Journal articles on the topic 'Pennsylvania – Economic conditions – 20th century'
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1
Mau, V. "Modernization under Conditions of Political Stability (Reforms of the Second Half of XIX Century: Logic and Stages of Complex Modernization)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2009): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-9-32-50.
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The paper discusses economic and political modernization under Alexander II and Alexander III. Special attention is paid to economic modernization under conservative political regime as well as to the influence of the 19th century economic policy and economic debates on the industrialization policy in the 20th century.
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Atutova, Zh V., and Zehong Li. "Environmental conditions of the landscape functioning in the Pribaikalskii National Park: historical perspective." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 895, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/895/1/012006.
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Abstract The history of the economic development of the valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River basin is considered. Forestry and agricultural activities are designated as the main activities developed by the local population. Fluctuation changes in the intensity of their implementation are highlighted, specifically. the slowly developing process of economic development of valley landscapes due to low population in the second half o f the 17th century and until the first half of the 20th century; expansion of agricultural land and growth of industrial development of forest resources, starting from the middle of the 20th century until the end of the 1980s; and a decrease in economic activities since the end of the last century, which is connected both with the state reorganization of the country’s economy and with creation of specially protected natural territories within the studied area. The valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River are at risk from the recreational development of coastal areas of Lake Baikal that have been actively developing in recent years. Taiga landscapes of the upper and middle reaches of the river are at risk of spreading forest fires. Negative consequences from economic activities have been contributing to a significant anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of the Pribaikalskii National Park for a long period.
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Ph.D.Guide, Dr Oinam Ranjit Singh, and Kumud Ranjan Basumatary. "The Socio-Economic & Religious Conditions of the Bodos in the Early 20th Century." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 06 (June 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206061322.
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Spurlock, John C. "FURNACES: VISIONS OF THE AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE IN BRADDOCK." HOME-THOUGHTS, FROM ABROAD XI, no. 31 (2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.31.2020.6.
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Two works of fiction, one a novel, the other a movie, provide a harrowing journey from the American Dream to the American nightmare. Appearing about 70 years apart, Out of this Furnace (by Thomas Bell) and Out of the Furnace (directed by Scott Cooper) closely examine the lives of steelworking families in Braddock, Pennsylvania. The novel shows the hopes and aspirations of Slovak immigrants slowly improving their material lot over three generations. The movie fast forwards through two more generations to show Braddock in terminal decline, a victim of deindustrialization and all the social ills of America’s economic inequality. Taken together these works reveal the arc of American economic development in the 20th century as experienced in the lives of those who experienced it most directly.
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Padayachee, Vishnu. "The 20th-century South African economy through a development lens." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569119x15765873896736.
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Based on Bill Freund’s latest book, this review essay critically reviews the author’s discussion of: the institutional and network fibres underlying the mid-20th-century South African developmental model; how and why it developed; how and why it transformed through the course of that century; and how it was dismantled by the end of that century. The essay also tries to assess the significance of that model for South African development in the post-1994 democratic era, as well as the economic and public policy choices exercised by the African National Congress (ANC)-led government under conditions of fiscal constraint.
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KRAVCHENKO, Kateryna. "FEATURES OF THE URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION." Ekonomichna ta Sotsialna Geografiya, no. 87 (2022): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7154/2022.87.72-81.
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The intensity of globalization processes and the role of cities in the socio-economic development of countries and regions increase at the current stage of society's development. Agglomerations that have the status of the global (world) level play the most crucial role. he purpose of the paper is to analyze the impact of globalization processes on the peculiarities of the development of urban agglomerations in the conditions of contemporary globalization, as well as to identify problems and prospects for their further evolution. The research was carried out based on the system, synergistic, informational and human-geographical approaches; using the methods of induction and deduction, comparison, analogy, analysis, synthesis, systematization, as well as mathematical, statistical and cartographic methods. Three waves characterized the spread of globalization in historical retrospect: the first one (the first half of the 20th century) described the intensive development of cities and industry, the development of transport infrastructure; the second wave (the second half of the 20th century) marked the formation of transnational, transcontinental and global corporations, the transfer of "dirty" industries to the territory of poor third world countries; the third (the beginning of the 21st century – until now) characterizes the emergence of urbanization beyond geopolitical and administrative borders. A significant trend in the contemporary development of cities is the tendency towards developing urban agglomerations, increasing their importance in contemporary spatial transformations and processes taking place on the planet. Agglomerations within regions of the world arose quite unevenly. The largest number are in the USA, Europe, and Asia, and agglomerations are growing at an accelerated pace in Africa and Latin America. Until the 20th century, the large agglomerations were formed mostly in developed countries and regions of the world due to the available resource and economic potential. Now the processes of intensive agglomeration are characterized for cities and developing countries, where the number of agglomerations is increasing. A significant increase in the number of cities and agglomerations in countries with a low level of development leads to the emergence and aggravation of global problems of modern times.
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Pyatov, M. L. "The Last Russian Balance Scientist of the 20th Century." Vestnik NSUEM, no. 2 (June 19, 2021): 46–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/2073-6495-2021-2-046-078.
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The main stages of creative career of professor of Saint Petersburg State University Valery Viktorovich Kovalev (1948–2020), who restored the national school of accounting study which treated the balance sheet as a financial model of the company, are shown. The paper characterizes the specifics of the Soviet school of analysis of economic activities of enterprises formed by the start of Perestroika in the USSR. The scope of the methodological tasks placed before accountant theorists by new business environment in the conditions of the development of post-Soviet economy in Russia is shown. The paper reveals the methodological basis of the methods, suggested by V.V. Kovalev, of analysis of accounting reporting of legally independent business entity in the conditions of market economy, as synthesis of the developments of national accountants of the early 20th century and conceptual framework of English-American school of corporate finance of the late 20th century. The relation of the content of the works by Kovalev to the provisions made by A.P. Rudanovsky (1863–1931) is characterized. The paper presents the influence of several personal qualities of professor Kovalev as a researcher on the development of his ideas ranging from the set of indicators of dynamic analysis of accounting reporting to a new national school of financial management which united the concepts of the Continental European and English-American accounting traditions for the first time. The paper characterizes educational activities of V.V. Kovalev in the 1990s and reveals the content of his works regarding the history of financial science. The success of Kovalev as a propagandist of accounting as science is explained.
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Miymanbaeva, Fialka N., Ardak S. Abdiraiymova, and Mira M. Aitkazina. "Сарт-калмаки Пржевальского уезда Семиреченской области в начале XX в." Oriental studies 15, no. 3 (October 17, 2022): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-60-3-422-435.
