Journal articles: 'Penicillium'

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Lalchhandama, Kholhring. "History of penicillin." WikiJournal of Medicine 8, no. 1 (2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15347/wjm/2021.003.

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The history of penicillin was shaped by the contributions of numerous scientists. The ultimate result was the discovery of the mould Penicillium's antibacterial activity and the subsequent development of penicillins, the most widely used antibiotics. Following an accidental discovery of the mould, later identified as Penicillium rubens, as the source of the antibacterial principle (1928) and the production of a pure compound (1942), penicillin became the first naturally derived antibiotic. There is anecdotal evidence of ancient societies using moulds to treat infections and of awareness that various moulds inhibited bacterial growth. However, it is not clear if Penicillium species were the species traditionally used or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. In 1928, Alexander Fleming was the first to discover the antibacterial substance secreted by the Penicillium mould and concentrate the active substance involved, giving it the name penicillin. His success in treating Harry Lambert's streptococcal meningitis, an infection until then fatal, proved to be a critical moment in the medical use of penicillin. Many later scientists were involved in the stabilisation and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of Penicillium. Among the most important were Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, who shared with Fleming the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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Frisvad, J. C., O. Filtenborg, and D. T. Wicklow. "Terverticillate penicillia isolated from underground seed caches and cheek pouches of banner-tailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis)." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-102.

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Terverticillate penicillia were important colonists of the underground seed caches and the external cheek pouches of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) from the North American desert. Two taxa representing the dominant Penicillium populations are described as new varieties of well-known ubiquitous species. Penicillium chrysogenum var. dipodomyis var.nov. produces the antibiotic penicillin but does not produce mycotoxins (PR-toxin and roquefortine C) known from P. chrysogenum. The new variety is further distinguished by having rough-walled stipes. Penicillium aurantiogriseum var. neoechinulatum var.nov. isolates produce penicillic acid, viridicatin, and cyclopenin, metabolites with antibiotic properties, but not the potent nephrotoxins xanthomegnin and viomellein or tremorgenic mycotoxins (e.g., penitrem A). The variety is also distinguished by conspicuously rough-walled conidia. Three additional new varieties which do not produce mycotoxins normally associated with their species are also reported: P. griseofulvum var. dipodomyicola var.nov. produced the antibiotically active compounds patulin and griseofulvin but not cyclopiazonic acid and roquefortine C; P. glandicola var. mononematosa var.nov. and P. glandicola var. confertum var.nov. did not produce roquefortine C, penitrem A, or patulin. Infrequently isolated strains of the species P. viridicatum and P. griseofulvum duplicated the mycotoxin profiles of the cultures ex type. It is suggested that the evolution of seed-caching behaviour in D. spectabilis may have guided the selection of less-toxic terverticillate penicillia as colonists in rodent seed caches.

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Frisvad, J. C. "A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2294.

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A very large number of filamentous fungi has been reported to produce the small lactone mycotoxins patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin. Among the 167 reported fungal producers of patulin, only production by 29 species could be confirmed. Patulin is produced by 3 Aspergillus species, 3 Paecilomyces species, 22 Penicillium species from 7 sections of Penicillium, and one Xylaria species. Among 101 reported producers of penicillic acid, 48 species could produce this mycotoxin. Penicillic acid is produced by 23 species in section Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Circumdati, by Malbranchea aurantiaca and by 24 Penicillium species from 9 sections in Penicillium and one species that does not actually belong to Penicillium (P. megasporum). Among 40 reported producers of moniliformin, five species have been regarded as doubtful producers of this mycotoxin or are now regarded as taxonomic synonyms. Moniliformin is produced by 34 Fusarium species and one Penicillium species. All the accepted producers of patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin were revised according to the new one fungus – one name nomenclatural system, and the most recently accepted taxonomy of the species.

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Laich, Federico, Francisco Fierro, and Juan F. Martín. "Production of Penicillin by Fungi Growing on Food Products: Identification of a Complete Penicillin Gene Cluster in Penicillium griseofulvum and a Truncated Cluster in Penicillium verrucosum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 3 (March 2002): 1211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.3.1211-1219.2002.

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ABSTRACT Mycobiota growing on food is often beneficial for the ripening and development of the specific flavor characteristics of the product, but it can also be harmful due to the production of undesirable compounds such as mycotoxins or antibiotics. Some of the fungi most frequently isolated from fermented and cured meat products such as Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium nalgiovense are known penicillin producers; the latter has been shown to be able to produce penicillin when growing on the surface of meat products and secrete it to the medium. The presence of penicillin in food must be avoided, since it can lead to allergic reactions and the arising of penicillin resistance in human-pathogenic bacteria. In this article we describe a study of the penicillin production ability among fungi of the genus Penicillium that are used as starters for cheese and meat products or that are frequently isolated from food products. Penicillium griseofulvum was found to be a new penicillin producer and to have a penicillin gene cluster similar to that of Penicillium chrysogenum. No other species among the studied fungi were found to produce penicillin or to possess the penicillin biosynthetic genes, except P. verrucosum, which contains the pcbAB gene (as shown by hybridization and PCR cloning of fragments of the gene) but lacks pcbC and penDE. Antibacterial activities due to the production of secondary metabolites other than penicillin were observed in some fungi.

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Houbraken, Jos, Carlos A. López-Quintero, Jens C. Frisvad, Teun Boekhout, Bart Theelen, Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano, and Robert A. Samson. "Penicillium araracuarense sp. nov., Penicillium elleniae sp. nov., Penicillium penarojense sp. nov., Penicillium vanderhammenii sp. nov. and Penicillium wotroi sp. nov., isolated from leaf litter." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1462–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.025098-0.

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Several species of the genus Penicillium were isolated during a survey of the mycobiota of leaf litter and soil in Colombian Amazon forest. Five species, Penicillium penarojense sp. nov. (type strain CBS 113178T = IBT 23262T), Penicillium wotroi sp. nov. (type strain CBS 118171T = IBT 23253T), Penicillium araracuarense sp. nov. (type strain CBS 113149T = IBT 23247T), Penicillium elleniae sp. nov. (type strain CBS 118135T = IBT 23229T) and Penicillium vanderhammenii sp. nov. (type strain CBS 126216T = IBT 23203T) are described here as novel species. Their taxonomic novelty was determined using a polyphasic approach, combining phenotypic, molecular (ITS and partial β-tubulin sequences) and extrolite data. Phylogenetic analyses showed that each novel species formed a unique clade for both loci analysed and that they were most closely related to Penicillium simplicissimum, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium daleae and Penicillium brasilianum. An overview of the phylogeny of this taxonomically difficult group is presented, and 33 species are accepted. Each of the five novel species had a unique extrolite profile of known and uncharacterized metabolites and various compounds, such as penicillic acid, andrastin A, pulvilloric acid, paxillin, paspaline and janthitrem, were commonly produced by these phylogenetically related species. The novel species had a high growth rate on agar media, but could be distinguished from each other by several macro- and microscopical characteristics.

