Journal articles on the topic 'Pension inequalities'
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1
Hamilton, Myra, and Cathy Thomson. "Recognising Unpaid Care in Private Pension Schemes." Social Policy and Society 16, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746416000312.
Abstract:
Parents and carers often have interrupted workforce histories, causing gaps in their pension contributions and hence significantly lower retirement incomes. In some countries, to ameliorate these inequalities, carer credits have been introduced to maintain public pension contributions during periods of workforce absence. But improvements to credits in public schemes have taken place alongside a shift to private pensions that widens inequalities for carers. Introducing carer credits to private pensions is one method of addressing these inequalities. A search for examples of credits to private schemes in OECD countries revealed that, at present, they are rare and limited. This article sets out the design features and principles that should underpin carer credits to private pensions.
2
ARZA, CAMILA. "Pension Reform in Latin America: Distributional Principles, Inequalities and Alternative Policy Options." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2008): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x07003616.
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AbstractDuring the 1990s a wave of major structural reforms that changed the distributional principles underpinning pension policies spread across Latin America. Outcomes were not always as expected. The implementation of new pension rules in the socio-economic, political and institutional context of Latin America has resulted in a number of inequalities which affect pension system performance and the gains that different income groups and generations may obtain. In order to overcome the distributional drawbacks of reform, Latin American governments may need to afford a new role to non-contributive pensions, as well as consider the application of specific regulatory adjustments to reduce the risks and inequalities involved in the private pillar. Cross-border policy learning may provide useful tools to achieve these aims.
3
Cristina, Maria, and Gomes Da Conceição. "Households and Income: Ageing and Gender Inequalities in Urban Brazil and Colombia." Journal of Developing Societies 18, no. 2-3 (June 2002): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x0201800207.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the ageing process in Brazil and Colombia according to gender and socioeconomic inequalities. The ageing process is related to reforms in social policies in each country. Reforms in the pension systems show contrasting results for the family structure and income. In Brazil, the extension of pensions to rural and informal workers leads to empowering poorer elderly women and men in economic and domestic relationships. Universalizing pensions allows the elderly to chose to live alone or to support adult children. On the other hand, in Colombia the reform created the individual saving system, reinforcing social exclusion and inequalities at the end of the life course. At the same time, the structural adjustments of the economy have generated new social contracts and economic order, but in different ways. The universal or individual character of the new pension system redefines in each country the profile of gender, generations, and socioeconomic inequalities. The universal reform can mitigate the economic and domestic exclusion of poorer and rural elderly, as in Brazil; and the individual reform can reinforce inequalities and, as a result, reproduce gender roles of domestic submission and dependence for poorer women in advanced ages.
4
Arza, Camila. "Non-Contributory Benefits, Pension Re-Reforms and the Social Protection of Older Women in Latin America." Social Policy and Society 16, no. 3 (June 16, 2016): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746416000208.
Abstract:
Gender inequalities are a key issue for most pension systems in Latin America. Contributory pension schemes that link benefit entitlements to work and earnings tend to reflect in the benefits they offer the gender gaps that prevail in the labour market. This deepened with the implementation of individual private accounts as part of structural pension reforms in a number of countries. This article evaluates how recent pension policies, including measures geared to coverage expansion and so-called pension ‘re-reforms’, have addressed gender gaps in pensions in four Latin American countries. It shows that the expansion of non-contributory pensions and a greater emphasis on redistribution are important for the protection of older women in a context of gendered labour markets and the unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men. Looking at the cases of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile, the article identifies progress but also the persistence of gender gaps in pensions and emphasises the need for further measures to promote adequate social protection for older women.
5
Nilsson, Kerstin, Roland Kadefors, Per-Olof Östergren, Lars Rylander, and Maria Albin. "O3D.5 National policies and social inequalities in exit paths from working life in sweden." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A28.3—A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.76.
Abstract:
We investigated the impact on work life exits from reduced access to disability pension (2006), and financial incentives to extend working life.Method and materialWe used labour statistics, social insurance, and income data, for all employees in Sweden, to compare occupational groups (SSYK, based on ISCO-88), and blue and white collar workers, with regard to i) lost years in working life due to death, disability pension and long-term sick-leave preceding disability pension 2007–2010, ii) granted disability pensions 2007–2011, and iii) premature age pension in 2004 and 2011.ResultsYears lost in working life were similar for men and women in the same 1-digit SSYK occupational group, somewhat higher for those born outside Sweden, but showed a clear gradient from white to blue collar occupations, e.g. on average 0.39 ys versus 2.40 ys lost for Legislators/senior officials/managers and in Elementary occupations, respectively (women born in Sweden).In 2006 the prevalence of disability pension in the age group 50–64 was 3.61% among women and 2.49% among men, with 10/10 of the highest prevalence occupations (4-digit SSYK code) in men, and 9/10 in women, being blue collar ones. Approved applications decreased 2006–2011 by 74.4% in women, and 64.3% in men; for mental disorders (ICD-10-SE; F00-F99) 64.9% in women and 48.8% in men, for musculoskeletal disorders (M00-M99) 91.1% and 90.0%, respectively.The prevalence of premature age pension increased between 2004 and 2011: men 2.5% to 6.4%, women 1.7% to 5.5%. Blue collar occupations were most affected.ConclusionsThe socioeconomic divide in lost years of working life between white and blue collars prevailed. There was an apparent flow from disability to premature age pension, in particular in female blue collars. The findings indicate the budgetary savings of disability pensions transferred the economic burden of disease to individuals, and mainly to female blue collar workers.
6
Paiella, Monica. "The Italian gender gap in pensions: A cohort of birth approach." Ubezpieczenia Społeczne. Teoria i praktyka 157, no. 2 (December 7, 2023): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.1480.
Abstract:
Introduction: The text discusses the gender pension gap in rich countries, focusing specifically on Italy. The paper delves into the evolution of this gap across different generations, analyzing social security reforms and their impact on retirement incomes. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding these disparities for designing effective pension systems that address gender inequalities and ensure well-being in retirement.Objective: The aim of the article is to investigate the gender pension gap, specifically in the context of Italy, by analyzing the factors contributing to this disparity, including late entry into the job market, wage gaps, and caregiving responsibilities. The study focuses on understanding the impact of social security reforms and the pension system on these gender inequalities, aiming to provide insights for the design of equitable pension systems.Materials and methods: The article utilized administrative data from the Italian National Institute for Social Security (INPS) covering pension payments from 1995 to 2022. The study employed a cohort perspective, analyzing the evolution of the gender pension gap across generations and examining the impact of social security reforms and labor market arrangements.Results: The main conclusion of the study indicates that while the absolute gender disparity in mean retirement income has increased across cohorts of Italian retirees born between 1930 and 1954, the relative gender gap, when considering men's average pension, has decreased over time. Additionally, the impact of survivor's benefits has been significant in reducing the gender disparity in pensions, particularly in the later stages of life. Furthermore, the study found that the impact of social security reforms in Italy has been limited, primarily affecting the youngest cohorts, with most retirees still relying on the dominant defined benefit component for their pensions.