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Introduction. Economic conditions to have experienced by the Issyk-Kul Sart Kalmyks of Semirechenskaya Oblast in the early 20th century remain uninvestigated in historical literature, which makes the study relevant enough. Goals. The work aims to consider the traditional Sart Kalmyk system of farming, define its type, and analyze the transition to settled life. Materials and methods. The study employs both general scientific and specific historical research methods, including that of statistical analysis. The work examines materials from Russia’s central archives, as well as statistical survey data on economic and land use practices of the Kyrgyz — including households of Sart Kalmyks — and Russian old-timers collected in Przhevalsky Uyezd (Semirechenskaya Oblast) under the guidance of P. P. Rumyantsev in 1913. Analysis of statistical materials yields a reconstruction of the Sart Kalmyk economy in the early 20th century and determines its type. Results. The Sart Kalmyks to have inhabited several localities around Karakol in Issyk-Kul (Przhevalsky) Uyezd were engaged in livestock breeding and, in part, crop farming, i.e. were following their traditional economic practices. Conclusions. However, by the beginning of the 20th century the Sart Kalmyks no longer possessed sufficient pastures and livestock to specialize in breeding only, and were forced to tackle arable farming too, though the latter played no crucial role in their economy remaining an auxiliary sector. The lack of arable land and hayfields forced the Sart Kalmyks to engage in additional occupational activities. So, the population was characterized by a semi-sedentary type of farming, i.e. the period witnessed a change in the Sart Kalmyks’ economic system proper and respective conditions at large.
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Miymanbaeva, Fialka N., Ardak S. Abdiraiymova, and Mira M. Aitkazina. "Сарт-калмаки Пржевальского уезда Семиреченской области в начале XX в." Oriental studies 15, no. 3 (October 13, 2022): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-3-422-435.
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Introduction. Economic conditions to have experienced by the Issyk-Kul Sart Kalmyks of Semirechenskaya Oblast in the early 20th century remain uninvestigated in historical literature, which makes the study relevant enough. Goals. The work aims to consider the traditional Sart Kalmyk system of farming, define its type, and analyze the transition to settled life. Materials and methods. The study employs both general scientific and specific historical research methods, including that of statistical analysis. The work examines materials from Russia’s central archives, as well as statistical survey data on economic and land use practices of the Kyrgyz — including households of Sart Kalmyks — and Russian old-timers collected in Przhevalsky Uyezd (Semirechenskaya Oblast) under the guidance of P. P. Rumyantsev in 1913. Analysis of statistical materials yields a reconstruction of the Sart Kalmyk economy in the early 20th century and determines its type. Results. The Sart Kalmyks to have inhabited several localities around Karakol in Issyk-Kul (Przhevalsky) Uyezd were engaged in livestock breeding and, in part, crop farming, i.e. were following their traditional economic practices. Conclusions. However, by the beginning of the 20th century the Sart Kalmyks no longer possessed sufficient pastures and livestock to specialize in breeding only, and were forced to tackle arable farming too, though the latter played no crucial role in their economy remaining an auxiliary sector. The lack of arable land and hayfields forced the Sart Kalmyks to engage in additional occupational activities. So, the population was characterized by a semi-sedentary type of farming, i.e. the period witnessed a change in the Sart Kalmyks’ economic system proper and respective conditions at large.
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Carson, Scott Alan. "Net nutrition on the late 19th and early 20th century American Great Plains: a robust biological response to the challenges to the Turner Hypothesis." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 698–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000014.
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AbstractIn 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner proposed that America’s Western frontier was an economic ‘safety-valve’ – a place where settlers could migrate when conditions in eastern states and Europe crystallized against their upward economic mobility. However, recent studies suggest the Western frontier’s material conditions may not have been as advantageous as Jackson proposed because settlers lacked the knowledge and human capital to succeed on the Plains and Far Western frontier. Using stature, BMI and weight from five late 19th and early 20th century prisons, this study uses 61,276 observations for men between ages 15 and 79 to illustrate that current and cumulative net nutrition on the Great Plains did not deteriorate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, indicating that recent challenges to the Turner Hypothesis are not well supported by net nutrition studies.
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Murphy, Joseph. "The Evolution of the High School in America." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, no. 13 (April 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611801313.
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The narrative in this article runs as follows. As the political, social, and economic environments that surround the American high school undergo seismic shifts, they create new forms of secondary education. We report that the environmental conditions between 1890 and 1920 were such that most of the pillars that anchored the American high school prior to the 20th century were swept away. New scaffolding for how classrooms should function, how schools should be organized and managed, and how the school–community relationship should be defined was constructed. By the early part of the 20th century, the high schools the nation had known for the previous three centuries were mostly gone. Over the 30 years, the social, economic, and political environments that envelop education have begun to reshape the American high school once again. Pressures accompanying the evolution to a post-industrial economy have introduced new understandings of what society expects from its secondary schools. Political and social revolutions are also pushing the high school toward fundamental changes. The biblical aura of the 20th century organizational and management playbooks for high schools are being rewritten under an onslaught of post-professional, post-public monopoly views of schools, how they work, and how they need to be shepherded to success.
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Graovac, Vera. "Populacijski razvoj Zadra." Geoadria 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.129.
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Zadar is one of the cities with longest urban tradition and continuous population in Croatia. This article deals with the number of inhabitants in Zadar throughout the history, particularly from 15th century on, when first censuses were taken. Until the second half of 20th century, the population growth was slow and depended mostly on numerous wars, economic conditions, epidemics and famines that caused massive death and migrations of the population within the city and in its surroundings. It was only after the Second World War that population growth was rapid, due to industrialization and stronger economic development of the town.
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Shokhmansur, Shokhazamiy, and Elmuradov D. . "Socio-Economic Sistemology: Multidimensional Science for a Comprehensive Study of the Socio-Economic and Legal System." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 10 (October 30, 2014): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i10.541.
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The main feature of the development of science in the second half of the 20th century was the transition from a single-dimensional science of past centuries, based mainly on experimentation, to the science of two dimensional, which is based on a systems approach. However, the conditions and trends of development of the world economy and society, therefore, the humanities and social sciences, including economics, in the twenty-first century calls for transition to new more advanced phase of science to integrated presentation and study in the relationship between the various components of the socio-economic and legal systems (SELS) based on a systematic approach. The importance of this completely new paradigm of science-its transition from two dimension in the multi dimension in general socio-economic and legal space is already quite fully understood, because it is based a well elaborated the theoretical-methodological and practical implications for the future of the base, a it seems extremely profound and promising.
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Pestrikov, Viktor. "Choice of Development Trend of Bell System at the Beginning of the 20th Century." Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 5, no. 3 (October 17, 2022): 395–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2022.05.3.30.
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The choice of the development trend of the Bell System at the beginning of the 20th century in the conditions of fierce competition in the telephone market and the economic crisis of 1907 in the USA is studied. It shows in detail the restructuring of Bell’s scientific and technical activities, which contributed to attracting innovation and focusing spending on research, development and technological work. This made it possible in the future to create conditions for the development of a telephone tube repeater and to begin laying a transcontinental telephone line from New York to San Francisco. It is noted that the company’s emergence as a leader in the telephone business is largely due to the involvement of talented scientists and engineers in the project.
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Kaplan, Robert B. "Language Policy and Planning: Fundamental Issues." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002786.
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For much of the 20th century, language policy and planning has been essentially overlooked except as an academic enterprise, being of serious interest largely only to a small coterie of specialists scattered thinly around the world. Still, at present, only a handful of universities in the world offers anything more than a random course in language policy/planning or simply subsumes the entire field in a couple of lectures in the introductory course in sociolinguistics. In the last decade of the 20th century, real-world events have thrust language policy and planning into prominence. The collapse of the former Soviet Union and the powerful resurgence of language loyalties in various Eastern European polities, the rapid economic unification of a multilingual Europe, changing global patterns of immigration, and global economic difficulties have coalesced to create new linguistic conditions and focus attention on long existing linguistic inequities. These conditions have brought into serious question the western notion of an idealized identity between nation and national language. This volume of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics has attempted to draw together various emerging perspectives on language policy and planning and to examine emerging circumstances in a selected set of illustrative areas:
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Goncharov, Yu M. "Housing conditions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(48) (March 2, 2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-48-1-11.