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Hardianto, Dudi, Suyanto ., Erwahyuni Endang Prabandari, Lira Windriawati, Edy Marwanta, and Tarwadi . "PENICILLIN PRODUCTION BY MUTANT OF Penicillium chrysogenum." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 2, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v2i1.530.

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Penisilin adalah antibiotika yang pertama kali ditemukan dan digunakan untuk pengobatan infeksi bakteri. Sejak ditemukan penisilin sebagai antibiotika oleh Alexander Fleming pada tahun 1928, banyak usaha dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas Penicillium chrysogenum. Pemuliaan galur untuk meningkatkan produksi penisilin dapat menggunakan mutasi acak secara fisika dan kimia. Pada penelitian ini, radiasi sinar ultraviolet digunakan untuk mendapatkan mutan P. chrysogenum. Produksi penisilin ditentukan menggunakan HPLC dan produktivitas mutan dibandingkan dengan induk P. chrysogenum. Mutan M12 menghasilkan penisilin 1,23 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan induk P. chrysogenum.Kata kunci: Penisilin, Penicillium chrysogenum, ultraviolet, mutan, radiasi ABSTRACTPenicillin is the first antibiotic discovered and used for treatment of bacterial infections. Since the discovery of penicillin as antibiotic by Alexander Fleming in 1928, much effort has been invested to improve productivity of Penicillium chrysogenum. Strain improvement to increase the penicillin production can be carried out by physical and chemical random mutation. In this research, ultraviolet irradiation was used to obtain P. chrysogenum mutant. Penicillin production was determined by using HPLC and productivity of P. chrysogenum mutants was compared to the wild type. Mutant M12 produced 1.23 fold higher penicillin than the wild type did.Keywords: Penicillin, Penicillium chrysogenum, ultraviolet, mutant, radiation

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Andersen, S. J., and J. C. Frisvad. "Penicillin production by Penicillium nalgiovense." Letters in Applied Microbiology 19, no. 6 (December 1994): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00988.x.

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Zafrin, Mehnaz, Shamim Shamsi, and Md Abdullah Al Noman. "Morpho-molecular charactrization of endophytic fungi associated with aquilaria malaccensis lam." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 31, no. 1 (June 25, 2024): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v31i1.74394.

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A total of 26 fungal isolates were identified from Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (Agarwood). Among them Aspergillus flavus Link type-1, Aspergillus flavus Link type-2, Aspergillus niger Tiegh. type. 1, Aspergillus niger Tiegh. type. 2, Aspergillus sp. 1, Aspergillus sp. 2, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) keissl., Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Penicillum digitatum (Pers.) Sacc., Penicillium commune Thom, Penicillum italicum Wehmer, Penicillium sp. 1, Penicillium sp. 2, Penicillium sp. 3, Penicillium sp. 4, Eupenicillium sp. 1, Eupenicillium sp. 2, Sphaeropsis sp. Sacc. and Harknessia sp. Cooke. were identified by morphological analysis and Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire, Alternaria palandui Ayyangar, Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Cronus, Diaporthe hongkongensis R.R. Gomes, Glienke & Cronus and Diaporthe perseae (Zerova) R.R. Gomes, Glienke & Cronus were identifed upto genus level by morphological analysis, which were later on identified and confirmed at species level by molecular analysis. Among these isolated fungal species- Alternaria palandui, Diaporthe hongkongensis, Diaporthe perseae and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae have been reported as newly recorded species and Harknessia sp. and Sphaeropsis sp. were reported as new generic records for Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 31(1): 141-154, 2024 (June)

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Pitt, J. I. "Phylogeny in the genus Penicillium: a morphologist's perspective." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-321.

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Great advances have taken place in our understanding of the taxonomy of Penicillium and its teleomorphs in the past 15 years. Physiological and biochemical techniques, applied in conjunction with morphology, have enabled the taxonomy of this difficult genus to approach consensus. Such information, plus existing molecular data, have been used here to construct a hypothetical phylogeny. The proposed phylogeny is based on a number of postulates, including the following: (i) evolution has proceeded from holomorph to strict anamorph; (ii) an intermediate stage exists, the sclerotigenic anamorph; (iii) Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, the Penicillium holomorphs, are of separate (though related) origin; (iv) species in Penicillium have arisen on multiple occasions from these holomorphic genera; and (v) evolution among Penicillium species is away from floccose growth and sparsely produced penicilli, away from irregular penicilli, and away from the soil habitat. Physiologically, evolution is towards growth at low temperature and low water activity and towards mycotoxin production. These and other criteria have been used to construct a hypothetical phylogeny of the major species in Talaromyces, Eupenicillium, and Penicillium, which is offered as a framework for future molecular studies. Key words: Penicillium phylogeny, taxonomy, evolution.

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Frisvad, Jens C., Thomas O. Larsen, Petur W. Dalsgaard, Keith A. Seifert, Gerry Louis-Seize, E. K. Lyhne, Bruce B. Jarvis, James C. Fettinger, and David P. Overy. "Four psychrotolerant species with high chemical diversity consistently producing cycloaspeptide A, Penicillium jamesonlandense sp. nov., Penicillium ribium sp. nov., Penicillium soppii and Penicillium lanosum." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64160-0.

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Penicillium jamesonlandense is a novel species from Greenland that grows exceptionally slowly at 25 °C and has an optimum temperature for growth of 17–18 °C. The novel species is more psychrotolerant than any other Penicillium species described to date. Isolates of this novel species produce a range of secondary metabolites with a high chemical diversity, represented by kojic acid, penicillic acid, griseofulvin, pseurotin, chrysogine, tryptoquivalins and cycloaspeptide. Penicillium ribium, another novel psychrotolerant species from the Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, USA, produces asperfuran, kojic acid and cycloaspeptide. Originally reported from an unidentified Aspergillus species isolated from Nepal, cycloaspeptide A is reported here for the first time from the two novel Penicillium species and two known psychrotolerant species with high chemical diversity, Penicillium soppii and Penicillium lanosum. All species, except P. ribium, produce a combination of cycloaspeptide and griseofulvin. However, P. ribium (3/5 strains) produced the precursor to griseofulvin, norlichexanthone. The type strain of Penicillium jamesonlandense sp. nov. is DAOM 234087T (=IBT 21984T=IBT 24411T=CBS 102888T) and the type strain of Penicillium ribium sp. nov. is DAOM 234091T (=IBT 16537T=IBT 24431T).

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Lewis, Jesse A., and Nadja Anderson. "Penicillium Antibiotic Effect." American Biology Teacher 80, no. 7 (September 1, 2018): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.7.530.

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In this lesson students will use the Penicillium chrysogenum fungus, which naturally produces the antibiotic penicillin, to investigate the effect of naturally produced antibiotics on bacteria in laboratory cultures. Students co-culture P. chrysogenum with three species of bacteria to observe differences between penicillin-resistant and penicillin-sensitive bacteria. They will normalize fungal spore suspension and bacterial culture concentrations before inoculating co-cultures. After bacteria have been exposed to the antibiotic, students will quantify culture density to determine antibiotic effect in liquid culture and on solid media. Students will learn about natural product antibiotics as well as experimental design and application.