7
VLACHANTONI, ATHINA, ZHIXIN FENG, MARIA EVANDROU, and JANE FALKINGHAM. "Ethnic elders and pension protection in the United Kingdom." Ageing and Society 37, no. 5 (February 26, 2016): 1025–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16000143.
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ABSTRACTPension receipt in later life is determined by the way in which individuals' pension contributions and circumstances over the lifecourse interact with eligibility rules. Within the British context, such pensions relate to sources such as the State Pension, an occupational or private pension, and Pension Credit. Existing research shows that membership of certain ethnic groups is associated with a lower likelihood of receiving occupational or private pensions. Data from Understanding Society allows us to build on existing evidence by examining the factors associated with the receipt of three different kinds of pension income – State, occupational/private and Pension Credit – among older men and women from separate Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups. The results show that belonging to certain BME groups reduces one's chances of receiving the State Pension or an occupational/private pension, but increases the chance of receiving Pension Credit. The gender-specific analysis shows that these results hold true for many BME groups of men, whereas among women, only Pakistani women are less likely than White British women to receive an occupational/private pension. Such findings provide up-to-date empirical evidence that ethnic inequalities in pension protection are still evident and contribute to the increasingly important debate in the United Kingdom and elsewhere regarding migrants' social security and welfare over the lifecourse and in later life.
8
Saritas, Serap. "Financialisation of pensions: The case of Turkey." Global Social Policy 20, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119856042.
Abstract:
This study contributes to the literature on pension reforms by evaluating the Turkish case within a theoretical framework drawing on financialisation as extensive and intensive accumulation of finance assets. Financialisation refers to the expansion of finance into ever more areas of economic and social life while increasing its depth through more sophisticated financial operations. The Turkish pension reform, which has been run under the influence of global policy actors, illustrates the integration of finance with social policy. The intensification of dependence upon finance is demonstrated by the Turkish pension funds that stimulate innovation of financial instruments through demand-side impacts on capital markets. The critical analysis of financialised pensions reveals that the social policy advice of international financial institutions, with motives to extend financial markets, exacerbates class and gender inequalities. JEL Classification: G230 Pension funds; J140 Ageing, Pension; N2 Financialisation
9
Dekkers, Gijs, Karel Van den Bosch, Mikkel Barslund, Tanja Kirn, Nicolas Baumann, Nataša Kump, Philippe Liégeois, Amílcar Moreira, and Nada Stropnik. "How Do Gendered Labour Market Trends and the Pay Gap Translate into the Projected Gender Pension Gap? A Comparative Analysis of Five Countries with Low, Middle and High GPGs." Social Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070304.
Abstract:
This article explores how the Gender Pension Gap (GPG)—the relative difference in average pension received by men and women—might evolve in the future in various European countries, given past, current, and projected future labour market behaviour and earnings of women and men, and current pension regulations. The GPG reflects career inequalities between women and men, though these are partly mitigated by the redistributive impact of the public retirement pensions. They are further mitigated by survivor benefits. This study aims to document both mechanisms in the projections of the GPG. As the GPG varies widely across European countries, we analyse countries with a high (Luxembourg), high and low middle (Belgium and Switzerland Portugal), and low (Slovenia) GPG. We find that the GPG will fall significantly in all five countries over the coming decades. The fundamental drivers behind this development are discussed. In addition to the base scenario, we simulate two variants to show the impact of the Gender Pension Coverage Gap and of survivor pensions. Additionally, we project the GPG if current labour market gender gaps were to remain at their present level, and, conversely, if these were to disappear overnight. These alternative scenarios, one of which also serves as a robustness test, suggest that the future decline of the GPG is largely the result of labour market developments that have already happened during the past decades.
10
Price, Debora. "Gender and Generational Continuity: Breadwinners, Caregivers and Pension Provision in the UK." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2006): 31–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.061231.
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The UK is considered a ’male breadwinner/female part-time carer’ state due to men and women conforming to stereotypical gender roles within partnerships, and welfare policies reflecting and reinforcing this gender division. Using data from the General Household Surveys 2001 and 2002, this article shows that mothers continue to be markedly disadvantaged in participating in the accumulation of pensions compared to women who have never had children. This is mostly because they take on caring roles at the expense of paid work, but also because where women earn much less than their partners, they are more likely to depend on them for pension provision. Female breadwinners are likely to be low earners, and so, in contrast with men, their status as “breadwinner” does not usually imply pension accumulation. Consideration of the impact of the institutional framework of pension provision requires an understanding of inequalities within couples and societal expectations of mothers’ caring responsibilities.
11
Rossi, Pauline, and Mathilde Godard. "The Old-Age Security Motive for Fertility: Evidence from the Extension of Social Pensions in Namibia." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 488–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200466.
Abstract:
The old-age security motive for fertility postulates that people’s needs for old-age support raise the demand for children. We exploit the extension of social pensions in Namibia during the 1990s to provide a quasi-experimental quantification of this widespread idea. The reform eliminated inequalities in pension coverage and benefits across regions and ethnic groups. Combining differences in pre-reform pensions and differences in exposure across cohorts, we show that pensions substantially reduce fertility, especially in late reproductive life. The results suggest that improving social protection for the elderly could go a long way in fostering fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa. (JEL H55, I38, J13, J14, O15)
12
Högberg, Björn, Mattias Strandh, Anna Baranowska-Rataj, and Ingemar Johansson Sevä. "Ageing, health inequalities and the welfare state: A multilevel analysis." Journal of European Social Policy 28, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717739234.
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Comparative studies of health inequalities have largely neglected age and ageing aspects, while ageing research has often paid little attention to questions of social inequalities. This article investigates cross-country differences in gradients in self-rated health and limiting long-standing illness (LLSI) in middle-aged and in older people (aged 50–64 and 65–80 years) linked to social class, and degrees to which the social health gradients are associated with minimum pension levels and expenditure on elderly care. For these purposes, data from the European Social Survey (2002–2010) are analysed using multilevel regression techniques. We find significant cross-level interaction effects between class and welfare policies: higher expenditure on elderly care and particularly more generous minimum pensions are associated with smaller health inequalities in the older age group (65–80 years). It is concluded that welfare policies moderate the association between social class and health, highlighting the importance of welfare state efforts for older persons, who are strongly reliant on the welfare state and welfare state arrangements such as pensions and care policies.