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The study of housing conditions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century con-stitutes an important and scientifically relevant problem of everyday history. Housing conditions are one of the most important indicators of the level and lifestyle of the population. This subject matter has so far received little attention from historians. The study is aimed at identifying the specifics of the housing conditions in an important province of the late Russian Empire. In order to study provincial housing conditions in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century, a fairly wide range of sources was used: records of city magistracies; statistical studies, with one-day city censuses being of particular value; memoirs of contemporaries; periodicals, etc. The concept of the dwelling existing in the cities of pre-revolutionary Russia differed slightly from that in rural areas. While in villages the concept of the dwelling, as a rule, meant a ‘family home’, in towns, the concepts of ‘flat’ or ‘room’ were of par-ticular importance. Some townspeople lived in their own houses, others rented out their property (‘apartments’, ‘rooms’ or even ‘part of a room’), while those having no property were forced to rent it. One of the most common types of buildings was a two-family house, whose lower floor was usually occupied by the owners and the upper floor was rented out. Most of the buildings were modest-looking, with many of them being battened and painted. Most often the territory of the yard was fenced, with a large high gate being placed in the middle of the fence, behind which there was a house on the left; outbuildings and sheds on the right; stables at the back of the house; as well as a vegetable garden next to the house. The housing conditions varied significantly among different population groups. Changes that occurred in the housing conditions in the region in the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century were primarily associated with the socio-economic development of post-reform Siberia. Rapid population growth often resulted in slum development. Urban planning reflects new trends, intensi-fied following the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which helped overcome the economic and cultural isolation from the central regions of the Empire.
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Varea, Carlos, Elena Sánchez-García, Barry Bogin, Luis Ríos, Bustar Gómez-Salinas, Alejandro López-Canorea, and José Martínez-Carrión. "Disparities in Height and Urban Social Stratification in the First Half of the 20th Century in Madrid (Spain)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112048.
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Adult height is the most commonly used biological indicator to evaluate material and emotional conditions in which people grew up, allowing the analysis of secular trends associated with socio-economic change as well as of social inequalities among human populations. There is a lack of studies on both aspects regarding urban populations. Our study evaluates the secular trends and the disparities in height of conscripts born between 1915 and 1953 and called-up at the age of 21 between 1936 and 1969, living in districts with low versus middle and high socio-economic conditions, in the city of Madrid, Spain. We test the hypothesis that urban spatial segregation and social stratification was associated with significant differences in height. Results show that height increased significantly during the analysed period, both among conscripts living in the middle- and upper-class districts (5.85 cm) and in the lower-class districts (6.75 cm). The positive secular trend in height among conscripts from middle- and upper-class districts was sustained throughout the period, but the trend in height among the lower class fluctuated according to social, political, and economic events. Our findings support previous research that adult height is influenced strongly by the family living conditions during infancy and by community effects acting during childhood and adolescence.
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Vilasi, Antonella Colonna. "Israel and the Middle East: The creation of a Nation." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0047.
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Abstract In order to properly study the foundation of a State, a paradigm of thought or any other organization, we should analyze the historical context which produced the conditions for this phenomenon to happen, in all its variables and components. The Jewish question cannot certainly be relegated only to the 20th century, but surely it was the century in which the cultural, political, economic, and social debate was the expression of a collective will to create a Nation and develop and transform it into a key country in the context of global geopolitics.
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Saptono, Nanang. "TATA RUANG KOTA CIAMIS PASCAPERDAGANGAN DUNIA ABAD KE-19 – 20." PANALUNGTIK 1, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v1i1.5.
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The capital of Ciamis Regency has experienced several displacements. During the reign of Raden Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat the development of the capital was encouraged to develop into a city. After the kulturstelsel era, many European capitalists invested in Ciamis. At the beginning of the 20th century economic infrastructure, especially the means of distribution of commodities is much needed. Building economic facilities have sprung up in several locations in Ciamis. Such conditions result in the development of the city. This study aims to get a picture of the spatial layout of Ciamis and the city development process. The research method applied descriptive research. Data collection is done through direct observation in the field and accompanied by the utilization of instrument in the form of ancient maps. In the area of Ciamis City there are still some old building objects that can be used as a spatial bookmark of the city. At a glance the city's development spontaneously, but visible on the basis of existing infrastructure, in the 20th century the city of Ciamis showed a planned city. The growth of Ciamis city is of course influenced by several factors including economic and geographical factors.Keywords: city, layout, planned, industrial area
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Jackson, Deborah Davis. "A perfect storm: embodied workers, emplaced corporations, and delayed reflexivity in a Canadian 'Risk Society'." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23138.
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At the turn of the 21st century, an occupational disease epidemic began to unfold in Sarnia, Ontario, home to the petrochemical complex known as Canada's 'Chemical Valley.' Given the long latency periods for these diseases, the hazardous exposures that produced them would have occurred over a period of decades during the latter 20th century. This suggests a paradox: what accounts for unionized Canadian men working for decades in conditions that posed such grave risks to their health? Or, put in terms of Ulrich Beck's compelling and influential model: given that Chemical Valley during the second half of the 20th century constituted a quintessential "risk society" of the modern West, where were the forces of "political reflexivity" – resistance leading to change – typically provoked by the excesses of such societies? In this article, I seek to resolve this paradox with a political ecology approach that focuses on workers' embodied experience in the micro-environment of their workplace and community, as well as on the material and social emplacement of petrochemical facilities in the region. The analysis reveals a 'perfect storm' of converging ecological, cultural, political, and economic conditions that allowed local corporations to achieve extraordinary power. Consequently, even as activism for occupational and environmental justice was effecting change in similar industrial centers throughout Ontario and the Great Lakes region, these changes failed to take hold in Chemical Valley. The article concludes by suggesting that those 20th century power dynamics have continued into the 21st century, where reflexivity delayed might well have atrophied into reflexivity denied.Keywords: embodiment, emplacement, risk society, petrochemical corporations, industrial workers, Canada, Great Lakes region
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Bilousova, Liliia. "Emigration of Jews from Odessa to Argentina in the Late 19th - Early 20th century." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 29 (November 10, 2020): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2020.29.036.