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Felšöciová, Soňa, and Miroslava Kačániová. "Mycotoxin-producing Penicillium spp. and other fungi isolated from grapes for wine production in Small Carpathians wine region." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1044.

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The diversity of mycobiota associated with grapevine in Vrbove, Slovakia at the harvest time in 2018 was evaluated. Fourteen samples of grapes were analyzed by plating methods and by plating methods with surface disinfection. The identification of fungi was performed using the morphological and microscopical characteristics. From the 1001 strains detected and identified from exogenous mycobiota, the most frequent genera were Alternaria, Rhizopus and Sordaria. Their relative density was low, except Alternaria. The most frequently encountered moulds and with the highest relative density from endogenous mycobiota were Alternaria, Cladosporium and Penicillium. Most of all genera had relative density less than 1%. Penicillium contributed small proportion in both sources. Penicillium citrinum was the most dominant species in exogenous and endogenous mycobiota. Penicillium expansum and P. glabrum were recorded in exogenous source and P. hordei, P. chrysogenum and P. griseofulvum in endogenous. Potentially toxigenic Penicillium species were tested for their toxigenic ability by thin layer chromatography method. Out of 15 tested isolates representing five potentially toxigenic species 11 produced at least one mycotoxin. Positive toxinogenity was detected in all tested strains of Penicillim citrinum (9/9).

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Komai, Shin-ichirou, Tomoo Hosoe, Takeshi Itabashi, Koohei Nozawa, Takashi Yaguchi, Kazutaka Fukushima, and Ken-ichi Kawai. "New penicillide derivatives isolated from Penicillium simplicissimum." Journal of Natural Medicines 60, no. 3 (April 14, 2006): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-005-0028-9.

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Debbarma, R., T. Prameeladevi, A. Tyagi, and D. Kamil. "Polyphasic taxonomic characterization of nine Penicillium species from soil of different parts of India." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 5 (September 27, 2021): 1307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/5/mrn-1590.

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Aim: Morpho-molecular analyses for taxonomic characterization of nine predominant Penicillium species present in the soil of different parts of India. Methodology: Fifteen Penicillium isolates were isolated from the soil samples collected from the experimental field of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Another twenty-six isolates were procured from Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi which were isolated from the soil of different parts of India. Total 41 isolates were characterized following distinct macroscopic (colony texture, colony colour exudate production; soluble pigmentation; reverse coloration and mycelial growth) and microscopic observations (type of penicillus; shape of phialides; conidial shape, size and pigmentation). Molecular characterization was done using partial β-tubulin gene sequence which is considered an excellent marker in differentiating Penicillium species. Results: The morphological data in species description perfectly matched with molecular data generated using β-tubulin gene marker and nine different species viz., P. aethiopicum, P. chrysogenum, P. crustosum, P. janthinellum, P. mononematosum, P. oxalicum, P. polonicum, P. singorense and Talaromyces pinophilus (Syn. P. pinophilum) were confirmed. Interpretation: Above nine Penicillium species are found predominantly in the soil collected from different parts of India. The β-tubulin gene can be considered as an excellent marker to differentiate Penicillium species as confirmed from this study. The combined morpho- molecular analyses can be further utilized to delineate morphologically similar Penicillium species and also helpful to establish new species of Penicillium.

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Laich, Federico, Francisco Fierro, Rosa Elena Cardoza, and Juan F. Martin. "Organization of the Gene Cluster for Biosynthesis of Penicillin in Penicillium nalgiovense and Antibiotic Production in Cured Dry Sausages." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.3.1236-1240.1999.

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ABSTRACT Several fungal isolates obtained from two cured meat products from Spain were identified as Penicillium nalgiovense by their morphological features and by DNA fingerprinting. All P. nalgiovense isolates showed antibiotic activity in agar diffusion assays, and their penicillin production in liquid complex medium ranged from 6 to 38 μg · ml−1. We constructed a restriction map of the penicillin gene cluster of P. nalgiovense and found that the organization of the penicillin biosynthetic genes (pcbAB, pcbC, andpenDE) is the same as in Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans. ThepcbAB gene is located in an orientation opposite that of the pcbC and penDE genes in all three species. Significant amounts of penicillin were found in situ in the casing and the outer layer of salami meat during early stages of the curing process, coinciding with fungal colonization, but no penicillin was detected in the cured salami. The antibiotic produced in situ was sensitive to penicillinase.

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NÚÑEZ, FÉLIX, CARMEN D. WESTPHAL, ELENA BERMÚDEZ, and MIGUEL A. ASENSIO. "Production of Secondary Metabolites by Some Terverticillate Penicillia on Carbohydrate-Rich and Meat Substrates." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2829.

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Most terverticillate penicillia isolated from dry-cured meat products are toxigenic, but their ability to produce hazardous metabolites on meat-based substrates is not well known. The production of extrolites by selected terverticillate penicillia isolated from dry-cured ham has been studied on carbohydrate-rich media (malt extract agar, Czapek yeast autolysate agar, rice extract agar, and rice), meat extract triolein salt agar, and ham slices. Chloroform extracts from the selected strains grown on malt extract agar were toxic for the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae and VERO cells at a concentration of 2 mg/ml, but 0.02 mg/ml produced no toxic effect. Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD) or with mass spectrometry (MS) and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source revealed different biologically active metabolites: cyclopiazonic acid and rugulovasine A from Penicillium commune; verrucosidin, anacine, puberuline, verrucofortine, and viridicatols from Penicillium polonicum; arisugacin and viridicatols from Penicillium echinulatum; and compactin and viridicatols from Penicillium solitum. Most of these metabolites, including the amino acid–derived compounds, were produced in the media containing high levels of carbohydrates. High concentrations of nitrogen compounds in the medium does not imply a greater production of the metabolites studied, not even those derived from the amino acids. However, molds growing on dry-cured ham are able to synthesize limited amounts of some secondary metabolites, a fact not previously reported. The combination of HPLC coupled with DAD and MS-APCI was useful for identification of closely related terverticillate Penicillium species from dry-cured ham. These techniques could be used to characterize the risk associated with the potential production of secondary metabolites in cured meats.

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Petersson, Stina, and Johan Schnürer. "Pichia anomalaas a biocontrol agent ofPenicillium roquefortiin high-moisture wheat, rye, barley, and oats stored under airtight conditions." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-018.