13
Abruquah, Lucille Aba, Xiuxia Yin, and Ya Ding. "Old Age Support in Urban China: The Role of Pension Schemes, Self-Support Ability and Intergenerational Assistance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111918.
Abstract:
With the aim of probing into the life satisfaction of retired urban elderly in China with respect to old age support systems, this study examines the effect of pension reform with its existing inequalities across demographic and social groups on the life satisfaction of retired urban residents. The complementary role of intergenerational assistance and self-support on the life satisfaction of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the pension scheme was analyzed using an ordered logit regression model with 2015 national representative data from China’s Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey. Our sample consists of a cross-sectional data set of 3815 retired urban elderly aged 60 and above. The empirical results depict that though enjoying benefits from the public pension scheme generally enhances life satisfaction, beneficiaries of the Government and Institution Pension and Enterprise Employee Basic Pension are more advantaged than beneficiaries under the Urban-Rural Social Pension Scheme. The pension inequalities existing at provincial levels and across social groups such as gender and residence registration status also affect life satisfaction adversely. Women and rural ‘Hukou’ registered retired urban residents are at an apparent disadvantage. Getting financial and emotional support from children broadly improves life satisfaction. Non-beneficiaries of the public pension benefit more from the financial support of children than public pension beneficiaries. There is also a positive effect of cohabiting with children on life satisfaction when retired urban residents are single as compared to being married. Financial and physical self-support ability in forms of good health, home ownership and wealth management enhance life satisfaction significantly. However, largely, retired urban elderly have a higher life satisfaction when they are financially independent of children and are supported by state pension schemes. Our findings indicate that self-support ability of the elderly together with pension benefits are more effective in enhancing the life satisfaction of retired urban elderly in China. It is recommended that government institute policies to promote personal finance initiatives by the elderly while improving the pension scheme and reducing pension inequality.
14
Mesa‐Lago, Carmelo, María Amparo Cruz Saco, and Mirian Gil. "Pension coverage in Latin America: Trends and inequalities." International Social Security Review 74, no. 2 (April 2021): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/issr.12266.
15
Condon, Mary. "Gendering the Pension Promise in Canada: Risk, Financial Markets and Neoliberalism." Social & Legal Studies 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a016322.
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This article argues that retirement income provision in Canada is built on gendered assumptions, which produce material disadvantage for women. These inequalities are being exacerbated by current neoliberal trends towards the 'marketization' and individualization of pension provision, supported by tax, securities and corporate legal norms. The argument is developed using recent legislative changes to the operation of the Canada Pension Plan and recent developments in the regulation of mutual funds in Ontario as case studies. The article concludes by sketching out some possible points of departure for feminist interventions in pension privatization debates.
16
AU-YEUNG, TAT CHOR, and KA KI CHAN. "Crafting the Financial-Subject: A Qualitative Study of Young Workers’ Experiences in Financialised Pension Investment in Hong Kong." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000345.
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AbstractThis article applies the concepts of the financial-subject and micro-foundation of financialisation to young workers’ experiences with Hong Kong’s financialised pension regime. The results of our qualitative analysis show that many respondents doubt and belittle their financial investment for retirement. In response to the compulsory investment required by the government and the fact that their aspirations for security in later life seemed unfulfilled, some young workers undertook ‘uninformed’ investment and ‘age-led’ risk taking. The findings also show that employment precarity translates into investment precarity owing to workers’ unstable incomes and contributions; labour inequalities are reflected in financial inequalities. Arguably, the neoliberal crafting of the young financial-subject, including constructions of financial irresponsibility, irrationality, and illiteracy, is fraught with tensions, turning workers into investors and using finance to satisfy socio-economic needs. It contributes to social policy studies by connecting selfhood and institutions, and calls for questions about the future of financialised pensions.
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Leime, Aine Ni, and Debra A. Street. "GENDER AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF EXTENDING WORKING LIFE: CROSS-NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S819—S820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3022.
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Abstract This symposium addresses the issue of extended working life policy by considering the influence of gender and health on the experiences of older workers. In response to population ageing, policies designed to extend working life have been introduced in many countries. These policies include raising state pension age and linking the amount of state pensions more closely to years spent in paid employment. Such policies tend to be undifferentiated by gender or health status – in most countries, state pension age has been raised to the same age for men and women. Yet, research evidence indicates that women in all countries are disadvantaged in relation to employment at older ages and pensions. There are also health inequalities for older workers, depending on their occupation and whether they are in precarious or secure employment. Extended working life is of pressing societal concern. This symposium brings together the work of a group of leading international scholars who have been researching and reflecting on its implications in a forthcoming book on the topic across 34 countries. The symposium begins with an overview and analysis of the empirical landscape of older employment and pension policy by Martina Rasticova and Jim Ogg; Paper 2 offers a discussion of the theoretical perspectives and policy debates across 34 countries by Clary Krekula; there will be an analysis of extended working life policy in Ireland by Aine Ni Leime and a final presentation synthesising policy recommendations and mapping future research directions in extended working life by Debra Street.
18
Caselli, Graziella, and Rosa Maria Lipsi. "Survival inequalities and redistribution in the Italian pension system." Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 1 (2019): 083–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2018s083.
19
Mansson, N. "Socioeconomic inequalities and disability pension in middle-aged men." International Journal of Epidemiology 27, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.6.1019.
20
de Mesa, Alberto Arenas, and Verónica Monteemos. "The Privatization of Social Security and Women's Welfare: Gender Effects of the Chilean Reform." Latin American Research Review 34, no. 3 (1999): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100039352.
Abstract:
AbstractThe study shows that the new privately managed pension system in Chile has increased gender inequalities. Women are worse off than they were under the old pay-as-you-go system of social security, in which the calculation of benefits for men and women did not differ and women could obtain pensions with fewer requirements than men. Currently, benefits are calculated according to individuals’ contributions and levels of risk. Such factors as women's longer life expectancy, earlier retirement age, lower rates of labor-force participation, lower salaries, and other disadvantages in the labor market are directly affecting their accumulation of funds in individual retirement accounts, leading to lower pensions, especially for poorer women. Lessons from the Chilean reform should encourage scholars, policy makers, and the general public to engage in debates that more adequately incorporate gender variables in designing and implementing policy changes.
21
Gustafson, Per. "The Gendered Economics of Synchronized Retirement." Research on Aging 40, no. 7 (August 7, 2017): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027517724491.
