Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Peninsular Malaya'

The Malay and Penya Basins, offshore Peninsular Malaysia, were formed during the early Oligocene as a result of regional dextral shear deformation caused by the indentation of India into Eurasia in the early Tertiary. Pre-existing basement inhomogeneities exerted a strong control on basin development. The Penyu Basin developed, initially, as isolated grabens and half-grabens at basement fault intersections, in response to roughly N-S extension. The major structures which include low-angle listric normal faults, pull-apart rhomb grabens and flower structures, suggest that "thin-skinned" crustal extension and strike-slip tectonics have played an important role in basin evolution. Basement faults in the Malay Basin are oblique (E-W trending) to the basin trend (NW-trending). The Basin developed by transtension of NW-trending sinistral shear zone, in which fault-bounded blocks rotate in response to the shear deformation, producing a series of E-trending half-graben depocentres. The Basins were subjected to transpressive inversion during the middle-late Miocene, as a result of rotation of the regional stress field, caused by progressive indentation of India into Eurasia. Subsidence analysis suggests that lithospheric stretching was the dominant process of basin formation. The high heat flows (85-100 mW m⁻²) are consistent with stretching factors, β, of 1.2 to 4.3. In the Malay Basin, uplift of the basin flanks preceeded subsidence during the rifting phase as a result of non-uniform stretching and lateral heat flow from the centre of the Basin. Both basins are undercompensated isostatically and characterised by low negative free-air gravity anomaly in the order of -20 mGal. Undercompensation suggests that the basins were formed, partly, by "thin-skinned" crustal extension which did not involve stretching of the subcrustal lithosphere.

This thesis examines the perceptions of ethnic Malay pupils in Residential Secondary Schools (RSS) towards leadership in Malaysia. The thesis begins with a discussion on the struggle for leadership in the case of a multi-ethnic society like Malaysia. The thesis examines the circumstances that led to ethnic Malays' struggle for survival' through the policies of education. The thesis acknowledges that the establishment of the RSS was part of the ethnic Malays' struggle for survival' and has since become an important source for ethnic Malay leadership in Malaysia. The research framework has been developed using the concepts of leadership and elitism. In this study, the government has acted as the catalyst for modernising the ethnic Malay community. Thus, the RSS, as a governmental institution, is considered as playing an important role in selecting pupils who are expected to become the future leaders in Malaysia. The major research questions are: (a) what are the perceptions of ethnic Malay pupils towards education?; (b) what is the selection process for ethnic Malay pupils into the RSS?; (c) how do the RSS operate?; (d) What are the perceptions of ethnic Malay pupils towards leadership? and; (e) what are the perceptions of ethnic Malay pupils towards leadership in Malaysia? The quantitative data are analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Chi-Square analysis. The results are presented using frequency tables and significant values for the hypothetical analysis. The qualitative data are analysed using categorization and comparison. The results are presented using frequency tables and rankings. In addition, documentary analysis is used to complement the results in this research. In general, the results of the study show that there are both similarities and differences in the perceptions of pupils towards the importance of education, leadership and in particular leadership in Malaysia. The results show that pupils are indifferent in their perceptions towards education. However, the study would suggest that the role of education for national development, especially for ethnic Malays, may reflect the objectives and aims of the government for future ethnic Malay leadership in Malaysia. The results also show that pupils' perceptions towards leadership in general and leadership in the context of Malaysia are different in terms of their SES, demographic area, and academic achievements. The study suggests that religion, culture and ethnicity are still important factors for leadership in Malaysia.

