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Journal articles on the topic 'Pension reform; welfare; world bank'
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1
Holzmann, Robert. "The World Bank Approach to Pension Reform." International Social Security Review 53, no. 1 (January 2000): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-246x.00061.
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Wang, Xin, Kang-Lin Peng, and Ting Meng. "Urban Ageing Welfare Leaking and Remedy Strategies in Macau." Urban Science 7, no. 1 (February 16, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7010026.
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The world is experiencing population ageing, which will extend to the future across the world. The ageing population is sure to impact a country’s welfare policy and economy. Macau is a special administrative region (SAR) of China with a long-life expectancy and a decreasing reproduction rate, making the population ageing particularly obvious. This study adopts a mixed methods approach to analyze the relationship between the ageing population, pension recipients, and pension payments to suggest the pension system and welfare leaking strategies of Macau SAR. The Granger causality test and focus group were conducted to test and discuss the ageing population, pension recipients, and pension payments. Results show that the ageing population positively affects pension payments. The ageing recipients are not corresponding to the ageing population and payments show welfare leakage. Suggestions are offered accordingly for a welfare policy to offer remedy strategies and reform the pension system.
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Muller, Katharina. "Beyond privatization: pension reform in the Czech Republic and Slovenia." Journal of European Social Policy 12, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a028429.
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Research on the political economy of pension reform has focused on the recent wave of pension privatizations in the post-socialist region. This paper is motivated by the need to shed more light on cases where radical reform was rejected. Pension privatization did not proceed when the World Bank and the Ministry of Finance - important advocates of radical reform - were absent from the pension reform arena and the Ministry of Social Affairs was the only relevant reform actor. Moreover, unions need not be secondary actors, but may effectively veto pension privatization. The paper highlights the importance of the specific political and economic conditions that may constrain the leeway of pension reform actors, while also discussing the global politics of attention.
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Sarfati, Hedva. "Pension reform and the development of pension systems - An evaluation of World Bank assistance." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 12, no. 3 (August 2006): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200318.
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Gedeon, P. "Pension reform in Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 2 (July 1, 2001): 201–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.2.3.
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Reforms are not created simply by will, they are constrained by path dependency and also by existing economic and political structures. The course of reforms is also dependent on the formulation of reform alternatives and the balance of power among decisive actors. Both the postponement and then the introduction of the pension reform in Hungary can be explained by the economic and political constraints of the reform, by how reform alternatives were formulated, and by the role of the different actors in the reform process. The structure of this paper reflects these considerations. First, I summarize the characteristics of the socialist pension system that partly created path dependency in the process of pension reform. Second, I look at the economics of pension reform, by discussing the economic constraints of the reforms, and presenting the economic aspects of reform arguments and economic policies modifying and changing the pension system. Third, I examine the politics of the pension reform, and describe the political process of bargaining that generated reform outcomes. Finally, I deal with the role of the World Bank that was the most important international actor in the Hungarian pension reform process.
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Chen, Tianhong. "Comparison of Old-age Pension Policy in China and Russia: the Common and the Specific." Administrative Consulting, no. 7 (September 9, 2020): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-7-68-82.
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In the process of transforming from planned economy to market economy, both China and Russia faced the issue of pension reform. There are similarities in the reform and development process and the system model of the pension security system in China and Russia. Transition from planned economy to market economy and aggravation of population aging are main reasons for the reform of pension system in both countries. Under the influence of the World Bank and other international organizations, China and Russia have gradually established a multi-tier pension system, with the state, enterprises and individuals sharing the pension costs. Differences also exist in the old-age security system of China and Russia.
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Paul, Susanne S., and James A. Paul. "The World Bank, Pensions, and Income (In)Security in the Global South." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 4 (October 1995): 697–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w99v-7jbj-ep4b-53x2.
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The authors describe and analyze recent reductions and reorganizations of public pension programs in Latin America, as well as trends in pensions in the global South more broadly. They consider the role of the World Bank in the current pension “reform” process and situate the Bank's policies in the context of privatization, reduction of social budgets, and other aspects of structural adjustment. Chilean pension changes are analyzed in particular, showing that even by the Bank's criteria, the reforms have not been successful. The authors then discuss pension changes in China, where the World Bank is also deeply involved. The article concludes with the consideration of a number of arguments about pensions and support mechanisms in later life—including family support and means-tested welfarism—and argues in favor of global policy approaches, such as globally funded pensions and full access by older persons to productive and remunerated labor.
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Shaqiri, Nexhmedin. "Economic Transition Process and Kosovo Pension Reform System." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v6i1.p80-100.
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This article aims to study the Kosovo economic transition process and its impact on the Pension system reform. The study will focus on; model of new economic building system (market liberalization, economic recovery, the concept of entrepreneurship development, system integration of economic trends in the global economy, privatization and transformation of property, social welfare, social justice), etc. During this study different theories on the transition process in the economy will be used, as well as theories on reforming the pension system in the world, which affirm the sustainability of the construction of the new economic and pension system. Methods used will serve to draw relevant conclusions as follow; heuristic, descriptive, historical, comparative, statistical. The hypothesis of this study is, "Impact of the economic reform system in Kosovo and its results in the construction of the new sustainable pension system model." Through this study conceptual changes to the economic system will be put forward, dealing with socialist and liberal philosophy, as different concepts of economic development, the role of the state or the market as a regulator of the economic system. In particular, attention is paid to the new pension system in Kosovo; the causes for reform of the pension system, reforming the pension system, the basic goals of the reform of the pension system, the types of pensions systems in the world, the conceptual basis of the construction of the pension system in Kosovo, the principles of the reform of the pension system, the regulatory framework of the new pension system in Kosovo, advantages and challenges of multi pillar pension system model, the model used for Kosovo's pension system, pension schemes in Kosovo, the efficiency of the new pension system in Kosovo, comparing the new pension system in Kosovo with pension systems of other countries in the region.
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BÉLAND, DANIEL, and KA MAN YU. "A Long Financial March: Pension Reform in China." Journal of Social Policy 33, no. 2 (March 29, 2004): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940300744x.
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In the context of rapid economic and demographic change, the People's Republic of China has attempted to reshape its public pension system. Although China's current pension system has drawn the attention of many policy analysts, no theoretically informed account on the politics of Chinese pension reform has yet been published. Grounded in a broad institutionalist perspective, this contribution analyses contemporary pension politics in China through the interplay of four main factors: (1) decentralisation and limited administrative capacity, which make it difficult to rationalise and transform the existing pension system; (2) feedback effects from previously enacted pension schemes that further complicate policy change; (3) liberalisation and economic reforms, which have created ‘vested interests’ in the newly established private sector, but which have lacked the strength to generate a mature financial system; (4) finally, the apparent dominance of the neo-liberal financial paradigm commonly associated with the World Bank. While this financial paradigm favours the adoption of new reform proposals, the economic and institutional factors mentioned above complicate their implementation.
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Yusuke, Kawamura. "PENSION REFORM IN AN AUTHORITARIAN STATE: A CASE STUDY OF EGYPT." Public Administration Issues, no. 5 (2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2021-0-5-89-106.