Abstract:
Women generally receive lower pensions than men, and research on gender and pensions has identified a number of factors underlying this pattern. The present article examines one factor that has largely gone unnoticed—synchronized retirement. In most married couples, the husband is older than his wife, yet many couples prefer to retire together. At the same time, pension systems are increasingly designed to discourage early retirement and reward late retirement. If younger wives and older husbands tend to synchronize their retirement, this may reinforce gendered income inequalities among older persons. Analyses of register data on Swedish married couples provide empirical support for this argument. Comparisons of their pre- and postretirement incomes show that women who synchronized retirement with their husbands had, in relative terms, lower postretirement incomes than other women, whereas men who synchronized had higher postretirement incomes than other men.
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Holman, Daniel, Liam Foster, and Moritz Hess. "Inequalities in women's awareness of changes to the State Pension Age in England and the role of cognitive ability." Ageing and Society 40, no. 1 (August 17, 2018): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1800082x.
Abstract:
AbstractAs a response to the ageing population, the United Kingdom (UK) government, like many others, has increased the State Pension Age. This has involved equalising women's State Pension Age with men's, raising it from 60 to 65, with further increases already underway. It has been argued that a key issue with how this change has been implemented is the lack of notice the government gave to the women affected, impacting on their ability to plan for retirement. So far, there has been very little research exploring inequalities in awareness of these developments and, in particular, considering whether women of particular socio-economic backgrounds are less likely to know about the changes. This has implications for potentially further widening inequalities in old age. In this paper we analyse data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We consider the role of cognitive ability in mediating the relationship between socio-economic background and awareness, given recent debates on deficiencies in financial literacy. We find that socio-economic inequalities exist, especially with respect to labour force status, occupation and education. We also find that cognitive ability, especially numeracy, mediates a sizeable proportion of the relationship. These findings have important implications in terms of implementing future policy changes and awareness campaigns to help mitigate the possibility that they will further entrench inequalities in older age.
23
Narayana, M. R. "Old Age Pension Scheme in India: Distributional Impacts." South Asia Research 39, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019842016.
Abstract:
This article develops an empirical framework for the estimation of the economic effects and impacts of the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) and other socio-economic variables related to poverty among elderly individuals in India. Based on an official data sample of 9,852 elderly individuals, it produces evidence of the poverty-reduction effects of IGNOAPS, suggesting that it could be justified to promote more active policy support for this scheme as an instrument of poverty alleviation among elderly individuals. Four areas of policy intervention are identified for reformulation: increased pension expenditure by adjusting for inflation, linking the pension expenditure to economic growth, correction of inclusion and exclusion errors and extension of coverage to all elderly individuals in below poverty line families. It is argued that a move towards full pension provisions for all eligible elderly individuals may reduce personal income inequalities among India’s elderly population. This could also be a constitutionally sound approach applied to other countries in South Asia.
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Komp, Kathrin, Theo van Tilburg, and Marjolein Broese van Groenou. "Paid work between age 60 and 70 years in Europe." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 5, no. 1 (October 13, 2010): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.105145.
Abstract:
Over the past years, older persons’ workforce participation has increased and, after years of studying early retirement, the focus has gradually shifted to workforce participation between age 60 and 70 years. Those are the years directly below and above the mandatory retirement age in most of the European countries. We investigate the influence of socio-economic status (SES) on older persons’ workforce participation. Moreover, we study whether the importance of private pensions in a country modifies the effect of SES. Survey data from eleven European countries are analysed in multilevel analyses. Results show that paid work in old age is the domain of persons with high SES. Moreover, a high share of private pensions in a country diminishes the influence of occupational prestige on men’s workforce participation. This suggests that older persons with low SES deserve particular attention in labour market reforms. Additionally, it suggests that pension reforms be monitored concerning their effects on social inequalities.
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Kołodko, Grzegorz W., and Jacek Tomkiewicz. "Overcoming the contradictions of the tax system and pension contributions." Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie 53, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6502.
Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to present the basic problems arising when constructing the pension system in Poland. The pretext to take up the subject was the proposal to withdraw from the limit on social security contributions. Using theoretical arguments, literature review and analysis of basic data on the current state of public finances, the authors indicate the effects of manipulation in the principles of the functioning of the pension. While in the short term giving up the limit of paid contributions improves the balance of public finances and reduces income inequalities, in the long run it leads to additional tensions in public finances and worsens social cohesion indicators.
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Shaw, Benjamin, Kevin Cahill, and Michael Giandrea. "Post-Retirement Paid Work and Inequalities at Older Ages." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1602.
Abstract:
Abstract Participation in paid work frequently extends beyond pensionable age, with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development observing, in “Pensions at a Glance” (2017, pp. 126–7), that effective retirement ages in high-income countries exceed normal full-pension-eligibility ages by 10 months for men and two months for women. While working after pensionable age is becoming ever more common, not all workers on the cusp of retirement are able to continue in their current position or find a new job. Remarkably, little is known about the implications of unequal access to post-retirement work for social and income inequalities in later life, nor how job quality might change as people work into the years normally set aside for retirement. The four papers in this symposium address the following questions: 1) do bridge employment transitions exacerbate or mitigate income inequality later in life? 2) how does job quality (job satisfaction, physical and psychosocial working conditions) compare before and after pensionable age? 3) which processes lead to changes in working conditions in the late career? and 4) might empirical and theoretical gains be made by considering post-pensionable-age paid work as a specific career stage? The presenters use longitudinal data from the United States (the Health and Retirement Study, HRS), Sweden (Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health, SLOSH), and Japan (Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement, JSTAR) complemented by interviews with older workers in Sweden. This symposium will provide insights into the nature and consequences of working after pensionable age in contrasting institutional settings.
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Ginn, Jay, and Sara Arber. "Pension prospects of minority ethnic groups: inequalities by gender and ethnicity." British Journal of Sociology 52, no. 3 (September 2001): 519–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071310120071160.
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Ervasti, Jenni, Olli Pietiläinen, Ossi Rahkonen, Eero Lahelma, Anne Kouvonen, Tea Lallukka, and Minna Mänty. "Joint contribution of rotation of the back and repetitive movements to disability pension using job exposure matrix data." European Journal of Public Health 29, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz108.