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The article deals with the history of emigration of Jews from the south of Ukraine to Argentina in the late 19th - early 20th century and the role of Odessa in the organizational, economic and educational support of the resettlement process. An analysis of the transformation of the idea of the Argentine project from the beginning of compact settlements to the possibility of creating a Jewish state in Patagonia is given. There are provided such aspects as reasons, preconditions and motives of emigration, its stages and results, the exceptional contribution of the businessman and philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch to the foundation of Jewish settlements in Argentina. There are reflected a legislative aspect, in particular, the first attempt of Russian government to regulate migration abroad with the Regulations for activity in Russia of the Jewish Colonization Association founded in Great Britain; various forms and directions of the work of Odessa JCA committee; the activities of the Argentine Vice-Consulate (1906-1909) and the Consul General of Argentina in Odessa (1909-1917). There are also presented some valuable archival genealogical documents from the State Archives of the Odessa Region, namely the lists of immigrants on the steamer "Bosfor" in April 30, 1894. The article highlights the conditions in which the emigrants started their activities in Argentina in 1888, establishment of the first Jewish colony of Moisesville, the difficulties in economic arrangement and social adaptation, and the process of settlement development from the first unsuccessful attempts to cultivate virgin lands to the numerous farms and ranches with effective economic activities. An interesting social phenomenon of interethnic diffusion of indigenous and jewish cultures and the formation of a unique "Gaucho Jews" group of population is covered. It is provided information on the current state of Jewish settlements in Argentina and fixing their history in literature, music, cinema, documentary. It is emphasized that using historical research and direct contacts with the descendants of emigrants to Argentina could be very useful and actual for increasing the efficiency and development of Ukrainian-Argentine economic and cultural ties
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KONDRAT’EVA, Valentina I., and Anastasiya S. BARASHKOVA. "Economic and demographic views of Yakut thinker A.E. Kulakovsky." National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 2263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.12.2263.
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Subject. The article considers economic and demographic problems of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Objectives. The focus is on the analysis of views of A.E. Kulakovskii, Yakut thinker of the early 20th century, on personal savings. Methods. The study employs methods of systems, historical, textual analysis. Results. The paper presents a brief history of the settlement of the Yakut Territory, demonstrates the nature of the main demographic processes and living conditions of the local population. It establishes that the works of A.E. Kulakovskii provide a comprehensive assessment of the causes of demographic crisis in Yakutia, and the main one is extreme poverty. Conclusions. The ideas of A.E. Kulakovskii were ahead of his time and meet the modern criteria of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation.
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Liskevich, N. A., and L. S. Porshunova. "From the «point of growth» to a remote area: the socio-economic problems of the northern settlements." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4 (51) (November 27, 2020): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-51-4-21.
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In this article, we aim to determine the dynamics of the position of a territory in the structure of communica-tion network, the transport system of the region, to assess the degree of accessibility for the settlements located in the borderzone in the basin of the Lyapin and Nadym Rivers (North-Western Siberia), and to identify the prob-lems related to the low accessibility of residence areas. The sources for the research were the authors' fieldwork materials, acquired during the expeditions to the Berezovsky district of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Region of Ugra (2012, 2018, 2019) and Nadym district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Region (2017, 2019). It has been revealed that, during the 20th century, there was a gradual change in the status of the settlements — they ceased being transit centres on important for Siberia trade routes. Despite the qualitative change in travel technologies from the beginning of the 20th century, residents of remote settlements are limited in their movements, which is associated with the inaccessibility and cost of travel. The reason behind this is the lack of roads, railways, perma-nent navigable waterways, and distance from transport hubs. The transportation network, linked to industrial set-tlements and cities, creates conditions for territorial inequality, socio-territorial stratification and socio-economic asymmetry. An important resource for inhabitants of these poorly accessible areas are waterways and frozen soils, which allow building and using of the so-called winter roads that can be operated only in winter conditions.
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Zhitin, Ruslan M., and Aleksey G. Topilsky. "Animal husbandry in the structure of economic interests of Tambov landlords in the early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 193 (2021): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-193-180-188.
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We analyze the system of animal husbandry of Tambov landowners in the early 20th century. The transition from “manure” to “productive” (breeding for the purpose of obtaining meat and milk as the main, rather than by-products) cattle breeding is shown, which was facilitated by a steady increase in the price of animal products. The nature of the development of market animal husbandry, aimed at selling products outside their estate, county, governorate, as well as – in some cases – exports to European countries, is considered. By the early 20th century, the owners ex-panded the practice of improving the productivity of livestock at the expense of the best Russian and European breeds of cattle, due to limited resources, as a rule, resorting to its metization. It is established that this practice led to the conclusion of optimal breeds of cows, horses and sheep for the region in terms of the ratio of cost and adaptability to natural conditions and the feed base. In addition, metization allowed to increase the cost of animals, providing profit not only due to lives-tock products, but also the sale of animals. We describe the use of new forms of animal care that provided a reduction in the mortality of young animals, the fight against the spread of diseases af-fecting cattle and the improvement of livestock growth.
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ZHITIN, Ruslan Magometovich. "MODELS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION ESTATES IN THE LATE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURY." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 176 (2018): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-176-146-153.
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We examine the peculiarities of the economic activity of landlords in the late 19th and early 20th century. The origins of conservative approaches to the development of private estates are analyzed, the reasons that led some nobles to proceed to successful management are revealed. The urgency of work is determined by the importance of studying the most optimal forms of socio-economic modernization of the post-reform agricultural sector. An analysis of the published sources shows that the majority of owners turned to traditional methods of economic activity. A promising area was the transfer of land in rent. Evaluating the advantages of city life, they completely broke ties with rural life and moved to the cities. Only a small, economically active stratum of landowners, under new conditions, could create self-sufficient capitalist farms. They modernized the estates that belonged to them, introduced into the practice of administration progressive management methods, rationally using available economic resources. Analyzing the sources of rationalization of exemplary estates, we turned to the memoirs of A.A. Fet, A.N. Engelhardt, S.F. Sharapov. The success of modernization of estates, in their opinion, was associated with attention to specific aspects of the farms economy, the introduction of new production technologies, administrative activities rationalization.
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Shumkin, George. "Energy Supplied per Job in the Steel Industry of Ural in the Late 19th and in the Early 20th Centuries." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 497–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(4).497-528.
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The article contains the analysis of transformation in energy supply at factories of the steel industry in Ural from 1882 to 1911. The analysis was based on the materials of Statistical Compilations on Mining Industry of Russia regarding such indicators as: engine power per worker, fuel supply per worker and correlation between production workers and related workers. The study observes the impact of economic conditions and other factors on energy supply dynamics. Three stages in energy supply development were determined (from the 1880s to mid-1890s, second half of the 1890s and the early 20th century). The paper specifies the period of time of the main changes, which took place during the economic crises and the recession of the early 20th century. The text concluded that development of energy supply was due to the increased productivity of related workers, as well as to replacing water wheels with turbines and steam engines, while the amount of fuel supply per worker remained almost at the same level. As a result, the correlation between production workers and related workers has changed, as well as the structure of power facilities.
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Erkan, Hakan Sezgin. "Transformation of Migration Rules from Local to Global." BORDER CROSSING 8, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v8i2si.657.
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In the 21st century, the scope and the size of migration are more different than previous centuries. The reason behind this is that there are no more global wars or conflicts between states and the economic developments reached the highest levels for some of the countries. Moreover, states try to increase their industrial level. Hence, the conflicts and the economic development level shape migration routes and the destination country. In this context, I will utilize geopolitics and economic development levels to classify countries. As a result of the end of global conflicts and global war, economic conditions became main determinant for migrations in the globalized world in the 21st century. In the 20th century, the scope of migration was small compared to 21st century because of various reasons. Standardized education and high level industrialization are of two main reasons. In the 21st century, the industrialization hit the top level of the world history and education took standardized structure among particular countries. In this research, all countries will be examined in detail with respect to UN Data. Furthermore, the following questions are targeted to be answered: Does migration flow from less developed countries to developed countries? Do developed countries accommodate more immigrants in their borders?