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This article focuses on two pension reforms in Egypt in order to understand the dynamics of social policy reform under authoritarian rule. One was supported by the World Bank and promulgated in 2010. It included drastic changes, such as the introduction of a defined benefit scheme, and ultimately failed. Another was successfully implemented in 2019. Compared to the 2010 reform, the 2019 reform involved only parametric change (such as increasing the retirement age and amalgamating social insurance funds), in order to mitigate the criticisms that had been made of the previous pension reform and to facilitate gradual, steady enhancement of the programme’s sustainability. The findings suggest that perceptions of authoritarian leaders as having wide-ranging discretion in decision-making concerning public policy and being able to more decisively implement harsh social reform compared with democratic political leaders need to be reconsidered.
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CALVO, ESTEBAN, FABIO M. BERTRANOU, and EVELINA BERTRANOU. "Are Old-age Pension System Reforms Moving Away from Individual Retirement Accounts in Latin America?" Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 2 (January 13, 2010): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990663.
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AbstractThis article reviews two rounds of pension reform in ten Latin American countries to determine whether they are moving away from individual retirement accounts (IRAs). Although the idea is provocative, we conclude that the notion of ‘moving away from IRAs’ is insufficient to characterise the new politics of pension reform. As opposed to the politics of enactment of IRAs of the late twentieth century, pension reform in Latin America in recent years has combined significant revival of public components in old-age income maintenance with improvement of IRAs. Clearly, the policy prescriptions that were most influential during the first round of reforms in Latin America have been re-evaluated. The World Bank and other organisations that promoted IRAs have recognised that pension reform should pay more attention to poverty reduction, coverage and equity, and to protect participants from market risks. The experience and challenges faced by countries that introduced IRAs, the changes in policies by international financing institutions, and the recent financial volatility and heavy losses experienced in financial markets may have tempered the enthusiasm of other countries from applying the same type of reforms. Scholars and policy-makers around the globe could benefit from looking closely at these changes in pension policy.
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Heller, Peter S. "Pension Reform and the Development of Pension Systems: An Evaluation of World Bank Assistance. By the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank. The World Bank, 2006, ISBN 0-8213-6551-7, 143 pages." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (April 2009): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474720800351x.
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Zhakupova, B. A., S. I. Igilmanova, N. B. Kalyuzhnaya, and B. S. Bimbetova. "The main priorities of using and managing the funds of the unified accumulative pension fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-4-54-61.
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The purpose of the article is the formation of an optimal model of pension provision of citizens in accordance with the modern market economy on the most important issues arising in the accumulative pension system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, strengthening its theoretical, methodological and legal foundations. The Republic of Kazakhstan was one of the first CIS countries to start pension reform 24 years ago. The main goal is to establish the personal responsibility of each citizen of Kazakhstan for his financial situation when reaching retirement age. In this regard, when implementing the reform, the state policy envisaged a gradual transition from the application of the principle of cooperation between generations to independent savings in pension funds. The pension reform in Kazakhstan was carried out optimally and the World Bank recognized it as one of the most successful reforms. The accumulative pension system plays a significant role in the life of the country, the development of the stock market and the improvement of the national economy, the distribution of long-term investments at the expense of domestic savings to increase the competitiveness of the country. In order to become one of the 30 effectively developed countries of the world, the state has created high standards of living for the citizens of Kazakhstan by improving the level and quality of pension provision. For this, one of the most important components of the economic and social conditions of the population is that accumulative pension funds in Kazakhstan should develop further, and the pension system should be competitive. The main pillar of the accumulative pension system in the country is the improvement of the accumulative pension fund and effective pension provision, which forms the basis of the future population. In the conditions of modern globalization and rapid development of financial markets, the financial position of the accumulative pension fund, a participant in the financial market, and its effective functioning are in the first place.
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El-Said, Hamed, and Jane Harrigan. "Economic Reform, Social Welfare, and Instability: Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1983–2004." Middle East Journal 68, no. 1 (January 15, 2014): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/68.1.15.
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This article fills an important gap in the literature by exploring the trends in social welfare in four MENA countries that have undertaken extensive economic liberalization programs under the auspices of the IMF and the World Bank — namely, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. Studying the experiences of these countries provides an opportunity to enhance the understanding of the link between economic reforms, the level of social welfare provision, and political stability.
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SAND, NEHA. "Pension Reform and the Development of Pension Systems – An Evaluation of World Bank Assistance. World Bank Independent Evaluation Group, under the direction of Emily S. Andrews. The World Bank, 2006, ISBN: 0821365517, 143 pages, Price $15.00." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 6, no. 1 (February 14, 2007): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747206302843.
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Frericks, Patricia, and Julia Höppner. "Does the marketisation of pensions lead to individualisation? An examination of family-related pension entitlements." Policy & Politics 47, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557319x15629058906187.
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Countries around the world have undertaken pension reforms and introduced market-based schemes to replace parts of existing public schemes. Previous research has shown how these reforms are often driven by a commitment to individualisation, and accompanied by rhetoric that encourages ‘self-responsibility’. To date, however, no research has examined the effects of this shift on family-related pension entitlements. In response, this article provides a critical analysis of whether family-related pension rights have, indeed, decreased in the course of marketisation. Through a systematic comparison of Austria and Germany, we show that this is not the case: family-related rights have been included in newly introduced market-based schemes; and pension reforms did not lead to individualisation in either existing public or market-based schemes. As a result, we argue that reform trajectories are path-dependent and contextual; and that future studies should focus on non-individual entitlements when assessing welfare marketisation in general and pension reforms in particular.
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Oude Nijhuis, Dennie. "The Puzzle of Dutch Welfare Solidarity and the Politics of Old Age Pension Reform (1945-1975)." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 136, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 58–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51769/bmgn-lchr.7010.
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During the first three decades of the post-war period, the Netherlands developed a system of welfare provision that by most standards belonged to the most equitable and solidaristic in the world. It did so under the patronage of Christian democratic governments, which are generally viewed as being predisposed to rejecting solidaristic welfare reform. The purpose of this article is to explain why the Dutch Christian democrats came to adopt such a solidaristic welfare stance during the formative post-war period of welfare state expansion. Rather than attributing this stance to electoral or strategic considerations, this article focuses on the formative role of the Christian democratic labour union movement in persuading these parties to gradually adopt a more solidaristic welfare stance.In de eerste drie decennia van de naoorlogse periode ontwikkelde Nederland een stelsel van sociale voorzieningen dat naar de meeste maatstaven tot het meest rechtvaardige en solidaristische ter wereld behoorde. Dit stelsel kwam tot stand met steun van christendemocratische regeringen, waarvan over het algemeen wordt aangenomen dat zij geneigd zijn solidaristische welzijnshervormingen af te wijzen. Het doel van dit artikel is om te verklaren waarom de Nederlandse christendemocraten een solidaristische welvaartskoers zijn gaan varen in de naoorlogse periode, een tijdvak dat gekenmerkt werd door uitbreiding van de verzorgingsstaat. In plaats van deze houding toe te schrijven aan electorale of strategische overwegingen, richt dit artikel zich op de christendemocratische vakbeweging. Deze speelde een invloedrijke rol in het overreden van christendemocratische partijen om geleidelijk een meer solidaristische welvaartshouding aan te nemen.