Abstract:
Abstract Background Heavy physical effort at work has been linked with disability pension, but the contribution of other ergonomic job exposures is less studied. We studied the independent and joint contributions of long-term exposure to (i) rotation of the back and (ii) repetitive movements to disability pension, particularly due to musculoskeletal disorders. Methods Exposures were measured with the Helsinki Health Study Job Exposure Matrix during 1996–2005 and linked to register data on employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (n = 18 585). Outcomes were followed up during 2006–2015. Competing risk survival analyses were performed and synergy indices computed, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results Long-term exposure to rotation of the back was associated with disability pension due to any cause [age and sex-adjusted subhazard ratio (SHR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73–3.30], and specifically disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders (SHR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.52–7.56) when compared to employees exposed to neither of the two exposures. Repetitive movements alone did not increase the risk of disability pension (all-cause SHR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.84–1.38, musculoskeletal SHR = 1.65, 95% CI 0.91–2.97). Employees with exposure to both rotation of the back and repetitive movements had the highest risk of disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders (SHR = 5.98, 95% CI 3.85–9.28), but the interaction between exposures was additive rather than synergistic. Adjustment for education diluted the associations by 42–108%. Conclusion Long-term exposure to awkward work postures increased the risk of disability pension. Educational inequalities largely account for differences in occupational exposures.
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Götz, Simon, Morten Wahrendorf, Johannes Siegrist, and Nico Dragano. "Social inequalities in medical rehabilitation outcomes—a registry-based study on 219 584 insured persons in Germany." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa024.
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Abstract Background Given limited knowledge on the extent of social inequalities in longer-term work ability of people with a chronic disease, this study analyzes social inequalities of three consecutive indicators of work ability following medical rehabilitation in a large sample of insured employees. Methods Based on data from the German statutory pension insurance, a representative 20% random sample of all employed persons undergoing medical rehabilitation between 2006 and 2008 was included in a longitudinal analysis (n=219 584 persons). Three measures of consecutive work-related outcomes (physicians’ assessment of work ability at discharge; return to work in the year thereafter; disability pension during follow-up) and socioeconomic position (SEP) (education, occupational position and income) were assessed. Adjusted relative risks (RRs) for each outcome were calculated according to SEP, applying Poisson regression analysis. Results The measures of SEP were associated with all three outcomes of work ability in the fully adjusted models. Relatively strongest relationships were observed for education as SEP measure, and they were particularly pronounced for ‘low work ability’ (RR=2.38 for lower secondary education compared to tertiary education; 95% CI: 2.26–2.51). Based on average marginal effects, absolute differences of work ability by SEP indicate a socially graded pattern, with only few exceptions. Conclusions Despite Germany’s universal access to medical and vocational rehabilitation social inequalities in longer-term work ability following chronic disease persist, thus calling for targeted programmes of prevention and occupational health promotion.
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Jaskulska, Jagoda. "RETIREMENT AGE: JUSTIFIED DIFFERENTIATION OR DISCRIMINATION? COMMENTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRIBUNAL." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny II, no. XXI (December 30, 2021): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6450.
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The article deals with the issue of the differentiation of the retirement age in the Polish pension system. As part of it, the reasons for the differentiation of the retirement age among women and men were analyzed, as well as the justification for its continued maintenance in the pension system. The considerations primarily take into account the evolution of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal in this area and non-national regulations. Attention was also drawn to the doubts that may arise from the differentiation of the retirement age in the context of the inequalities observed against this background, and stressed the need for constant monitoring of the circumstances supporting the differentiation of the situation of women and men in this respect
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Zhang, Nan. "MIGRATION OVER THE LIFE COURSE AND LATER-LIFE DEPRESSION IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2151.
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Abstract Migrating between rural and urban areas over the life course profoundly shapes the conditions of later life. In the Chinese context, living in urban areas with an urban Hukou is associated with socioeconomic advantage. This study is among the first attempt to investigate how migration into urban areas in China is related to these processes and the association with risk of depression in later life by focusing on the timing and the type of migration (rural-urban residential mobility and/or institutional transition of Hukou status) of migration. Using data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we found strong associations between migration over the life course and risk of depression in later life in China. The timing and type of migration appears to play an important role. In-situ urbanisation is associated with lower depression scores in later life, and these effects are greater for in-situ urbanisation occurring in middle age compared with young adulthood. Forced urban-rural migration is associated with improved mental wellbeing. Formal social protection, particularly having a private pension, contributes substantially to the mental health advantage of social groups with an urban Hukou. Having an urban Hukou origin has an independent protective role in shaping mental wellbeing in later life in China, potentially partly due to the entitlement to a private pension attached to this status. When informal support has weakened in contemporary China, enhanced formal social protection in the form of adequate pensions should be put in place to mitigate structural inequalities associated with migration in old age.
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Allen, Joanne, and Fiona M. Alpass. "Trajectories of material living standards, physical health and mental health under a universal pension." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213199.
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ObjectiveAged pension schemes aim to support material and non-material well-being of older populations. The current work aimed to describe dominant trajectories of material living standards in the decades prior to and following eligibility for an aged pension, and describe associated trajectories of physical and mental health.MethodsLongitudinal data on living standards and indices of health Short Form 12 were collected over 2–12 years follow-up from 4811 New Zealand adults aged 55–76. Growth mixture models were used to identify dominant trajectories of living standards with age. Latent growth curve models were used to describe trajectories of physical and mental health associated with each living standards trajectory class.ResultsA group characterised by good living standards with age (81.5%) displayed physical and mental health scores comparable to those of the general adult population. Smaller groups experienced hardship but increasing living standards (11.8%) and hardship and declining living standards (6.8%). While both groups in hardship experienced poor health in the decade prior pension eligibility, mental health improved among those with increasing living standards, while physical and mental health declined among those with declining living standards.ConclusionUnder the current policy settings, a majority of older adults in New Zealand maintain a good level of living standards and health in later life. However, significant proportions experience material hardship and poor health in the decade prior to pension eligibility. Alleviation of material hardship may reduce health inequalities in later life.
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Cornejo, Cristian, and Purificación Galindo-Villardón. "Meta-Biplot comme mesure des variables de protection sociale pour les pays européens et latinoaméricains." Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française 8, no. 1 (2023): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/rielf.2023.1.2.
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Meta-Biplot as a measure of social protection variables for European and Latin American countries. Within the framework of Social Security, pension systems are a social protection mechanism whose purpose is to provide income to people who lose their self-generating capacity due to old age (old-age rights and benefits), disability (disability rights and benefits), or death of one of the primary sources of income of a family (survivors ’ rights and benefits). Social protection systems occupy a prominent place in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, which is reflected in its goal 1.3, where it is urged to implement social protection systems and increment the coverage of the vulnerable population. In terms of social security, European countries have the most experience. Latin America has been one of the forerunners in introducing individual capitalization schemes as a mandatory component in its pension systems for more than 30 years. When Chile abandoned its pay-as-you-go pension system for an individual capitalization system, several countries in Latin America and Europe followed that path. With well-designed and implemented social protection systems, countries can strengthen human capital, improve productivity, reduce inequalities, strengthen resilience, and end the cycle of intergenerational poverty.
