pension systems reforms since the early 1990 under the effect of demographic and economic factors. In response to the results of previous works on this subject and statistical analysis results, wave’s mechanism has been identified. Conditions for starting the wave of pension reforms established with long-term demographic trend in periods of tension (the higher growth rates of age dependency ratio and others). The start and dynamic of the wave are determined by macroeconomic shocks arise from decreasing phase of business-cycle. The growth phase of pension reforms are followed by the period of deceleration. There is a factor that slowdowns responses to macroeconomic shocks (the decisions about pension reforms are not accepted instantly). Pension system adjusts to new conditions until further tightening. Quantitative and quality analysis of pension reforms across countries would allow to test this hypothesis. To that end an appropriate instruments have been developed: the classifier of pension reform (67 items with scoring system to estimate the depth of the changes), evaluation system for economic factors influences via sensitive to pension systems indicators and associated macroeconomic shocks. A cross-section of 24 countries generates a mix of pension reforms for the period of 1994–2019, two waves of pension reforms (1990–2008 and 2009 – present) is revealed, the hypothesis of waves nature of pension reforms is confirmed. The heart of pension systems transformations in the first way is identified. These are lowering of government pensions obligations, shifting the risks from state to population with the introduction of DCschemes. The suggestions that the implementation of second pillar is positive only for countries with well-developed financial market. The research of second-wave of pension reforms and projection of the third way will be dealt with in the next article.

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Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, and Eva Maria Hohnerlein. "Testing the Assumptions concerning the Effects of the German Pension Reform Based on Latin American and Eastern European Outcomes." European Journal of Social Security 4, no. 4 (December 2002): 285–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270200400402.

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The pension reform, approved in Germany in 2001, and implemented on January 1, 2002, has been described by the Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, Walter Riester, as ‘one of the greatest social reforms this country has seen’ (Federal Ministry, 2002a) and it has prompted considerable discussion and publications. This article analyses key assumptions on the effects of the German reform in the light of two decades of experience with structural pension reforms (‘privatisation’) in Latin America. This region has pioneered this type of reform and has influenced both the international debate and changes in other regions such as Eastern Europe. The article has four objectives: (1) to elaborate a taxonomy of old-age structural pension reforms in the world and place Germany's within it; (2) to identify and analyse crucial assumptions related to the effects of the German reform (incentives for affiliation, competition and administrative costs, impact on the level of pensions, sustainability of the public pension contribution ceiling, and effects on national saving, fiscal costs, the capital market and investment returns); (3) to contrast those German assumptions that are similar to their counterparts in Latin America with data collected on real outcomes from the pension reforms in several countries of that region and, to a lesser extent, from a few Eastern European countries (the two regions combined embrace more than 80 million insured persons in private pensions); and (4) to summarise our findings and draw some useful lessons. Economic, social security and other differences between Germany and the countries compared will be taken into account in the analysis.

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Zhang, Hanyue, and Xianglei Duan. "Pension System Reform: International Experience and Insights." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 9, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v9i1.8402.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze and conduct a comparative study of pension system reforms in the international arena in order to obtain experiences and insights from the pension system reforms in various countries. After introducing the basic concepts and current status of pension systems, this paper reviews the history of pension system reform in the international arena and analyzes the reform measures, policy effectiveness, and problems and challenges of different countries. By comparing and summarizing the international experiences and insights, this paper provides references and inspirations for the future pension system reform in China. The study finds that the effectiveness of pension system reform measures and policies varies across countries, but in general can be summarized in four directions: gradually raising the retirement age, increasing personal responsibility, increasing funding sources, and improving administrative efficiency. In addition, there are some common problems and challenges in pension system reforms in different countries, such as political difficulties, social stability, funding gaps, and overly conservative policies. In order to solve these problems, governments need to take into account national conditions and actual situations and adopt reform measures that meet the characteristics and realities of their countries. Comparing the experience and inspiration of international pension system reform, we can find that: firstly, it is necessary to adhere to the people-oriented principle and focus on protecting the basic rights and interests of individuals; secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the institutional guarantee of policies and laws to ensure the continuity and stability of policies; thirdly, it is necessary to play the role of market mechanism to increase the funding source of pensions; fourthly, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and management of the government to improve the management efficiency. These experiences and inspirations are useful for China's future pension system reform.