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Qejvanaj, Gentian. "International Organizations Lending Policy, are There Strings Attached? A Case Study From the Latest Wave of Reforms in the Albanian Social Security System." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211037662.
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Pension policy reform in post-communist countries received attention from most international organizations since the early 1990s. Accordingly, Albania has implemented comprehensive liberalization and privatization of the state sector since transitioning to a market economy. This study will look at the impact that the European Union (EU), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund had in guiding the Albanian state-run social security system toward principles of decentralization, liberalization and privatization. Specifically, social security reforms between 2009 to 2019 will be examined, along with a focus on the side-effect of the conditions imposed by the three organizations. A mixed-method including literature review and secondary data analysis will empirically evidence growing inequality, with senior citizens poverty rate sharply rising due to reforms in social security. Our conclusions will argue that closer ties with the EU will keep social security in its current form, as the EU does not push for a specific pension system, while the World Bank policy influence will lose ground, thus freeing Albania from periodic social security reforms.
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Heneghan, Martin, and Mitchell A. Orenstein. "Organizing for impact: International organizations and global pension policy." Global Social Policy 19, no. 1-2 (March 15, 2019): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119834730.
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The internal dynamics and politics of international organizations influence how international policy agendas are set and how effectively they are pursued. International organizations are open systems which respond and adapt to the external policy environment in order to remain relevant to global policymaking. Through an analysis of the internal politics of the World Bank and International Labour Organization, the leading global agenda-setters for pension reform, this article shows that internal political battles and restructuring have a decisive influence on global pensions policy. Appointment of key personnel and internal reorganization can help make certain policy ideas prominent over others. Scholars should pay greater attention to processes of change within international organizations in order to better understand the international agenda setting process.
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Đekić, Marija, Miloš Nikolić, and Tamara Vesić. "Challenges and Perspectives of Development of Private Pension Funds in Serbia." Economic Analysis 52, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/ea.19.52.12.pp69-80.
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Following the successful implementation of the Chilean reform, the World Bank proposed a solution from three pillars of the pension system: compulsory state, compulsory private and voluntary private pension insurance. Serbia, like many other developed and undeveloped countries, has only adopted the third pillar, in addition to the already existing state. The introduction of compulsory private insurance was also considered, however, there are no market conditions or financial possibilities for achieving this idea. Voluntary pension funds in Serbia were introduced by the 2005 laws. There are seven voluntary pension funds in Serbia, managed by four management companies. So far, the funds have achieved positive yields, although due to limited investment opportunities, these rates were very modest. In addition to limited investment opportunities, one of the problems is the accumulation of funds. The problem of population savings has many sides, and it is certain that some of the causes can be sought in bad experiences from the past. The paper analyzes the limitations and possibilities for further development of private pension funds.
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Chintapanti, Adithya Krishna. "Regulatory Globalisation as a Contested Phenomenon – Case of Electricity Sector Reform in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India." Global Journal of Comparative Law 8, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 182–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00802004.
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In 1993, India adopted the neoliberal World Bank model for the electricity sector, which endeavoured to privatise the state owned sector. The move to privatise was prompted by sectoral losses owing to politicisation of provision and inefficient management of the state owned utility. This transition from a ‘welfare state’ to a ‘regulatory state’ was sought to be achieved through legislative enactment. By tracing the province of Andhra Pradesh’s implementation of the reform legislation, the paper evolves an alternate narrative of the reform process, as opposed the World Bank’s narrative of legislative enactment signalling the reception of its regulatory model. It argues that focussing on resistance to reform and actual ‘reception’ as opposed to formal enactment will counter the assumption of triumph of the neo-liberal worldview of the role of the state in economic activity.
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Ring, Patrick, and Roddy McKinnon. "The ‘Pillared-Privatisation’ of Pension Provision in the European Union: The Case of the United Kingdom." European Journal of Social Security 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1016564310588.
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Across the European Union, national governments are re-assessing the institutional mechanisms through which pension provision is delivered. This articles sets the debate within the wider context of the ‘pillared’ structural analysis often adopted by international institutions when discussing pensions reform. It then sets out a detailed discussion of developments in the UK, arguing that the UK is moving towards a model of reform akin to that promoted by the World Bank – referred to here as ‘pillared-privatisation’. The themes of this model indicate more means-testing, greater private provision, and a shift of the burden of risk from the government to individuals. An assessment is then made of the implications of UK developments for other EU countries. It is suggested that while there are strong reasons to think that other countries will not travel as far down the road of ‘pillared-privatisation’ as the UK, this should not be taken as a ‘given’.
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Dakhli, Leyla. "The Fair Value of Bread: Tunisia, 28 December 1983–6 January 1984." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 10, 2021): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000110.
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AbstractThe “Bread Riots” that broke out in Tunisia on 28 December 1983 lasted barely ten days. Yet, they cost the lives of over one hundred people. The revolt studied here centred on two popular neighbourhoods of Tunis in the wake of massive, World Bank-sponsored development plans. This article seeks to understand how the inhabitants in these quarters reacted to the establishment of a new welfare state that was more concerned with fighting poverty – or fighting the poor – than with equalizing conditions or offering the same opportunities for everyone. Based on this case study, I argue that the great Bread Revolt of 1983–1984 marked a break with past practices of state reform and popular protest and suggest that International Monetary Fund and World Bank prescriptions and state implementations reconfigured the political and social landscape of independent Tunisia.
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Ahsan, Md Ali. "Organizational Learning as a Strategic Choice in Public Sector Organization: Changing Cultural Attributes in a State Owned Agricultural Bank of Bangladesh." American Journal of Trade and Policy 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v5i3.442.
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Network governance has become an important paradigm in recent reform effort; inter-sectoral collaboration is the key theme of such initiative. As part of the developing world, Government of Bangladesh is taking initiatives to prepare its civil service competent to meet the challenges of a welfare state for a sustainable society. Taking this in an account, this study focuses on the recent reform program in public sector organization initiated by the government. The core objective of this study is to understand the phenomenon of organizational culture that has an influence on organizational learning and innovation from the viewpoint of experienced civil servants who have gone through the change process and become an active implementer of learning and innovation in their organization to meet the desire change situation.
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Zelenko, N., and V. Zelenko. "Comprehensive approach in public pension system management as one of the directions of European integration development of Ukraine." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 66, no. 5 (2020): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2020.05.194.