Le detroit de malacca est l'un des passages les plus frequentes au monde. La cote occidentale de la peninsule malaise, en relation avec les faits de circulation maritime de cette region, permet de realiser une analyse geographique d'un espace restreint, mais riche en acteurs et en paysages. L'etude considere le detroit de malacca comme un geosysteme, compose de trois systemes dominants. Le contexte economique regional et international dans lequel se situe ce detroit permet d'expliquer pourquoi et comment le trafic maritime dans cette region s'est developpe de facon spectaculaire. L'analyse du systeme du trafic maritime (qui inclut la circulation transversale) identifie les principaux utilisateurs du detroits. Enfin, le milieu physique est un facteur determinant et limite le choix des routes maritimes. Un premier axe de recherche met en relation la forte frequentation du detroit et ses effets sur les activites de la cote occidentale de la peninsule malaise : (industries portuaires, peche, aquaculture et tourisme). Le second axe se consacre aux moyens mis en oeuvre pour ameliorer la securite de la circulation maritime. Il nous a conduit a la creation d'un indice de risque de pollution marine. Apres avoir compare la part de cette pollution aux pollutions d'origine continentale et littorale, nous avons analyse la politique malaisienne de gestion (structure administrative, choix politiques, relations diplomatiques. . . ), pour savoir si celle-ci repondait aux problemes de pollution. En analysant les effets spatiaux du trafic maritime du detroit de malacca sur la cote occidentale de la peninsule malaise, cette these propose une methode d'analyse geographique applicable aux detroits, ou a d'autres espaces maritimes etroits
The strait of malacca is one of the busiest maritime passage in the world, and the western coast of the malay peninsula is connected to the maritime traffic of this region. Thus it provides a possible way to carry out a geographical analysis of a limited area and yet which is full of various landscapes and actors. The study looks upon the straits of malacca as a geosystem which is made up of three prevailing systems. The strait is situated in a regional and international economic background which can explain why and how the maritime traffic has expanded in such a spectacular way. An analysis of the maritime traffic (which includes the transverse movements) identifies the main users of this strait. Lastly, the physical environment is a determining and restricting factor for the choice of the sea routes. A first research line associates the important traffic of the strait with the effects noticed on the activities of the western coast of the malay peninsula : port industries, fishing, aquafarming and tourism. The second line is dedicated to the means used to improve the maritime traffic security. It has led us to create a rating for the risk of maritime pollution. After the comparison between the share of this pollution and those of continental and coastal origins, we have analysed the malaysian government management policy (administrative structures, political choices, diplomatic relationships. . . ) to see if it corresponded to the pollution issues. By analysing the spatial effects of the strait of malacca maritime traffic on the western coast of the malay peninsula, this thesis intends to give a method of geographical analysis wich can be applied to straits as well as to narrow maritime area

An experimental forest watershed, consisting of three small catchments at Berembun, Negeri Sembilan, in Peninsular Malaysia has been monitored from 1979 to 1987. Adequate instruments were installed for continuous collection of hydrologic and climatic data. The calibration and post-treatment phases lasted for three and four years respectively. Two types of treatments were imposed -namely commercial selective logging and supervised selective logging in catchment 1 and catchment 3 whilst catchment 2 remained as a control. Pertinent logging guidelines were prescribed and assessed in C3 in terms of hydrological responses. Significant water yield increases were observed after forest treatment in both catchments amounting to 165 mm (70%) and 87 mm (37%) respectively in the first year; increases persisted to the fourth year after treatment. Magnitude and rate of water yield increase primarily depended on the amount of forest removed and the prevailing rainfall regime and the increase was largely associated with baseflow augmentation. Interestingly, both types of selective loggings produced no significant effect on peak discharge while the commercial logging resulted in a significant increase in stormflow volume and initial discharge. Such responses can be explained by the extensive nature of selective logging which normally left a substantial area of forest intact and minimal disturbance to flow channels. Thus, conservation measures introduced in this study - the use of buffer strips, cross drains, an appropriate percentage for the forest road network,- were found to be effective and beneficial in ameliorating the hydrological impacts.

Churches are expected to care and support their bereaved family members as their seasons of grief are often a difficult time in their lives with significant spiritual implications. This dissertation seeks to establish if there is a gap in the bereaved's expectations and experiences of the pastoral care they received and the actual care and support their churches extended to them, by interviewing both the pastors and the bereaved from evangelical churches in Peninsular Malaysia. All the Pastors interviewed believe that their church has a pastoral responsibility towards their bereaved. On the bereaved's side, 95% of them believe that the church should care and support them in their time of bereavement. However, the findings revealed that while the churches are adequate and effective in performing the bereavement services, the same cannot be said with regards to the longer term care and support of the bereaved. In particular, while most pastors do visit the bereaved once or twice in the first month of the deaths, many churches rely on their cell group structure as the first line of care and support for the bereaved and seldom monitor its adequacy and effectiveness unless something is brought up to their attention. However, it is also found that most of the bereaved do not freely open up to their cell groups and at the same time, they do not voice their concerns and dissatisfactions to the church leadership. This resulted in a gap that is risking neglect in the churches' pastoral responsibility towards the bereaved. One significant consequence is that more than 50% of the bereaved Christians turn to non-Christian family members, relatives and friends for comfort and support. Unfortunately, only 33% of the Pastors interviewed see the need to improve on the adequacy and effectiveness of their grief support services. Bridging this gap will involve transforming the pastors' attitudes, committing to longer term home visitations, improving on the effectiveness of grief counselling encounters with the bereaved and structuring the other aspects of grief support. To lighten the burden of the pastors and leaders, suitable church volunteers can be mobilised and trained for grief support as a faithful practice within the body of Christ. Meanwhile, the same services can be extended to the community as a witness for God and hence participate in His mission in this world.