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Poškutė, Virginija, Tadas Gudaitis, Teodoras Medaiskis, and Jaroslav Mečkovski. "SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE PENSION SYSTEM AND STATE SUPPORT FOR FUNDED PENSIONS IN CEE COUNTRIES." Business: Theory and Practice 23, no. 2 (September 7, 2022): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2022.16250.

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Pension systems around Europe are being reformed for several decades already. Main objectives of the reforms are to enable people to have adequate income at retirement and to ensure the system’s financial sustainability. Many European countries implemented policies aiming at diversification of financing sources of income at older age: risk-sharing between pay-as-you-go and funded pensions is expected to help in achieving social policy objectives towards pension systems. Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) face even more challenges in ensuring adequate income at retirement. First, CEE countries were required to transform radically their economies in 1990s towards market economy, including old age pension systems. Second, in order to ensure diversified future old age pension income and attract more financial means to the system, introduction of funded pensions from scratch and ensuring as wide as possible coverage with funded pension schemes was of primary importance also. The paper discusses latest developments of retirement pension systems in Europe and state involvement in private pension schemes. In doing so, the focus is on the introduction of funded private pension schemes in selected CEE countries. In spite of initially chosen different paths for the reforms, inconsistent state policies towards funded pensions in the CEE countries resulted in similar outcomes of the reforms. The paper starts with discussion on main objectives of pension systems – enabling people to have adequate income at retirement and ensuring financial sustainability of the systems. Further, possibilities to achieve the objectives of pension reforms are analysed – diversification of income at retirement. Third part of the paper discusses prevailing debates on future of welfare state as such and individualisation trends within different European welfare state models. These debates and perceptions of population about responsibilities of a state for individual welfare affect direction of reforms and future shape of old age pension systems. Fourth part of the paper deals with state policies and tools that are used for encouragement of participation in supplementary pensions. Final part of the paper presents more detailed outline of the pension reforms in selected CEE countries and summarises particular challenges of their pension systems. The paper ends with a discussion on policy implications in relation to latest developments of pension systems in CEE countries.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pension reforms"

Glans, Erik. "Pension reforms and retirement behaviour /." Uppsala : Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107796.

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Casarico, Alessandra. "An economic analysis of pension systems and reforms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324516.

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Grech, Aaron. "Assessing the sustainability of pension reforms in Europe." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/241/.

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Spurred by the ageing transition, many governments have made wide-ranging reforms, dramatically changing Europe's pensions landscape. Nevertheless there remain concerns about future costs, while unease about adequacy is growing. This study develops a comprehensive framework to assess pension system sustainability. It captures the effects of reforms on the ability of systems to alleviate poverty and maintain living standards, while setting out how reforms change future costs and relative entitlements for different generations. This framework differs from others, which just look at generosity at the point of retirement, as it uses pension wealth - the value of all transfers during retirement. This captures the impact of both longevity and changes in the value of pensions during retirement. Moreover, rather than focusing only on average earners with full careers, this framework examines individuals at different wage levels, taking account of actual labour market participation. The countries analysed cover 70% of the EU's population and include examples of all system types. Our estimates indicate that while reforms have decreased generosity significantly, in most, but not all, countries the poverty alleviation function remains strong, particularly where minimum pensions have improved. However, moves to link benefits to contributions have made some systems less progressive, raising adequacy concerns for women and those on low incomes. The consumption smoothing function of state pensions has declined noticeably, suggesting the need for longer working lives or additional private saving for individuals to maintain pre-reform living standards. Despite the reforms, the size of entitlements of future generations should remain similar to that of current generations, in most cases, as the effect of lower annual benefits should be offset by longer retirement. Though reforms have helped address the financial challenge faced by pension systems, in many countries pressures remain strong and further reforms are likely.

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Choi, Young Jun. "Pension reforms in East Asia : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428376.

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Lukeš, Tomáš. "Political determinants of economic reforms: case study of of pension schemes." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72229.

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The work aims to explain the character and success/failure of pension reforms with help of political explanatory variables. The constitution of given political system is considered, as well as the actual political alignment and the role of electorate, in explaining the processes underlying the pension scheme reforms - a major topic of today's aging societies. The case study approach is used, utilising the recent experience of Great Britain and Sweden in reforming the pensions. The findings are compared with the results and conclusions suggested by a dynamic economic model of pension scheme switch, demonstrating eventually what factors and conditions are favorable for pension reforms, both from the political and the economic point of view.