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The main problems of the improvement of the efficiency of public pension system management in Ukraine are analyzed by the authors in this paper. The necessity of application of the comprehensive approach to these processes is substantiated due to the results of scientific investigations. The authors analyze the impact of wage shadowing on the budget of the Pension Fund of Ukraine. Conditional wages calculation is carried out. According to this calculation the state actually has revenues about a third of the amount of funds paid to the employee in the form of wages taking into account all deductions, taxes and charges However, the investigation also shows that for VAT companies there is indirect tax burden on sole proprietorships, which in some cases increases the «tax» almost by half. Special attention is paid to the problem of labor migration from Ukraine to EU. The investigation indicates that Ukraine is introducing changes to reform the social insurance system, using the long-term experience of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Baltic States. In addition, such reforms have previously been carried out in Chile, Kazakhstan and other countries. The need to introduce the state accumulative pension component in Ukraine, to which contributions should be paid in the form of payroll deductions is also pointed out, as the EU experience shows that this fact stimulates workers and makes them more responsible for their pension savings. Within the framework of comprehensive approach, it is proposed to apply the marketing approach to the pension system management. The importance of the implementation of the Association Agreement with the European Union in terms of cooperation in the field of employment, social policy and equal opportunities, as well as the impact on the functioning of pension system for certain terms of national legislation is indicated. On the basis of analysis carried out in theoretical and practical terms, the need to develop not only three-level pension system, but also to take into account the recommendations of the World Bank concerning five-level system formation is substantiated. The government should achieve the new quality in public administration, both by the processes of pension reform and in relation to the socio-economic development of the country in general actively adapting the EU experience in the application of comprehensive approach tools.
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Majd, Mohammad Gholi. "SMALL LANDOWNERS AND LAND DISTRIBUTION IN IRAN, 1962–71." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (February 2000): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021073.
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During the Cold War years following World War II, the U.S. government and international agencies such as the World Bank and FAO strongly advocated and pushed for land reform (distribution) in countries under U.S. influence. Examples of American-sponsored land reforms included the land-distribution programs in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, South Vietnam, Iran, the Philippines, and El Salvador. Land reform in practice consisted of giving the ownership of land to the cultivating tenants and sharecroppers. By giving land to the tenants, it was believed that a communist revolution or takeover could be avoided. The modern theoretical basis for land reform can be found in the writings of such Marxist scholars as Alain de Janvry, the non-Marxist writers Albert Berry and William Cline, and the World Bank economists Hans Binswanger and Miranda Elgins.1 Marxist writers had stressed the political aspects of “anti-feudal” reforms. Such reforms were said to promote political stability as well as strengthen capitalism. How the abrogation of private-property rights was supposed to “strengthen” capitalism was not really explained. Non-Marxist writers concentrated on increased efficiency and increased output that was expected from land redistribution. Berry and Cline showed that in labor-surplus underdeveloped dual economies with a bi-modal farm structure (where large commercial and small subsistence farms existed side by side), a land reform that redistributed land from large farms to small farms increased agricultural production and rural welfare, and brought about economic growth and development. In addition, land reform was seen to result in greater social equity (taking land from wealthy landowners and giving it to poor farmers). It was an article of faith among the proponents of land reform that “the hated class of absentee landlords” did not fulfill any useful socio-economic function, at least none that could not be performed equally well by some government agency. They also believed that sharecropping and tenancy did not fulfill any useful social and economic functions. It was implicitly assumed in the theoretical writings that the rights of a small number of individuals were to be sacrificed for the benefit of the many. In none of the theoretical literature was the possibility of expropriating a large number of individuals advocated or even considered.
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Novickytė, Lina, and Viktorija Rabikauskaitė. "THE EVALUATION OF THE II PILLAR PENSION’S FUNDS: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH USING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION METHODS." Business: Theory and Practice 18 (August 8, 2017): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2017.012.
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Lithuania has had a significant reform path in the last twenty-five years like other communist bloc countries during the intense changes in the world. Changes and transformations took place in various areas including social security system. Since 2004 have been significant developments legalizing the three-pillar old age pension system supported by the World Bank. Currently, the pension funds operating more than ten years and their assessment still have not stopped being the centre of numerous discussions. There are ongoing discussions about the fund performances’ benefit, efficiency and its evaluation. Therefore, this paper investigates the funds’ valuation problem by testing II pillar pension’s funds in Lithuania. We use the multi-criteria methods with two scenarios: first we estimate II pillar pension’s funds by applying a return (as well as the added value) and the risk indicators; second we include only the most popular derivative indicators: Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen’s alpha ratios. Our results indicate that based on the second scenario methodology is more precise evaluated II pillar pensions funds’ performance, but funds evaluation model based on multi-criteria assessment is more appropriate for larger funds groups. However, in order to assess the performance of the funds and compare them with each other it is important not only use the mathematical methods but also to maintain a holistic approach which allows to integrate micro and macro environmental factors into the funds’ assessment.
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K.S., Jomo. "Privatisation and Public Sector Reform: The Political Economy of State Intervention." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.647-659.
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The dominant ideas in development economics have changed considerably over the four decades of its existence. Similarly, the influence of theory on policymaking has also changed, not only with new ideas, but more importantly, with the ideological preferences of those with power and influence, especially at the international level. During the eighties, development economics-which has emphasised market failures and other welfare reasons for judicious state intervention to ensure greater equity and efficiency-was under siege from the intellectual assault of market neo-conservatives in control of the major international economic institutions such· as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and supported by the dominant ideologies of Thatcherism and Reaganomics at the global level. Political economy, rejected in the seventies as an unsophisticated nineteenth century approach appropriated by the political Left, re-emerged in the hands of the Right as the main weapon in this assault. The collapse of the Soviet Union and allied East European regimes and the marketisation of the remaining economies still claiming to be in the socialist camp only seemed to prove the worst claims of the generally politically conservative economic liberals of the late twentieth century.
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Jung, Dong-Hyeon, Sung-Il Choi, Jun-Hyeon Cho, and Ji-Yong Jang. "Labour Policy Reform and Labour Market after Economic Liberalization in India." International Area Review 10, no. 2 (September 2007): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590701000212.
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In 1991, Indian government initiated economic reforms as quite revolutionary. The risks of runaway inflation and default on interest payment to foreign creditors persuaded the Government to borrow from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank on condition of fiscal and economic reforms. The impact of recent economic changes due to reforms on the labour market reveal a mixed picture. While the pace of employment generation picked up after the initial years of reform, the recent years have witnessed reduction in employment growth. Even the most ardent supporter of liberalization would agree that, regardless of how well a Government manages the transition from a regulated to a liberal economy its immediate impact is bad and unjust. It is bad because it reduces economic welfare and unjust because the costs of adjustment fall disproportionately on the poor. Despite liberalization of trade, industry and finance, no law relating to labour has been amended much less repealed so far. This means that the basic material conditions of labour in India will continue to be determined primarily by the macro-economic processes rather than by worker-specific legislation.
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Newberry, Jan. "“Anything Can Be Used to Stimulate Child Development”: Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia as a Durable Assemblage." Journal of Asian Studies 76, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911816001650.
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An explosion of early childhood programs in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has followed on disaster, democratization, growth of the middle class, and global neoliberal reform at the beginning of the twenty-first century. New forms of professional expertise have emerged as a part of this global assemblage to deal with the expanded notions of development advocated by the World Bank and other intergovernmental organizations. Yet, what has remained relatively unremarked is the continued reliance on older New Order forms of social welfare linked to the community form and women's labor. Here, trauma healing programs aimed at the young after the 2006 earthquake, new preschools and playgroups in the era of democratization, and the proliferation of international curricula and pedagogy illustrate how the restless contingency associated with global assemblages is rooted in durable forms of community organization.
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Stubbs, Paul. "Towards a political economy of welfare in Croatia." Ekonomski anali 64, no. 223 (2019): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1923105s.