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Mocanu, Florina, Ileana Iulia Istudor, Elena-Violeta Drăgoi, and Larisa Elena Preda. "The Impact of Demographic Evolutions on the Pension System in Romania." Valahian Journal of Economic Studies 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjes-2024-0008.
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Abstract The present research aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the degradation of Romania’s demographic situation, with a particular focus on the implications of the aging trend. The study aims to investigate how this demographic shift may lead, in the absence of reformation measures, to elevated levels of poverty, social exclusion, and dependency among the elderly population. The contributing factors to this phenomenon include migration patterns, negative natural population growth, and the increasing life expectancy of the population. These factors collectively result in a growing imbalance between the elderly and working-age populations. The repercussions of this demographic shift include heightened pension costs, increased public debt, exacerbated social inequalities, and a potential hinderance to economic growth.
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Linder, Anna, Ulf-G. Gerdtham, Nadja Trygg, Sara Fritzell, and Sanjib Saha. "Inequalities in the economic consequences of depression and anxiety in Europe: a systematic scoping review." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 4 (July 13, 2019): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz127.
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Abstract Background Depression and anxiety are associated with adverse outcomes in educational achievements and economic performances. Moreover, the prevalence of these disorders is unequally distributed among different population subgroups. Our objective is to investigate whether the economic consequences of depression and anxiety differ between population subgroups of different gender, socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity and age, in Europe. Methods A systematic scoping literature review was performed to identify studies where exposure to depression or anxiety was identified at baseline and consequences in education, sickness absence, disability pension, unemployment and income/earnings were measured at follow-up. Results Seventeen articles were included in this review and most of these were conducted in the Nordic countries. The consequences of depression and anxiety were stratified by gender in most of the articles. However, only in a few studies, the findings were stratified by SES, age and ethnicity. The negative consequences of depression in educational performance, disability pension and income are larger for men compared to women. Moreover, low SES individuals have more depression- and anxiety-related absence from work than high SES individuals. Conclusion Our findings imply that the economic consequences of depression differ between population subgroups in Europe. This could have an impact on social stratification, shifting people who experience mental ill-health to lower SES groups or reinforcing an already disadvantaged position. More research is needed on unequal economic consequences of depression and anxiety in different population subgroups in Europe.
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Coe, Cati. "An Aging World Relies on Migrant Care Workers." Current History 123, no. 849 (January 1, 2024): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2024.123.849.27.
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Around the world, societies are aging. Most governments have not prepared well for this demographic change, which requires a recalibration of existing social support programs like state pension and health care systems. Piecemeal state solutions have generated a reliance on migrant workers in elder care. This has worsened global inequalities in health care, subjected migrants to poor working conditions and exploitation, and revived racialized forms of domestic service for wealthy households in high-income countries. Finding fairer and more sustainable solutions to the demographic transition calls for innovative thinking and creative adaptation.
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Souliya, Thidphaxay. "Expression of Gender Inequalities in Wage Differences in the European Labor Market." Humán Innovációs Szemle 15, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.61177/hisz.2024.15.1.11.
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According to universal laws guaranteeing the enforcement of human rights, every individual has the right to equal opportunities to thrive in life and the job market, regardless of gender, ethnicity, religion, national origin, political or other ideological commitments, age, or whether they have any disabilities (United Nations 1948). Gender inequalities exist in every society, which can manifest in gender pay gaps. Behind these gaps lies negative discrimination against women, resulting in women receiving lower wages in certain sectors for the same positions, qualifications, and skills on the job market. The lower wage levels represented by women also lead to lower pension levels after retirement, hence it is not surprising that there is a higher proportion of elderly women living in poverty. Although in the European Union in recent decades there has been increasing emphasis on addressing gender inequalities, gender pay gaps persist in EU member states to this day, necessitating the implementation of new, comprehensive, integrated solutions. With our publication, we aim to contribute to alleviating gender pay gaps by presenting theories underlying gender inequalities and perspectives, as well as guidelines for addressing the issue.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, and Susanne Kelfve. "PRECARIOUS PATHWAYS INTO RETIREMENT AND NEW RISKS FOR GENDERED ECONOMIC EXCLUSION IN SWEDEN, 1990-2015." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.478.
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Abstract The ability and disposition of ageing people to maintain their labour market activity and/or to retire from work structurally depend on pension systems, activation policies, ageism, changing for labor demand and economic shifts. Structural conditions are changing, but social change does not mature homogeneously and neither do the institutional shifts induced by it. Gains in opportunities and resources do not benefit all people, groups and even societies in the same way. Changes increase insecurities and life course inhomogeneity, create unequally distributed challenges and show asynchrony in shifts and outcomes. They generate new precarity in ageing and socially structured risks for exclusion in work and retirement and refer to existing later life inequalities by cohort, gender, region, education, class and ethnicity. From this perspective of ageing and social change, the paper deals with shifts in late work and retirement patterns and later-life outcomes under changing institutional conditions, focusing on gendered risks for economic exclusion and later life precarity in Sweden. Swedish registry data comprising individual work and health histories as well as employer, regional and neighborhood information on the total population 50+ ever living in Sweden 1990-2015 is used in a cohort sequential perspective. Analyses focus on gender inequalities and concentrate on occupational activities, retirement transitions and pension revenues under changing social conditions. Models find increasingly heterogeneous preretirement and transition patterns, new gender gaps and increasing risks of economic exclusion in retirement with disadvantaged groups as forerunners in overall relative declines in later-life economic positions.
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Carr, Ewan, Maria Fleischmann, Marcel Goldberg, Diana Kuh, Emily T. Murray, Mai Stafford, Stephen Stansfeld, et al. "Occupational and educational inequalities in exit from employment at older ages: evidence from seven prospective cohorts." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (March 12, 2018): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104619.
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ObjectivesPast studies have identified socioeconomic inequalities in the timing and route of labour market exit at older ages. However, few studies have compared these trends cross-nationally and existing evidence focuses on specific institutional outcomes (such as disability pension and sickness absence) in Nordic countries. We examined differences by education level and occupational grade in the risks of work exit and health-related work exit.MethodsProspective longitudinal data were drawn from seven studies (n=99 164). Participants were in paid work at least once around age 50. Labour market exit was derived based on reductions in working hours, changes in self-reported employment status or from administrative records. Health-related exit was ascertained by receipt of health-related benefit or pension or from the reported reason for stopping work. Cox regression models were estimated for each study, adjusted for baseline self-rated health and birth cohort.ResultsThere were 50 003 work exits during follow-up, of which an average of 14% (range 2–32%) were health related. Low level education and low occupational grade were associated with increased risks of health-related exit in most studies. Low level education and occupational grade were also associated with an increased risk of any exit from work, although with less consistency across studies.ConclusionsWorkers with low socioeconomic position have an increased risk of health-related exit from employment. Policies that extend working life may disadvantage such workers disproportionally, especially where institutional support for those exiting due to poor health is minimal.