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An, Mi-young. "Ageing and income inequality in South Korea : impact of recent pension reforms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424631.

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Song, In Bo. "The political economy of civil service pension reforms in Korea. Vol.1." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531159.

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Kgatla, Itumeleng Peter. "Social security and retirement reforms in South Africa : prospects and challenges." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1114.

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Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
This mini-dissertation discusses South African social security and retirement reforms that will be used as guidelines towards promulgation of the new Pension Funds Act which will incorporate both private and public pensions. These proposals have been highlighted in the Retirement Reform Discussion Paper issued by National Treasury in 2004 and the Social Security and Retirement Reform paper, issued by both National Treasury and Department of Social Development, 2007. Further, the recent discussion papers entitled ‘Strengthening Retirement Savings and a Safer Financial Sector to Serve South Africa Better’ published in 2011 and 2012 respectively have strengthened social security and retirement reforms debate in South Africa. This mini-dissertation will incorporate both social security and retirement reforms.

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Etgeton, Stefan [Verfasser]. "The Impact of Pension Reforms on Income Inequality, Savings, and Health / Stefan Etgeton." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182314341/34.

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SHAHINI, VIOLA. "WELFARE STATE CHANGE IN ALBANIA: COMPARING THE POLITICS OF PENSION AND HEALTHCARE REFORMS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/919925.

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In the early 1990s, the deep political and socio-economic transformations showed that the Albanian pension and healthcare models inherited from Communism were inefficient, close to the point of fiscal breakdown, as well as inequitable. In order to address these challenges, the Albanian government promoted a shift towards a social insurance model – which was said to represent the “good way”, i.e. a viable solution to build a stable and especially an effective social protection system. In both policy sectors the government’s ultimate goal was to link benefits to contribution records. Consequently, the Albanian pension and healthcare systems started to converge towards a Bismarckian social insurance model. However, reform implementation was constrained and, after three decades of reforms, the full shift to an insurance-based model has failed in both pensions and healthcare. The 2014 reform transformed the pension system into a mixed-occupational model – according to Ferrera’s terminology (Ferrera 1993) – made up of a social assistance scheme – a means-tested, poverty-relief social pension – and a social insurance, contributory scheme aimed at income maintenance. In the healthcare sector, the last wave of reform, started in 2014, aimed at transforming the system from a social insurance model to a universalistic social security one. These reforms thus led to a partial policy reversal, with the healthcare changing into a mixed-universalistic model, implying a combination of social security and social insurance – respectively financed by the state budget and social contributions. The pension and healthcare systems currently differ in terms of institutional architectures, financing methods, coverage and benefits. This policy change and divergence that exist between these two policy fields is puzzling, given their similar starting position in the early 1990s. The situation becomes even more ambiguous when we take into account the strong influence international actors, supporting neoliberal recipes, had on both systems since the very beginning. In fact, existing research on the Albanian welfare state development focuses on the role of international pressures to explain social policy change, according to which it is the external actors, not domestic ones, that have driven reforms. This strand in the literature, which stresses the role of international organisations in favouring policy diffusion, implicitly assumes that national political factors have limited or no effect on the relationship between (international) economic circumstances and social policy and that governments respond similarly to external constraints (Haggard and Kaufman, 2008). However, considering the important role played by the World Bank during the decision-making process, we should have seen convergence towards a single social model, i.e., neoliberal direction. Yet, empirically we observe a divergence over-time and between different social policy domains in Albania. This suggests that in order to understand policy change and variation we should look at other factors, such as internal political dynamics which is significantly missing from the existing literature. In addition, radical policy change and processes of convergence or divergence across policy sectors over-time have clear implications vis à vis historical institutionalism, according to which we should have seen path dependency. In fact, focusing only on institutions can hardly account for what is driving policy change in the first place (Jessoula, 2009), therefore, other factors have to be introduced, such as the role of actors’ interests and ideas. This thesis aims at filling this literature gap by contributing to the understanding of welfare state reforms in Albania in terms of policy, politics and theoretical analysis. More specifically, it aims at answering the following research questions: Why pension and healthcare policies converged into a Bismarckian social insurance model in the early 1990s? Why did implementation of the Bismarckian insurance model fail in both sectors? What explains subsequent developments towards a mixed-occupational model in pension and mixed-universalism in healthcare? To achieve these aims, this study provides a detailed empirical investigation in order to reconstruct the policy-making processes in both fields. Building on this analysis, this study argues that social policy reform can be understood as a process formulated through ideas (actors’ cognitive and normative frameworks) and shaped by conflicts and compromises between the relevant interests (political exchange dynamics) and their interplay with the institutions inherited from the past (policy legacies).