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A political economy of social welfare in Croatia explores drivers of, and impediments to, change, addressing the impact of processes of neo-liberalisation, the complexities of regulatory and institutional landscapes and the interactions of nation, familialism, and class. Instead of a stable welfare regime, Croatia?s welfare system is marked by hybridity in the context of a political economy that continues to be crisis- prone. This paper focuses on the social welfare implications of the mix of ?crony?, ?authoritarian? and ?predatory? capitalism present in Croatia since independence. Other than the role of international actors including the World Bank and the European Union, and notwithstanding the lack of political will for reform, we suggest that two broad forces are dominant in shaping social welfare in Croatia. The first is war veterans? associations and their supporters, keen to maintain and even extend their significant benefits in return for continued support for the HDZ party (Croatian Democratic Union), a quasi-institutionalised form of ?social clientelism?. The second is an empowered radical right, promulgating a conservative Catholic agenda of a return to ?traditional? - that is, heteronormative - family values, reinforcing an aggressive Croatian nationalism and advocating ?demographic renewal?. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/EKA2024131E">10.2298/EKA2024131E</a><u></b></font>
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Murphy, Enda, and Julien Mercille. "(Re)making labour markets and economic crises: The case of Ireland." Economic and Labour Relations Review 30, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619829015.
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The 2008 economic crisis has had significant impacts on labour markets around the world. In Europe, in particular, the need for internal devaluation within European Union nations in financial difficulty precipitated a wave of labour market reforms alongside the reform of welfare systems struggling to cope with high levels of unemployment. Various analyses have explored the nature of these changes separately for the labour market and welfare systems. Using a conceptual framework rooted in a political economy understanding the social nature of labour, this article takes an inclusive approach to understanding regulatory changes for both employed and unemployed labour. We do this using the case of Ireland, a country that went through a severe economic crisis, was subject to a European Union/European Central Bank/International Monetary Fund bailout in 2010 and witnessed one of the most significant labour market crises in Europe. The Irish case is instructive because it highlights both the range and depth of regulatory interventions utilised by the state during periods of crisis to deal with the social nature of labour and its role under advanced capitalism. JEL codes: J01, J08, J48.
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LYNCH, FRANCES M. B. "FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (June 2006): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005371.
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Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939. By Kenneth Mouré. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 297. ISBN 0-19-924904-0. £40.00.Workers' participation in post-Liberation France. By Adam Steinhouse. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Pp. 245. ISBN 0-7391-0282-6. $70.00 (hb). ISBN 0-7391-0283-4. $24.95 (pbk).In the traditional historiography of twentieth-century France the period after the Second World War is usually contrasted favourably with that after 1918. After 1945, new men with new ideas, born out of the shock of defeat in 1940 and resistance to Nazi occupation, laid the basis for an economic and social democracy. The welfare state was created, women were given full voting rights, and French security, in both economic and territorial respects, was partially guaranteed by integrating West Germany into a new supranational institutional structure in Western Europe. 1945 was to mark the beginning of the ‘30 glorious years’ of peace and prosperity enjoyed by an expanding population in France. In sharp contrast, the years after 1918 are characterized as a period dominated by France's failed attempts to restore its status as a great power. Policies based on making the German taxpayer finance France's restoration are blamed for contributing to the great depression after 1929 and the rise of Hitler. However, as more research is carried out into the social and economic reconstruction of France after both world wars, it is becoming clear that the basis of what was to become the welfare state after 1945 was laid in the aftermath of the First World War. On the other hand, new reforms adopted in 1945 which did not build on interwar policies, such as those designed to give workers a voice in decision-making at the workplace, proved to be short-lived.
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Chiattelli, Carlo. "Book Review: Robert Holzmann, Mitchell Orenstein & Michal Rutkowski (eds.), Pension Reform in Europe: Process and Progress (Washington DC: The World Bank Press, 2003, 202 pp., $25.00 pbk.)." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, no. 3 (June 2005): 957–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03058298050330031033.
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TURNER, JOHN. "Pension Reform in Europe: Process and Progress edited by Robert Holzmann, Mitchell Orenstein, and Michal Rutkowski, Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2003, ISBN 0821353586, pp. 210, Price $25.00." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 2, no. 3 (November 2003): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747203241317.
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Cheberyako, Oksana, and Yuliya Skulish. "The level of pension provision of the population is a guarantee of social security of the person." University Economic Bulletin, no. 52 (March 18, 2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-52-135-146.
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Relevance of the research topic. Various social cataclysms of the twentieth century and recent decades, such as the two world wars, the hybrid wars, the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to the emergence of the concept of "social security" in the twentieth century. The latter, given the socialization of all spheres of human life, plays a key role in the entire national security system. In a democratic society, the interests of social security of the individual and the state as a whole must be reconciled and harmoniously balanced. In the legal field of Ukraine there is no official definition of the category "social security", and the term "social security" has recently entered into scientific and political circulation. In Ukraine, a new stage of legislative regulation of relations in the sphere of pension provision began with the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine. Only the laws of Ukraine define the basis of social protection, forms and types of pension provision (paragraph 6 of Article 85). Article 46 of the Constitution provides for the right of citizens to social protection, to ensure them in case of full, partial or temporary loss of working capacity, loss of the employer, unemployment from circumstances beyond their control, as well as in old age and other cases provided for by law [1]. Article 46 of the Constitution provides for the right of citizens to social protection, to provide them in case of complete, partial or temporary disability, loss of breadwinner, unemployment due to circumstances beyond their control, as well as in old age and in other cases provided by law [1]. Since the right to a pension can arise throughout a person's life, starting from birth, replacing lost income with a pension is important for the well-being and prevention of poverty of certain categories of the population. As the de jure three-tier pension system de facto remains only two-tier with a predominant share of first-tier pension benefits, it remains relevant to study the level of pension provision from the solidarity system, which is built on the principle of intergenerational solidarity. Problem solving. The need for a comprehensive study of the issue of pension provision, conceptual definition of its mechanisms (instruments) from different levels of the pension system, especially in the conditions of aging of the nation, is conditioned by the need to improve practice and raise the level of pension provision in Ukraine as a guarantee of social security of the person. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issues of functioning of the pension system, functioning of its components, including the solidarity pension system, as well as reform of the latter have found their coverage in the works of both domestic and foreign scholars. The works of well-known foreign scientists – Otto von Bismarck, D. Wittas, E. Atkinson, K. Bateman, W. Beveridge, R. Disney, K. Clark, K. Conrad, P. Laroc, T. Marshall, G. Rudolf and others. Among the researchers of the domestic pension system, the mechanisms of its financial support should be mentioned first of all L. Barannyk, N. Bolotin, O. Vrublevska, V. Grushka, I. Gnibidenko, O. Dmitriev, O. Zaletov, O. Kurilo, E. Libanov, N. Lavrukhin, O. Paliya, A. Fedorenko, V. Yatsenko and others. The results of their own research on the problem of pensions are given in [10, 13, 14]. The allocation of the investigated parts of the general problem. Despite the current work on the issue of pension provision of the population, further research in terms of social security of the person requires the content and practice of pension reform during the last 20 years, ways and possibilities of raising the level of pension provision of the population of Ukraine, especially in the conditions of Russian aggression against Ukraine. Setting of the task, objectives of the research. The object of the study is the level of pension provision as a guarantee of social security of the person, and the subject is practical aspects of pension provision from the first level of the pension system in Ukraine, the Pension Fund of Ukraine and the issue of its imbalance. The objective of the article is to assess the financial capacity of the solidarity pension system as a guarantee of social security of the person by analyzing the structure of sources of financing of the Pension Fund and the amount of expenditures for pension provision from the state budget. Method and methodology of the study. Statistical, comparative and system methods are used in the study to develop statistical data of PFCs. The results of analysis in the form of tables and graphs were executed by means of graphical and tabular methods and generalization of data. The structural-functional method is used to detect the impact of PFU revenues on expenditure volumes. Field of application of results. The obtained conclusions and results can be used for development and implementation of practical measures to improve the pension system, in the scientific field, in the educational process of higher education institutions in training specialists in major 8.18010014 "Management of financial and economic security", in the social component of economic state security, in particular, social security. The practical relevance of scientific results will contribute to achieving a higher level of social protection, meeting the needs of people who have reached the retirement age. Conclusions. Today, the welfare of almost one third of the population of Ukraine depends on the financial capacity of the pension system. Funding for pension provision should be directed at achieving the main goal – realization of constitutional rights of all citizens to receive financial support in case of loss of the operator, disability, disability, disability, disability, old age and other cases established by the legislation [11]. In Ukraine, for almost 20 years, they are trying to implement pension reform, but effective and effective results have not yet been achieved. The current state of the solidarity system of pension provision is characterized by the "fear" of the population of the retirement age and chronic deficit of the Pension Fund. This is evidence of low social security for people of retirement age, according to international estimates of poverty, at which the cost of daily consumption is set at $ 5 (up to UAH 4,300 per month). That is, 85.4% of Ukrainian pensioners as of January 1, 2021 received a pension in the amount lower or at the level of this limit (up to UAH 5,000). The annexation of Crimea, the fighting in the East and almost 2 million IDPs, Russia's large-scale war against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, gave rise to the concept of "sudden poverty".
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Andrews, Doug. "Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes. Edited by Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer. The World Bank, 2006, ISBN 0-8213-6038-8, 686 pages." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (April 2009): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003855.
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Bejaković, Predrag. "Book Reviews: IZAZOVI I MOGUĆNOSTI ZA OSTVARENJE PRIMJERENIH STAROSNIH MIROVINA U HRVATSKOJ Ekonomski institut, Zagreb, 2011., 112 str. i CROATIA: POLICY OPTIONS FOR FURTHER PENSION SYSTEM REFORM World Bank, Zagreb, 2011., 45 str." Drustvena istrazivanja 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.21.4.11.
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Abhyankar, Aditi. "Behavioural Economics Towards Better Decision Making." Journal of Global Economy 16, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v16i2.648.
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Often, Individuals try to choose the best feasible option but sometimes, they don’t succeed in doing so. They make mistakes. Also, the market exchange makes psychological factors cease to matter but many psychological factors matter even for the markets.
In contrast to the traditional assumption of neoclassical economics that individuals are rational Homooeconomici, that always seek to maximize their utility and follow their “true” preferences, research in behavioural economics has demonstrated that people’s judgments and decisions are often subject to systematic biases and heuristics, and are strongly dependent on the context of the decision.
The insights from behavioural economics (BE) are now a well-established feature in consumer research and policy. Today, in fields from health behaviour to pension saving, from investment decisions to food choice, from sustainable consumption to the design of warning signs, the empirical and theoretical insights of BE have become a cornerstone of understanding consumer behaviour, helping inform policymakers on how to nudge people to make better, smarter, healthier and more sustainable choices (World Bank, 2014). BE is concerned with the question of how people actually behave in decision-making situations and how their choices can be improved so that consumers’ welfare is enhanced. For the market, it is always crucial to enhance sales every next quarter, using appropriate strategies.
This paper makes a humble effort to briefly review the transition of the neoclassical (optimising) decision-making towards newer and better insights into behavioural economics and discuss how the latter has influenced and enhanced consumer behaviour and consumer policy on one hand and marketing strategy on the other.
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Junaedi, Dedi. "Analisis Pengaruh Utang terhadap Perekonomian dan Kemiskinan di Indonesia Periode 1949-2017." El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v1i1.172.
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Since independence, Indonesia has experienced seven changes of national leadership. Starting from Soekarno, Soeharto, BJ Habibie, Abdurahman Wahid, Megawati, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), to Joko Widodo. During that time, foreign debt is always present to patch the development budget deficit. Debt is expected to move the wheels of the economy, create growth, create jobs, and alleviate poverty. This study aims to analyze the effect of debt, inflation and government regime differences on economic growth and poverty levels in Indonesia, from the Old Order era, the New Order, to the Reform Order. The study used secondary data obtained from Bank Indonesia, the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the World Bank, and other reference sources such as books, journals and scientific papers. The data used are the value of foreign debt, national income (Gross Domestic Product / GDP), population, number and ratio of the poor, inflation rate in the period 1949 - 2017. The results of multiple regression analysis with dummy variable (using Eviews 10 application program) show the following results: Foreign debt has correlation with the national economic condition, in particular the value of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product and the level of poverty. Debt tends to increase the value of GDP and reduce poverty. In terms of debt governance as a driver of the economy and poverty, the Suharto and Habibie Era tend to be different and better than the Sukarno Era. While the debt management of Era Abdurrahman Wahid, Era Megawati, Era SBY and Era Jokowi no different or no better than Era Sukarno. Although nationally can increase GDP and reduce poverty, debt can not improve people's prosperity (read per capita income). Foreign debt even tends to reduce the level of welfare of the people. This applies to all government regimes.
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Junaedi, Dedi, and Muhammad Rizal Arsyad. "Analisis Pengaruh Utang terhadap Perekonomian dan Kemiskinan di Indonesia Periode 1949-2017." El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam 1, no. 1 (February 18, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v1i1.277.
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Since independence, Indonesia has experienced seven changes of national leadership. Starting from Soekarno, Soeharto, BJ Habibie, Abdurahman Wahid, Megawati, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), to Joko Widodo. During that time, foreign debt is always present to patch the development budget deficit. Debt is expected to move the wheels of the economy, create growth, create jobs, and alleviate poverty. This study aims to analyze the effect of debt, inflation and government regime differences on economic growth and poverty levels in Indonesia, from the Old Order era, the New Order, to the Reform Order. The study used secondary data obtained from Bank Indonesia, the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the World Bank, and other reference sources such as books, journals and scientific papers. The data used are the value of foreign debt, national income (Gross Domestic Product / GDP), population, number and ratio of the poor, inflation rate in the period 1949 - 2017. The results of multiple regression analysis with dummy variable (using Eviews 10 application program) show the following results: Foreign debt has correlation with the national economic condition, in particular the value of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product and the level of poverty. Debt tends to increase the value of GDP and reduce poverty. In terms of debt governance as a driver of the economy and poverty, the Suharto and Habibie Era tend to be different and better than the Sukarno Era. While the debt management of Era Abdurrahman Wahid, Era Megawati, Era SBY and Era Jokowi no different or no better than Era Sukarno. Although nationally can increase GDP and reduce poverty, debt can not improve people's prosperity (read per capita income). Foreign debt even tends to reduce the level of welfare of the people. This applies to all government regimes.