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Vivel-Búa, Milagros, Lucía Rey-Ares, Rubén Lado-Sestayo, and Sara Fernández-López. "Financial planning for retirement: the role of income." International Journal of Bank Marketing 37, no. 6 (September 2, 2019): 1419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-09-2018-0253.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the driving forces of both the decision to participate in individual pension plans and the amount of money allocated to such plans. Moreover, this paper evaluates the potential role that income plays, which has not previously been considered in depth in the financial literature.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of the Spanish population over the period 2008–2015, this paper estimates probit and tobit models, using 165,791 observations. The driving forces of private retirement savings comprise demographic, financial and socio-economic characteristics.FindingsThis paper confirms the impact of socio-demographic and economic variables on participation and monetary contributions to pension plans. It also confirms that income plays a non-negligible role. Moreover, empirical evidence reveals that the effect of gender is related to the income stratum to which the individual belongs.Originality/valueRetirement planning plays a key role in retirees’ future income and several countries have emphasised the importance of private individual savings to supplement the minimum provided by public pension schemes. The previous literature has concluded that those who plan their retirement end their working lives with three times the wealth of non-planners. Consequently, analysis of whether people are saving enough for their retirement can contribute to avoiding future wealth inequalities among retirees. Spain is one of the countries with the greatest inequality in income distribution, so this issue is of even greater interest.
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Murray, Emily T., Ewan Carr, Paola Zaninotto, Jenny Head, Baowen Xue, Stephen Stansfeld, Brian Beach, and Nicola Shelton. "Inequalities in time from stopping paid work to death: findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study, 2001–2011." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 12 (October 14, 2019): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212487.
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BackgroundUK state pension eligibility ages are linked to average life expectancy, which ignores wide socioeconomic disparities in both healthy and overall life expectancy.ObjectivesInvestigate whether there are occupational social class differences in the amount of time older adults live after they stop work, and how much of these differences are due to health.MethodsParticipants were 76 485 members of the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (LS), who were 50–75 years at the 2001 census and had stopped work by the 2011 census. Over 10 years of follow-up, we used censored linear regression to estimate mean differences in years between stopping work and death by occupational social class.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, both social class and health were independent predictors of postwork duration (mean difference (95% CI): unskilled class vs professional: 2.7 years (2.4 to 3.1); not good vs good health: 2.4 years (1.9 to 2.9)), with LS members in the three manual classes experiencing ~1 additional year of postwork duration than professional workers (interaction p values all <0.001). Further adjustment for gender and educational qualifications was reduced but did not eliminate social class and postwork duration associations. We estimate the difference in postwork years between professional classes in good health and unskilled workers not in good health as 5.1 years for women (21.0 vs 26.1) and 5.5 years for men (19.5 vs 25.0).ConclusionsLower social class groups are negatively affected by uniform state pension ages, because they are more likely to stop work at younger ages due to health reasons.
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Featherstone, Kevin, Georgios Kazamias, and Dimitris Papadimitriou. "The Limits of External Empowerment: EMU, Technocracy and Reform of the Greek Pension System." Political Studies 49, no. 3 (August 2001): 462–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00321.
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This paper seeks to explain an aborted attempt at reform of the Greek pension system, following a series of previous failures. It applies the framework of rational choice institutionalism in order to examine the strategy and setting of the relevant actors. The pension system had become a huge fiscal burden on the state, threatening Greece's position in the European Union. Moreover, its gross inequalities of provision and bureaucratic inefficiency were symptoms of the embedded clientelism and ‘disjointed corporatism’ that stood in the way of the government's self-proclaimed ‘modernization’ programme. In the event, though EMU entry requirements empowered the reform momentum, a combination of the strategic weakness of key actors and the entrenched opposition of sectoral interests dissipated the initiative. The failure suggests the relevance of the wider social setting to reform: in particular, the weakness of the technocratic community and the relative absence of a supportive ‘advocacy coalition’, beyond the dominance of the ‘party state’. Faced with criticism, the political leadership sought to protect their electoral position and postponed pressing decisions. The case study raises important questions about the scope for such reform in Greece and the future stability of the ‘Euro-zone’.
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Edrus, Robiaatul Adawiah, Zailan Siri, Mohd Azmi Haron, Muhammad Aslam Mohd Safari, and Mohammed K. A. Kaabar. "Econometric Analysis of Macroeconomic to Age-Specific Mortality Rate in Malaysia: Evidence from Panel Data." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (February 18, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8268177.
Abstract:
Human mortality is unanticipated and unavoidable, particularly in light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Insurance companies, actuaries, financial institutions, demographers, and the government may suffer catastrophic losses as a result of imprecise mortality estimates. Understanding the factors that contribute to mortality at the population level can help the government improve its efforts to promote health and reduce health inequalities. Consequently, the present study utilizes an econometrics model to estimate Malaysia’s mortality rate, with macroeconomic factors as explanatory variables. The present study employed the unemployment rate, pension liabilities, gross domestic product, education expenditure, and healthcare expenditure as explanatory variables. The empirical results imply that the fixed effects model is feasible when using panel data across specific age groups. Moreover, the fixed effects model is devoid of cross-sectional dependency, heteroscedasticity, and serial correlation. The findings reveal that the unemployment rate, gross domestic product, and education expenditure all have a significant influence on the mortality rate. However, pension liabilities and health expenditure have an insignificant relationship with the mortality rate. The fixed effects model is demonstrated to be a robust model that fits the Malaysian scenario with an R-squared of approximately 84.69%. The present study is novel due to the fact that the model established between explanatory variables and the mortality rate shows a significant relationship, which can be helpful in forecasting the mortality at population level as a preparation for the post-COVID-19 mortality. The present study aims to contribute to the development of an effective support mechanism by rectifying Malaysia’s socioeconomic inequalities in order to mitigate the COVID-19 increase in mortality rate. Therefore, the Malaysian government is strongly encouraged to examine its expenditure on education and gross domestic product in order to improve the mortality rate, particularly among the adult and older population.
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Utami, Arum Tri. "The Implementation of the Scandinavian Model of Welfare State in the Swedish Economic Development." JUSS (Jurnal Sosial Soedirman) 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/juss.v6i1.8383.