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Books on the topic "Pension reforms"

Ma, Xinxin, ed. Public Pension Reforms in China. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9997-0.

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Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation., ed. The Obasanjo reforms: Contributory pension scheme. [Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation, 2005.

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Cangiano, M. Pension developments and reforms in transition economies. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European I Department and Fiscal Affairs Department, 1998.

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author, Ahmed Eatzaz, and Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, eds. Pension system reforms for Pakistan: Current situation and future prospects. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2010.

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Odulana, Femi O. Pension reforms in Nigeria: A guide to implementation and operation of the Pension Reform Act 2004. [Lagos, Nigeria]: Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, 2007.

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Hinrichs, Karl, and Matteo Jessoula, eds. Labour Market Flexibility and Pension Reforms. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307605.

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Oksanen, Heikki. Pension reforms: An illustrated basic analysis. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, 2004.

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Branch, Ontario Small Business. Small business capitalization and proposed pension investment reforms. Toronto: Small Business Branch, Ontario Ministry of Industry, Trade and Technology, 1986.

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Grant, Michael W. Ponzi game up?: Canadian youth and the Canada pension plan reforms. Ottawa: Canadian Youth Foundation, 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Centre., ed. The second-generation pension reforms in Latin America. Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pension reforms"

Ogg, Jim. "The Role of Pension Policies in Preventing Old-Age Exclusion." In International Perspectives on Aging, 373–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_29.

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AbstractAccess to an adequate pension is fundamental to preventing exclusion. As populations age, modern economies have put into place pension reforms to safeguard financial stability. In Europe, raising the age of eligibility for pensions and increasing the length of time necessary in a working career to access a pension are among the main policy measures that are being adopted. In addition, pensions and life expectancy are increasingly linked mainly in the form of the replacement of defined benefit pensions, where financial risks were shared collectively and produced stable pension benefits, by defined contribution pensions which depend on the capacity of individuals to save and individualise the risk of investments in diverse pension schemes. This chapter presents the main mechanisms of reforms to pension systems and addresses the opportunities and constraints for reducing exclusion in later life. It focuses on policies that aim to safeguard adequate levels of pension income for individuals who are unable to extend their working life; policies that aim to reduce gender pay gaps and, in turn, gender pension gaps; reforms to survivor pensions; and the provision of pension safety nets for individuals who have not built up enough contributions to ensure an adequate income. These policies are examined in the context of new social risks which result from shifting political systems, rapid technological change, and economic uncertainties.

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Scarponetti, Patricia, Leandro Sepúlveda, and Antonio Martín-Artiles. "Pension Systems Compared: A Polarised Perspective, a Diverse Reality." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 419–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_14.

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AbstractGlobalisation and international competition have a spillover effect on the reforms of pension systems that imposes a similar pattern of dismantling, hardening access to pensions, reducing expenditure and retrenchment in said reforms. The comparative analysis of four countries with different pension systems: two liberal (United Kingdom and Chile) and another two with contributory-proportional systems (Spain and Argentina) serves to determine the details of the reform processes, which discursively seem to have a shared pattern recommended by the international financial and economic institutions.But the reality of the four case studies shows considerable differences in the implementation of the pension reform policies. The reforms depend on the societal context, institutions, history, the role of unions, the government in power, demographic factors and economic perspectives, among other matters. Many countries need to sustain pension systems because they are associated with many pensioners’ political vote. Therefore, the spillover effect of globalisation and the convergence in certain uniform patterns of reforms is far from reality in the four countries, and as such, the measures adopted are specific for each country.

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Grigoryeva, Irina, Oksana Parfenova, and Alexandra Dmitrieva. "Social Policy for Older People in the Post-Soviet Space: How Do Pension Systems and Social Services Influence Social Exclusion?" In International Perspectives on Aging, 385–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_30.