This thesis examines Malay identity construction by focusing on the complex processes of self-identification among queer-identified Malays living in Malaysia and beyond. By analysing representations of queer Malays in the works of contemporary Malaysian Malay writers, scholars, and filmmakers, as well as queer Malays on the internet and in the diaspora, the thesis demonstrates how self-identifying gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered Malays create and express their identities, and the ways in which hegemonic Malay culture, religion, and the state affect their creation and expression. This is especially true when queer-identified Malays are officially conflated with being “un-Malay” and “un-Islamic” because queer sexualities contravene Malay cultural and religious values. This thesis begins by discussing the politics of Malay identity, particularly the tension between “authority-defined” and “everyday-defined” notions of being Malay that opens up a space for queer-identified Malays to formulate narratives of Malayness marked by sexual difference. The thesis then discusses how queer-identified Malays specifically construct their identities via various strategies, including strategic renegotiations of ethnicity, religiosity, and queer sexuality, and selective reappropriations of local and western forms of queerness. The ways in which “gay Melayu” identity is a hybrid cultural construction, produced through transnational and transcultural interactions between local and western forms of gayness under current conditions of globalization is also examined, as well as the material articulation of queer narratives of Malayness and its diverse implications on queer-identified Malays' everyday lives and sense of belonging. The thesis concludes with a critical reflection on the possibilities and limitations of queerness in the context of queer Malay identity creation. Such reflection is crucial in thinking about the future directions for research on queerness and the politics of queer Malay identity. It is hoped that this study will show that queer-identified Malays reshape and transform received ideas about “Malayness” and “queerness” through their own invention of new and more nuanced ways of being “queer” and “Malay.” This study also fills up the lacunae in the scholarship on Malay identity and queer Malays by addressing the productions of Malay ethnicity and sexual identity among queer-identified Malays within and beyond Malaysia's borders.

A review of the geotectonic settings of granitoids and various tin-tungsten provinces in Europe, Malaysia and southern Africa shows a close spatial and temporal association of mineralisation to S-type ilmenite series granitoids. Granitoids with these affinities are derived from crustal anatexis and are most commonly found in continental collision and different ensialic, intraplate orogenic settings, (e.g. SW England, Malaysia, Namibia) as well as in association with anorogenic magmatism (Nigeria, Brazil, South Africa). Tin-tungsten mineralisation is related to late- to post-tectonic granites, emplaced into areas of substantial tectonic thickening. Crustal anatexis leads to an observable calcalkaline chemical trend, with a source of gabbroic or amphibolite composition through anatexis to; mafic-intermediate enclaves, para-autochthonous anatectic granitoids (tonalite, granodiorite), to intermediate level quartz monzonite, granodiorite, biotite-granite, to late-tectonic highly fractionated muscovite-bearing granites, and high level porphyry intrusions. Mineralisation is spatially related to apical protrusions of the youngest most differentiated granite. Various mineralised environments are recognised, including endogranitic veins, primary disseminations, pegmatites and pipes, and exogranitic stockwork and fissure veins, and replacement bodies. A common factor to all these deposits is the inherent greisen environment, characterised by postmagmatic metasomatic alteration and mineral deposition. Common alteration mineral assemblages include albite, quartz, muscovite, tourmaline, and fluorite ∓ topaz. Ore mineral assemblages commonly display a paragenetic sequence of oxides (cassiterite, wolframite, scheelite), followed by sulphides (molybdenite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite sphalerite, arsenopyrite/loëllingite, Pb-Bi(Ag) sulphosalts) and then lower temperature carbonates (calcite, siderite, ankerite). Analysis of Pan African orogenic provinces in southern Africa (Damara and Saldanian Provinces) shows there is good potential for applying integrated exploration techniques in search of endo-exogreisen Sn-W systems. Careful analysis and interpretation of granitoid geochemistry (K₂0, Na₂0, FeO/Fe₂0₃, F, B, Sn, W, Mo, Cu, Rb, Sr, Ti, Zr) should aid delineation of Sn-W and Mo-Cu metallogenic provinces in these regions. Magnetic susceptibility determinations should also aid distinction of S-type ilmenite series (less than 1 x lO⁻⁴emu/g ) from I-type magnetite series (more than 1 x lO⁻⁴emu/g ) granitoids