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BATEMAN, HAZEL. "Old Age Income Support in the 21st Century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform. By Robert Holzmann and Richard Hinz. The World Bank, 2005, ISBN 0-8213-6040-X, 232 pages, Price $25.00." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2006): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205252411.
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Haryanto, Joko Tri, and Esther Sri Astuti S.A. "Analysis for corruption and decentralization (Case study: earlier decentralization era in Indonesia)." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 4, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v4i4.3799.
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In many countries, relationship between decentralization of government activities and the extent of rent extraction by private parties is an important element in the recent debate on institutional design. The topic of corruption was actively, openly and debated in Indonesia by government, its development partners, and a broadly based group of political and civil society leaders are engaged in meetings and exchange on a daily basis. In the ongoing debate on corruption a lot of attention is paid to the role of public sector salaries, particularly in the decentralization era. Based on this phenomenon, the authors want to analyze the relationship between corruption and decentralization. Using OSL model, we can find a very strong and consistent positive association between the two variables across a sample of region, thereby providing some support for theories of decentralization that emphasize its benefits. This association is robust to controlling for a wide range of potential sources of omitted variable bias as well as endogeneity bias. Keywords: Corruption, Decentralization, OSL Model Abstrak.Di banyak negara, hubungan antara desentralisasi pemerintah dan tingkat ekstraksi sewa oleh pihak swasta merupakan elemen penting dalam perdebatan baru pada desain institusional. Topik korupsi secara aktif, terbuka dan diperdebatkan di Indonesia oleh Pemerintah, mitra pembangunan, dan kelompok berbasis luas dari para pemimpin politik dan masyarakat sipil yang terlibat dalam pertemuan dan pertukaran setiap hari. Dalam perdebatan tentang korupsi banyak perhatian diarahkan untuk peran gaji sektor publik, terutama di era desentralisasi. Berdasarkan fenomena ini, penulis ingin menganalisis hubungan antara korupsi dan desentralisasi. Menggunakan OSL model, kita dapat menemukan hubungan positif yang sangat kuat dan konsisten antara dua variabel di seluruh sampel dari daerah, sehingga memberikan beberapa dukungan untuk teori desentralisasi yang menekankan manfaat. Asosiasi ini adalah kuat untuk mengendalikan berbagai kemungkinan potensial dari upaya menghilangkan sebagian variabel serta bias endogenitas. Kata Kunci: Korupsi, Desentralisasi, OSL Model REFERENCES,Ades, Alberto and Di Tella, Rafael, 1994, “Competition and corruption” Institute of Economics and Statistics Discussion Papers 169. University of Oxford.____, 1995, “National champions and corruption: some unpleasant competitiveness arithmetic”.University of Oxford. Photocopy.Barro, Robert, 1992, “Human capital and economic growth”. in policies for long run economic growth. Federal Reserve bank of Kansas City: 199-216.____, 1990, “Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth.” Journal of Economy, 98, no.5, part 2, S103-S125.Bhagwati, Jagdish, 1982, “Directly unproductive, profit-seeking (dup) activities.” Journal of Political Economy, 90, no.5.Clemets, Benedict, Rejane Hugounenq, and Gerd Schwartz, 1995, “Government subsidies: concept, international trends and reform options”, IMF Working Papers 95/91. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Easterly, William, 1990, “Endogenous growth in developing countries with government induced distortions.” In Vittorio Corbo, Stanley Fischer and Steve Webb, Policies to Restore Growth. Washington DC: The World Bank.Fisman, Raymond, and Roberta Gatti, 2002, “Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries”, Journal of Public Economics 83: 325-345.Hague, Nadeem Ui, and Ratna Sahay, 1996, “Do government wage cuts close budget deficits? IMF Working Papers 96/19. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Hines, James, 1995, “Forbidden payment: foreign bribery and american business.” NBER Working Papers 5266. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Keefer, Philip, and Stephen Knack, 1995, “Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures.” Economics and Politics.Kraay, Aart, and Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, 1995, “Employment and wages in public sector-a cross-country study.” IMF Working Papers 95/70. Washingtin, DC: International Monetary Fund.Krueger, Anne, 1974, “The Political economy of the rent-seeking society.” American Economic Review 64, No.3 (June): 291-303.Levine, Ross and David Renelt, 1992, “A sentivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions.” American Economic Review 82, No.4 (September): 942-963.Loayza, Norman, 1996, “The economics of informal sector: a simple model and some empirical; evidence from Latin America.” The World Bank. Photocopy.Martinez. Jorge-Vazquez, F. Javier Arze, Jameson Boex, 2004, “Corruption, fiscal policy and fiscal management, USAID Report (October).Mauro, Paolo, 1995, “Corruption and growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics CX, no.3 (August): 681-712._____, 1997, “The Effect of Corruption on growth, investment and government ex-penditure: a cross country analysis, in Corruption and the global economy, K.A. Elliot, ed., Eashington D.C., Institute for International Economics, pp.83-107._____, 1998, corruption and the composition of government expenditure, Journal of Public Economics, vol.69:263-279.Megantara, Andie and Noor Fuad, 2003, “The impact of institutional environment on public official performance: does institutional environment affect the rate of corruption?”, Jurnal Keuangan Publik vol.1, no.1 (September):1-23.Murphy, Kevin, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, 1991, “Allocation of talent: implications for growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106.Raunch, James, 1995, “Bureaucracy, infrastructure and economic growth: evidence from U.S. Cities During the Progressive Era.” American Economic Review 85, no.4 (September): 968-979.Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 1978, Corruption: a study in political economy, New York, NY: Academic Press._____, 1996, Democracy and grand corruption, International Social Science Journal, vol.48. no.3._____, 1997, Corruption and development, Paper presented at the annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington D.C._____, 1999, Corruption and government: causes, consequences and reform, Cambridge University Press.Sachs, Jeffrey, and Warner, Andrew, 1995, “Natural resource abundance and economic growth.” NBER Working Papers 5398. Cambrdge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny, 1993., Corruption, the quarterly journal of economics, 108 (August): 599-617.Tanzi, Vito, 1994, “Corruption, governmental activities and markets.” IMF Working Papers 94/99. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Taylor, Charles L. and Michael C Hudson, 1972, World handbook of political and social indicators. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR.Treisman, Daniel, 2000, “The causes of corruption: a cross-national study”, Journal of Public Economics 76: 399-457.Tullock, Gordon, 1967, “The welfare costs of tarriffs, monopolies and theft.” Western Economic Journal5.Vernon, Henderson, and Ari Kuncoro, 2006, “Sick of local government corruption” Vote Islamic”, NBER Working Paper 12110 (March): 1-41.
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Köppe, S., and D. Szelewa. "5 THE WEALTH SHIELD: A MICROSIMULATION OF INEQUALITIES, INHERITANCE AND THE IRISH FAIR DEAL." Age and Ageing 51, Supplement_3 (October 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac218.002.