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AbstractThis chapter considers pension protection and social services in the post-Soviet space as forms of social policy that can protect older people from risks of social exclusion. We draw on the example of two countries, Russia and Ukraine, which share a common Soviet background. Until relatively recently, both countries held a similar position with regard to the pension protection and social security of old people. However, recent reforms in the area of pensions and social services have generated various possible ways for the development of both countries. In Ukraine, pension reform took place in 2017, and can be described as “softer” in comparison with the Russian version. Ukrainian reform does not involve raising the retirement age, but rather increases the length of service required to retire. Pension reform in Russia has been taking place before our eyes, in 2018–2019. It assumes a sharp rise in the retirement ages for men and women. In addition to addressing pension reform, the chapter considers in more detail social services for older people in Russia and Ukraine. In broad terms, the chapter seeks to answer the following question: How do modern pension reforms and the structure of social services in the post-Soviet space (for example, Russia and Ukraine) affect the social exclusion of older people?

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Torp, Cornelius. "International Transfers and National Path Dependencies: Pension Systems in Britain and Germany after the Second World War." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 359–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_28.

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AbstractExternal influences have always played an important role in British and German pension politics. Until the 1970s, bilateral interdependencies in the form of knowledge transfers were paramount. Later, transnational developments transcending Britain and Germany such as the evolving discourse about demographic aging have shaped pension reform debates in both countries. Neither the short-lived British experiment with earnings-related pensions in the 1970s nor the German move towards the privatisation of old-age provision in recent years can be explained without referring to external influences. The effect of international impulses, however, should not be overstated. Even the profound pension reforms in both countries shortly after the year 2000 did not abandon the different institutional paths by which the two pension systems had been characterised in the past.

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Ulriksen, Marianne S. "A Racialised Social Question: Pension Reform in Apartheid South Africa." In One Hundred Years of Social Protection, 221–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6_7.

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AbstractThe post-WWII period was the “golden age” of welfare-state development. Not so in South Africa, where pension policies did not undergo any significant reforms during the entire apartheid era (1948–1990). This chapter takes a constructivist approach to unpacking the marginal reform efforts in social security in an otherwise reform-fervent apartheid regime. Through in-depth analyses of historical accounts and parliamentary debates, I investigate the ideational underpinnings of and justifications for pension policy developments. The reasons for the state’s limited pension reforms are the ideas of “separate development” and different levels of “civilisation” whereby the white regime could justify taking primary responsibility for only their “own people”.

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Burnay, Nathalie, Jim Ogg, Clary Krekula, and Patricia Vendramin. "Introduction." In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_1.

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AbstractIn recent years, policies that extend the working life have been a key feature of European and other countries with post-industrialised economies. These policies focus on two dimensions of work and retirement which governments consider crucial to reform if pension systems are to be safeguarded in the context of ageing populations. First, legal and administrative reforms are pushing back the legal age of retirement thereby withholding pension rights until workers have reached a certain age. Second, defined benefit pensions, so-called because employees and employers know the formula for calculating retirement benefits in advance of paying them, are being phased out and replaced by defined contribution pensions, where the level of contributions, and not the final benefit, is pre-defined and no final pension promise is made. This shift results in the individualisation of pension benefits, since in most cases workers must build up sufficient contributions and invest in pension products on financial markets. The effect of this trend is that workers remain in the labour force longer in order to secure an acceptable pension benefit. Overall, the implementation of these two policies to extend the working life has produced the desired effect of retaining individuals longer in the labour market and easing the pressure on public pensions, as can be seen in data produced by Eurostat since the 1990s: the proportion of people aged 55 years or more in the total number of persons employed in the EU-27 increased from 12% to 20% between 2004 and 2019 (Eurostat, 2021).

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Ma, Xinxin, Xinmei Wang, and Xiaowu Song. "Public Pension Reforms in China: Process and Institutional Contents." In Public Pension Reforms in China, 13–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9997-0_2.

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Takayama, Noriyuki. "Financial Sustainability and Adequacy Issues on Social Security Pensions." In Public Pension Reforms in China, 95–112. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9997-0_6.

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Ma, Xinxin. "Public Pension and Household Financial Asset Allocation." In Public Pension Reforms in China, 167–89. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9997-0_9.

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Song, Xiaowu, and Xinmei Wang. "Issues on Increasing the Contribution Rate of the Funded Defined Contribution." In Public Pension Reforms in China, 79–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9997-0_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pension reforms"

Voitsyshyn, Diana. "Pension provision: domestic and world practices." In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.208.