The core subject of this thesis is to assess the applicability of ocean colour algorithms for deriving chlorophyll and CDaM concentrations in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia waters. A series of bio-optical observations were conducted in the study area during the 2009 seasons. These included in-water constituents (chlorophyll, suspended sediment and CDaM), absorption properties and reflectance. The analysis of the data reveals a clear seasonal signal with high values of all constituents and absorption properties during the northeast monsoon and low - . values during the southwest and inter-monsoon seasons. The timing, magnitude and spatial extent of these changes are associated with seasonal changes in hydrographic conditions (wind forcinq, sea surface temperature and freshwater input). Contrary to the trend during the monsoon seasons, inter-monsoon chlorophyll concentrations were higher offshore with some evidence of the pigment packaging effect. In the blue part of the spectrum, non-phytoplankton material (CDaM and detritus) is a dominant absorber (> 70% of non-water absorption) regardless of the season and this does not always covary with chlorophyll concentration. The performance of standard empirical and semi-analytical ocean colour algorithms at retrieving chlorophyll concentration was evaluated and validated using the bio-optical data in the study area. The results of our analysis showed that both types of algorithm often perform poorly in the study area, either due to a wide range of variation in in-water constituents or uncertainties in the spectral shape and magnitude of inherent optical properties. Using a series of in-situ bio- optical data, the algorithm best-suited for the study area was developed and evaluated. The results of this study indicate that a regionally-tuned chlorophyll algorithm can provide more accurate estimate of chlorophyll concentration provided that there exist a mean relationship between chlorophyll and CDaM, and the spectral shape of absorption does not change with varying environmental conditions. The most consistent result of this study was that absorptions ii by phytoplankton and CDaM can be well estimated by a simple blue-green band ratio, offering a great opportunity to discriminate chlorophyll from CDaM. Time-series of remote sensed distributions of chlorophyll, CDaM, sea surface temperature and wind speed were examined to evaluate variability of physical forcing and environmental conditions on seasonal and inter-annual variations in ocean colour in the study region. The results of this study confirm that the strong seasonal and inter-annual cycles of chlorophyll and CDaM concentrations are related to climatically driven cycles of rnonsoon and physical forcing (wind speed and SST). It is also shown that the annual cycle for both chlorophyll and CDaM concentrations is often overshadowed by inter-annual climate variability.