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Raspopina, Alena. "The Northern Sea Route in Political and Economic Frame of Reference in the 17th and Early 20th Century." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 22, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 248–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2021.22(2).248-278.
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The article considers the influence of economic and political factors on development of the state policy on the Northern Sea Route and its effective use. The success that Russia reached in the foreign policy, has determined the cautiousness or openness of its actions in the Arctic Seas. The article briefly describes the navigational and hydrographical traffic conditions in the Arctic Seas, the dangerous areas for sailing are noted in the text, as well as the new attempts that Russia made to establish navigation in the area. The intense activity in the North Polar Region, including research activity, was determined by economic interests, such as opportunities for maritime trade and transport routes development, as well as political interests, which include defense of own territories and development of new lands. The research is based on valuable sources of information on the North Polar Region, one of which is European and Russian geographical maps of the18th and 19th centuries, which managed to cover many blank spots, that resulted in delineating a clearer Arctic shoreline of Russia. Although the Northern Sea Route could hardly become a major transport channel due to the severe natural conditions, Russia tried to sustain its influence and defend its territories, especially when real threats to its national interests in the Arctic region arose.
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Szilovics, Csaba. "Experience in Tax Changes in Certain Central European Countries in the Past Two Decades." Polgári szemle 16, no. 4-6 (2020): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2020.1010.
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This study reviews the tax regimes of four Central European countries. A hundred years ago, these countries were part of a single economic and political unit, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (which included the entire territory of today’s Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia, and a significant part of Romania: Transylvania, Banat and Partium). Already then, different regions had different economic strengths, but their legal and cultural conditions were the same. By the end of the 20th century, despite their different historical development models, these four countries became once again part of a legal, economic and cultural entity, i.e. the system of the European Union, and then during the first decade of the 21st century, they became its full members. The tax changes implemented by these countries in the recent decades and their success in catching up with the level of welfare in the European Union are studied in this context.
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Nakayama, Don K. "The Development of Total Parenteral Nutrition." American Surgeon 83, no. 1 (January 2017): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300122.
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The first patient to receive complete nourishment of a patient by intravenous infusion independent of the alimentary tract was an infant girl born with near-total small bowel atresia. Total parenteral nutrition, the intravenous infusion of nutrients, has been attempted since Harvey's description of the circulatory system in the early 17th century. The modern era of parenteral nutrition began in the early 20th century, when infusions of glucose, plasma, and emulsified fat into humans proved feasible. Robert Elman, working in the 1930s and 1940s, demonstrated that carefully prepared protein hydrolysates could be safely infused intravenously and incorporated by the body. Stanley Dudrick and Douglas Wilmore, surgeon researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, worked through the many details of preparation, administration, and clinical monitoring in beagle puppies before testing them on adult patients malnourished from a variety of surgical complications and gastrointestinal conditions. They applied their techniques and formulations on a newborn wasting away from congenital absence of the small bowel, the baby growing and developing for several months while being nourished completely by total parenteral nutrition. Their techniques, inspired by patients with progressive malnutrition from devastating intestinal conditions and malformations, form the basis of the practice of intravenous nutrition practiced today.
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Melnychuk, Halyna. "Integration of Republica Moldova to the EU: Real Conditions and Perspectives (the 1990ʼs of the 20th – early of the 21st century)." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 18, 2018): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.287-295.
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This article presents important steps and achievements accomplished by the Republic of Moldova towards integration, by analysing its collaboration with the European Union.
The development of relations with the EU is the priority goal that Moldova strives for, which means not only economic, but also political and cultural integration. The first steps of the Republic of Moldova towards the EU were encouraging. After years of isolation, this process was difficult and required a lot of efforts. This is due to many reasons, the most important of which are Russia's political and economic pressure, theunresolved issue in Transnistria, the ideological and geopolitical schisms of the population, some of which see their future with Russia, and the other part with Europe. Despite the existing problems, cooperation with the EU has yielded tangible results: the EU-Moldova Association Agreement has been signed, the visa regime has been abolished and financial support for the socioeconomic and public sectors is provided.
Moldova, for its part, is making great efforts to form a single political, economic and cultural educational space with the EU, which supports its efforts in the process of European integration. Its speed and success largely depend on the country itself, its economic and political development. A strong statepolicymaking aimed at strengthening reforms and stimulating the transition to a market economy in accordance with the international principles is inherent in the future development of Moldova.
Keywords: Republic of Moldova, European Union,European Integration, foreign policy, Transniestrian conflict
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Вихрущ, Наталія, Оксана Дунець, and Ольга Шумська. "AN OVERVIEW OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN FRANCE (SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES)." Молодий вчений, no. 1 (101) (January 31, 2022): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-1-101-32.
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All educational processes are continuous and dynamic by their nature due to constant changes in current demands of the societies to the content of education. All countries try to develop a unique educational system that is able to achieve comprehensive educational objectives. Under such conditions, the study of secondary education in France in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century is relevant for pedagogical science. The choice of this historical period is due to the significant rise of French schooling due to political, economic and cultural changes. The research methodology involved: bibliographic search, comparative analysis, systematization and theoretical generalization. The article analyses the peculiarities of the development of secondary education in France in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries). The analysis of educational reforms of the studied period is carried out. The main socio-economic and political factors influencing the state and functioning of secondary education in France are considered. Regularities of structuring curricula for secondary schools in France are singled out.
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Arsentyev, Viktor M., and Andrey E. Makushev. "THE ALAFUZOV FAMILY FIRM IN THE CONDITIONS OF CORPORATIZATION IN THE LATE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY." Ural Historical Journal 75, no. 2 (2022): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-185-194.
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The article attempts to consider the influence of the family principle on property relations, the management system and the functioning of industrial business in the process of transition of an individual-private enterprise into a joint-stock format. The solution of this problem was carried out on the example of one of the largest joint-stock companies in the Middle Volga region “Commercial and industrial company of Alafuzov factories and plants”. The authors also examines participation of the state in resolving contradictions between representatives of the “founding family” and third-party shareholders is considered separately. The study draws upon scientific literature, published sources, archival materials, which were first introduced into scientific circulation. Conceptually, the study is based on the following provisions. On the one hand, the informal rules developed during the functioning of the family institution had a significant impact on business relations, bringing their own specifics into the organization of Russian business. On the other hand, the new realities of a market economy with a rather pronounced focus on industrialism set their own rules of the game, forcing entrepreneurs who realized their economic interests in the format of a family business to take account of the formal restrictions and laws of a rapidly complicating market. It is shown that the increase in the number of business relations actors observed during the transition to associated forms of entrepreneurship due to the inclusion of third parties in the family business created the need to maintain a balance of individual and group interests, led to the interaction of informal and formal rules, giving rise to a very colorful and mosaic picture of joint-stock companies’ activity.
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Mahgoub, Yasser. "Tracing the Evolution of Urbanism in Kuwait." Open House International 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2013-b0009.