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Background: Pension provision of citizens of Ukraine currently remains one of the most important problems of the socio-economic development of the state. The existing system of pension insurance does not adequately fulfill its main task, since the size of pensions mostly does not provide an opportunity to maintain a minimum standard of living. Purpose: To investigate the features of pension provision for persons who have reached retirement age in Ukraine and world experience. Methods: A method of analysis, evaluation, comparison and generalization. Results: After analyzing the state of the pension system, it can be considered a crisis, because the pension does not protect pensioners from poverty, the system is also socially unfair, the Pension Fund receives significant subsidies from the budget in order to be able to pay pensions to the elderly. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the state of pension provision in Ukraine today is quite low. The pension system needs to be reformed, namely, the introduction of reforms in the solidarity system, the creation of an accumulation system and the development of voluntary pension provision, because reducing the level of pension payments cannot be a real alternative, as it will lead to an increase in poverty among elderly citizens. Therefore, the reforms should be aimed at reducing the inflow of new pensioners and increasing the number of people paying pension contributions. Keywords: retirement age, pension system, pension system reform, joint pension system.

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Urotadze, Jaba. "Pension system of Georgia – reforms and challenges." In International Conference on New Trends in Social Sciences. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ntss.2019.08.487.

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Xin, Jing. "Pension Reforms in Universities: Dilemmas and Countermeasures." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Education Science and Economic Management (ICESEM 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesem-18.2018.273.

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Kuznetsova, Natalia, and Zhanna Pisarenko. "Financial convergence at the world financial market: pension funds and insurance entities prospects: case of China, EU, USA." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.037.

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Purpose − to find whether large international institutional investors regardless of their country of origin due to the influence of external factors demonstrate convergence on some basic performance indicators. Research methodology is based on testing the set of selected entities for sigma convergence. The paper presents an empirical analysis of financial convergence for autonomous pension funds and insurance corporations of China, the EU and the USA. Findings − the insurance segment of the world financial market is more converged; however, current pension reforms in many countries is supposed to and must unify the requirements for both market segments and will lead to even greater convergence between pension funds and insurance corporations. Practical implications − results of the research are another step towards understanding the convergence processes, which are an objective trajectory for the development of the modern global financial market. Originality/Value − found intersegment convergence of pension and insurance entities, which needs further research.

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Hrdy, Milan. "THE ANALYSIS OF THE PENSION REFORMS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE MIDDLE AND EAST EUROPA." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Social Sciences ISCSS 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscss.2019.1/s02.027.

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Buciuceanu-Vrabie, Mariana, and Galina Savelieva. "Sustenabilitatea sistemelor sociale în contextul îmbătrânirii populației." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.v.2023.17.10.

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In the article, key aspects related to the accelerated aging of the population in the Republic of Moldova are addressed, highlighting the demographic, economic, and social issues the country faces. Based on statistical and empirical data, the challenges faced by the elderly population are highlighted: low standard of living, poverty, integration into the labor market, limited access and quality of health services, etc. The aging process affects rural areas and the female population more significantly. The aging coefficient is on the rise, reaching 23.8% nationally and 25.4% in rural areas. According to monitoring indicators, the potential and capacity to ensure active aging of the population remain low, just over 28% nationwide and 22% in rural areas. The population structure is increasingly characterized by a higher proportion of older age groups (65-69/70-74 years). This trend has significant implications for healthcare, pension, and social assistance systems, as well as for the labor force, endangering the sustainability of social systems and the economic productivity of the country. Mitigating these challenges is essential to continue developing and promoting active and healthy aging policies with a cross-sectoral and intersectoral approach, integrating aging into various areas of development, from the economy to education and health. Creating an environment conducive to all generations requires adaptation to demographic realities, addressing the new needs of the workforce, promoting social inclusion of older persons to leverage their experience and skills,and developing measures to support elderly care and reforms to ensure an equitable pension system. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilization policies”.

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Kraft, Jiří. "Důchodový systém ČR: Navozování sociálního smíru nebo konfliktu?" In XXVI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0311-2023-5.