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Pichia anomala inhibits growth of Penicillium roqueforti in high-moisture winter wheat, barley, and oats in cases where a malfunctioning airtight feed-storage system allows air to leak in. To imitate air leakage to such a storage system, grain was inoculated, packed in glass tubes with a restricted air supply, and incubated at 25°C. Yeast and mold colony-forming units (CFU) were counted on selective media after 14 days. Pichia anomala reached a density of about 5 x 107CFU/g on all tested cereals except in spring wheat (cv. Dragon), where a density of 109CFU/g was reached. In winter wheat (cv. Kosack), Penicillium roqueforti reached a density of 106CFU/g in grain that had not been inoculated with yeast and 105CFU/g in co-culture with 5 x 103CFU/g of Pichia anomala. At 5 x 104Pichia anomala, growth of Penicillum roqueforti was totally inhibited. Similar results were obtained with spring wheat (cv. Dragon), barley (cv. Golf), and oats (cv. Svea). However, spring wheat cv. Dragon was generally much less conducive to growth of Penicillium roqueforti. On rye (cv. Motto), Penicillium roqueforti did not grow in monoculture or when co-cultured with Pichia anomala. No differences in antagonistic activity of Pichia anomala or sensitivity of Penicillium roqueforti, respectively, were found between the three isolates tested of each species.Key words: biological control, postharvest, mold, cereal grain, storage.

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CAMPANIELLO, DANIELA, MARIA ROSARIA CORBO, and MILENA SINIGAGLIA. "Antifungal Activity of Eugenol against Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium Species." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1124.

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The antifungal activity of eugenol in a model system against aspergilli (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Emericella nidulans), penicilli (Penicillium expansum, Penicillium glabrum, and Penicillium italicum), and fusaria (Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium avenaceum) was investigated. Minimum detection time (time to attain a colony diameter of 1 cm) and the kinetic parameters were evaluated. The effectiveness of the active compound seemed to be strain or genus dependent; 100 mg/liter represented a critical value for P. expansum, P. glabrum, P. italicum, A. niger, and E. nidulans because a further increase of eugenol resulted in fungistatic activity. The radial growth of A. terreus and F. avenaceum was inhibited at 140 mg/liter, and growth of F. oxysporum was completely inhibited at 150 mg/liter.

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Koetsier, Martijn J., Peter A. Jekel, Marco A. van den Berg, Roel A. L. Bovenberg, and Dick B. Janssen. "Characterization of a phenylacetate–CoA ligase from Penicillium chrysogenum." Biochemical Journal 417, no. 2 (December 23, 2008): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20081257.

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Enzymatic activation of PAA (phenylacetic acid) to phenylacetyl-CoA is an important step in the biosynthesis of the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin G by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. CoA esters of PAA and POA (phenoxyacetic acid) act as acyl donors in the exchange of the aminoadipyl side chain of isopenicillin N to produce penicillin G or penicillin V. The phl gene, encoding a PCL (phenylacetate–CoA ligase), was cloned in Escherichia coli as a maltose-binding protein fusion and the biochemical properties of the enzyme were characterized. The recombinant fusion protein converted PAA into phenylacetyl-CoA in an ATP- and magnesium-dependent reaction. PCL could also activate POA, but the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme was rather low with kcat/Km values of 0.23±0.06 and 7.8±1.2 mM−1·s−1 for PAA and POA respectively. Surprisingly, PCL was very efficient in catalysing the conversion of trans-cinnamic acids to the corresponding CoA thioesters [kcat/Km=(3.1±0.4)×102 mM−1·s−1 for trans-cinnamic acid]. Of all the substrates screened, medium-chain fatty acids, which also occur as the side chains of the natural penicillins F, DF, H and K, were the best substrates for PCL. The high preference for fatty acids could be explained by a homology model of PCL that was constructed on the basis of sequence similarity with the Japanese firefly luciferase. The results suggest that PCL has evolved from a fatty-acid-activating ancestral enzyme that may have been involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids.

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COOPER, CHESTER R., and NEIL G. HAYCOCKS. "Penicillium marneffei: An Insurgent Species Among the Penicillia1." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 47, no. 1 (January 2000): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00006.x.

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Renno, Didier V., Gunter Saunders, Alan T. Bull, and Geoffrey Holt. "Transcript analysis of penicillin genes from Penicillium chrysogenum." Current Genetics 21, no. 1 (January 1992): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00318654.

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de Jonge, Lodewijk P., Nicolaas A. A. Buijs, Angela ten Pierick, Amit Deshmukh, Zheng Zhao, Jan A. K. W. Kiel, Joseph J. Heijnen, and Walter M. van Gulik. "Scale-down of penicillin production in Penicillium chrysogenum." Biotechnology Journal 6, no. 8 (August 2011): 944–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201000409.

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FINOLI, CARLO, ANGELA VECCHIO, ANTONIETTA GALLI, and IVAN DRAGONI. "Roquefortine C Occurrence in Blue Cheese." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.2.246.

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Several strains of Penicillium are used for the production of mold-ripened cheeses, and some of them are able to produce mycotoxins. The aims of the research were the determination of roquefortine C and PR toxin in domestic and imported blue cheeses, the identification of the penicillia used as starter, and the investigation of their capacity for producing toxins in culture media. Roquefortine C was always found in the cheeses at levels ranging from 0.05 to 1.47 mg/kg, whereas the PR toxin was never found. The identification of the fungal strains present in the domestic cheeses included Penicillium glabrum, Penicillium roqueforti, and Penicillium cyclopium in the Gorgonzola “dolce” and Penicillium roqueforti in the Gorgonzola “naturale”; in one case, the presence of Penicillium crustosum was observed. The strains isolated from the foreign cheeses belonged to P. roqueforti. The strains were able to produce between 0.18 and 8.44 mg/liter of roquefortine in yeast extract sucrose medium and between 0.06 and 3.08 mg/liter and less than 0.05 mg/liter when inoculated in milk at 20°C for 14 days and 4°C for 24 days, respectively. Linear relations between production of roquefortine in culture media and cheeses did not emerge. PR toxin ranged from less than 0.05 to 60.30 mg/liter in yeast extract sucrose medium and was produced in milk at 20°C from only one strain. The low levels and the relatively low toxicity of roquefortine make the consumption of blue cheese safe for the consumer.

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Mansouri, Aouatef, Majida Hafidi, Hamid Mazouz, Rachid Zouhair, Miloud El Karbane, and Hassan Hajjaj. "Mycoflora and Patulin-producing strains of cereals in North-Western Morocco." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 4, no. 5 (January 20, 2015): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.4(5).p276-282.

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Cereals are considered a food that is exposed to fungal contamination and mycotoxin production. The present study was conducted to evaluate and identify the patulin-producing fungal flora contaminating the wheat and bar-ley grain in the field, the storage silo, and products of transformation (flour, semolina). Sampling was carried out in the region of Meknes (Morocco) dur-ing the growing season of 2012. The study of macroscopic and microscopic characters enabled to isolate and identify over 140 isolates belonging mainly to the genuses Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Ulocladium, Rhizopus, Mucor and Trichoderma. Of the 51 isolates of Penicilli-um, eight were found to be producer of patulin by TLC and HPLC. Six out of the eight mycotoxigenic isolates were classified and identified as Penicillium expansum. The patulin content varied from one species to another and reached 41.72 μg/mL in one of the Penicillium expansum isolates.