One of the ways to monitor fishing productivity and abundance over time is to use catch per unit effort (CPUE). For instance, declines over time of overall productivity, as measured by changes in catch per unit effort (CPUE), may be an indicator of declining fish stocks, or abundance as it implies that an increasing amount of effort is required to catch the same amount as in the past (Van Hoof & Salz, 2001; Grafton & Kirkley, 2006; Almeida et al., 2009). In this study, Indian mackerel is chosen as the case study. This species scientifically known as Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817). It is a pelagic shoaling fish of the scombridae family which is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region (FAO, 2014). According to Annual Fisheries Statistics Reports Malaysia, the amount of catch is increasing year to year (since 2003), however, the remaining stock of the species remain unknown. The lack of biological data were one of the limitations preventing identification of the Indian mackerel stock status in previous research studies. This was because of limited modelling tools. The assessments of the stock were totally dependent on survey sampling (tagging system) or the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) obtained from the trend landings of catch and effort data. And one of the methods to estimate the number of the Indian mackerel stock is through a simulation approach known as System Dynamics. System dynamics provides a degree of flexibility as it can integrate biological data with fisheries data available to estimate the stock status (Dudley, 2008; Garrity, 2011). In this study, there are three policies that are used to simulate the behaviour of the stock. Based on the open-access simulation results of Indian mackerel, the alternative policy implication is aimed to reduce the number of fishing boats and this will directly reduce the number of fishing days. However, the policy simulation results suggested that by reducing number of boats did not provide a big impact or change on the stock. The causes can be explained as; Indian mackerel is a In this study, Indian mackerel is chosen as the case study. This species scientifically known as Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817). It is a pelagic shoaling fish of the scombridae family which is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region (FAO, 2014). According to Annual Fisheries Statistics Reports Malaysia, the amount of catch is increasing year to year (since 2003), however, the remaining stock of the species remain unknown. The lack of biological data were one of the limitations preventing identification of the Indian mackerel stock status in previous research studies. This was because of limited modelling tools. The assessments of the stock were totally dependent on survey sampling (tagging system) or the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) obtained from the trend landings of catch and effort data. And one of the methods to estimate the number of the Indian mackerel stock is through a simulation approach known as System Dynamics. System dynamics provides a degree of flexibility as it can integrate biological data with fisheries data available to estimate the stock status (Dudley, 2008; Garrity, 2011). In this study, there are three policies that are used to simulate the behaviour of the stock. Based on the open-access simulation results of Indian mackerel, the alternative policy implication is aimed to reduce the number of fishing boats and this will directly reduce the number of fishing days. However, the policy simulation results suggested that by reducing number of boats did not provide a big impact or change on the stock. The causes can be explained as; Indian mackerel is aIn this study, Indian mackerel is chosen as the case study. This species scientifically known as Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817). It is a pelagic shoaling fish of the scombridae family which is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region (FAO, 2014). According to Annual Fisheries Statistics Reports Malaysia, the amount of catch is increasing year to year (since 2003), however, the remaining stock of the species remain unknown. The lack of biological data were one of the limitations preventing identification of the Indian mackerel stock status in previous research studies. This was because of limited modelling tools. The assessments of the stock were totally dependent on survey sampling (tagging system) or the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) obtained from the trend landings of catch and effort data. And one of the methods to estimate the number of the Indian mackerel stock is through a simulation approach known as System Dynamics. System dynamics provides a degree of flexibility as it can integrate biological data with fisheries data available to estimate the stock status (Dudley, 2008; Garrity, 2011). In this study, there are three policies that are used to simulate the behaviour of the stock. Based on the open-access simulation results of Indian mackerel, the alternative policy implication is aimed to reduce the number of fishing boats and this will directly reduce the number of fishing days. However, the policy simulation results suggested that by reducing number of boats did not provide a big impact or change on the stock. The causes can be explained as; Indian mackerel is a type of species that has a high growth rate and they spawn at minimum 3-4 times a year and produces 650,000 eggs per batch. Therefore, even with the high amount of catch, the stock may not be affected unless if there is a high rate of climate change impact.

The Malaysian granitoids form the backbone of the Malay Peninsula and have long been recognized as composed of two distinct granitic provinces separated by the Bentong-Raub suture zone:

1. Early Permian to Late Triassic Eastern Province (Indochina – East Malaya) with mainly “I-type” hornblende-bearing granitoids, associated with Cu-Au deposits, and subordinate hornblende-free pluton roof-zones hosting limited Sn-W deposits; and
2. Late Triassic Main Range Province, western Malaysia (Sibumasu) with mainly “S-type” hornblende-free granitoids, associated with Sn-W deposits, and subordinate hornblende-bearing granitoids.