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The pension system is a very important social policy instrument of the state. An incorrectly set pension system, or one that does not respond sufficiently to the often contradictory developmental changes in its individual parameters, can cause social disharmony, not only between or within generations. The aim of this paper is to assess the regional aspect of the consequences of the current Czech pension system based on the principles of solidarity and equivalence. It seeks an answer to the question whether, from a regional perspective, the pension system is more likely to induce social harmony or to provoke conflict among regions. The starting point is an analysis of selected parameters of the pension system of the Czech Republic in the period 2010-2021, the results of which are followed by a regional analysis of average gross wages and average old-age pensions, including an assessment of the relationship between them, using normalized data for both indicators. Five types of positions of the Czech regions are identified in determining solidarity donors and solidarity recipients. At the same time, some points are pointed out that should not be overlooked in the context of pension reform, as they could be a source of social conflicts in the future.

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Romaniuk, Kateryna, and Tatiana Shapovalova. "Development of the pension system in the context of its reform." In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.187.

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Background: In today's world, the pension system is one of the most important components of a country's social policy. The development of the pension system is an urgent issue for many countries, including Ukraine, as demographic, economic and social conditions are changing, which affect the functioning of the pension system. Ukraine faces the need to reform its pension system due to its growing elderly population and the lack of financial stability of the pension system. In this regard, the Government of Ukraine is reforming the pension system to ensure its sustainability and efficiency. Purpose: To analyze and evaluate the development of the pension system in Ukraine in the context of its reform, and to identify problems and prospects for development. Methods: Theoretical method – to analyze the works of domestic scientists. Economic analysis method – to assess the economic efficiency of the pension system and various options for its reform, as well as to calculate the cost and financial sustainability of the pension system. Forecasting method – to develop forecasts for the development of the pension system and its reform, to identify possible risks and options for their prevention. The combination of these research methods will provide a more complete and objective study of the topic and obtain research results that will allow us to draw conclusions and recommendations for the further development of the pension system in Ukraine in the context of its reform. Results: Through the analysis of the pension system in Ukraine, we were able to identify the stages of its development, problems, and highlight the main aspects of reforming this system. Conclusion: Thus, the results of the study confirmed the theory that the pension system is indeed undergoing reform. Moreover, this reform requires time and work. We have highlighted the tips that we believe are important and will contribute to the full provision of benefits to people receiving payments from the Pension Fund. Keywords: Pension Fund, pension, reform, pension system, social insurance.

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Yaremchuk, Serhii. "Capitalization of the pension system as the main direction of pension reform in Ukraine." In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.212.

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Background: The economic and demographic crises burdened by the war create a significant social problem that concerns the pension provision of Ukrainian citizens. In addition, it should be taken into account that 40% of the Pension Fund's expenses are covered by transfers from the state budget. The current pension system is not able to provide pensioners with a decent life and therefore needs to be revised and reformed. Purpose: Study of issues related to the current state, problems and prospects of the development of the pension system in Ukraine. Methods: The method of analysis, the method of comparing opinions, the method of theoretical and empirical research of statistical data was used. Results: The pension system in Ukraine consists of three levels, the first and main of which is the joint pension system. Although it does not provide an adequate level of provision for pensioners and generally has problematic prospects. At the same time, the second and third levels - mandatory and voluntary savings systems - can increase pension savings. And this is the path of reforming the pension system followed by most countries of the world. However, there is currently no second level of pension provision in Ukraine. Therefore, the deputies introduced the draft law "On accumulative pension provision", the purpose of which is to transform the pension system of Ukrainian citizens by creating an additional support - a mandatory accumulative system, which will allow citizens to make additional individual pension savings for old age. Conclusion: Currently in Ukraine, the implementation of the so-called second level of the mandatory accumulated pension system as an additional element of the pension system, with the aim of forming pension savings and increasing the overall replacement ratio of the main indicator of the adequacy of pension payments, is relevant for the restoration of the proper level of pension provision. Keywords: pension, solidarity pension system, accumulative pension system, reform.

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MAČIULYTĖ-ŠNIUKIENĖ, Alma, Kristina MATUZEVIČIŪTĖ, and Dovilė RUPLIENĖ. "EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF AGEING POPULATION ON LABOUR MARKET." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.005.