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This paper hypothesizes that contemporary Gulf cities are not an evolution of traditional settlements but rather forms of modern cities that emerged during the second half of the 20th century after the discovery of oil, the economic boom following the mid 1970s oil crisis and finally political, economic, technological and communication globalization that swept this region since the beginning of the 21st century. While focusing on the case of Kuwait city, the paper reflects on several examples from the Gulf region cities to discuss their development as hybrid forms of modern cities. The paper adopts the theoretical framework proposed by Appadurai in 1996 to understand the flow of modernity through the Gulf cities' scapes. This theoretical framework provides an adequate understanding of Gulf cities evolution and modifications required to make them more adequate to the Gulf region conditions.
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Ezhelya, U. V. "HISTORY OF THE SOVIET-CHINESE COOPERATION IN PERIODICAL PRESS AND MASS MEDIA (MIDDLE OF XX – BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY)." Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 17, no. 4 (2020): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2020-17-4-196-202.
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The article discusses the main milestones of cooperation between the two states – the USSR / Russia and China from the middle of the 20th century to the present. The author cites a number of printed periodicals as sources of information on the development of bilateral relations at different time periods. The dynamics of relations is traced against the backdrop of changing internal and external conditions for the development and interaction of countries: first in the format of socialist ideology (the 50s – the first half of the 60s and in the 80s of the 20th century), then against the background of new realities life of the Russian state and China (90s of the XX century and in the present). The magazines Zheleznodorozhny Transport, Zheleznodorozhnye dorogi mira (printed materials of the Ministry of Railways), departmental regional newspapers Pogranichny transportnik, Dzerzhinets are an interesting source of information about the events and problems of Soviet-Chinese relations, their prospects and successes. The author refers to the latest sources of socio-political and socio-economic information on international cooperation - electronic resources. The author introduces museum sources into circulation as examples of the policy of "popular diplomacy".
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Gallyamova, Zemfira V. "HEALTHCARE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOCIAL POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE IN THE LATE 1920S-30S OF THE XXTH CENTURY (BY THE MATERIALS OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD AND KIROV REGIONS)." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-2-61-77.
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Background. The processes of modernisation in the late 20s-30s of the 20th century (or in the 20-30s of the 20th century) resulted in qualitative changes in all life spheres of the Russian society. The radical renewal of industrial production was accompanied by the creation of a complex social infrastructure. This causes interest in the organization of the healthcare system as a criterion for socially-oriented management under a large-scale transformation of Russia.
Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse health care as a modernisation element of social and economic changes during the Great Leap.
Materials and methods. The author bases his research on unpublished archival materials, materials of local periodicals, normative acts of the Soviet government. When analysing the material, the author resorts to special methods of historical research.
Results. The results of the study show that in the 20-30s of the 20th century, health care becomes one of the most important areas of state policy, flexibly incorporating into the modernisation course. The organisation of health care took place in difficult conditions of forming a new state, restoring after post-war devastation and combating epidemics. The chosen vector of the socio-economic course determined social priorities for healthcare. A differentiated, class approach to medical care for the population proceeded in accordance with the program guidelines outlined in the five-year plans. Maintaining the health of the working class was regarded one of the leading factors of production. Under the lack of workers, one of the most important public policies was the involvement of women in production and, as a result, the deployment of preventive medical measures in childcare centres.
At the same time, there is an apparent bias in medical care in favor of urban areas. In the conditions of forced industrialisation, limited resources, the agricultural sector was considered more a source of financing than an object of investment. In general, the health care system built according to the principles of N.A. Semashko provided for the unity of command, a wide territorial coverage, including the provision of medical care to the entire population. But historical conditions did not allow the declared provisions to be realised full-scale.
Practical implications. The results of the study can be used in writing generalizing works on the social policy in the late 1920s-30s of the XXTH century.
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DORÉ, NATALIA I., and AURORA A. C. TEIXEIRA. "Brazil’s economic growth and real (div)convergence from a very long-term perspective (1822-2019): An historical appraisal." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 4 (December 2022): 934–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3376.
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ABSTRACT The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil’s economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country’s growth and real convergence with technologically advanced countries. On the other hand, poor institutional conditions and deficient human capital formation have emerged since colonial times as critical factors underlying Brazil’s inability to establish robust and sustainable economic growth.
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Lechunova, O. A. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL CITIES IN WEST SIBERIA (THE NOVOSIBIRSK CASE STUDIES)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-5-85-98.
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The article discusses the development of small cities in various natural and geographic conditions of West Siberia in the 18–20th centuriesThe aim of this work is to identify the specific development of the main cities in the Novosibirsk region. The historical and analytical approaches are utilized in this study.The natural conditions and their influence on the territory development and the formation of the economic and geographical position of small towns are considered.Three main groups of cities are identified: 1) the earliest settlements of Kuybyshev, Toguchin, 2) stations of the transport routes Barabinsk, Tatarsk and Karasuk, 3) Berdsk and Iskitim, which rapidly grow, and the development of the production base due to industrial enterprises evacuated during the Great World War II from the European part of the country. On the basis of archival documents, a comprehensive analysis is conducted for city plans of the 20th century and the types of their planning structure.
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Turov, Sergei V. "FLOODS IN WESTERN SIBERIA IN THE CONTEXT OF NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP (18TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY)." Ural Historical Journal 74, no. 1 (2022): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-109-115.
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In terms of scale and devastating consequences, floods are the most dangerous thing among natural disasters. The article is an attempt to assess their impact on the settlements and economic development in the Ob-Irtysh river system within the West Siberian region in the 18th — early 20th centuries. Floods which had high waters were associated with spring floods, but the water could not subside until the fall or even before the ice break. There were also catastrophic ones with a very high level. In addition, some complications such as long high-water cycles accrued at the time when the level and frequency of flooding increased. During severe and catastrophic floods settlements and agricultural land were flooded, livestock died, houses and outbuildings were destroyed or rendered unusable, and communication routes were interrupted for a long time. In the north of the region (Lower Ob region) during catastrophic floods, fishing trade was almost stopped and the opportunities for cattle breeding in the flooded floodplain were sharply reduced. Floodplain agriculture fell into decay during high-water cycles in the southern boreal forest area. The population of coastal areas tried to protect themselves from flooding with storage dams, but they were not built everywhere and often could not withstand the pressure of water. The only effective means of flood defense was relocation to high river banks. Therefore, the floods in 1912 and 1914 years provoked the relocation of the Irtysh River low-cost residents of the Tobolsk province. The authorities facilitated this relocation. Assistance was provided to flood victims, even though not so often. In these conditions, the population often had to rely only on themselves and God’s help. Thus, for example, in the city of Berezov the cult of St. Epiphanius was formed. On his Memorial Day people asked the higher forces for help in eliminating the consequences of the flood. But the most effective tool in combating floods was folk natural science knowledge. Over the long history of life on the river, the Russian population has developed omens, which helped them to judge the level of the upcoming flood. Among the enlightened part of the local population, there were ideas about the cyclical nature of catastrophic floods.