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This journal discusses how the welfare of the Scandinavian state became one of the main factors of Sweden's economic progress. The author uses qualitative methods to analyze how Sweden implements a welfare state as Sweden's main economic policy. The welfare state itself is a system where the government takes a strong role in reducing existing inequalities through various social programs. Sweden implements a comprehensive welfare state by collecting high taxes on the community and then channeling them back to the community with various social programs. Various programs that continue to be maintained by the government are health insurance for Swedish citizens, assistance to people who do not have jobs, health assistance for children, and pension assistance
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HOFÄCKER, DIRK, HEIKE SCHRÖDER, YUXIN LI, and MATTHEW FLYNN. "Trends and Determinants of Work-Retirement Transitions under Changing Institutional Conditions: Germany, England and Japan compared." Journal of Social Policy 45, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941500046x.
Abstract:
AbstractMany governments world-wide are promoting longer working life due to the social and economic repercussions of demographic change. However, not all workers are equally able to extend their employment careers. Thus, while national policies raise the overall level of labour market participation, they might create new social and labour market inequalities. This paper explores how institutional differences in the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan affect individual retirement decisions on the aggregate level, and variations in individuals’ degree of choice within and across countries. We investigate which groups of workers are disproportionately at risk of being ‘pushed’ out of employment, and how such inequalities have changed over time. We use comparable national longitudinal survey datasets focusing on the older population in England, Germany and Japan. Results point to cross-national differences in retirement transitions. Retirement transitions in Germany have occurred at an earlier age than in England and Japan. In Japan, the incidence of involuntary retirement is the lowest, reflecting an institutional context prescribing that employers provide employment until pension age, while Germany and England display substantial proportions of involuntary exits triggered by organisational-level redundancies, persistent early retirement plans or individual ill-health.
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Ebbinghaus, Bernhard. "Inequalities and poverty risks in old age across Europe: The double‐edged income effect of pension systems." Social Policy & Administration 55, no. 3 (January 12, 2021): 440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spol.12683.
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Heß, Moritz, Jürgen Bauknecht, Gerhard Naegele, and Philipp Stiemke. "German pension and labour market reforms and the potential rise of social inequality amongst older workers and pensioners." Ciências e Políticas Públicas / Public Sciences & Policies 6, no. 2 (December 2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-0644.cpp2020.vvin2/pp.99-117.
Abstract:
Policymakers in all European countries have implemented reforms aimed at delaying retirement and extending working lives mainly to mitigate financial pressure on public pay-asyou-go pension systems and to increase the supply of skilled labour. This could be a reason for an increase of older workers’ labour force participation. This increase was particularly strong in Germany. In the paper at hand, we will answer two research questions: i) how can this steep increase in German older workers’ employment rate be explained? Furthermore, and related to this: ii) have policies for longer working lives fostered inequality? We base our analysis on an extensive literature review and descriptive data analysis. We conclude that the rise of the employment rate of older workers in Germany has several causes. First, the German labour market has performed very well, so that the policy debate has shifted from unemployment to a lack of (skilled) labour. Second, there is a strong increase of female labour market participation. Third, due to cohort effects, today’s older workers are healthier and better skilled than their predecessors. Finally, the pension and labour market reforms aimed at delaying retirement had an effect. However, we also find that lowskilled and low-income workers increasingly have to delay their retirement due to financial reasons. It seems that social inequalities in the retirement transition are increasing in Germany.
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Hernández Hernández, Gabino, María del Carmen García García, and Alicia Eguía Casis. "Ahorro voluntario para el retiro: su beneficio fiscal." Horizontes de la Contaduría en las Ciencias Sociales 2023, no. 18 (2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/hccs.v0i18.61.
Abstract:
In Mexico, the percentage of people who save voluntarily for their retirement fund is very low. The general objective of this paper is to highlight the importance and fiscal benefits of voluntary savings for retirement. Thus contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals; specifically to the end of poverty, in this case, in adulthood, promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work; as well as the reduction of inequalities, progressively achieving greater equality of income and opportunities. This research work is based on a mixed approach, with a descriptive and documentary design. It highlights the importance of voluntary savings for retirement, and its fiscal benefit; however, it does not rule out the responsibility of the Government in reforms for a better functioning of the current pension system.
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Ewig, Christina. "Forging Women's Substantive Representation: Intersectional Interests, Political Parity, and Pensions in Bolivia." Politics & Gender 14, no. 3 (September 2018): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000211.
Abstract:
AbstractLacking tools to measure substantive representation, empirical research to date has determined women’s substantive representation by identifying “women’s interests” a priori, with little attention to differences across race, class, or other inequalities. To address this problem, I develop the concept of intersectional interests and a method for identifying these. Intersectional interests represent multiple perspectives and are forged through a process of political intersectionality that purposefully includes historically marginalized perspectives. These interests can be parsed into three types: expansionist, integrationist, and reconceived. Identification of intersectional interests requires, first, an inductive mapping of the differing women’s perspectives that exist in a specific context and then an examination of the political processes that lead to these new, redefined interests. I demonstrate the concept of intersectional interests and how to identify these in Bolivia, where I focus on the political process of forging reconceived intersectional interests in Bolivia’s political parity and pension reforms.
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Friborg, Oddgeir, Tore Sørlie, Berit Schei, Cecilie Javo, Øystein Sørbye, and Ketil Lenert Hansen. "Do Childhood Boarding School Experiences Predict Health, Well-Being and Disability Pension in Adults? A SAMINOR Study." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 51, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 848–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022120962571.
Abstract:
Indigenous Sámi and Kven minority children in Norway were during the 20th century placed at boarding schools to hasten their adoption of the Norwegian majority language and culture. This is the first population-based study examining health, well-being and disability pension rates among these children. Data stem from two epidemiological studies conducted in 2003/04 (SAMINOR 1) and 2012 (SAMINOR 2) by the Centre for Sami Health Research. The SAMINOR 1 study included N = 13,974 residents (50.1% women, Mage = 52.9 years) and n = 2,125 boarding participants (49.6% women, Mage = 56.2 years). The SAMINOR 2 part included N = 10,512 residents (55.5% women, Mage = 47.6 years) and n = 1246 boarding participants (48.7% women, Mage = 54.1 years). Main outcome measures are mental and general health, well-being and disability pension linearly regressed upon the predictors. We observed minor differences between boarding and non-boarding participants that generally disfavored the former, of which many disappeared after covariate adjustment. Boarding school participants reported more discrimination, violence, unhealthier lifestyle behavior (smoking), less education and household income compared to non-boarding participants. The exceptionally long timeframe between boarding school and the current outcome measures (40–50 years) is a likely reason for the weak associations. The study supports the international literature on health inequalities and highlights the risk of ill health following boarding school placement of indigenous or minority children. On a positive note, participants reporting stronger ethnic belonging (strong Sámi identity) were well protected, and even functioned better in terms of lower disability rates than majority Norwegians.