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BATTILANI, PAOLA, AMEDEO PIETRI, PAOLA GIORNI, SILVIA FORMENTI, TERENZIO BERTUZZI, TANIA TOSCANI, ROBERTA VIRGILI, and ZOFIA KOZAKIEWICZ. "Penicillium Populations in Dry-Cured Ham Manufacturing Plants." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.975.

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Seven ham manufacturing plants were sampled for 1 year to assess the mycoflora present in the air and on hams, with special attention given to potential mycotoxin producers. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded in the ripening rooms. Maturing rooms held hams from 2 to 3 through 6 to 7 ripening months, and aging rooms held hams for the following 6 to 7 months, until the 14-month ripening point, when they were ready for the market. Mean temperatures and relative humidities registered during the study were 14.9°C and 62.4%, respectively, in maturing rooms and 16.3°C and 57.6% in aging rooms. Aspergilli and penicillia, potential mycotoxin producers, were isolated in all the plants from the air and the ham. Aspergilli represented 5% of the isolates, while penicillia were largely dominant, with Penicillium nalgiovense being the most represented species (around 60% of the penicillia), followed by Penicillium nordicum, with 10 and 26% of the penicillia isolated, respectively, from the air or the ham. Ochratoxin A production ability, checked in vitro at 25°C, was observed in 50% of the P. nordicum isolates obtained both from the air and the ham. Air and ham surface contamination by penicillia was greater in the ripening rooms, where higher temperatures were registered. A certain correlation was also observed between air and ham surface contamination. On the basis of this study, P. nordicum, the ochratoxin A producer that is notable on proteinaceous substrates, is normally present in ham manufacturing plants in Italy, even though not a dominant species. Further studies are necessary to clarify and ensure if dry-curing conditions minimize the potential risk of ochratoxin A formation in the product.

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Peng, Ling, Liangwei Li, Xiaochuan Liu, Jianwei Chen, Chengcheng Shi, Wenjie Guo, Qiwu Xu, Guangyi Fan, Xin Liu, and Dehai Li. "Chromosome-Level Comprehensive Genome of Mangrove Sediment-Derived Fungus Penicillium variabile HXQ-H-1." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6010007.

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Penicillium is an ascomycetous genus widely distributed in the natural environment and is one of the dominant fungi involved in the decomposition of mangroves, which can produce a variety of antitumor compounds and bioactive substances. However, in mangrove ecosystems there is no complete genome in this genus. In this study, we isolated a fungus strain named Penicillium variabile HXQ-H-1 from coast mangrove (Fujian Province, China). We generated a chromosome-level genome with total size of 33.32 Mb, scaffold N50 of 5.23 Mb and contig N50 of 96.74 kb. Additionally, we anchored about 95.91% assembly sequences into the longest seven scaffolds, and predicted 10,622 protein-coding genes, in which 99.66% could be annotated by eight protein databases. The secondary metabolites analysis reveals the strain has various gene clusters involving polyketide synthase (PKS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and terpene synthase that may have a largely capacity of biotechnological potential. Comparison genome analysis between Penicillium variabile and Talaromyces islandicus reveals a small difference in the total number of genes, whereas HXQ-H-1 has a higher gene number with COG functional annotation. Evolutionary relationship of Penicillum based on genome-wide data was carried out for the first time, showing the strain HXQ-H-1 is closely related to Talaromyces islandicus. This genomic resource may provide a new resource for development of novel bioactive antibiotics, drug candidates and precursors in Penicillium variabile.

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van de Kamp, Mart, Theo A. Schuurs, Arnold Vos, Ted R. van der Lende, Wil N. Konings, and Arnold J. M. Driessen. "Sulfur Regulation of the Sulfate Transporter GenessutA and sutB in Penicillium chrysogenum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 4536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.10.4536-4538.2000.

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ABSTRACT Penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as a source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. Sulfate uptake and the mRNA levels of the sulfate transporter-encoding sutB andsutA genes are all reduced by high sulfate concentrations and are elevated by sulfate starvation. In a high-penicillin-yielding strain, sutB is effectively transcribed even in the presence of excess sulfate. This deregulation may facilitate the efficient incorporation of sulfur into cysteine and penicillin.

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Wiharyani, Risma, Dudi Hardianto, Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum, and Anto Budiharjo. "Kloning Gen pcbC dari Penicillium chrysogenum ke dalam Plasmid pPICZA untuk Pengembangan Produksi Penisilin G." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 16, no. 1 (June 19, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.16.1.33-38.

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Availability of drugs in Indonesia is still limited by the high prices of drugs due to on the imported raw materials that reaches 95%. Developing antibiotic raw materials can be achieved by increasing of penicillin G production, which is the raw material for the formation of semisynthetic penicillin derivatives through the production of 6-aminopenisillanic acid (6-APA). One of the important enzyme in the penicillin G biosynthesis is Isopenisilin N Synthase (IPNS) that encodes by pcbC gene on Penicillium chrysogenum. This study aimed to obtain a recombinant of pcbC gene fragments that is inserted into pPICZA plasmid. Amplification of pcbC gene used pcbC-F and pcbC-R primers. The pcbC gene fragment was inserted into pPICZA vector and then transformed into TOP 10 F’. The results showed that the recombinant of the pcbC gene fragment from P. chrysogenum has been obtained. Analysis of DNA sequences using the BLAST program showed that the pcbC gene fragment has high homology (99%) with the pcbC gene from P. chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 and P. chrysogenum AS-P-78 which encodes IPNS Keywords: pcbC Gene, Penicillium chrysogenum, cloning, penicillin G

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Myazin, Vladimir A., Maria V. Korneykova, Alexandra A. Chaporgina, Nadezhda V. Fokina, and Galina K. Vasilyeva. "The Effectiveness of Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation and Sorption-Biological Treatment of Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Products in the Russian Subarctic." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081722.

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The effectiveness of different bioremediation methods (biostimulation, bioaugmentation, the sorption-biological method) for the restoration of soil contaminated with petroleum products in the Russian Subarctic has been studied. The object of the study includes soil contaminated for 20 years with petroleum products. By laboratory experiment, we established five types of microfungi that most intensively decompose petroleum hydrocarbons: Penicillium canescens st. 1, Penicillium simplicissimum st. 1, Penicillum commune, Penicillium ochrochloron, and Penicillium restrictum. One day after the start of the experiment, 6 to 18% of the hydrocarbons decomposed: at 3 days, this was 16 to 49%; at 7 days, 40 to 73%; and at 10 days, 71 to 87%. Penicillium commune exhibited the greatest degrading activity throughout the experiment. For soils of light granulometric composition with a low content of organic matter, a more effective method of bioremediation is sorption-biological treatment using peat or granulated activated carbon: the content of hydrocarbons decreased by an average of 65%, which is 2.5 times more effective than without treatment. The sorbent not only binds hydrocarbons and their toxic metabolites but is also a carrier for hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms and prevents nutrient leaching from the soil. High efficiency was noted due to the biostimulation of the native hydrocarbon-oxidizing microfungi and bacteria by mineral fertilizers and liming. An increase in the number of microfungi, bacteria and dehydrogenase activity indicate the presence of a certain microbial potential of the soil and the ability of the hydrocarbons to produce biochemical oxidation. The use of the considered methods of bioremediation will improve the ecological state of the contaminated area and further the gradual restoration of biodiversity.