Field observations and new geochemical data suggested that the division of the Eastern Province and Main Range granitoids using Chappell and White’s (1974) I-S classification could be problematic, as there is a large degree of overlap between the two granitic provinces in terms of lithology, mineralogy and metallogenic affinity. The Main Range granitoids are more fractionated than the hornblende-bearing Eastern Province. Although the two granitic provinces were emplaced into different continental terranes, both granitic provinces exhibit common trace element geochemistry in the enrichment of high field strength elements (HFSE) and rare earth elements (REE) compared to typical Cordilleran I-S granites. Such enrichment is interpreted as an inheritance signature from the protoliths. The Kontum massif (an analogue of Indochina lower continental crust) comprises intraplate ortho-amphibolites and para-gneisses, which could serve as two hypothetical source end-members for the Malaysian granitoids. The model suggests that the geneses of the parental magmas of the Eastern Province and the Main Range Province were related to hybridization of melts derived from protoliths, geochemically and isotopically similar to these two source end-members, but in differing proportions. The fact that the granites from the two granitic provinces are so similar compositionally and metallogenically, suggests that similar protoliths were involved in their source. The incorporation of sedimentary-sourced melt makes the Main Range granitoids transitional I/S-type in nature, but this is unlikely to be true for the less evolved Eastern Province fractionated I-type granitoids. The hybridization of igneous- and sedimentary-sourced melts, and granite fractionation promotes Sn metallogenesis in the Main Range granitic province. Previous ages were obtained using whole rock Rb-Sr and biotite K-Ar geochronology in the 1970s and 1980s, dating methods that almost certainly do not accurately represent the crystallization age of granites. New ion microprobe U-Pb zircon ages are presented that provide new temporal constraints for the Malaysian granitic magmatism. Eastern Province granitoids have U-Pb zircon ages that range from 289 to 220 Ma, while Main Range Province magmatism is constrained between 227 and 201 Ma. A progressive westward younging trend is apparent across the Eastern Province, but becomes less obvious in the Main Range Province. In addition, the U-Pb zircon analysis of the Malaysian granitoids suggests that both granitic provinces have Cambro-Ordovician and Mesoproterozoic inheritance signatures, which match the ages of the Kontum intraplate ortho-amphibolites and para-gneisses, the two source end-members of the suspected Indochina basement. Two different tectonic models have been suggested to explain the formation and the emplacement of the Malaysian granitoids. Both models involve an east-dipping subduction zone during the Early and Mid-Triassic with Palaeo-Tethys lithosphere rolling back along the Bentong-Raub suture zone to produce westward younging ages in the Eastern Province granitoids. The first model (modified after Searle et al. 2012) suggests the younger Main Range granitoids were produced by another Late Triassic – Cretaceous east-dipping (Neo-Tethyan) subduction to the west of Sibumasu, after the Sibumasu – East Malaya collision. The transitional I/S-type geochemistry of the Main Range granitoids was caused by the partial melting of the more heterogeneous Sibumasu basement. The second model (Oliver et al. 2014) suggests the younger Main Range granitoids were produced by the westward underthrusting of Indochina crust of East Malaya beneath Sibumasu along the Bentong-Raub suture zone after the continental collision. In this model, the source of the Main Range granitoids was the pre-collision I-type Eastern Province granitoids. The second model is less likely, as no geological evidence for such underthrust is found in the Malay Peninsula.