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Pozniakov, V. "E.V. Shorokhova as an Economic Psychologist (To the 100th Anniversary)." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 43, no. 4 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920021488-2.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of E.V. Shorokhova's works in the field of economic psychology. Shorokhova's ideas about psychological aspects of property relations, the results of her studies of social-psychological dynamics in the conditions of changing forms of ownership during the NEP period are considered. Her views on the relationship of social-economic and social-psychological phenomena are analyzed. The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical research into the attitude to property under the conditions of social-economic changes in the agriculture of Russia in the 20-30-s of the 20th century and in the Vietnamese village in the 1990-s under the conditions of transition to multiform economy. The paper presents the results of historical-psychological reconstruction performed by Shorokhova on the large empirical material of documentary sources, characterizing the psychological features of Russian entrepreneurship, which include the features of entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial personality, social-psychological phenomena in business communities. Shorokhova's scientific-organizational and editorial activity that had promoted the formation and intensive development of Russian economic psychology is analyzed.
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Menteş, Aliye, and Valentina Donà. "Transformation of Cinema Buildings and Spaces in Nicosia: Early-Mid 20th Century Heritage." ATHENS JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 7, special issue (March 1, 2021): 199–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/aja.7-0-4.
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Cinemas emerged as a new and genuine expression of culture at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1920s cinema buildings became important for developing city life and especially as a social public space for entertainment. The period of great success of cinemas was inevitably destined to fade with the arrival of TV. However, this period left behind interesting architectural heritage. On the other hand, the “box of dreams”, the cinema industry, is a suggestive media contributing in defining other aspects of popular culture in a period of hectic changes and progress. The scope of this paper aims to investigate this specific building type, cinemas, within the context of modern heritage value in northern Cyprus. The purpose is to raise awareness on significance of cinema buildings thus to foster their protection and enhancement. The study also aims to investigate the historical relation of these buildings to their environments and neighborhoods as well as their transformed current situations. Some buildings were replaced with new ones, some were abandoned, and some others were converted into different uses. These transformed situations are results of changing economic, socio-cultural life styles and changing morphology of the cities. This paper aims also to stress the role of Cypriot architects and architecture in the international panorama within the Mediterranean area, in a peculiar multicultural context. Common features with other countries and local characteristics of the selected buildings are detected and analysed. Architectural qualities and solutions are studied to understand the reflections of the studied period. This study follows a qualitative research approach. The key discussions are made through investigating the cinema buildings and spaces in Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, as a case study method. This research investigates these buildings and spaces through historical archives, photographic surveys and producing maps for showing the location of these within the historic Walled City of Nicosia and its close surrounding. This stage provides significant data about their historic conditions and surroundings and comparisons with today’s current situations. In addition, interviews with local residents who used these cinemas in those periods are also carried out to support historical information and highlight the socio-cultural and economic understanding of those days.
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Hernandez Falagan, David. "Hacia una arquitectura pragmática. El caso de Tous y Fargas." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 4, no. 2 (October 24, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2017.6952.
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<p>Tous & Fargas were a unique case in the field of Spanish architecture of the second half of the 20th century. From the technical and industrial experimentation of their first works, they developed a nonconformist architecture within the realistic conditions characteristic of the time, propitiated by the economic, political and social context. Despite of this, they achieved a remarkable success carrying out designs of technological type and giving support to the industrial innovation of constructive systems. However, during the last stage of their collaboration, traits characteristic of the pragmatic drift are visible to which much of the architecture of the last quarter of the 20th century was subjected. The excess of mercantile concern for the real estate product, the excessive systematization of the typological models and the constructive systems, the lack of a consistent theoretical discourse or the abandonment of the technical investigation as a priority of innovation are some of the symptoms that characterize the pragmatic architecture of their latest works<em>.</em></p>
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Medvedeva, Natalia V. "Development of Social Infrastructure: Experience of Zemstvo Administration." Social’naya politika i sociologiya 20, no. 4 (141) (December 29, 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2021-20-4-118-126.
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The article is devoted to the study of domestic experience in the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century. A retrospective analysis made it possible to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the zemstvo system of self-government. With the help of a comparative method, trends in the financial and economic support of zemstvo bodies at various stages of the zemstvo reform were identified, and an analysis of key indicators of the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century was carried out. The work shows that it was thanks to the zemstvo reform that the necessary conditions were created for the infrastructural development of cities and villages. Zemstvo institutions took responsibility for ensuring most of the spheres of life, which were not a priority for state authorities; contributed to the spread of education and culture in cities and villages. That is why the successful practices of zemstvo administration require new understanding during the development of modern social policy and the reform of local self-government in Russia.
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Jenson, Jane, and Susan D. Phillips. "Staatsbürgerschaftsregime im Wandel." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 26, no. 105 (December 1, 1996): 515–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v26i105.899.
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The article presents a conceptualisation of 'citizenship regime' created out of a neo-institutionalist approach to political economy and then uses the concept to examine changes in the Canadian citizenship regime over time. The basic proposition is that if the postwar years were marked by regimelike discursive and practical coherence in a wide range of institutional connections between state and citizens, states' and citizens' responses to the economic and political conditions of the late 20th century are dismantling and reconstituting citizenship, so that the postwar regime exists no more.
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Ligenko, Nelli P. "SOME FACTORS ABOUT FORMATION OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SOCIAL STRATUM IN THE KAMA-VYATKA REGION OF THE 18th – EARLY 20th CENTURY." Historical Search 1, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-4-52-62.
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The article discusses the main determinants of successful entrepreneurship development in an individual provincial region of the country. Favorable natural-geographical and socio-economic conditions contributed to relatively early inclusion of the region into the development of a single all-Russian commodity market, and later a capitalist market. On the one hand, the set of necessary factors contributed to the involvement of a wide stratum of peasantry in the processes of initial accumulation of capital and the formation of the local entrepreneurial social stratum. It should be noted that the establishment of a solid, sustainable trade and industrial economy by dynasty took place, as a rule, during 150 years. On the other hand, favorable conditions for investment attracted the attention of the foreign bourgeoisie. These ways of entrepreneurship development determined that active, talented, educated, business people who knew how to think large-scale, risk-capable and possessed high adaptive qualities were concentrated in the Kama-Vyatka region. The entrepreneurial stratum played a large role in the socio-economic and cultural development of the province.
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Marszał, Tadeusz, and Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk. "Research Directions and Achievements of Polish Geography of Construction." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 32, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.324.8.
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Although the second half of the 20th century is the period of development of economic geography in Poland, in the first post-war decades geography of construction did not function as a separate geographical subdivision. More significant development of spatial research in this field was brought about a quarter of a century ago. In the article devoted to the problems of geography of construction in Poland, the subject scope, main directions of research and the achievements of this sub-discipline are discussed. Geography of construction is a branch of economic geography, which examines spatial aspects of construction and assembly ‘production’, with special attention to spatial organisation of investment processes, as well as conditions and effects of location and spatial structure of construction investments. The literature review allows for isolating the main directions, among which the following can be listed: conditions for the development of construction of different functions, also in the context of the accompanying phenomena (e.g. in the social sphere), location factors and effects of construction investments, as well as research devoted to the spatial structure of construction projects and their links with geographical environment. Research topics of geography of construction are part of the spatial processes within the interests of other geographic sub-disciplines, as well as of related social, economic and even technical disciplines. The achievements of Polish geography of construction of the last quarter of a century are important from the point of view of a better recognition of the conditions and course of the socio-economic transformation in Poland in different contexts and different spatial scales.