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Aljeldah, Mohammed, Hosam El-Sayyad, Nasreldin Elhadi, and Ali Rabaan. "Effect of Gamma-Rays on the Growth and Penicillin Production of Penicillium chrysogenum." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.2.13.

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Kurzątkowski, Wieslaw, and Anita Gębska-Kuczerowska. "Pexophagy in Penicillin G Secretion by Penicillium chrysogenum PQ-96." Polish Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 3 (August 26, 2016): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17331331.1215616.

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Penicillin G oversecretion by Penicillium chrysogenum PQ-96 is associated with a strictly adjusted cellular organization of the mature and senescent mycelial cells. Abundant vacuolar phagy and extended cellular vacuolization combined with vacuolar budding resulting in the formation of vacuolar vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane are the most important characteristic features of those cells. We suggest as follows: if the peroxisomes are integrated into vacuoles, the penicillin G formed in peroxisomes might be transferred to vacuoles and later secreted out of the cells by an exocytosis process. The peroxisomal cells of the mycelium are privileged in penicillin G secretion.

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Šmidák, Roman, Martina Kralovičová, Beatrica Ševčíková, Mária Jakubčová, Ján Kormanec, Jozef Timko, and Ján Turňa. "Sequence analysis and gene amplification study of the penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster from different strains of Penicillium chrysogenum." Biologia 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-009-0216-2.

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AbstractIndustrial strains of Penicillium chrysogenum possess many genomic changes leading to higher levels of penicillin. In this work several production and wild-type strains of Penicillium chrysogenum were used in comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of the biosynthesis cluster. The alignments confirmed sequence conservation not only in promoter regions of the biosynthesis genes but also throughout the entire 44.7-kbp genomic fragment comprising the whole biosynthesis cluster with 15.5-kbp and 13.1-kbp flanking regions. As another titre-enhancing mechanism we subsequently examined gene dosage in two production strains introduced here, NMU2/40 and B14. Quantitative real-time PCR and Southern blot analysis showed the amplification of the biosynthesis genes in both these strains. Through the real-time PCR method the exact copy number was estimated for each of the pcbAB, pcbC and penDE genes. The equal pool of all three genes per genome was confirmed for the both production strains indicating that in these strains the entire penicillin cluster has been amplified as an intact element. Penicillium chrysogenum NMU2/40 was found to carry four copies of the cluster, while six copies were estimated for B14. This also proves the contribution of the additional titre-enhancing mechanisms in both strains, since the industrial data referred much higher production of these strains compared with the single copy reference strain NRRL 1951.

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Martín, Juan F. "Insight into the Genome of Diverse Penicillium chrysogenum Strains: Specific Genes, Cluster Duplications and DNA Fragment Translocations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 3936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113936.

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Background: There are eighteen species within the Penicillium genus section chrysogena, including the original penicillin producers Penicillium notatum (Fleming strain) and Penicillium chrysogenum NRRL 1951. Other wild type isolates of the Penicillium genus are relevant for the production of useful proteins and primary or secondary metabolites. The aim of this article is to characterize strain specific genes and those genes which are involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, particularly the mutations that have been introduced during the β-lactams strain improvement programs. Results: The available genomes of several classical and novel P. chrysogenum strains have been compared. The first genome sequenced was that of the reference strain P. chrysogenum Wis54-1255, which derives from the wild type P. chrysogenum NRRL 1951; its genome size is 32.19 Mb and it encodes 12,943 proteins. Four chromosomes were resolved in P. chrysogenum and P. notatum by pulse field gel electrophoresis. The genomes of three industrial strains have a similar size but contain gene duplications and truncations; the penicillin gene cluster copy number ranges from one in the wild type to twelve in the P. chrysogenum ASP-E1 industrial strain and is organized in head to tail tandem repeats. The genomes of two new strains, P. chrysogenum KF-25, a producer of antifungal proteins isolated from a soil sample, and P. chrysogenum HKF2, a strain with carbohydrate-converting activities isolated from a sludge treatment plant, showed strain specific genes. Conclusions: The overall comparison of all available P. chrysogenum genomes indicates that there are a significant number of strain-specific genes, mutations of structural and regulatory genes, gene cluster duplications and DNA fragment translocations. This information provides important leads to improve the biosynthesis of enzymes, antifungal agents, prebiotics or different types of secondary metabolites.

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Lu, Ying, Robert L. Mach, Karin Affenzeller, and Christian P. Kubicek. "Regulation of α-aminoadipate reductase from Penicillium chrysogenum in relation to the flux from α-aminoadipate into penicillin biosynthesis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-123.

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The activity and regulation of α-aminoadipate reductase in three Penicillium chrysogenum strains (Q176, D6/1014/A, and P2), producing different amounts of penicillin, were studied. The enzyme exhibited decreasing affinity for α-aminoadipate with increasing capacity of the respective strain to produce penicillin. The enzyme from all three strains was inhibited by L-lysine, and the enzyme from the lowest producer, Q176, was least sensitive. Between pH 7.5 and 6.5, inhibition of α-aminoadipate reductase by L-lysine was pH dependent, being more pronounced at lower pH. The highest producer strain, P2, displayed the lowest α-aminoadipate reductase activity at pH 7.0. In Q176, the addition of 0.5–1 mM of exogenous lysine stimulated penicillin formation, whereas the same concentration was ineffective or inhibitory with strains D6/1014/A and P2. The addition of higher (up to 5 mM) lysine concentrations inhibited penicillin production in all three strains. In mutants of P. chrysogenum D6/1014/A, selected for resistance to 20 mM α-aminoadipate, highest penicillin production was observed in those strains whose α-aminoadipate reductase was most strongly inhibited by L-lysine. The results support the conclusion that the in vivo activity of α-aminoadipate reductase from superior penicillin producer strains of P. chrysogenum is more strongly inhibited by lysine, and that this is related to their ability to accumulate increased amounts of α-aminoadipate, and hence penicillin. Key words: α-aminoadipate, α-aminoadipate reductase, regulation of lysine biosynthesis, penicillin biosynthesis, Penicillium chrysogenum.

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Demjanová, Soňa, Pavlina Jevinová, Monika Pipová, and Ivana Regecová. "Identification of Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium commune, and Penicillium crustosum Isolated from Chicken Eggs." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010053.