Les bassins sédimentaires se développent souvent le long des zones internes d'anciennes chaînes orogéniques. Nous considérons dans ce projet la Péninsule Malaise (Marge Ouest de la Sonde) comme un haut crustal séparant deux régions de croûte continentale étirée ; les bassins d'Andaman/Malacca du côté occidental et les bassins thaïlandais/malais à l'est. Plusieurs stades de rifting ont été documentés grâce à une intense exploration géophysique régionale. Cependant, la corrélation entre les bassins riftés en mer et le noyau continental terrestre est mal connue. Dans ce mémoire, nous explorons par la cartographie, de missions de terrain et les données sismiques, comment ces structures réactivent des hétérogénéités mésozoïques crustales préexistantes. Le noyau continental semble être relativement peu déformé après l'orogénèse triasique Indosinienne. L’épais méga-horst crustal est bordé par des zones de cisaillement complexes (zones de failles de Ranong, Klong Marui et du Batholithe du Main Range) initiées au Crétacé Supérieur/Paléogène inférieur lors d’une déformation transpressive d’échelle crustale et plus tard réactivées à la fin du Paléogène. L'extension est localisée sur les bords de cette épine dorsale crustale le long d'une bande où la précédente déformation crétacée supérieure est bien exprimée. À l'ouest, le plateau continental est aminci en trois étapes principales qui correspondent à des blocs basculés d’échelle crustale bordés par de larges failles contre-régionales profondément enracinées (Bassin de Mergui). À l'est, des systèmes de rifts prononcés sont également présents, avec de grands blocs basculés (les bassins western Thai, de Songkhla et de Chumphon) qui pourraient représenter de grands boudins de croûte. Dans le domaine central, l'extension est limitée à de demi-grabens étroits isolés de direction N-S développés sur une croûte continentale épaisse, et contrôlés par failles normales pelliculaires, qui se développent souvent au contact entre les granitoïdes et l’encaissant. Les bords extérieurs des régions affectées par le boudinage crustal délimitent le bassin d'Andaman plus grand et profond à l'ouest et les bassins Malais et de Pattani à l'est. À une échelle régionale, les bassins riftés ressemblent à des structures en-échelon N-S le long de grandes bandes de cisaillement de NW-SE. Le rifting est accommodé par de larges failles normales à faible pendage (LANF : Low Angle Normal Faults) réactivant les morpho-structures de la croûte telles que de larges plis et batholithes mésozoïques. Les bassins profonds d'Andaman, Malais et de Pattani semblent situés sur une croûte à rhéologie plus faible qui pourrait être héritée des blocs continentaux dérivés du Gondwana (Birmanie, Sibumasu, et Indochine). L'ensemble des long bassins étroits au coeur de la région (bassins de Khien SA, de Krabi, et du Malacca) apparaissent avoir souffert de relativement peu d'extension. Ce travail montre que le cœur de l’orogène Crétacé supérieure est faiblement réactivé avec seulement quelques traces d’un étirement précoce par rapport aux bords qui sont sujets à un amincissement crustal en larges blocs basculés. A mesure que la déformation augmente, le rifting migre et se localise vers les zones externes et sa géométrie apparait plus « molle » suggérant un mécanisme influencé par la thermique. La coexistence de ces deux géométries au sein d’un même cycle de rifting fait de la marge Ouest de la sonde un cas d’étude édifiant
Sedimentary basins often develop above internal zones of former orogenic belts. We hereafter consider the Malay Peninsula (Western Sunda) as a crustal high separating two regions of stretched continental crust; the Andaman/Malacca basins in the western side and the Thai/Malay basins in the east. Several stages of rifting have been documented thanks to extensive geophysical exploration. However, little is known on the correlation between offshore rifted basins and the onshore continental core. In this paper, we explore through mapping and seismic data, how these structures reactivate pre-existing Mesozoic basement heterogeneities. The continental core appears to be relatively undeformed after the Triassic Indosinian orogeny. The thick crustal mega-horst is bounded by complex shear zones (Ranong, Klong Marui and Main Range Batholith Fault Zones) inititiated during the Late Cretaceous/Early Paleogene during a thick-skin transpressional deformation and later reactivated in the Late Paleogene. The extension is localized on the sides of this crustal backbone along a strip where earlier Late Cretaceous deformation is well expressed. To the west, the continental shelf is underlain by three major crustal steps which correspond to wide crustal-scale tilted blocks bounded by deep rooted counter regional normal faults (Mergui Basin). To the east, some pronounced rift systems are also present, with large tilted blocks (Western Thai, Songkhla and Chumphon basins) which may reflect large crustal boudins. In the central domain, the extension is limited to isolated narrow N-S half grabens developed on a thick continental crust, controlled by shallow rooted normal faults, which develop often at the contact between granitoids and the host-rocks. The outer limits of the areas affected by the crustal boudinage mark the boundary toward the large and deeper Andaman basin in the west and the Malay and Pattani basins in the east. At a regional scale, the rifted basins resemble N-S en-echelon structures along large NW-SE shear bands. The rifting is accommodated by large low angle normal faults (LANF) running along crustal morphostructures such as broad folds and Mesozoic batholiths. The deep Andaman, Malay and Pattani basins seem to sit on weaker crust inherited from Gondwana-derived continental blocks (Burma, Sibumasu, and Indochina). The set of narrow elongated basins in the core of the Region (Khien Sa, Krabi, and Malacca basins) suffered from a relatively lesser extension. This work shows that the core of the late Cretaceous Orogeny is weakly reactivated during the subsequent rifting with only few evidences of stretching whereas its sides are thinned with large tilted blocks. The rifting migrates and localizes on the external regions and its geometry appears more ductile suggesting the influence of a thermal activity in the process. The coexistence of both geometries in a single rifting cycle makes the western margin of Sundaland an enlightening example