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Abstract Background The article analyses the inequalities resulting from the long-term funding scheme in Ireland with a unique focus on intergenerational obligations. With the Fair Deal scheme of 2009, officially the Nursing Homes Support Scheme (NHSS), Ireland introduced a unique inheritance clawback clause. The state covers long term care costs for those in need up-front and claims the costs back from the estate after the older person deceases. The article focusses on the emerging income and wealth inequalities and intergenerational redistributive effects. Methods We estimate micro simulations to show the distributional effects based on income and housing wealth. The simulations are based on aggregate data from the Central Statistics Office, Nursing Homes Ireland, Eurostat and the European Central Bank. Each simulation estimates the individual contributions based on 50, 100, 150 and 200 percent of average income and wealth, while keeping either income or wealth constant at the average. Based on average nursing home fees, the simulations show the relative contributions from the state, income and wealth. These simulations are contrasted to the funding gaps of the old subvention scheme in place until 2009. Results The Fair Deal has expanded eligibility to the middle class and shields property wealth after three years. Nursing home residents with above average pension income and housing wealth benefit disproportionately from the reform and can pass on more relative wealth to their kin. Overall, the wealth distribution of the Fair Deal scheme is regressive, despite the inclusion of the middle class. Conclusion The increased eligibility of the fair deal has the benefit of increased legitimacy for the welfare state. However, considerable inequalities of risks exposure remain as less than 50 percent of older people will need nursing home care. Estimations for a long-term care insurance scheme at 3 percent social contributions would reduce the lifetime wealth contribution of nursing home residents by about 35 percent.
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Okweshine, Werikechukwu, and Hilary Kanwanye. "The Impact of Nigeria’s New Pensions Reform on National Savings: Empirical Evidence." Tanzanian Economic Review 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ter.v9i1.43.
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The study used a simple Keynesian macroeconomic framework to examine the effect of the new pension reform scheme on national savings in Nigeria during 2007-2016. Annual data of the relevant variables were obtained from secondary sources thatinclude the National Pension Commission (Pencom), National Bureau of Statistics 2016, World Bank country data 2016, and the Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin 2016. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression technique was utilized for the analyses.Empirical results show that pension assets have a significant negative effect on national saving, hence, an increase in pension assets hinders the growth of national savings in Nigeria. This situation can be explained by the continuous pension debtpaid by the government to individuals who transited from the old to the new pension scheme. The results also show that income and deposit rates have a significant positive impact on savings. Finally, budget deficit and national savings are inversely related,with the former having a significant influence on the latter. The study recommends that the government should finance pension debt using tax; and that the pension fund should be invested in infrastructural development.
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Casarico, Alessandra. "Pension systems in integrated capital markets." Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy 1, no. 1 (November 11, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1538-0653.1017.
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Abstract The paper studies the effects on factor prices and welfare of the integration in a perfect world capital market of countries that differ in the degree of funding of their pension systems. It focuses on two large economies running respectively a pay-as-you-go and a fully funded pension system and it first analyzes the open economy implications of the different pension designs under the assumption that the pay-as-you-go system is balanced and in steady state equilibrium. It then elaborates on the institutional structure of the pay-as-you-go system to analyze how its degree of maturity, its expenditure profile and the presence of debt financing affect factor prices and welfare in open economy. Finally, it focuses on pension reform issues. The paper shows that, under perfect capital mobility, the differences in the degree of funding of the pension systems cause divergent welfare effects across generations and across countries. It shows that the design features of the pay-as-you-go scheme play a role in the world equilibrium and it identifies which of them can amplify or reduce the open economy linkages operating through the pension schemes.
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Heneghan, Martin. "Social policy learning inside the World Bank: The case of multi‐pillar pension reform." Social Policy & Administration, March 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spol.12809.
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Yu, Sam Wai-Kam, Chui-Man (Ruby) Chau, Sze-Man Li, and Mei-Yin (Anna) Lee. "The government’s responses to incompatibility challenges to women: the case studies of Hong Kong and Taiwan." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, December 10, 2020, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ics.2020.33.
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Abstract International organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank raise concerns about the financial sustainability issues of pension systems. These issues have attracted increasing attention because of the challenges presented by lower growth and financial market volatility, making it harder for governments to fulfil their promises on pension policies (Ebbinghaus, 2011). In order to tackle these challenges, it is not uncommon that governments reform pension schemes with an emphasis on individual responsibility (Yeh et al., 2018). They particularly stress the earnings-related pension measures as an important means to assist people to accumulate pension income (Foster, 2014). Employees are the target group for measures relating to earnings-related pension measures. The amount of pension income accumulated through these measures is highly related to employees’ earnings.
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Altiparmakov, Nikola, and Milan Nedeljković. "25 years of averting the old age crisis in Eastern Europe." Global Social Policy, May 18, 2021, 146801812110141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680181211014152.
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The influential World Bank Averting the old-age crisis study profoundly influenced pension policies around the globe, but nowhere more so than in Eastern Europe. While Western Europe dismissed radical carve-out pension privatization initiatives, Eastern European countries with similar Pas-As-You-Go legacies pursued World Bank reforms hoping to increase retirement incomes, spur economic growth, and hedge political risks inherent in public systems. However, 25 years later, reversals are taking place in all reforming countries, ranging from outright dismantling of mandatory private pension funds to their scaling-down and moving to voluntary participation. Empirical evidence presented in this article suggests that carve-out privatization failed to accelerate economic growth, while private pension funds turned out to be dynamically inefficient and inferior to PAYG systems they were intended to replace. We argue that the carve-out approach is the root cause of inherent economic and fiscal tension between public and private pension pillars. We identify a minimum set of Pareto improving reform adjustments that address the most pressing sources of economic inefficiencies and political instability by undoing the carve-out financing. The suggested re-reforms would be a first step in enabling private pension funds in Eastern Europe to become a meaningful supplement to existing PAYG benefits, in line with typical pension practices in Western Europe.
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Casey, Bernard H. "Pension systems in south-eastern Europe: what worked and what did not." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, April 28, 2022, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ics.2022.5.
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Abstract Many south-east European states made the transition from socialist to market economies. All described here had to reform their pension systems to match the new context in which these operated. The experiences of 10 countries are reviewed – seven of which were once part of Yugoslavia. Some countries’ reforms were more radical than others. Five of them merely adapted the Bismarckian systems they had inherited; four others adopted the “three pillar” model that the World Bank had been propagating. One went further than that. The four who followed World Bank model were often forced to backtrack. Whatever the longer-term benefits, they generated their own shorter-term fiscal problems. Nonetheless, the most radical reformer gives some indications of possible ways forward. The south-eastern European states do not have financial markets that can support capitalised/funded pension systems. Nor do they have the resources to pay proportional pensions that, at the same time, keep retired people out of poverty. The article suggests that their governments should concentrate upon improving economic performance to satisfy longer term aspirations and on ensuring that pensioners are able to live properly if not luxuriously by using tax-financed transfer measures. Provision above this level can be secured through savings plans, but it must be accepted that the investments to secure those savings will have to be made abroad.