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Penicillium species belong to main causative agents of food spoilage leading to significant economic losses and potential health risk for consumers. These fungi have been isolated from various food matrices, including table eggs. In this study, both conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Internal Transcribed Spacer-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-ITS-RFLP) methods were used for species identification of Penicillium (P.) spp. isolated from the eggshells of moldy chicken eggs. Seven restriction endonucleases (Bsp1286I, XmaI, HaeIII, HinfI, MseI, SfcI, Hpy188I) were applied to create ribosomal restriction patterns of amplified ITS regions. To identify P. verrucosum, P. commune, and P. crustosum with the help of conventional PCR assay, species-specific primer pairs VERF/VERR, COMF/COMR, and CRUF/CRUR were designed on the base of 5.8 subunit-Internal Transcribed Spacer (5.8S-ITS) region. Altogether, 121 strains of microscopic filamentous fungi were isolated by traditional culture mycological examination. After morphological evaluation of both macroscopic and microscopic features, 96 strains were classified in Penicillium spp. Two molecular methods used have confirmed eight isolates as P. verrucosum, 42 isolates as P. commune, and 19 isolates as P. crustosum. Both PCR-ITS-RFLP and conventional PCR assays appear to be suitable alternatives for rapid identification of the above mentioned Penicillium species.

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Scheckhuber, Christian Q., Marten Veenhuis, and Ida J. van der Klei. "Improving penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum by glyoxalase overproduction." Metabolic Engineering 18 (July 2013): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2013.04.003.

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Nawfa, Refdinal, Adi Setyo Purnomo, and Herdayanto Sulistyo Putro. "Synthesis of Antibiotic Penicillin-G Enzymatically by Penicillium chrysogenum." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 2367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21766.

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Penicillin-G antibiotic was used as the basic ingredient of making antibiotic type β-lactam such as tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin and other antibiotics. Penicillin-G was splited into 6-amino penicillanic acid as the source of β-lactam. The biosynthetic pathway for the formation of penicillin-G in Penicillium chrysogenum cell through the formation of intermediates was carried out in the form of amino acids such as α-aminoadipate, L-cysteine, L-valine which are formed from glucose (food ingredients).The formation of 6-amino penicillanic acid is an amino acid combination of L-cysteine and L-valine, a step part of the formation of antibiotic penicillin-G in P. chrysogenum cells, thus, it is obvious that there are enzymes involved in its formation. The objective of this study was to examine the use of enzymes present in P. chrysogenum cells to produce penicillin-G and 6-amino penicillanic acid using the intermediate compounds α-aminoadipate, L-cysteine, L-valine and phenylacetic acid assisted by NAFA® coenzymes in P. chrysogenum cells which is more permeable. The research method started from producing biomass of P. chrysogenum cells that demonstrated penicillin-producing antibiotic capability, as the source of the enzyme, followed by addition of permeability treatment of P. chrysogenum cell membrane to get immobile of enzyme by its own cell therefore it can be used more than once. After that the enzyme activity was proven by adding α-aminoadipate, L-cysteine, L-valine, phenylacetic acid and NAFA® coenzyme for the formation of penicillin-G, whereas the addition of L-cystein, L-valine and NAFA® coenzyme were aimed to form 6-amino penicillanic acid. The results showed that P. chrysogenum is able to produce antibiotics with stationary early phase on day 6. The best increased permeability of P. chrysogenum cell membranes was obtained using a 1:4 of toluene:ethanol ratio mixture with the highest antibiotic concentration (130.06 mg/L) after testing for the enzymatic formation of antibacterial penicillin-G.

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Hasanah, Nurul, Nurhayana Sennang, and Benny Rusli. "ASPERGILLUS GLAUCUS GROUP DAN PENICILLIUM SP DI RUANG OPERASI BEDAH SARAF." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 21, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v21i2.1100.

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Nosocomial infections occur widely in the world, most of them were in the poor and developing countries, because those infectiondiseases were still the mayor cause of high morbidity and mortality. All microorganisms including fungi may cause nosocomial infection.The fungal as opportunistic pathogens can threat immunocompromised patients such as neurosurgical patients and HIV/AIDS patients.The aim of this study was to identify the fungal species found in the neurosurgery and HIV/AIDS rooms at Dr. Wahidin SudirohusodoHospital Makassar. This study was a cross sectional study. The sample was the air in neurosurgery operating theater and HIV/AIDSward collected using Micro biology Air Sampler 100. The identification of fungal species using lacto phenol cotton blue stain were done inBalai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Makassar in the period of June up to July 2010. The amount of fungal colonies in the neurosurgeryroom was 36 CFU/m3 and the identified fungi were Aspergillus’s glaucus group and Penicillum sp. The amount range of fungal coloniesin HIV/AIDS ward were 102–158 CFU/m3 and the identified fungi were: Aspergillus’s Niger, Aspergillus’s glaucus group and Penicilliumsp. Based on this study it can be concluded that only Aspergillus’s glaucus and Penicillium sp were found in the neurosurgery operatingtheater and HIV/AIDS ward, while Aspergillus’s Niger was only found in the HIV/AIDS ward.

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MISLIVEC, PHILIP B., MARY W. TRUCKSESS, and LEONARD STOLOFF. "Effect of Other Toxigenic Mold Species on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Sterile Broth Shake Culture." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 449–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.6.449.

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The effect of Aspergillus ochraceus, A. versicolor, Penicillium citrinum, P. cyclopium and P. urticae on production of aflatoxin by A. flavus when grown together with A. flavus in rotary shake culture was investigated. The two aspergilli had no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, whereas all three Penicillium species substantially lowered aflatoxin production. The toxins that these penicillia produced when growing in pure culture were not found when the penicillia were grown with A. flavus. However, these toxins had no effect on aflatoxin production added to the growth media, nor did the three molds metabolize aflatoxin. When A. flavus was grown in both filter- and autoclave-sterilized filtrates of these three species, no aflatoxins were produced, although A. flavus grew well. These results suggest that although A. ochraceus and A. versicolor have no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, P. citrinum, P. cyclopium and P. urticae produce heat-stable, nonfilterable metabolite(s) which inhibit(s) aflatoxin production by actively growing A. flavus.

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CIBELLI, F., C. CICCARONE, C. ALTIERI, A. BEVILACQUA, and M. SINIGAGLIA. "Proteolytic Activity of Molds and Their Metabiotic Association with Salmonella in a Model System." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 2129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2129.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the proteolytic ability of some strains of aspergilli, fusaria, and penicillia and the metabiotic effect of Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium expansum on Salmonella. The proteolytic activity of the target molds was determined on tomato juice agar and tomato juice, whereas the metabiotic effect of F. oxysporum and P. expansum on Salmonella was assessed in a model system consisting of tryptone soy broth with different amounts of tomato juice added. Fusaria, some aspergilli, and one strain of penicillium showed a proteolytic activity on tomato juice agar. In addition, Salmonella survival was enhanced in tryptone soy broth plus 20 or 50% tomato juice in the model system previously inoculated with F. oxysporum.

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Jodi, S. M., and J. O. Ehinmidu. "ISOLATION AND ANTI FUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI FROM INFECTED YAM LEAVES IN ZARIA, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (October 20, 2021): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0503-1124.