Plants and environment play important roles in the Semelai’s living culture. This association and dependency upon plants and other natural resources, however, is deteriorating due to the depletion of these resources. Fieldwork was conducted in Tasek Bera, Pahang, Malaysia, with the objective of interrogating the ethnobotany of the Semelai, an Indigenous community locally known as Orang Asli Semelai who have lived within these wetlands territories for more than 600 years. The Tasek Bera is being one of RAMSAR's internationally protected and monitored habitats and contributes to the significance of this Indigenous community being studied. Participant observation, in order to have indepth understanding, was carried out where a selection of respondents was questioned about their knowledge and expertise. This ethnographic research was directed at investigating and evaluating Indigenous knowledge and environmental heritage which started within the ambit of ethnobotany. This thesis offers insights to the reader from a multi-disciplinary perspective that engages in a wide body of interdisciplinary works including sociology, landscape planning, architecture, anthropology, ethnobotany and ethnology. Taking ethnology to its most general definition, the sub-discipline refers to investigation of the socio-cultural distinctiveness of a community. This thesis investigates the associations and inter-relationships of this particular Indigenous society with their environment to determine their decision-making processes and rationale that characterises their culture. This thesis explores how Indigenous knowledge, perceptions, values and activities that are embedded in the ethnology of the Semelai can and should be incorporated into present Indigenous settlement design and planning in order to sustain this Indigenous group’s intrinsic values. Spatial mobility among the Semelai is of interest in ethnological study, as this process is related to transformations of the landscape and the environment. The novel approaches used in this study could be used in future landscape methodological studies and analysis about human culture. They however require an indepth understanding of the people who are using the space rather than what designers and planners think that they should have. It is therefore hoped that insights from this dissertation may inform agencies involved in the planning and development policies of Malaysia and may also to offer a valuable window into the world of the Semelai’s ethnology.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 2010

碩士
南華大學
亞洲太平洋研究所
90
Abstract Buddhism was introduced to the Malay Peninsular in the first century A.D. The Indian merchants introduced Buddhism into this land due to its geographical strategic location as the center of trading sea route between the two ancient civilization of China and India. Because of the process of “Indianization”, Buddhism became the religious of a number of major “ancient” city-states. Besides, the interaction among the states in this South East Asia region to propagated Buddhism became more significant in the later years. Later, India and Arab merchants also introduced Islam into the Malay Peninsular. After the acceptance of Islam by the King of Melaka in the 15 century A.D., Islamic influence became significant in most part of the peninsular, except in the three northern states of Kedah, Kelantan and Perlis, which are bordering Thailand, Buddhism are still widely practiced. In general, the development of Buddhism in the Malay Peninsular was stagnated if not declined. The British occupation of Penang island in 1786 marked the begin of the colonial period in the Malay Peninsular that brought along tremendous changes in economy, politic, ethnic structure as well as religious and culture. In order to develop the local economy, the British invited thousands of cheap labor from China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma and India to the Malay Peninsular. Beside those from India, most of the immigrant laborers were Buddhist, thus, Buddhism was reintroduced into this land. Buddhism of the immigrant had a difference characteristic compared to Buddhism of 1 A.D. to 14 A.D, which was primarily Indian influenced. In this era, the immigrant introduced a highly diversified Buddhist culture into this peninsular, such as from China Buddhism, Sri Lankan Buddhism, Thailand Buddhism as well as from Burmese Buddhism. The immigrant Buddhism flourished in Penang Island, and its contribution in education, culture and social welfare was highly recognized. It experienced a progressive development from early stage of propagation to an established religion. From scattering (the early stage), the Buddhist associations as well as the mobility of Buddhist communities became united (as proofed by the establishing of Malaysia Buddhist Association and Young Buddhist Association of Malaysia). However, the development took another trend as it transformed from a common goal community (such as the strive for declaration of Wesak day as national holiday) to an organizational centered development in the 80’s (as the progress of individual Buddhist organization preceded common interest of the entire Buddhist community). The elements that influenced the trend included the immigrant himself, the policy of the colonial government, and the development of Buddhism in the native country as well as the woman immigrant. Nevertheless, the development of immigrant Buddhism in Penang Island became the foundation of national Buddhism development in the post-colonial era, such as the establishment of nation wide organizations and the inoculation of Buddhist youth movement, securing Buddhism as the second largest religion in Malaysia. Keywords: Immigrant, Immigrant Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism, Sri Lanka Buddhism, Thailand Buddhism, Burma Buddhism

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Syracuse University, 1986.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-209).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-240).