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Purpose – ageing population causes a number of economic and social problems related to changes in the labour market. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the ageing population on the labour force which is the main indicator of the labour market in EU member states. Research methodology – in order to achieve the aim of the study we applied the following methods: i) trend analysis to estimate and present population and changes of labour force over period, and ii) decomposition method to examine the effects of population and labour force structure in terms of age changes on size of labour force. Findings – over the 2003–2017 period volume of the labour force has declined in Romania, Lithuania, Portugal, Latvia and Greece. This negative effect is influenced by both depopulation and structural changes in the workforce, including population ageing. Size of the labour force has increased in 23 countries, but in 11 of them, these positive changes were influenced by the rising of population activity, while depopulation it influenced negatively. Research limitations – research results support the theoretical approach that ageing population may negatively affect the labour market but do not provide ways to solve this problem and this is the implication for further research. Practical implications – the obtained results are useful for policymakers of the labour market (including pension reforms). Originality/Value – the study contributes to scientific literature by sufficient understanding of ageing population problems that occur in labour market and fills the gap in research of ageing population impact on the labour market, using data of EU member states.

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Reports on the topic "Pension reforms"

Carta, Francesca, Francesco D'Amuri, and Till von Wachter. Workforce Aging, Pension Reforms, and Firm Outcomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28407.

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Börsch-Supan, Axel. Entitlement Reforms in Europe: Policy Mixes in the Current Pension Reform Process. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18009.

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Medici, André. The Political Economy of Reform in Brazil's Civil Servant Pension Scheme. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008961.

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This technical note discusses the civil servant pension system in Brazil over the past two decades. Since 1998 the Brazilian government has been implementing reforms to increase the financial sustainability of its pension schemes - seeking to contain pension deficits without hurting acquired rights. Reforms to the civil servant pension system are expected to cut the public deficit by more than 1.0 percent of GDP. These savings imply that while the civil servant system will continue to carry a sizable deficit over the medium term, it should decline over the long term. This note analyzes Brazil's pension systems, focusing on the scheme for civil servants - including the need for and implications of the recent reforms.

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Mitchell, Olivia, and Flavio Ataliba Barreto. After Chile, What? Second-Round Pension Reforms in Latin America. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6316.

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Bosch, Mariano, and Jarret Guajardo. Labor Market Impacts of Non-Contributory Pensions: The Case of Argentina's Moratorium. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011422.

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Argentina had traditionally enjoyed one of the highest elderly coverage rates in Latin America. However, since the mid-1990s coverage rates started a steady decline, especially for low income workers. In response, the Argentine government implemented a series of sweeping reforms in the mid-2000s. Central to these reforms was a program known as the 'Moratorium,' which allowed workers of retirement age to receive a pension regardless of whether they had completed the full 30 years of required social security contributions through formal employment. This paper studies the labor market effects of this reform. Using Argentina's Continuous Permanent Household Survey (EPHC), we employ a difference-in-difference technique to compare elderly individuals just above and below the retirement age, before and after the pension reform.

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Emmerson, Carl, Gemma Tetlow, and Soumaya Keynes. Characteristics of those directly affected by the 2014 Budget pension reforms. Institute for Fiscal Studies, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2014.00147.

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Sánchez Romero, Miguel, Joze Sambt, and Alexia Prskawetz. Quantifying the role of alternative pension reforms on the Austrian economy. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2012-026.

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Bi, Huixin, and Sarah Zubairy. Public Pension Reforms and Retirement Decisions: Narrative Evidence and Aggregate Implications. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30164.

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Ter-Minassian, Teresa. Structural Reforms in Brazil: Progress and Unfinished Agenda. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008417.

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This paper discusses Brazil's structural reforms since the 1990s and areas where work remains to be done. Reforms of the 1990s included the containment of inflation, the adoption of a comprehensive Fiscal Responsibility Law, a successful debt restructuring program for subnational governments, the reduction of trade barriers, a wave of privatizations, and the expansion of health and education programs. Reforms of the 2000s included strengthening welfare programs, rapidly increasing the minimum wage, and reforming the financial sector to increase access to credit among lower income groups. Political opposition and other factors, however, have prevented reforms in the tax and pension systems and in the labor market. Brazil's recent strong economic performance owes more to generally sound macroeconomic management, and to a favorable external environment, than to a comprehensive and sustained structural reform effort. Doubts remain about the country's ability to sustain high growth rates while keeping inflation low.

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Blanchet, Didier, Antoine Bozio, Simon Rabaté, and Muriel Roger. Workers' Employment Rates and Pension Reforms in France: the Role of Implicit Labor Taxation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25733.

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