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In order to study the disease causing organisms that reduces the quantity and quality of yam produced, which makes them unappealing to consumers, isolation of phytopathogenic fungi from infected yam leaves in the field at Zaria was carried out. The phytopathogenic infected yam leaves were surface sterilized with 70% alcohol, swabbed aseptically with sterile cotton swab stick and then inoculated on sterile Sabourand dextrose agar (SDA) suplimented with 0.1% of penicillin and streptomycin. The inoculated plates were incubated at 300C for 5 days. The growth were isolated in pure culture, and then characterized fully. The fourteen fungal species identified namely Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp, Aspergillus ostianus, Scopolarium sp, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus wentii, Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus cervinus, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus stolonifer were subjected to different concentrations of the following antifungal agents: Terbinafine HCl; Fluconazole; Flucytosine; Benomyl and Sodium propionate. The susceptibilities (MICs and MFCs), the percentage of occurrence of the 14 identified isolates and their distribution in 12 farms and three towns studied were also determine.

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KURZĄTKOWSKI, WIESŁAW, MONIKA STANISZEWSKA, MAŁGORZATA BONDARYK, and ANITA GĘBSKA-KUCZEROWSKA. "Compartmentalization in Penicillin G Biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum PQ-96." Polish Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 4 (2014): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2014-054.

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The arrangement of organelles in the sub-apical productive non-growing vacuolated hyphal cells of the high- and the low-penicillin-pro- ducing strains Penicillium chrysogenum was compared using transmission electron microscopy. In the productive cells of the high-yielding strain the endoplasmic reticulum and the polyribosomes with associated peroxisomes are frequently arranged at the periphery of the cytoplasm and around the vacuoles. At the high activity of penicillin G biosynthesis the immuno-label of the cytosolic isopenicillin N synthase is concentrated at the polyribosomes arranged in the peripheral cytoplasm and along the tonoplast as well as around the peroxisomes. On the basis of the obtained results the compartmentalization of the pathway of penicillin G biosymthesis is discussed. The obtained results support the phenylacetic acid detoxification hypothesis of penicillin G biosynthesis.

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Saeednejad, Zanjani L., A. Sabokbar, and A. Bakhtiari. "Recognition and differentiation of various Penicillium species, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium notatum, Penicillium oxalicum and Penicillium frequentans, using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction technique." African Journal of Microbiology Research 6, no. 39 (October 11, 2012): 6793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr12.1115.

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Spröte, Petra, Axel A. Brakhage, and Michael J. Hynes. "Contribution of Peroxisomes to Penicillin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 3 (January 16, 2009): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00374-08.

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ABSTRACT Peroxisomal localization of the third enzyme of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway of Aspergillus nidulans, acyl-coenzyme A:IPN acyltransferase (IAT), is mediated by its atypical peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1). However, mislocalization of IAT by deletion of either its PTS1 or of genes encoding proteins involved in peroxisome formation or transport does not completely abolish penicillin biosynthesis. This is in contrast to the effects of IAT mislocalization in Penicillium chrysogenum.

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raman, tuhina, and Thomas Jefferson. "PENICILLIUM LUNG." Critical Care Medicine 33 (December 2005): A181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200512002-00641.

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Koul, Mytre, and Shashank Singh. "Penicillium spp." Anti-Cancer Drugs 28, no. 1 (January 2017): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cad.0000000000000423.

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&NA;. "Penicillium marneffei." AIDS 6, no. 2 (February 1992): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199202000-00021.

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Yoshida, Kazuko, Takesuke Hiraoka, Masayuki Ando, Katsuhisa Uchida, and Vahid Mohsenin. "Penicillium decumbens." Chest 101, no. 4 (April 1992): 1152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.101.4.1152.

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Pažout, Jaroslav, and Sylvie Pažoutová. "Relationship between aeration, carbon source, and respiration yield and the ethylene production and differentiation of static cultures of Penicillium cyclopium and P. velutinum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-099.

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Fully aerated surface cultures of Penicillium cyclopium and P. velutinum grown on liquid medium with 2-oxoglutarate or glutamate (34 mM) produced ethylene in association with the formation of aerial hyphae at about the 5th day (ethylene peak EP 1), its concentration then declined, and rose again during conidiation at about the 7th day (peak EP 2). In P. cyclopium glucose (22.2 mM) shortened differentiation, EP 1 and EP 2 merged, and culture pH dropped to 1.8. Methionine (34 mM) prevented the formation of aerial mycelium in P. cyclopium and penicilli initiation in P. velutinum; ethylene production was low. Under conditions of delayed aeration, P. cyclopium grown on glucose produced no ethylene and weak formation of immature conidia was observed. On other substrates both conidiation and ethylene production occurred after reaeration, but phase EP 1 was lacking. Penicillium velutinum grown on 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate with delayed aeration developed immature conidia within 36 h and traces of ethylene were produced. In the cultures with methionine and glucose, conidiation and ethylene production occurred after reaeration, but phase EP 1 was missing. In both strains, no ethylene was formed under anaerobic conditions. Intensively producing cultures were characterized by a narrow range of respiration yields (6.8–7.5 g dry weight per mole of consumed O2). A prerequisite for high ethylene production was a drop in the phosphate content of the medium to less than 0.45 mM.Key words: Penicillium cyclopium, Penicillium velutinum, ethylene, conidiation.

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Wang, Xinxin, Jiachen Zhao, Jianye Xia, Guan Wang, Ju Chu, and Yingping Zhuang. "Impact of Altered Trehalose Metabolism on Physiological Response of Penicillium chrysogenum Chemostat Cultures during Industrially Relevant Rapid Feast/Famine Conditions." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010118.

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Due to insufficient mass transfer and mixing issues, cells in the industrial-scale bioreactor are often forced to experience glucose feast/famine cycles, mostly resulting in reduced commercial metrics (titer, yield and productivity). Trehalose cycling has been confirmed as a double-edged sword in the Penicillium chrysogenum strain, which facilitates the maintenance of a metabolically balanced state, but it consumes extra amounts of the ATP responsible for the repeated breakdown and formation of trehalose molecules in response to extracellular glucose perturbations. This loss of ATP would be in competition with the high ATP-demanding penicillin biosynthesis. In this work, the role of trehalose metabolism was further explored under industrially relevant conditions by cultivating a high-yielding Penicillium chrysogenum strain, and the derived trehalose-null strains in the glucose-limited chemostat system where the glucose feast/famine condition was imposed. This dynamic feast/famine regime with a block-wise feed/no feed regime (36 s on, 324 s off) allows one to generate repetitive cycles of moderate changes in glucose availability. The results obtained using quantitative metabolomics and stoichiometric analysis revealed that the intact trehalose metabolism is vitally important for maintaining penicillin production capacity in the Penicillium chrysogenum strain under both steady state and dynamic conditions. Additionally, cells lacking such a key metabolic regulator would become more sensitive to industrially relevant conditions, and are more able to sustain metabolic rearrangements, which manifests in the shrinkage of the central metabolite pool size and the formation of ATP-consuming futile cycles.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Penicillium'

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