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Pyvovarenko, Olena. "KYIV PUBLIC VEGETARIAN CANTEENS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 39 (2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.3.
Full textAbstract:
For the first time the article reflects a research on the launch of public vegetarian canteens by Kyiv Vegetarian Society in the beginning of the 20th century. For now, there are no particular researches on this topic. Having used chronological, statistical, deductive and system analysis methods, we believe, that the launching of the First Vegetarian Canteen in Kyiv was proved to be inextricably linked to the foundation of Kyiv Vegetarian Society. Moreover, the fact of opening the canteen is a history of this Society. It has been discovered, that considering the inertness of the vegetarian community, this project succeeded solely due to the efforts of true enthusiasts of the vegetarian idea, M. Pudavov and his wife K. Kondrakovska. They united Kyiv supporters of the vegetarian idea into the Society and became both founders and main investors of the First Vegetarian Canteen in Kyiv, which gained an official name ‘the Canteen of Kyiv Vegetarian Society Council’. Unfortunately, their efforts weren’t evaluated properly, but even were generally subjected to contempt. M. Pudavov, who was a Head of Kyiv Vegetarian Society, was accused of the fact, that he actually established a private canteen, abusing official authority. Although, there are no doubts, that M. Pudavov acted in the interests of the Society and suggested to transfer the canteen to the Society’s property. But members of the Society expressed their interest only when the canteen became profitable. As a result of long debates, Kyiv Vegetarian Society got profitable the First Canteen for free and enjoyed benefits. The Canteen became the main funds provider. This money allowed the Society, as a collective owner, to open a chain of successful canteens. The premises of the foundation and stages of canteens’ development were traced. Thus, in two years from its opening, the First Canteen served 700 people every day. Such success prompted the Society to open the second canteen in 1911. Very soon it started to show similar to the First Canteen growth rate. In 1914 the third canteen was opened. Later on the Society opened the fourth canteen, but due to occupation of Kyiv in 1916, it had to suspend its functioning. Concerning other three canteens, they proceeded even in such harsh conditions and showed quite good results. The addresses of these canteens were discovered. Based on discovered and reflected in the article statistical data, the dynamics of visiting and profitability growth were analyzed. They didn’t slow down neither in the conditions of high competition, nor during World War I crisis. Moreover, during the War there was an increase in the attendance of public vegetarian canteens. General crisis of food supply heavily affected prices. Vegetables and greens were usually cheaper than meet products and this fact increased popularity of vegetarian places. In these canteens people could get lunch for lower price than in a traditional one. The commercial success of the Kyiv public vegetarian canteens had no analogues on the territory of the Russian Empire. It was caused by constant attention of the Society members to canteens, properly organized supply (even in conditions of war), control, good location and attractive pricing policy. There was a special Commercial Commission, which took care of all business. At the same time, famous connoisseurs of vegetarian cuisine worked on receipts and assortment. The daily maintenance of more than 1,000 people per day gives every reason to believe, that it was a large and exemplary enterprise. At the same time, popularity of vegetarian canteens during the whole assessed period can’t be equated with the proliferation of vegetarian ideas. It was primarily economic in nature, thanks to relatively low prices for vegetarian dishes that attracted poor clients, first and foremost students, who traditionally were accounted for more than 50% of visitors. At the same time the effect of popularization of vegetarianism can’t be completely rejected.
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Zaozerskiy, Daniil S. "The Wage System of the Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen Trapping Artels in the 19th – Beginning of the 20th century." Economic History 16, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.050.016.202003.286-296.
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Introduction. The Arkhangelsk North natural and climatic conditions promoted to develop shipbuilding, fishing, hunting and other activities, for which artels were organizing. The Pomors also united in artels for profitable trapping on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen in the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. The usage of the artel principles of labour organization can be explained by the difficult circumstances of the hunting activities. It was impossible to work by oneself or by a small group of 2–7 trappers. The studying of the Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen trapping artels is necessary for further understanding of the process of the Arctic exploration by Russia in the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the article is to study the wage system of the Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen trapping artels in the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. Materials and Methods. The materials for this article were archive sources of the Arkhangelsk oblast State archive, published sources on the Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen artels and articles in the local periodicals. The historical-systematic and historical-genetic methods were used in the article. Results. During the 19th – beginning of the 20th century the principle when trappers united in artels continued to exist. The main form of the payment was to divide the catch into shares. Discussion and Conclusions. The main difference between artel trapping of people from the Arkhangelsk province districts consisted in terms of sailing to the archipelagoes and the beginning of the hunt. The decrease of number of trappers in artels determined by economic opportunities of the sponsors (the masters). Also, it was determined by decrease of the number of industry animals. Both unfixed (by shares) and fixed wage systems existed in the Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen artels. The quantity of shares exceeded the number of artel members. The master defined value of share before the beginning of the hunt. Also, he provided necessary provision and weapons for artel members with both unfixed and fixed wages. The most common way of sharing of catch meant that the master had been earning two thirds of it and the trappers had been earning the rest one third. This way of sharing was used before the beginning of the 20th century.
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Kovnir, V. N., and O. D. Kuznetsova. "New Economic Policy – Practical Experience of Creating a New Socio-Economic Model." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 4 (July 21, 2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2021-4-14-25.
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The article describes the stages and main activities carried out in the framework of the new economic policy (19211927) are considered. The place and role of NEP in the economic history of Russia, despite the past 100 years, are still following discussion issues. In particular, the question of the impact of a new economic policy on the formation of a mixed economy in developed capitalist countries in the second half of the 20th century was relevant. In the 1920s, an economic system was built in Russia in Russia, which can be developed as a mixed economy, which has proven its flexibility and effectiveness in solving the most complicated economic tasks. The article analyzes the experience of NEP based on the use of the methodology of institutional theory. The activities of the authorities during this period were aimed at the adaptation of old institutes, skills, mentality of the population in the conditions of a tight deficit of all resources to new requirements, primarily in the economy. The importance of the tasks facing the tasks and the limited time released by history to their decision determined the choice of a rigid totalitarian style of economic management and society, which did not allow to reveal the potential capabilities of the ECAP economic mechanism.
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Chernyaeva, Irina V., and Lidiya V. Balakhnina. "On the issue of pricing works of art in the process of historical development of artistic practices." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 59 (2021): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-59-321-329.
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In modern art practice, the issue of formation of symbolic and economic value of works of art remains acute and relevant. In the history of art art historians, curators, and art critics used to determine symbolic value. The issue of formation of economic value of works of art is still debatable. The task of the study is to identify features of the pricing of works of art inherent in individual periods of the development of artistic practices in a historical context. The authors address the issue retrospectively, considering the relationships between art and market, originated in the 18th century in Holland. The paper conducts a detailed analyze of the epistolary heritage of P. M. Tretiakov, concluding that in the 19th century it was the professional environment that acted as a regulator of the pricing of works of art. Economic conditions of the 20th century in the domestic art put to the forefront state insurance or state order, therefore the volume of payment of works depended on regalia and social status of an artist. The situation of the beginning of the 21st century brought not only new forms and mechanisms to the art market as Internet trading, corporate collecting, art banking, but also new problems that influenced the pricing process.